193 lines
18 KiB
XML
193 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106" ID-GBIF-Dataset="605e7744-e499-4617-bb69-6531a82ddbae" ID-PMC="PMC3520135" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-248-1" ID-PubMed="23275757" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2012" ModsDocID="1313-2970-248-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 248" ModsDocTitle="A revision of the New World species of Gymnoclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae)" checkinTime="1451247880623" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Mathis, Wayne N. & Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz" docDate="2012" docId="6144132DA23195900E58E5A76921BB08" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 248: 1-69" docOrigin="ZooKeys 248" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106" docTitle="Discocerinini Cresson" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="3" masterDocId="23013B478951FFB1FFF7FFACFFBFFF8F" masterDocTitle="A revision of the New World species of Gymnoclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae)" masterLastPageNumber="69" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="2" updateTime="1668154988994" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A revision of the New World species of Gymnoclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Mathis, Wayne N.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>248</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>69</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.248.4106</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-248-1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152039122" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6144132DA23195900E58E5A76921BB08" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6144132DA23195900E58E5A76921BB08" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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Tribe
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Discocerinini" authority="Cresson" genus="Discocerinini" lsidName="Discocerinini" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" rank="genus">Discocerinini Cresson</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" rank="tribe" tribe="Discocerinini">Discocerinini</taxonomicName>
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(as
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" rank="tribe" tribe="Discocerini">Discocerini</taxonomicName>
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)
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<bibRefCitation author="Cresson, ET Jr" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the American Entomological Society" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="227 - 258" title="Studies in the dipterous family Ephydridae, excluding the North and South American faunas." volume="51" year="1925">Cresson 1925</bibRefCitation>
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: 228. Type genus:
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Discocerina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Discocerina" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Discocerina</taxonomicName>
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Macquart 1835.
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<bibRefCitation author="Mathis, WN" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="434 - 446" title="A review of the shore-fly genus Polytrichophora Cresson from Asia (Diptera: Ephydridae)." volume="102" year="1989">Mathis and Zuyin 1989</bibRefCitation>
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: 435 [description, key to Asian genera].
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<bibRefCitation author="Zatwarnicki, T" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="5 - 51" title="A generic classification of the tribe Discocerinini (Diptera: Ephydridae)." volume="51" year="2001">Zatwarnicki and Mathis 2001</bibRefCitation>
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: 1-51 [revision of genera].
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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A tribe of the subfamily
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gymnymyzinae">Gymnymyzinae</taxonomicName>
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that is distinguished by the following combination of characters: Small to medium-sized shore flies, body length 1.25-3.50 mm; usually invested with considerable microtomentum, especially frons and mesonotum.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Head: Frontal vitta (or ocellar triangle) mostly bare of setulae, not conspicuously setulose; pseudopostocellar setae well developed, length greater than distance between either posterior ocellus and anterior ocellus, generally with proclinate orientation and slightly divergent; ocellar seta inserted anterior to lateral alignment of anterior ocellus, sometimes only slightly so; reclinate fronto-orbital seta inserted in front of proclinate fronto-orbital (if 2 proclinate fronto-orbital setae present, reclinate seta inserted in front of the larger proclinate seta); proclinate fronto-orbital seta subequal to length of reclinate seta. Pedicel bearing a large seta anterodorsally; arista with 5-7 dorsally branching rays evenly along aristal length. Compound eye bearing numerous, interfacetal microsetulae. Face generally smooth, not conspicuously pitted or rugose, in lateral view shallowly carinate between antennal bases and/or very shallowly conically produced, convex. Gena generally short (secondarily high in some species), bearing setulae (including midportion) and 1 large seta, its posterior (postgenal) margin rounded, not sharp. Oral opening and clypeus narrow; mouthparts generally dark colored; clypeus generally microtomentose, similar to microtomentum of face.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Thorax: Mesonotum generally microtomentose, usually densely so; supra-alar seta usually evident although sometimes reduced; acrostichal setulae arranged in about 8 irregular rows; prescutellar acrostichal setae approximate and inserted behind level of posteromost dorsocentral setae; scutellum usually moderately densely setulose, bearing more than 20 setulae, these evenly scattered; both anterior and posterior notopleural setae inserted at about the same level from notopleural/anepisternal suture; anepisternum with 2 equal setae along posterior margin. Wing with vein R2+3 long, extended nearly to level of apex of vein R4+5. Foreleg normally developed, not raptorial with greatly enlarged femur.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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Abdomen: Five tergites visible, usually not covered with microtomentum. Male terminalia: Structures symmetrical; cerci paired, hemispherical, setose, bearing sides of rectum, sometimes fused with posteroventral margin of epandrium; epandrium U-shaped, encircling cerci, anterior margin rounded, in lateral view with setae mainly on dorsum and along anteroventral margin; presurstylus lacking or fused indistinguishably with epandrium; posterolateral arms of epandrium attached with ventral apex of gonites, middle of posterior margin a base for phallapodeme; phallapodeme situated under aedeagus, associated with hypandrium and with ventral part of base of aedeagus,
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<pageBreakToken pageId="2" pageNumber="3" start="start">ventral</pageBreakToken>
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margin with lobate appendix providing attachment for genital muscles that move aedeagus, sometimes fused with base of aedeagus; gonites paired, connecting sides of base of aedeagus and laterodorsal margin of epandrium, bearing 1 or some setulae; subepandrial plate reduced; aedeagus tubular, tapered anteriorly; ejaculatory apodeme usually lacking, if present as a spatula against background of ductus ejaculatorius.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="discussion">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Discussion.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Starting with
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<bibRefCitation author="Cresson, ET Jr" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the American Entomological Society" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="227 - 258" title="Studies in the dipterous family Ephydridae, excluding the North and South American faunas." volume="51" year="1925">Cresson (1925)</bibRefCitation>
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, who first described
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="tribe" tribe="Discocerinini">Discocerinini</taxonomicName>
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, and including all students of the family until
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<bibRefCitation author="Mathis, WN" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="434 - 446" title="A review of the shore-fly genus Polytrichophora Cresson from Asia (Diptera: Ephydridae)." volume="102" year="1989">Mathis and Zuyin (1989)</bibRefCitation>
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, the diagnoses, descriptions, and catalogs of this tribe included some taxa that are not closely related phylogenetically, rendering the tribe polyphyletic.
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<bibRefCitation author="Mathis, WN" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="434 - 446" title="A review of the shore-fly genus Polytrichophora Cresson from Asia (Diptera: Ephydridae)." volume="102" year="1989">Mathis and Zuyin (1989)</bibRefCitation>
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recharacterized
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="tribe" tribe="Discocerinini">Discocerinini</taxonomicName>
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using synapomorphies and resulting in a monophyletic tribe into which
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<bibRefCitation author="Mathis, WN" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs on Entomology, International" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 423" title="A world catalog of the shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae)." volume="4" year="1995">Mathis and Zatwarnicki (1995)</bibRefCitation>
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included eight genera and 143 species in their world catalog.
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<bibRefCitation author="Zatwarnicki, T" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="5 - 51" title="A generic classification of the tribe Discocerinini (Diptera: Ephydridae)." volume="51" year="2001">Zatwarnicki and Mathis (2001)</bibRefCitation>
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added two additional genera,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Galaterina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Galaterina" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Galaterina</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Orasiopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orasiopa" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Orasiopa</taxonomicName>
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, and altered the status of some subgenera in their phylogenetic study of the tribe.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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On a world basis,
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<bibRefCitation author="Zatwarnicki, T" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="5 - 51" title="A generic classification of the tribe Discocerinini (Diptera: Ephydridae)." volume="51" year="2001">Zatwarnicki and Mathis (2001)</bibRefCitation>
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proposed a phylogenetic hypothesis for higher-level relationships within the tribe
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="tribe" tribe="Discocerinini">Discocerinini</taxonomicName>
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. They divided the included genera into three lineages: the
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Gymnoclasiopa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gymnoclasiopa" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gymnoclasiopa</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName genus="Gdiclasiopa" lsidName="Gdiclasiopa" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="genus">GDiclasiopa</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Discocerina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Discocerina" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Discocerina</taxonomicName>
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groups. The
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Gymnoclasiopa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gymnoclasiopa" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gymnoclasiopa</taxonomicName>
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group, which only includes the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Gymnoclasiopa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gymnoclasiopa" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gymnoclasiopa</taxonomicName>
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, is characterized mostly by mostly plesiomorphic characters: face flat; facial setae inserted close to margin of eye; abdominal sternites simple, rectangular; pre- and postgonite separated; postgonites rounded apically, bearing 3-5 dorsal setulae. A synapomorphy for this group and genus is the shape of the aedeagus, which has lateromedial appendices (the plesiomorphic condition is an aedeagus without lateromedial appendices).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Key to New World genera of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="tribe" tribe="Discocerinini">Discocerinini</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<table lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<tr pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Pectinifer" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pectinifer" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pectinifer</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Diclasiopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diclasiopa" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Diclasiopa</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Hecamedoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hecamedoides" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hecamedoides</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Gymnoclasiopa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gymnoclasiopa" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="4" start="start">Gymnoclasiopa</pageBreakToken>
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</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ditrichophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ditrichophora" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ditrichophora</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan="1">
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Figs 10
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–1128–">-1128-</normalizedToken>
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29
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Polytrichophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polytrichophora" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Polytrichophora</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Facitrichophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Facitrichophora" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Facitrichophora</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Hydrochasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrochasma" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hydrochasma</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Discocerina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Discocerina" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Discocerina</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Lamproclasiopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lamproclasiopa" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lamproclasiopa</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Orasiopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orasiopa" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Orasiopa</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |