plazi/treatments-xml
2
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull requests Releases Activity
treatments-xml/data/63/5D/92/635D9258FFBDFFD461930B55FC95FB7B.xml
maintenance 9173d81899 added 63
2024-06-21 12:38:28 +02:00

484 lines
65 KiB
XML
Raw Blame History

This file contains invisible Unicode characters

This file contains invisible Unicode characters that are indistinguishable to humans but may be processed differently by a computer. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<document id="432738B1A5CB37108A8D60ADE5D76C10" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.1721.1.4" ID-ISSN="1175­5334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5107759" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1626379798029" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Reiswig, Henry M., Dohrmann, Martin, Pomponi, Shirley &amp; Wörheide, Gert" docDate="2008" docId="635D9258FFBDFFD461930B55FC95FB7B" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01721p064.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1721 (1)" docSource="https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1721.1.4" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Hexactinella carolinensis Reiswig &amp; Dohrmann &amp; Pomponi &amp; Wörheide 2008, n. sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="61" masterDocId="9F64EA20FFBBFFDD61040D21FFF9FA51" masterDocTitle="Two new tretodictyids (Hexactinellida: Hexactinosida: Tretodictyidae) from the coasts of North America" masterLastPageNumber="64" masterPageNumber="53" pageNumber="59" updateTime="1699010747973" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
<mods:mods id="AB45192E75ECEC28050E2BEAA5AD9A0D" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="C9232B166A2AD278D55BC29795CA3FFC">
<mods:title id="5B610E4E15CC61E3D71CC2D21D6C1601">Two new tretodictyids (Hexactinellida: Hexactinosida: Tretodictyidae) from the coasts of North America</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="445DE44D8696DC4E976A68A578109F29" type="personal">
<mods:role id="6D877BEABA059CCA255E5B6C890971CE">
<mods:roleTerm id="F24E6A6E3EB412359CA275A5B28AD1C9">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="026026DBBFC21725CC93AA6831915978">Reiswig, Henry M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="5A621ABE5955012B8174ADCC757A5AB6">Department of Biology, University of Victoria, P. O. Box 3020 Stn CSC, and Natural History Section, Royal British Columbia Museum, P. O. Box 9815, Stn. Prov. Govt., Victoria, British Columbia, V 8 W 9 W 2 Canada. E-mail: hmreiswig @ shaw. ca Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum Göttingen (GZG), Abteilung Geobiologie, Goldschmidtstr. 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany. E-mail: mdohrma 1 @ gwdg. de Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, Inc., Division of Biomedical Marine Research, 5600 North U. S. 1 Highway, Fort Pierce, FL, 34946 USA. E-mail: pomponi @ hboi. edu Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum Göttingen (GZG), Abteilung Geobiologie, Goldschmidtstr. 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany. E-mail: gert. woerheide @ geo. uni-goettingen. de</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="494F01F69E9A31C840BF8FED472ED54F" type="personal">
<mods:role id="F818E14F2ACF2B9DBCAB0C7059245C83">
<mods:roleTerm id="104D51DA703E2EAFDE56EAA106B409A9">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="EDD3DD4A393826CA093C6C9B9E7AA60F">Dohrmann, Martin</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="3EF9ADEBF875475D25E5760D90B68A93" type="personal">
<mods:role id="5569E2D2976A085D14FBC5883FEA4FA3">
<mods:roleTerm id="71D86F6EEA7257FD67245571FF3A4C95">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="035A8B9953E5BD569955BC01FF30118D">Pomponi, Shirley</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="2ACD5FC96877D849A0872BEE86FB7B67" type="personal">
<mods:role id="D1C1C70D9879233142EF89A1DD48BD43">
<mods:roleTerm id="4BC1B6E5FAD21B369836E31FB143BFBF">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="C7F91B3157D1FC530D417AFEA9708204">Wörheide, Gert</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="D085BABB7B2C0E6173898113FB55BD11">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="B3F80719A5CA18BAF72485B2943AE608" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="FCE090F8B12CF24351E8AEA7686BD05F">
<mods:title id="0A563800179C4BF23554B74AF3BC9D2B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="73D913D79D6BC425B029CF49D34F5905">
<mods:date id="22118214C8E2094E47E27E19A5C9A61D">2008</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="ED2EBB0CAFC352DD9962CB1D0C7E1490" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="2101CDD5E268BF6297A20CF2BD425718">2008-03-07</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="7E06E9E365EA374CEA27EC8411E55694" type="volume">
<mods:number id="2DFF6B22BFD84BC980855ABE6782431C">1721</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="A9D133750F6929A12B45720CED342588" type="issue">
<mods:number id="BDC37AE811352022EDEB7EFF36D120AA">1</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="B05D6611B3DD6C5EC8EEB5C005BC85A3" unit="page">
<mods:start id="0F726070952DF160EDE86C313EF51B07">53</mods:start>
<mods:end id="CE236EB858994622AB530ADCF2EC7AC5">64</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location id="2DE46B5B493B0A52E0814913B0D43701">
<mods:url id="63C665CA228FC33D75BFB2E81C5C8A57">https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1721.1.4</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="0A9D2B362CA59A7427D1E9D1E228B437">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="39C055CD119337FAF1188B32B467C640" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.1721.1.4</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="87771DBBF3439A067E332A12EE4D93EA" type="ISSN">1175­5334</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="55508D6551F83CBE66DE53B3DA69A9CB" type="Zenodo-Dep">5107759</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="635D9258FFBDFFD461930B55FC95FB7B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:635D9258FFBDFFD461930B55FC95FB7B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/635D9258FFBDFFD461930B55FC95FB7B" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
<subSubSection id="A3EE70C5FFBDFFDB61930B55FDECFCDF" box="[151,533,1652,1678]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="EB4B234EFFBDFFDB61930B55FDECFCDF" blockId="6.[151,533,1652,1713]" box="[151,533,1652,1678]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
<heading id="B0039422FFBDFFDB61930B55FDECFCDF" bold="true" box="[151,533,1652,1678]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" reason="1">
<emphasis id="D980FF5CFFBDFFDB61930B55FDECFCDF" bold="true" box="[151,533,1652,1678]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
<taxonomicName id="2CF458CDFFBDFFDB61930B55FE35FCDF" authority="Reiswig &amp; Dohrmann &amp; Pomponi &amp; Wörheide, 2008" authorityName="Reiswig &amp; Dohrmann &amp; Pomponi &amp; Wörheide" authorityYear="2008" box="[151,460,1652,1678]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Tretodictyidae" genus="Hexactinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="carolinensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D980FF5CFFBDFFDB61930B55FE35FCDF" bold="true" box="[151,460,1652,1678]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Hexactinella carolinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C2B34227FFBDFFDB60D70B55FDECFCDF" box="[467,533,1652,1678]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A3EE70C5FFBDFFDB61930BB6FE89FCE0" box="[151,368,1687,1713]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" type="description">
<paragraph id="EB4B234EFFBDFFDB61930BB6FE89FCE0" blockId="6.[151,533,1652,1713]" box="[151,368,1687,1713]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
<figureCitation id="73CF3FCBFFBDFFDB61930BB6FEFEFCE0" box="[151,263,1687,1713]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 6" captionStart-1="FIGURE 7" captionStart-2="FIGURE 8" captionStart-3="FIGURE 9" captionStartId-0="8.[151,255,1121,1145]" captionStartId-1="9.[151,255,1426,1450]" captionStartId-2="10.[151,255,857,881]" captionStartId-3="10.[151,255,1974,1998]" captionTargetBox-0="[315,1272,557,1088]" captionTargetBox-1="[264,1224,373,1371]" captionTargetBox-2="[311,1276,194,833]" captionTargetBox-3="[313,1274,1004,1951]" captionTargetId-0="figure-499@8.[315,1272,554,1097]" captionTargetId-1="figure-231@9.[250,1338,354,1402]" captionTargetId-2="figure-91@10.[311,1276,194,833]" captionTargetId-3="figure-93@10.[313,1274,1004,1951]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="9" captionTargetPageId-2="10" captionTargetPageId-3="10" captionText-0="FIGURE 6. Hexactinella carolinensis n. sp. A. wet body fragments immediately after capture, courtesy of Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution. B. freeze-dried branch tips." captionText-1="FIGURE 7. Dictyonal framework of Hexactinella carolinensis n. sp. (all SEM). A. dermal surface with ridge/groove system. B. swollen nodes of the dermal surface. C. longitudinal section through septum showing longitudinal strands, dermal side up. D. beams, nodes and spurs of the outer sides of septum. E. deposition of small spined spicules on the atrial wall. F. magnified view of longitudinal septal section C showing internal beams, nodes, spurs." captionText-2="FIGURE 8. Spicules of Hexactinella carolinensis n. sp. A. various forms of surface pentactins and subhexactins. B. tangential ray of dermal pentactin. C. scopule. D. small uncinate and magnified central part. E. stellate lophodiscohexaster with magnified ray tip. F. oxyhexaster with magnified ray tip. G. onychohexaster with magnified ray tip." captionText-3="FIGURE 9. SEM micrographs of spicules of Hexactinella carolinensis n. sp. A. stellate lophodiscohexaster. B. scopule head. C. central part of small uncinate. D. oxyhexaster." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107771" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107773" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107775" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107777" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5107771/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5107773/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5107775/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5107777/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Figs. 6–9</figureCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="A67616F5FFBDFFDB60170BB6FE94FCE0" box="[275,365,1687,1713]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,241,751,775]" captionText="TABLE 2. Spicule and framework dimensions of Hexactinella carolinensis n. sp. USNM 1110009, from off Charleston, S. Carolina, USA (dimensions in µm)." pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Table 2</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A3EE70C5FFBDFFDB61930BC7FEC3FD00" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="EB4B234EFFBDFFDB61930BC7FEC3FD00" blockId="6.[151,1436,1766,2033]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="D980FF5CFFBDFFDB61930BC7FE73FD51" bold="true" box="[151,394,1766,1792]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="5B9C2913FFBDFFDB60950BC6FEC3FD00" collectingDate="1992-05-25" collectionCode="HBOI" collectorName="J. Reed &amp; Link II" county="Dive" elevation="213" latitude="32.734467" location="Charleston" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-78.09925" municipality="Charleston Lumps" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" specimenCode="USNM 1110009" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="South Carolina" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="344F9DECFFBDFFDB60950BC6FDFAFD50" box="[401,515,1767,1793]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
<specimenCode id="BB528B35FFBDFFDB63090BC6FD29FD50" box="[525,720,1767,1793]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" type="Museum">USNM 1110009</specimenCode>
, coll.
<collectorName id="46014698FFBDFFDB62110BC6FC92FD50" box="[789,875,1767,1793]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">J. Reed</collectorName>
using
<collectionCode id="8DE5BB8BFFBDFFDB62BC0BC6FBF9FD50" box="[952,1024,1767,1793]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">HBOI</collectionCode>
manned submersible Johnson-Sea-
<collectorName id="46014698FFBDFFDB61930A2EFF14FD78" box="[151,237,1807,1833]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Link II</collectorName>
,
<collectingCounty id="022A5BC2FFBDFFDB61FF0A2EFECDFD78" box="[251,308,1807,1833]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Dive</collectingCounty>
2339,
<collectingMunicipality id="0B2FB934FFBDFFDB608C0A2EFD9DFD78" box="[392,612,1807,1833]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Charleston Lumps</collectingMunicipality>
, off
<location id="EE2B7595FFBDFFDB63980A2EFCE7FD78" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:635D9258FFBDFFD461930B55FC95FB7B:EE2B7595FFBDFFDB63980A2EFCE7FD78" box="[668,798,1807,1833]" county="Dive" latitude="32.734467" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-78.09925" municipality="Charleston Lumps" name="Charleston" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" stateProvince="South Carolina">Charleston</location>
,
<collectingRegion id="2930EDACFFBDFFDB622F0A2EFC18FD78" box="[811,993,1807,1833]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
,
<geoCoordinate id="8EC04589FFBDFFDB62EA0A2EFB7DFD78" box="[1006,1156,1807,1833]" degrees="32" direction="north" minutes="44.068" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" precision="1" value="32.734467">32°44.068'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="8EC04589FFBDFFDB65960A2EFAC2FD78" box="[1170,1339,1807,1833]" degrees="078" direction="west" minutes="05.955" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" precision="1" value="-78.09925">078°05.955'W</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="2C0C8EABFFBDFFDB644D0A2EFA6EFD78" box="[1353,1431,1807,1833]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.13" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" unit="m" value="213.0">
<elevation id="60D9C47DFFBDFFDB644D0A2EFA6EFD78" box="[1353,1431,1807,1833]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.13" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" unit="m" value="213.0">213 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="9F4A058EFFBDFFDB61930A16FECFFD00" box="[151,310,1847,1873]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" value="1992-05-25">
<collectingDate id="8F0EFC66FFBDFFDB61930A16FECFFD00" box="[151,310,1847,1873]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" value="1992-05-25">25 May 1992</collectingDate>
</date>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A3EE70C5FFBDFFDB61C20A7FFDF1FDF0" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="EB4B234EFFBDFFDB61C20A7FFDF1FDF0" blockId="6.[151,1436,1766,2033]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="D980FF5CFFBDFFDB61C20A7FFEBFFD29" bold="true" box="[198,326,1886,1912]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="2CF458CDFFBDFFDB60490A7EFE1AFD29" authorityName="Carter" authorityYear="1885" box="[333,483,1887,1912]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Tretodictyidae" genus="Hexactinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D980FF5CFFBDFFDB60490A7EFE1AFD29" box="[333,483,1887,1912]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Hexactinella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with body of branching tubules with microscleres as stellate discohexasters, oxyhexasters and onychohexasters.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A3EE70C5FFBDFFD561C20A8FFE17FC79" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" type="description">
<paragraph id="EB4B234EFFBDFFDA61C20A8FFBA2FB2B" blockId="6.[151,1436,1766,2033]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,152,698]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="D980FF5CFFBDFFDB61C20A8FFEA7FD99" bold="true" box="[198,350,1966,1992]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Description.</emphasis>
The complete body form remains unknown but 8 broken fragments collected (
<figureCitation id="73CF3FCBFFBDFFDB640E0A8EFA9EFD98" box="[1290,1383,1967,1993]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1121,1145]" captionTargetBox="[315,1272,557,1088]" captionTargetId="figure-499@8.[315,1272,554,1097]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Hexactinella carolinensis n. sp. A. wet body fragments immediately after capture, courtesy of Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution. B. freeze-dried branch tips." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107771" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5107771/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
) are short branching tubules, 6.3-10.6-18.6 mm diameter (n=50). Those fragments that are clearly end branches have terminal oscula leading into atrial tubes
<quantity id="2C0C8EABFFBCFFDA63B50DB9FCEAFAE3" box="[689,787,152,178]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3–4 mm</quantity>
in diameter; tubule walls are 1.5–4.8 mm in thickness. It is possible, but unlikely that atrial tubes are continuous throughout the entire branching body. The outer surface is regularly nodulose due to the coarse schizorhysial skeletal framework (
<figureCitation id="73CF3FCBFFBCFFDA65410DC9FB5EFB53" box="[1093,1191,232,258]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1121,1145]" captionTargetBox="[315,1272,557,1088]" captionTargetId="figure-499@8.[315,1272,554,1097]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Hexactinella carolinensis n. sp. A. wet body fragments immediately after capture, courtesy of Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution. B. freeze-dried branch tips." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107771" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5107771/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">Figs 6B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="73CF3FCBFFBCFFDA65B20DC9FB22FB53" box="[1206,1243,232,258]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1426,1450]" captionTargetBox="[264,1224,373,1371]" captionTargetId="figure-231@9.[250,1338,354,1402]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Dictyonal framework of Hexactinella carolinensis n. sp. (all SEM). A. dermal surface with ridge/groove system. B. swollen nodes of the dermal surface. C. longitudinal section through septum showing longitudinal strands, dermal side up. D. beams, nodes and spurs of the outer sides of septum. E. deposition of small spined spicules on the atrial wall. F. magnified view of longitudinal septal section C showing internal beams, nodes, spurs." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107773" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5107773/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">7A</figureCitation>
) consisting of a system of branching and anastomosing ridges outlining irregular surface gaps (grooves) 0.4–1.0–1.7 mm in width (n = 50). When alive, the grooves are covered by a lattice formed by loose pentactine and subhexactine dermalia. The texture is stony hard; the color of the dried fragments is dirty white.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EB4B234EFFBCFFDA61C10CA9FC22F8EB" blockId="7.[151,1436,152,698]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
Dictyonal framework. Dimensions of framework elements are given in
<tableCitation id="A67616F5FFBCFFDA65030CA9FB99FBF3" box="[1031,1120,392,418]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,241,751,775]" captionText="TABLE 2. Spicule and framework dimensions of Hexactinella carolinensis n. sp. USNM 1110009, from off Charleston, S. Carolina, USA (dimensions in µm)." pageId="7" pageNumber="60">Table 2</tableCitation>
. The skeletal framework is constructed of a primary frame of longitudinal strands (
<figureCitation id="73CF3FCBFFBCFFDA62180C91FC81FB9B" box="[796,888,432,458]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1426,1450]" captionTargetBox="[264,1224,373,1371]" captionTargetId="figure-231@9.[250,1338,354,1402]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Dictyonal framework of Hexactinella carolinensis n. sp. (all SEM). A. dermal surface with ridge/groove system. B. swollen nodes of the dermal surface. C. longitudinal section through septum showing longitudinal strands, dermal side up. D. beams, nodes and spurs of the outer sides of septum. E. deposition of small spined spicules on the atrial wall. F. magnified view of longitudinal septal section C showing internal beams, nodes, spurs." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107773" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5107773/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">Fig. 7C</figureCitation>
), which run straight or curve to the dermal surface. Internal meshes are mainly rectangular; beams are sparsely spined and internal nodes are not thickened (
<figureCitation id="73CF3FCBFFBCFFDA619B0F21FED8F84B" box="[159,289,512,538]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1426,1450]" captionTargetBox="[264,1224,373,1371]" captionTargetId="figure-231@9.[250,1338,354,1402]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Dictyonal framework of Hexactinella carolinensis n. sp. (all SEM). A. dermal surface with ridge/groove system. B. swollen nodes of the dermal surface. C. longitudinal section through septum showing longitudinal strands, dermal side up. D. beams, nodes and spurs of the outer sides of septum. E. deposition of small spined spicules on the atrial wall. F. magnified view of longitudinal septal section C showing internal beams, nodes, spurs." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107773" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5107773/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">Fig. 7D, F</figureCitation>
). A thin cortex is formed on the dermal (distal) and lateral surfaces of ridges where meshes are irregularly 3–5-sided, beams are sparsely spined and nodes are thickened and bear strong conical spines (
<figureCitation id="73CF3FCBFFBCFFDA64690F09FF18F83B" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1426,1450]" captionTargetBox="[264,1224,373,1371]" captionTargetId="figure-231@9.[250,1338,354,1402]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Dictyonal framework of Hexactinella carolinensis n. sp. (all SEM). A. dermal surface with ridge/groove system. B. swollen nodes of the dermal surface. C. longitudinal section through septum showing longitudinal strands, dermal side up. D. beams, nodes and spurs of the outer sides of septum. E. deposition of small spined spicules on the atrial wall. F. magnified view of longitudinal septal section C showing internal beams, nodes, spurs." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107773" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5107773/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">Fig. 7B, D</figureCitation>
). Spurs on dermal and lateral ridge surfaces are long, thin and finely rough (
<figureCitation id="73CF3FCBFFBCFFDA65650F71FB39F83B" box="[1121,1216,592,618]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1426,1450]" captionTargetBox="[264,1224,373,1371]" captionTargetId="figure-231@9.[250,1338,354,1402]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Dictyonal framework of Hexactinella carolinensis n. sp. (all SEM). A. dermal surface with ridge/groove system. B. swollen nodes of the dermal surface. C. longitudinal section through septum showing longitudinal strands, dermal side up. D. beams, nodes and spurs of the outer sides of septum. E. deposition of small spined spicules on the atrial wall. F. magnified view of longitudinal septal section C showing internal beams, nodes, spurs." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107773" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5107773/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
). The atrial framework surface consists mainly of exposed primary strands, but in places small spiny hexactins are fused to the bounding surface forming a dense mat as a thin cortical layer (
<figureCitation id="73CF3FCBFFBCFFDA62770F81FC37F8EB" box="[883,974,672,698]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1426,1450]" captionTargetBox="[264,1224,373,1371]" captionTargetId="figure-231@9.[250,1338,354,1402]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Dictyonal framework of Hexactinella carolinensis n. sp. (all SEM). A. dermal surface with ridge/groove system. B. swollen nodes of the dermal surface. C. longitudinal section through septum showing longitudinal strands, dermal side up. D. beams, nodes and spurs of the outer sides of septum. E. deposition of small spined spicules on the atrial wall. F. magnified view of longitudinal septal section C showing internal beams, nodes, spurs." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107773" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5107773/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">Fig. 7E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="BF8B73C6FFBCFFDA61930FCEFDC9F978" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" startId="7.[151,241,751,775]">
<paragraph id="EB4B234EFFBCFFDA61930FCEFA65F956" blockId="7.[151,1436,751,809]" box="[151,1436,751,775]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="D980FF5CFFBCFFDA61930FCEFEF5F956" bold="true" box="[151,268,751,775]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
Spicule and framework dimensions of
<taxonomicName id="2CF458CDFFBCFFDA63A80FD1FC45F956" authority="Reiswig &amp; Dohrmann &amp; Pomponi &amp; Wörheide, 2008" authorityName="Reiswig &amp; Dohrmann &amp; Pomponi &amp; Wörheide" authorityYear="2008" box="[684,956,752,775]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Tretodictyidae" genus="Hexactinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="carolinensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D980FF5CFFBCFFDA63A80FD1FC45F956" box="[684,956,752,775]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">Hexactinella carolinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="D980FF5CFFBCFFDA62C70FCEFC06F956" bold="true" box="[963,1023,751,775]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C2B34227FFBCFFDA62C70FCEFC06F956" box="[963,1023,751,775]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
USNM 1110009, from off Charleston,
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EB4B234EFFBCFFDA61930E33FDC9F978" blockId="7.[151,1436,751,809]" box="[151,560,786,809]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">S. Carolina, USA (dimensions in µm).</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="EB4B234EFFBCFFDA619B0E6BFAFBFD30" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<table id="99F4D1EEFFBC0022619B0E6BFAC3FD30" box="[159,1338,842,1889]" colsContinueFrom="4.[159,1350,922,1713]" gridcols="5" gridrows="25" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<tr id="55C4210CFFBC0022619B0E6BFAC3F930" box="[159,1338,842,865]" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<th id="16154870FFBC0022619B0E6BFE3FF930" box="[159,454,842,865]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">parameter</th>
<th id="16154870FFBC002263B70E6BFD17F930" box="[691,750,842,865]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">mean</th>
<th id="16154870FFBC002262460E6BFC74F930" box="[834,909,842,865]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<taxonomicName id="2CF458CDFFBCFFDA62460E6BFC70F930" box="[834,905,842,865]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="dev">st. dev</taxonomicName>
.
</th>
<th id="16154870FFBC002262D80E6BFBBEF930" box="[988,1095,842,865]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">range</th>
<th id="16154870FFBC002265EC0E6BFAC3F930" box="[1256,1338,842,865]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">number</th>
</tr>
<tr id="55C4210CFFBC0022619B0E54FAC3F9DD" box="[159,1338,885,908]" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<th id="16154870FFBC0022619B0E54FAC3F9DD" box="[159,1338,885,908]" colspan="5" colspanRight="4" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">a. Dermal hexactin</th>
</tr>
<tr id="55C4210CFFBC0022619B0E81FAC3F9E6" box="[159,1338,928,951]" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<th id="16154870FFBC0022619B0E81FE3FF9E6" box="[159,454,928,951]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">tangential ray length</th>
<td id="16154870FFBC002263B70E81FD17F9E6" box="[691,750,928,951]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">210</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002262460E81FC74F9E6" box="[834,909,928,951]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">51</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002262D80E81FBBEF9E6" box="[988,1095,928,951]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">51–313</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002265EC0E81FAC3F9E6" box="[1256,1338,928,951]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="55C4210CFFBC0022619B0EEBFAC3F9B0" box="[159,1338,970,993]" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<th id="16154870FFBC0022619B0EEBFE3FF9B0" box="[159,454,970,993]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">tangential ray width</th>
<td id="16154870FFBC002263B70EEBFD17F9B0" box="[691,750,970,993]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">11.9</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002262460EEBFC74F9B0" box="[834,909,970,993]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">3.2</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002262D80EEBFBBEF9B0" box="[988,1095,970,993]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">5.4–22.2</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002265EC0EEBFAC3F9B0" box="[1256,1338,970,993]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="55C4210CFFBC0022619B0ED4FAC3FE5D" box="[159,1338,1013,1036]" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<th id="16154870FFBC0022619B0ED4FE3FFE5D" box="[159,454,1013,1036]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">proximal ray length</th>
<td id="16154870FFBC002263B70ED4FD17FE5D" box="[691,750,1013,1036]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">366</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002262460ED4FC74FE5D" box="[834,909,1013,1036]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">143</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002262D80ED4FBBEFE5D" box="[988,1095,1013,1036]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">127–738</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002265EC0ED4FAC3FE5D" box="[1256,1338,1013,1036]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="55C4210CFFBC0022619B0901FAC3FE66" box="[159,1338,1056,1079]" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<th id="16154870FFBC0022619B0901FE3FFE66" box="[159,454,1056,1079]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">proximal ray width</th>
<td id="16154870FFBC002263B70901FD17FE66" box="[691,750,1056,1079]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">11.6</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002262460901FC74FE66" box="[834,909,1056,1079]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">2.9</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002262D80901FBBEFE66" box="[988,1095,1056,1079]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">6.5–17.7</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002265EC0901FAC3FE66" box="[1256,1338,1056,1079]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="55C4210CFFBC0022619B096BFAC3FE30" box="[159,1338,1098,1121]" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<th id="16154870FFBC0022619B096BFE3FFE30" box="[159,454,1098,1121]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">distal ray length</th>
<td id="16154870FFBC002263B7096BFD17FE30" box="[691,750,1098,1121]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">25.8</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC00226246096BFC74FE30" box="[834,909,1098,1121]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">9.3</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002262D8096BFBBEFE30" box="[988,1095,1098,1121]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">8.6–45.6</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002265EC096BFAC3FE30" box="[1256,1338,1098,1121]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="55C4210CFFBC0022619B0954FAC3FEDD" box="[159,1338,1141,1164]" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<th id="16154870FFBC0022619B0954FE3FFEDD" box="[159,454,1141,1164]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">distal ray width</th>
<td id="16154870FFBC002263B70954FD17FEDD" box="[691,750,1141,1164]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">16.1</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002262460954FC74FEDD" box="[834,909,1141,1164]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">3.8</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002262D80954FBBEFEDD" box="[988,1095,1141,1164]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">8.1–25.4</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002265EC0954FAC3FEDD" box="[1256,1338,1141,1164]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="55C4210CFFBC0022619B0981FAC3FEE6" box="[159,1338,1184,1207]" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<th id="16154870FFBC0022619B0981FE3FFEE6" box="[159,454,1184,1207]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">b. Scopule total length</th>
<td id="16154870FFBC002263B70981FD17FEE6" box="[691,750,1184,1207]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">475</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002262460981FC74FEE6" box="[834,909,1184,1207]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">47</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002262D80981FBBEFEE6" box="[988,1095,1184,1207]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">385–600</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002265EC0981FAC3FEE6" box="[1256,1338,1184,1207]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="55C4210CFFBC0022619B09EBFAC3FEB0" box="[159,1338,1226,1249]" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<th id="16154870FFBC0022619B09EBFE3FFEB0" box="[159,454,1226,1249]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">tine length</th>
<td id="16154870FFBC002263B709EBFD17FEB0" box="[691,750,1226,1249]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">58.3</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC0022624609EBFC74FEB0" box="[834,909,1226,1249]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">8.5</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002262D809EBFBBEFEB0" box="[988,1095,1226,1249]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">33.1–73.8</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002265EC09EBFAC3FEB0" box="[1256,1338,1226,1249]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="55C4210CFFBC0022619B09D4FAC3FF5D" box="[159,1338,1269,1292]" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<th id="16154870FFBC0022619B09D4FE3FFF5D" box="[159,454,1269,1292]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">shaft width</th>
<td id="16154870FFBC002263B709D4FD17FF5D" box="[691,750,1269,1292]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">4.9</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC0022624609D4FC74FF5D" box="[834,909,1269,1292]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">0.7</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002262D809D4FBBEFF5D" box="[988,1095,1269,1292]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">2.2–6.5</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002265EC09D4FAC3FF5D" box="[1256,1338,1269,1292]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="55C4210CFFBC0022619B0801FAC3FF66" box="[159,1338,1312,1335]" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<th id="16154870FFBC0022619B0801FE3FFF66" box="[159,454,1312,1335]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">c. Uncinate length</th>
<td id="16154870FFBC002263B70801FD17FF66" box="[691,750,1312,1335]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">607</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002262460801FC74FF66" box="[834,909,1312,1335]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">134</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002262D80801FBBEFF66" box="[988,1095,1312,1335]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">320–903</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002265EC0801FAC3FF66" box="[1256,1338,1312,1335]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="55C4210CFFBC0022619B086BFAC3FF30" box="[159,1338,1354,1377]" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<th id="16154870FFBC0022619B086BFE3FFF30" box="[159,454,1354,1377]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">width</th>
<td id="16154870FFBC002263B7086BFD17FF30" box="[691,750,1354,1377]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">2.9</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC00226246086BFC74FF30" box="[834,909,1354,1377]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">0.7</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002262D8086BFBBEFF30" box="[988,1095,1354,1377]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">1.4–4.3</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002265EC086BFAC3FF30" box="[1256,1338,1354,1377]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="55C4210CFFBC0022619B0854FAC3FFDD" box="[159,1338,1397,1420]" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<th id="16154870FFBC0022619B0854FE3FFFDD" box="[159,454,1397,1420]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">d. Discohexaster diameter</th>
<td id="16154870FFBC002263B70854FD17FFDD" box="[691,750,1397,1420]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">74</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002262460854FC74FFDD" box="[834,909,1397,1420]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">12</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002262D80854FBBEFFDD" box="[988,1095,1397,1420]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">43–99</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002265EC0854FAC3FFDD" box="[1256,1338,1397,1420]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="55C4210CFFBC0022619B0881FAC3FFE6" box="[159,1338,1440,1463]" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<th id="16154870FFBC0022619B0881FE3FFFE6" box="[159,454,1440,1463]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">primary ray length</th>
<td id="16154870FFBC002263B70881FD17FFE6" box="[691,750,1440,1463]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">23.3</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002262460881FC74FFE6" box="[834,909,1440,1463]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">4.6</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002262D80881FBBEFFE6" box="[988,1095,1440,1463]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">11.2–33.4</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002265EC0881FAC3FFE6" box="[1256,1338,1440,1463]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="55C4210CFFBC0022619B08EBFAC3FFB0" box="[159,1338,1482,1505]" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<th id="16154870FFBC0022619B08EBFE3FFFB0" box="[159,454,1482,1505]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">secondary ray length</th>
<td id="16154870FFBC002263B708EBFD17FFB0" box="[691,750,1482,1505]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">13.6</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC0022624608EBFC74FFB0" box="[834,909,1482,1505]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">2.2</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002262D808EBFBBEFFB0" box="[988,1095,1482,1505]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">9.7–19.5</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002265EC08EBFAC3FFB0" box="[1256,1338,1482,1505]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="55C4210CFFBC0022619B08D4FAC3FC5D" box="[159,1338,1525,1548]" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<th id="16154870FFBC0022619B08D4FE3FFC5D" box="[159,454,1525,1548]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">e. Oxyhexaster diameter</th>
<td id="16154870FFBC002263B708D4FD17FC5D" box="[691,750,1525,1548]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">74</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC0022624608D4FC74FC5D" box="[834,909,1525,1548]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">10</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002262D808D4FBBEFC5D" box="[988,1095,1525,1548]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">61–106</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002265EC08D4FAC3FC5D" box="[1256,1338,1525,1548]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="55C4210CFFBC0022619B0B01FAC3FC66" box="[159,1338,1568,1591]" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<th id="16154870FFBC0022619B0B01FE3FFC66" box="[159,454,1568,1591]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">primary ray length</th>
<td id="16154870FFBC002263B70B01FD17FC66" box="[691,750,1568,1591]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">18.0</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002262460B01FC74FC66" box="[834,909,1568,1591]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">3.8</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002262D80B01FBBEFC66" box="[988,1095,1568,1591]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">11.4–27.9</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002265EC0B01FAC3FC66" box="[1256,1338,1568,1591]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="55C4210CFFBC0022619B0B6BFAC3FC30" box="[159,1338,1610,1633]" gridrow="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<th id="16154870FFBC0022619B0B6BFE3FFC30" box="[159,454,1610,1633]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">secondary ray length</th>
<td id="16154870FFBC002263B70B6BFD17FC30" box="[691,750,1610,1633]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">20.0</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002262460B6BFC74FC30" box="[834,909,1610,1633]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">3.1</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002262D80B6BFBBEFC30" box="[988,1095,1610,1633]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">15.1–30.2</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002265EC0B6BFAC3FC30" box="[1256,1338,1610,1633]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="55C4210CFFBC0022619B0B54FAC3FCDD" box="[159,1338,1653,1676]" gridrow="19" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<th id="16154870FFBC0022619B0B54FE3FFCDD" box="[159,454,1653,1676]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">f. Onychohexaster diameter</th>
<td id="16154870FFBC002263B70B54FD17FCDD" box="[691,750,1653,1676]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">50.5</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002262460B54FC74FCDD" box="[834,909,1653,1676]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">8.7</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002262D80B54FBBEFCDD" box="[988,1095,1653,1676]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">34.3–67.6</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002265EC0B54FAC3FCDD" box="[1256,1338,1653,1676]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">30</td>
</tr>
<tr id="55C4210CFFBC0022619B0B81FAC3FCE6" box="[159,1338,1696,1719]" gridrow="20" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<th id="16154870FFBC0022619B0B81FE3FFCE6" box="[159,454,1696,1719]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">primary ray length</th>
<td id="16154870FFBC002263B70B81FD17FCE6" box="[691,750,1696,1719]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">7.1</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002262460B81FC74FCE6" box="[834,909,1696,1719]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">1.9</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002262D80B81FBBEFCE6" box="[988,1095,1696,1719]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">4.3–11.1</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002265EC0B81FAC3FCE6" box="[1256,1338,1696,1719]" gridcol="4" gridrow="20" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">30</td>
</tr>
<tr id="55C4210CFFBC0022619B0BEBFAC3FCB0" box="[159,1338,1738,1761]" gridrow="21" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<th id="16154870FFBC0022619B0BEBFE3FFCB0" box="[159,454,1738,1761]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">secondary ray length</th>
<td id="16154870FFBC002263B70BEBFD17FCB0" box="[691,750,1738,1761]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">18.7</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002262460BEBFC74FCB0" box="[834,909,1738,1761]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">3.5</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002262D80BEBFBBEFCB0" box="[988,1095,1738,1761]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">11.1–24.4</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002265EC0BEBFAC3FCB0" box="[1256,1338,1738,1761]" gridcol="4" gridrow="21" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">30</td>
</tr>
<tr id="55C4210CFFBC0022619B0BD4FAC3FD5D" box="[159,1338,1781,1804]" gridrow="22" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<th id="16154870FFBC0022619B0BD4FE3FFD5D" box="[159,454,1781,1804]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">g. Framework beam length</th>
<td id="16154870FFBC002263B70BD4FD17FD5D" box="[691,750,1781,1804]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">207</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002262460BD4FC74FD5D" box="[834,909,1781,1804]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">60</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002262D80BD4FBBEFD5D" box="[988,1095,1781,1804]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">82–412</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002265EC0BD4FAC3FD5D" box="[1256,1338,1781,1804]" gridcol="4" gridrow="22" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">100</td>
</tr>
<tr id="55C4210CFFBC0022619B0A01FAC3FD66" box="[159,1338,1824,1847]" gridrow="23" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<th id="16154870FFBC0022619B0A01FE3FFD66" box="[159,454,1824,1847]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">dermal beam width</th>
<td id="16154870FFBC002263B70A01FD17FD66" box="[691,750,1824,1847]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">35.7</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002262460A01FC74FD66" box="[834,909,1824,1847]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">6.0</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002262D80A01FBBEFD66" box="[988,1095,1824,1847]" gridcol="3" gridrow="23" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">24.8–50.3</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002265EC0A01FAC3FD66" box="[1256,1338,1824,1847]" gridcol="4" gridrow="23" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">24</td>
</tr>
<tr id="55C4210CFFBC0022619B0A6BFAC3FD30" box="[159,1338,1866,1889]" gridrow="24" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<th id="16154870FFBC0022619B0A6BFE3FFD30" box="[159,454,1866,1889]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">internal septa beam width</th>
<td id="16154870FFBC002263B70A6BFD17FD30" box="[691,750,1866,1889]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">30.8</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002262460A6BFC74FD30" box="[834,909,1866,1889]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">8.8</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002262D80A6BFBBEFD30" box="[988,1095,1866,1889]" gridcol="3" gridrow="24" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">20.3–54.8</td>
<td id="16154870FFBC002265EC0A6BFAC3FD30" box="[1256,1338,1866,1889]" gridcol="4" gridrow="24" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">24</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EB4B234EFFBCFFD561C10A93FD5BFBA3" blockId="7.[151,1436,1970,2036]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1436,152,498]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
Spicules. Spicule forms are shown in
<figureCitation id="73CF3FCBFFBCFFDA637B0A93FD31FD9D" box="[639,712,1970,1996]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="10.[151,255,857,881]" captionTargetBox="[311,1276,194,833]" captionTargetId="figure-91@10.[311,1276,194,833]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 8. Spicules of Hexactinella carolinensis n. sp. A. various forms of surface pentactins and subhexactins. B. tangential ray of dermal pentactin. C. scopule. D. small uncinate and magnified central part. E. stellate lophodiscohexaster with magnified ray tip. F. oxyhexaster with magnified ray tip. G. onychohexaster with magnified ray tip." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107775" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5107775/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">Figs 8</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation id="73CF3FCBFFBCFFDA62040A93FCE8FD9D" box="[768,785,1970,1996]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="10.[151,255,1974,1998]" captionTargetBox="[313,1274,1004,1951]" captionTargetId="figure-93@10.[313,1274,1004,1951]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 9. SEM micrographs of spicules of Hexactinella carolinensis n. sp. A. stellate lophodiscohexaster. B. scopule head. C. central part of small uncinate. D. oxyhexaster." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107777" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5107777/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">9</figureCitation>
; dimensions are given in
<tableCitation id="A67616F5FFBCFFDA65390A93FB6FFD9D" box="[1085,1174,1970,1996]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,241,751,775]" captionText="TABLE 2. Spicule and framework dimensions of Hexactinella carolinensis n. sp. USNM 1110009, from off Charleston, S. Carolina, USA (dimensions in µm)." pageId="7" pageNumber="60">Table 2</tableCitation>
. Megascleres are pentactins, subhexactins, strongyloscopules and small uncinates in both dermal and atrial surfaces. Dermalia and atrialia are pentactins and hexactins with very short distal rays. They are entirely finely rough, and have cylindrical rays that end in abruptly sharp or rounded tips. Irregular step-like reductions in ray diameter are common. The proximal ray may be longer or much shorter than the tangential rays. Scopules occur as a single
<typeStatus id="344F9DECFFB3FFD561930C31FF34FB7B" box="[151,205,272,298]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">type</typeStatus>
; they are entirely rough but often spination can only be resolved on the head with light microscopy. Tines,
<quantity id="2C0C8EABFFB3FFD561E20C19FEC8FB03" box="[230,305,312,338]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.89" metricValueMax="10.16" metricValueMin="7.62" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" unit="in" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3–4 in</quantity>
number, are very slightly splayed and end simply in rounded or indistinct button tips (
<figureCitation id="73CF3FCBFFB3FFD564350C19FA77FB03" box="[1329,1422,312,338]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="10.[151,255,1974,1998]" captionTargetBox="[313,1274,1004,1951]" captionTargetId="figure-93@10.[313,1274,1004,1951]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 9. SEM micrographs of spicules of Hexactinella carolinensis n. sp. A. stellate lophodiscohexaster. B. scopule head. C. central part of small uncinate. D. oxyhexaster." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107777" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5107777/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Fig. 9B</figureCitation>
). The shaft ends proximally in a sharp tip without inflation or conspicuous increase in spination. Small uncinates occur in bundles oriented vertical to the surface. In light microscopy they appear as structureless sharptipped rhaphides, but in SEM their shallow brackets and very short barbs are clear. Many have a small central swelling, but an axial cross is not detectable.
</paragraph>
<caption id="BF8B73C6FFB3FFD561930940FCC8FECA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107771" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5107771" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5107771/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" startId="8.[151,255,1121,1145]" targetBox="[315,1272,557,1088]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="EB4B234EFFB3FFD561930940FCC8FECA" blockId="8.[151,1435,1121,1179]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="D980FF5CFFB3FFD561930940FEE4FE28" bold="true" box="[151,285,1121,1145]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="2CF458CDFFB3FFD5602C0940FDC5FE29" authority="Reiswig &amp; Dohrmann &amp; Pomponi &amp; Wörheide, 2008" authorityName="Reiswig &amp; Dohrmann &amp; Pomponi &amp; Wörheide" authorityYear="2008" box="[296,572,1121,1144]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Tretodictyidae" genus="Hexactinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="carolinensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D980FF5CFFB3FFD5602C0940FDC5FE29" box="[296,572,1121,1144]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Hexactinella carolinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="D980FF5CFFB3FFD563430940FD71FE28" bold="true" box="[583,648,1121,1145]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C2B34227FFB3FFD563430940FD71FE28" box="[583,648,1121,1145]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
A. wet body fragments immediately after capture, courtesy of Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution. B. freeze-dried branch tips.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="EB4B234EFFB3FFD561C209EFFE17FC79" blockId="8.[151,1436,1230,2016]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
Microscleres consist of discohexasters, oxyhexasters and onychohexasters. The stellate lophodiscohexasters (
<figureCitation id="73CF3FCBFFB3FFD561D709D7FEC3FF41" box="[211,314,1270,1296]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="10.[151,255,857,881]" captionTargetBox="[311,1276,194,833]" captionTargetId="figure-91@10.[311,1276,194,833]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 8. Spicules of Hexactinella carolinensis n. sp. A. various forms of surface pentactins and subhexactins. B. tangential ray of dermal pentactin. C. scopule. D. small uncinate and magnified central part. E. stellate lophodiscohexaster with magnified ray tip. F. oxyhexaster with magnified ray tip. G. onychohexaster with magnified ray tip." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107775" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5107775/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Figs. 8E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="73CF3FCBFFB3FFD5604D09D7FE97FF41" box="[329,366,1270,1296]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="10.[151,255,1974,1998]" captionTargetBox="[313,1274,1004,1951]" captionTargetId="figure-93@10.[313,1274,1004,1951]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 9. SEM micrographs of spicules of Hexactinella carolinensis n. sp. A. stellate lophodiscohexaster. B. scopule head. C. central part of small uncinate. D. oxyhexaster." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107777" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5107777/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">9A</figureCitation>
) are the most abundant microsclere; they are entirely rough, with relatively long primary rays each bearing 6–16 short terminal rays ending in small, marginally-toothed discs. The degree of splay of the terminal tuft is highly variable. Diaster variants of this microsclere
<typeStatus id="344F9DECFFB3FFD562E50867FBEDFF31" box="[993,1044,1350,1376]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">type</typeStatus>
are rare. Oxyhexasters (
<figureCitation id="73CF3FCBFFB3FFD564310867FA6EFF31" box="[1333,1431,1350,1376]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="10.[151,255,857,881]" captionTargetBox="[311,1276,194,833]" captionTargetId="figure-91@10.[311,1276,194,833]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 8. Spicules of Hexactinella carolinensis n. sp. A. various forms of surface pentactins and subhexactins. B. tangential ray of dermal pentactin. C. scopule. D. small uncinate and magnified central part. E. stellate lophodiscohexaster with magnified ray tip. F. oxyhexaster with magnified ray tip. G. onychohexaster with magnified ray tip." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107775" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5107775/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Figs. 8F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="73CF3FCBFFB3FFD56193084FFF45FFD9" box="[151,188,1390,1416]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="10.[151,255,1974,1998]" captionTargetBox="[313,1274,1004,1951]" captionTargetId="figure-93@10.[313,1274,1004,1951]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 9. SEM micrographs of spicules of Hexactinella carolinensis n. sp. A. stellate lophodiscohexaster. B. scopule head. C. central part of small uncinate. D. oxyhexaster." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107777" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5107777/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">9D</figureCitation>
) are the same size as the discohexasters; they are also entirely rough (in SEM) but their primary and terminal rays are almost equal in length. Each primary ray carries 2–3 or rarely 4 terminals ending in sharp, slightly hooked tips. The spherical onychohexasters (
<figureCitation id="73CF3FCBFFB3FFD563BC089FFCEFFF89" box="[696,790,1470,1496]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="10.[151,255,857,881]" captionTargetBox="[311,1276,194,833]" captionTargetId="figure-91@10.[311,1276,194,833]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 8. Spicules of Hexactinella carolinensis n. sp. A. various forms of surface pentactins and subhexactins. B. tangential ray of dermal pentactin. C. scopule. D. small uncinate and magnified central part. E. stellate lophodiscohexaster with magnified ray tip. F. oxyhexaster with magnified ray tip. G. onychohexaster with magnified ray tip." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107775" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5107775/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Fig. 8G</figureCitation>
) are rarer, smaller, and thinner than the other microscleres. Each short primary ray bears 2–4 long terminals, ornamented with recurved hooks and tipped with a whorl of 3–5 recurved claws.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A3EE70C5FFB3FFD561C20B17FA96FC01" box="[198,1391,1590,1616]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="EB4B234EFFB3FFD561C20B17FA96FC01" blockId="8.[151,1436,1230,2016]" box="[198,1391,1590,1616]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="D980FF5CFFB3FFD561C20B17FEAAFC01" bold="true" box="[198,339,1590,1616]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Etymology.</emphasis>
The species name,
<taxonomicName id="2CF458CDFFB3FFD5633D0B16FD3EFC01" authorityName="Reiswig &amp; Dohrmann &amp; Pomponi &amp; Wörheide" authorityYear="2008" box="[569,711,1591,1616]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Tretodictyidae" genus="Hexactinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="carolinensis">
<emphasis id="D980FF5CFFB3FFD5633D0B16FD3EFC01" box="[569,711,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">carolinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, refers to the location of collection, off S. Carolina,
<collectingCountry id="93E363DEFFB3FFD564280B17FA93FC01" box="[1324,1386,1590,1616]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">USA</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A3EE70C5FFB3FFD461C20B7FFC95FB7B" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="EB4B234EFFB3FFD561C20B7FFEB7FC99" blockId="8.[151,1436,1230,2016]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="D980FF5CFFB3FFD561C20B7FFEC6FC29" bold="true" box="[198,319,1630,1656]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Remarks.</emphasis>
The specimen was originally used for biochemical analysis (identified as &quot;
<taxonomicName id="2CF458CDFFB3FFD565C50B7EFAEAFC29" authorityName="Bowerbank" authorityYear="1862" box="[1217,1299,1631,1656]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Farreidae" genus="Farrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D980FF5CFFB3FFD565C50B7EFAEAFC29" box="[1217,1299,1631,1656]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Farrea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(?) sp.&quot;) in
<bibRefCitation id="8F655EBFFFB3FFD561930BA7FE96FCF1" author="Thiel, V. &amp; Blumenberg, M. &amp; Hefter, J. &amp; Pape, T. &amp; Pomponi, S. &amp; Reed, J. &amp; Reitner, J. &amp; Worheide, G. &amp; Michaelis, W." box="[151,367,1670,1696]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" pagination="60 - 66" refId="ref5174" refString="Thiel, V., Blumenberg, M., Hefter, J., Pape, T., Pomponi, S., Reed, J., Reitner, J., Worheide, G. &amp; Michaelis, W. (2002) A chemical view of the most ancient Metazoa - biomarker chemotaxonomy of hexactinellid sponges. Naturwissenschaften, 89, 60 - 66." type="journal article" year="2002">
Thiel
<emphasis id="D980FF5CFFB3FFD561D80BA6FEEEFCF1" box="[220,279,1671,1696]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">et al.</emphasis>
(2002)
</bibRefCitation>
, and in the forthcoming first molecular phylogenetic study of
<taxonomicName id="2CF458CDFFB3FFD565430BA7FB0BFCF1" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" box="[1095,1266,1670,1696]" class="Hexactinellida" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Porifera" rank="class">Hexactinellida</taxonomicName>
by Dohrmann
<emphasis id="D980FF5CFFB3FFD561930B8EFF28FC99" box="[151,209,1711,1736]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">et al.</emphasis>
(in press).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EB4B234EFFB3FFD461C20BF7FC95FB7B" blockId="8.[151,1436,1230,2016]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,152,298]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
Within the genus
<taxonomicName id="2CF458CDFFB3FFD560A60BF6FDCEFCA1" authorityName="Carter" authorityYear="1885" box="[418,567,1751,1776]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Tretodictyidae" genus="Hexactinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D980FF5CFFB3FFD560A60BF6FDCEFCA1" box="[418,567,1751,1776]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Hexactinella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, spiculation of three Indonesian forms,
<taxonomicName id="2CF458CDFFB3FFD565220BF6FB14FCA1" authority="Ijima" authorityName="Ijima" authorityYear="1927" box="[1062,1261,1750,1776]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Tretodictyidae" genus="Hexactinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="rugosa">
<emphasis id="D980FF5CFFB3FFD565220BF6FB59FCA1" box="[1062,1184,1751,1776]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">H. rugosa</emphasis>
Ijima
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="2CF458CDFFB3FFD565F90BF6FF2CFD49" authority="Ijima" authorityName="Ijima" authorityYear="1927" class="Hexactinellida" family="Tretodictyidae" genus="Hexactinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="spongiosa">
<emphasis id="D980FF5CFFB3FFD565F90BF6FA62FCA1" box="[1277,1435,1751,1776]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">H. spongiosa</emphasis>
Ijima
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="2CF458CDFFB3FFD560100BDEFDECFD49" authority="Ijima" authorityName="Ijima" authorityYear="1927" box="[276,533,1790,1816]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Tretodictyidae" genus="Hexactinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vermiculosa">
<emphasis id="D980FF5CFFB3FFD560100BDEFE33FD49" box="[276,458,1791,1816]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">H. vermiculosa</emphasis>
Ijima
</taxonomicName>
, remain unknown. Their geographic location and body form exclude them from receiving the Carolina specimen. Stellate discohexasters are known to occur in only three
<taxonomicName id="2CF458CDFFB3FFD564020A06FF16FD39" class="Hexactinellida" family="Tretodictyidae" genus="Hexactinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="D980FF5CFFB3FFD564020A06FA65FD11" box="[1286,1436,1831,1856]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Hexactinella</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="2CF458CDFFB3FFD561FF0A6EFE14FD39" authority="Topsent" authorityName="Topsent" box="[251,493,1870,1896]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Tretodictyidae" genus="Hexactinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="grimaldi">
<emphasis id="D980FF5CFFB3FFD561FF0A6EFE7CFD39" box="[251,389,1871,1896]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">H. grimaldi</emphasis>
Topsent
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="2CF458CDFFB3FFD560FF0A6EFD31FD39" authority="(Schulze)" baseAuthorityName="Schulze" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[507,712,1870,1896]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Tretodictyidae" genus="Hexactinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lata">
<emphasis id="D980FF5CFFB3FFD560FF0A6EFDB7FD39" box="[507,590,1871,1896]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">H. lata</emphasis>
(Schulze)
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="2CF458CDFFB3FFD5620D0A6EFC17FD39" authority="Ijima. Of" authorityName="Ijima. Of" authorityYear="1927" box="[777,1006,1870,1896]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Tretodictyidae" genus="Hexactinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lingua">
<emphasis id="D980FF5CFFB3FFD5620D0A6EFC80FD39" box="[777,889,1871,1896]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">H. lingua</emphasis>
Ijima. Of
</taxonomicName>
these, the only one occurring in the Atlantic region,
<taxonomicName id="2CF458CDFFB3FFD5605D0A56FE1AFDC1" box="[345,483,1911,1936]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Tretodictyidae" genus="Hexactinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="grimaldi">
<emphasis id="D980FF5CFFB3FFD5605D0A56FE1AFDC1" box="[345,483,1911,1936]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">H. grimaldi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as redescribed by
<bibRefCitation id="8F655EBFFFB3FFD563CD0A57FC99FDC1" author="Ijima, I." box="[713,864,1910,1936]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" pagination="1 - 138" refId="ref4654" refString="Ijima, I. (1927) Hexactinellida of the Siboga expedition. In: Weber, M. (Ed), Uitkomsten op zoologisch, botanisch, oceanographisch et geologisch Gebied versameld in Nederlandsk Oost-Indie 1899 - 1900, 6. Brill, Leiden, pp. 1 - 138." type="book chapter" year="1927">Ijima (1927)</bibRefCitation>
, differs from the Carolina specimen in its platelike body form, probably when entire consisting of a large cup or bowl. It also has oxy-tipped microscleres, but as oxyhexactins instead of oxyhexasters. The Pacific
<taxonomicName id="2CF458CDFFB3FFD5622B0AE6FC79FDB1" baseAuthorityName="Schulze" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[815,896,1991,2016]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Tretodictyidae" genus="Hexactinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lata">
<emphasis id="D980FF5CFFB3FFD5622B0AE6FC79FDB1" box="[815,896,1991,2016]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">H. lata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from the Carolina specimen in its mas- sive rather than branching body shape and possession of discohexactins and spherical discohexasters instead of stellate ones. The Indonesian form,
<taxonomicName id="2CF458CDFFB2FFD463630DE1FD21FA88" authorityName="Ijima. Of" authorityYear="1927" box="[615,728,192,217]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Tretodictyidae" genus="Hexactinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lingua">
<emphasis id="D980FF5CFFB2FFD463630DE1FD21FA88" box="[615,728,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">H. lingua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, differs from the Carolina specimen in its large plate body form (known only as fragments), and its complete lack of oxy-tipped microscleres. The S. Carolina specimen clearly represents a member of a new species of
<taxonomicName id="2CF458CDFFB2FFD463CB0C31FC9CFB78" authorityName="Carter" authorityYear="1885" box="[719,869,272,297]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Tretodictyidae" genus="Hexactinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D980FF5CFFB2FFD463CB0C31FC9CFB78" box="[719,869,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Hexactinella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
Reference in a new issue View git blame Copy permalink