218 lines
27 KiB
XML
218 lines
27 KiB
XML
<document id="2DA26788A459D43562CD04EA7A664E72" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.3676599" ID-GBIF-Dataset="81fddc1b-649c-4455-a6da-e6a4ca9c0291" ID-ISSN="1942-1354" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3676599" ID-ZooBank="9C545611-FC84-414F-A162-74E4CCE63A00" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1582199622078" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y. & Carrillo, Daniel" docDate="2019" docId="605687A7FFFFFFC8FF0CF753F9B5FE42" docLanguage="en" docName="InsectaMundi.0739.1-26.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Insecta Mundi 739 (739)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6D85C66E4B52897F25DA165649BC06DC.3:InsectaMundi.2009-2020.journal_article" docStyleId="6D85C66E4B52897F25DA165649BC06DC" docStyleName="InsectaMundi.2009-2020.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Banisia argutula Whalley 1976" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="13" masterDocId="9C6FFFDFFFF2FFC6FFCCF405FD27FFA4" masterDocTitle="Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control" masterLastPageNumber="26" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="12" updateTime="1698720298811" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-3.0">
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<mods:title id="A252E79DFE07F3E5320F75A5E48DA6E4">Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D3298A991FFABD72546F6C19FD1499D5">Martinez, Jose I.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="948A2274351B0921CC4F82EAC5C9366F">Crane, Jonathan H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FFF34E74508667423B2EC7390AD9D25D">Wasielewski, Jeff</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="45A97C8D103E8564E3EF2E22372E5024">Miller, Jacqueline Y.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9B5D43C724EC14839A23F3425DC6F66E">Carrillo, Daniel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="C7DD97993E98B03F1E546039F8105860">Insecta Mundi</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="704E60027C3D7551D6BF5FD3400A8F6F">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="CBB65453DE5F470B674E7D27D945CEEB">2019-12-03</mods:number>
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<treatment id="605687A7FFFFFFC8FF0CF753F9B5FE42" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3681467" ID-GBIF-Taxon="162233500" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3681467" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:605687A7FFFFFFC8FF0CF753F9B5FE42" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/605687A7FFFFFFC8FF0CF753F9B5FE42" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
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<subSubSection id="A0E5653AFFFFFFCBFF0CF753FF57FCCA" box="[192,624,854,879]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="E84036B1FFFFFFCBFF0CF753FF57FCCA" blockId="13.[192,624,854,879]" box="[192,624,854,879]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
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<heading id="B30881DDFFFFFFCBFF0CF753FF57FCCA" bold="true" box="[192,624,854,879]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" reason="3">
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<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFFFFCBFF0CF753FF57FCCA" ID-CoL="68CB6" authority="Whalley, 1976" authorityName="Whalley" authorityYear="1976" box="[192,624,854,879]" class="Insecta" family="Thyrididae" genus="Banisia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argutula">
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFFFFCBFF0CF753FF57FCCA" bold="true" box="[192,624,854,879]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFFFFCBFF0CF753FC89FCCA" bold="true" box="[192,430,854,878]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Banisia argutula</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFFFFFCBFE79F752FF57FCCA" author="Whalley, P. E. S." bookContentInfo="194 p." box="[437,624,854,879]" journalOrPublisher="British Museum Natural History. The Gresham Press; London" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" refId="ref18191" refString="Whalley, P. E. S. 1976. Tropical leaf moths: a monograph of the subfamily Striglininae (Lepidoptera: Thyrididae). British Museum Natural History. The Gresham Press; London. 194 p. + 68 pls." title="Tropical leaf moths: a monograph of the subfamily Striglininae (Lepidoptera: Thyrididae)" type="book" year="1976">Whalley, 1976</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A0E5653AFFFFFFCBFF24F79DFCF6FB97" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="E84036B1FFFFFFCBFF24F79DFCF6FB97" blockId="13.[192,1440,919,1075]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
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<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFFFFCBFF24F79DFC9DFC0B" box="[232,442,919,943]" class="Insecta" family="Thyrididae" genus="Banisia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argutula">
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFFFFCBFF24F79DFC9DFC0B" box="[232,442,919,943]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Banisia argutula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was described by
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<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFFFFFCBFD54F79DFE76FC14" author="Whalley, P. E. S." bookContentInfo="194 p." box="[664,849,920,944]" journalOrPublisher="British Museum Natural History. The Gresham Press; London" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" refId="ref18191" refString="Whalley, P. E. S. 1976. Tropical leaf moths: a monograph of the subfamily Striglininae (Lepidoptera: Thyrididae). British Museum Natural History. The Gresham Press; London. 194 p. + 68 pls." title="Tropical leaf moths: a monograph of the subfamily Striglininae (Lepidoptera: Thyrididae)" type="book" year="1976">Whalley (1976)</bibRefCitation>
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based on Le Moult and Klages specimens in the BMNH.
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<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFFFFCBFEE5F7BCFCDAFC74" box="[297,509,952,976]" class="Insecta" family="Thyrididae" genus="Banisia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argutula">
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFFFFCBFEE5F7BCFCDAFC74" box="[297,509,952,976]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Banisia argutula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has been confused with
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<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFFFFCBFCF8F7BCF966FC75" authority="Walker" authorityName="Walker" box="[820,1089,952,977]" class="Insecta" family="Thyrididae" genus="Banisia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="myrsusalis">
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFFFFCBFCF8F7BCFEFAFC74" box="[820,989,952,976]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">B. myrsusalis</emphasis>
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Walker
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</taxonomicName>
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since
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<quantity id="2F079B54FFFFFFCBFB5EF7BCF9D7FC75" box="[1170,1264,953,977]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0546" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" unit="in" value="1990.0">1990 in</quantity>
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south
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<collectingRegion id="2A3BF853FFFFFFCBFA8BF7BCF887FC75" box="[1351,1440,953,977]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Florida</collectingRegion>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFFFFFCBFF04F7DFFC85FC56" author="Myers, L. & J. E. Pena & R. Duncan & J. B. Heppner" box="[200,418,985,1010]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="10 - 13" part="121" refId="ref16182" refString="Myers, L., J. E. Pena, R. Duncan, and J. B. Heppner. 2008. Microlepidoptera complex affecting sapodilla (Manilkara zapota van Royen) in Florida. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society 121: 10 - 13." title="Microlepidoptera complex affecting sapodilla (Manilkara zapota van Royen) in Florida" type="journal article" year="2008">Myers et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
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). It also looks similar to
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<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFFFFCBFD1EF7DFFEE3FC56" authority="Fryer" authorityName="Fryer" authorityYear="1912" box="[722,964,985,1010]" class="Insecta" family="Thyrididae" genus="Banisia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aldabrana">
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFFFFCBFD1EF7DFFE52FC55" box="[722,885,985,1009]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">B. aldabrana</emphasis>
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Fryer
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</taxonomicName>
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, which is found in Africa (
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<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFFFFFCBFAC4F7DFF8B3FC56" author="Fryer" box="[1288,1428,986,1010]" firstAuthor="Fryer" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 28" refId="ref14228" refString="Fryer, J. F. C. R. 1912. The Lepidoptera of Seychelles and Aldabra exclusive of the Orneodidae and Pterophoridae and of the Tortricina and Tineina. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 15: 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="1912">Fryer 1912</bibRefCitation>
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). Both of these other species of
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<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFFFFCBFDFBF7FEFFB1FBB6" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1863" box="[567,662,1019,1042]" class="Insecta" family="Thyrididae" genus="Banisia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFFFFCBFDFBF7FEFFB1FBB6" box="[567,662,1019,1042]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Banisia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished from
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<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFFFFCBFC27F7FEF95DFBB6" box="[1003,1146,1018,1042]" class="Insecta" family="Thyrididae" genus="Banisia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argutula">
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFFFFCBFC27F7FEF95DFBB6" box="[1003,1146,1018,1042]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">B. argutula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by their male genitalia (
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<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFFFFFCBFF04F01EFCE3FB97" author="Martinez, J. I. & J. E. Hayden & J. B. Heppner & J. E. Pena & L. Xiao & D. Carrillo" box="[200,452,1051,1075]" journalOrPublisher="Florida Entomologist" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="57 - 62" part="100" refId="ref15539" refString="Martinez, J. I., J. E. Hayden, J. B. Heppner, J. E. Pena, L. Xiao, and D. Carrillo. 2017. Banisia argutula (Lepidoptera: Thyrididae) is the dominant sapodilla borer in southern Florida. Florida Entomologist 100: 57 - 62." title="Banisia argutula (Lepidoptera: Thyrididae) is the dominant sapodilla borer in southern Florida" type="journal article" year="2017">Martinez et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A0E5653AFFFFFFCBFF0CF049FF1DF9B4" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" type="description">
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<paragraph id="E84036B1FFFFFFCBFF0CF049FF1DF9B4" blockId="13.[192,1441,1100,1552]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFFFFCBFF0CF049FC80FBC0" bold="true" box="[192,423,1100,1124]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Description. Egg.</emphasis>
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Conical and reddish orange with white ridges before eclosion, after which they change to orange with horizontal red wine lines.
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFFFFCBFD7AF068FE28FB21" bold="true" box="[694,783,1133,1157]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Larva.</emphasis>
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First instar orange with gray spots, and a black band on mesothorax through to the dorsal view and dark brown head. Second instar white with black spots; head brown; mesothoracic band as in first instar. Third and fourth instars yellow with black spots; thorax and head copper. Length
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<quantity id="2F079B54FFFFFFCBFD91F0D5FFDAFB43" box="[605,765,1232,1256]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.55" metricValueMax="10.9" metricValueMin="8.2" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="9.55" valueMax="10.9" valueMin="8.2">8.2–10.9 mm</quantity>
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(
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<figureCitation id="70C42A34FFFFFFCBFCDCF0D5FE57FB4C" box="[784,880,1232,1256]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="25.[192,275,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[377,1254,213,1785]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[377,1254,213,1785]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 1. Larvae of Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla. A) Dichrorampha sapodilla Heppner. B) Comotia torsicornis Dyar. C) Holcocera crassicornella Dietz. D) Zamagiria laidion (Zeller). E) Electrostrymon angelia (Hewitson). F) Phidotricha erigens Ragonot. G) Banisia myrsusalis Walker. H) Banisia argutula Whalley. I) Pyroderces badia (Hodges). J) Erinnyis ello (Linnaeus)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3676601" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3676601/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 1H</figureCitation>
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).
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFFFFCBFC45F0D5F937FB4C" bold="true" box="[905,1040,1232,1256]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Pre-pupa.</emphasis>
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Similar to last instar but paler and wider.
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFFFFCBFE81F0F5FC86FAAC" bold="true" box="[333,417,1264,1288]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Adult.</emphasis>
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Sexually dimorphic, the male smaller and darker than the female.
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFFFFCBFB3CF0F4F8BFFAAC" box="[1264,1432,1265,1288]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Wing expanse</emphasis>
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: males
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<quantity id="2F079B54FFFFFFCBFEDEF114FCE3FA8D" box="[274,452,1297,1321]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6649999999999998" metricValueMax="1.7899999999999998" metricValueMin="1.54" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="16.65" valueMax="17.9" valueMin="15.4">15.4–17.9 mm</quantity>
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, females
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<quantity id="2F079B54FFFFFFCBFDF7F117FFCAFA8D" box="[571,749,1298,1322]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.87" metricValueMax="1.93" metricValueMin="1.81" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="18.7" valueMax="19.3" valueMin="18.1">18.1–19.3 mm</quantity>
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.
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFFFFCBFD37F114FE71FA8C" bold="true" box="[763,854,1297,1321]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Wings.</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFFFFCBFCACF114F935FA8D" box="[864,1042,1297,1321]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Dorsal surface</emphasis>
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: Forewings grayish-brown with dark-brown strigiform markings and two translucent elongated spots in postdiscal area, anterior spot larger than posterior, males sometimes without translucent spots. Costal and median areas orangishbrown. Hindwings with black strigiform markings, no translucent areas.
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFFFFCBFB86F171F822FA28" box="[1098,1285,1396,1420]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Ventral surface</emphasis>
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: Both wings pale-gray with black strigiform markings surrounded by pink lines.
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFFFFCBFBD2F190F948FA08" bold="true" box="[1054,1135,1429,1453]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Head.</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFFFFCBFBB5F190F9CBFA08" box="[1145,1260,1429,1452]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Antennae</emphasis>
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: Diminutively ciliate.
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFFFFCBFEDBF1B3FC44FA69" box="[279,355,1462,1485]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Vertex</emphasis>
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: Grayish-brown.
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFFFFCBFDF8F1B0FFE4FA69" box="[564,707,1461,1485]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Mouthparts</emphasis>
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: Labial palp copper; third segment smaller than second, with pinkish-purple dot on the tip.
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFFFFCBFDE2F1D2FF5BFA4A" bold="true" box="[558,636,1495,1519]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Body.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFFFFCBFD4FF1D3FEAFFA4A" box="[643,904,1494,1518]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Thorax and abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
: Grayish-brown above and pale-gray below.
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFFFFCBFF0CF1FDFDD0F9AB" box="[192,247,1528,1551]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Legs</emphasis>
|
||
: Grayish-brown (
|
||
<figureCitation id="70C42A34FFFFFFCBFE02F1FDFF0AF9B4" box="[462,557,1528,1552]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="26.[192,275,1790,1812]" captionTargetBox="[379,1254,213,1756]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[379,1254,213,1756]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figure 2. Adults of Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla. The unlabeled images in the top half of the figure are to scale, whereas the labeled images in the bottom half of the figure have been resized. A) Dichrorampha sapodilla Heppner. B) Comotia torsicornis Dyar. C) Holcocera crassicornella Dietz. D) Zamagiria laidion (Zeller). E) Pyroderces badia (Hodges). F) Phidotricha erigens Ragonot. G) Banisia myrsusalis Walker. H) Banisia argutula Whalley. I) Electrostrymon angelia (Hewitson). J) Erinnyis ello (Linnaeus)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3676603" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3676603/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 2H</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A0E5653AFFFFFFCBFF0CF22DF98FF926" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="E84036B1FFFFFFCBFF0CF22DF98FF926" blockId="13.[192,1440,1576,1666]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFFFFCBFF0CF22DFC57F9E4" bold="true" box="[192,368,1576,1600]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFFFFCBFEBAF22CFF63F9E4" box="[374,580,1576,1600]" class="Insecta" family="Thyrididae" genus="Banisia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argutula">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFFFFCBFEBAF22CFF63F9E4" box="[374,580,1576,1600]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Banisia argutula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is native to the Neotropics. This moth has been found in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="90E87621FFFFFFCBFB2FF22DF8BCF9E4" box="[1251,1435,1576,1600]" name="French Guiana" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="90E87621FFFFFFCBFF0CF24CFC06F9C5" box="[192,289,1609,1633]" name="Guyana" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Guyana</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="90E87621FFFFFFCBFEAEF24CFCFCF9C5" box="[354,475,1609,1633]" name="Suriname" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Suriname</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFFFFFCBFE20F24CFFBDF9C5" author="Whalley, P. E. S." bookContentInfo="194 p." box="[492,666,1609,1633]" journalOrPublisher="British Museum Natural History. The Gresham Press; London" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" refId="ref18191" refString="Whalley, P. E. S. 1976. Tropical leaf moths: a monograph of the subfamily Striglininae (Lepidoptera: Thyrididae). British Museum Natural History. The Gresham Press; London. 194 p. + 68 pls." title="Tropical leaf moths: a monograph of the subfamily Striglininae (Lepidoptera: Thyrididae)" type="book" year="1976">Whalley 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFFFFFCBFD63F24CFE99F9C5" author="Martinez, J. I. & J. E. Hayden & J. B. Heppner & J. E. Pena & L. Xiao & D. Carrillo" box="[687,958,1609,1633]" journalOrPublisher="Florida Entomologist" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="57 - 62" part="100" refId="ref15539" refString="Martinez, J. I., J. E. Hayden, J. B. Heppner, J. E. Pena, L. Xiao, and D. Carrillo. 2017. Banisia argutula (Lepidoptera: Thyrididae) is the dominant sapodilla borer in southern Florida. Florida Entomologist 100: 57 - 62." title="Banisia argutula (Lepidoptera: Thyrididae) is the dominant sapodilla borer in southern Florida" type="journal article" year="2017">Martinez et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported this species from the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="90E87621FFFFFFCBFA89F24CF858F9C5" box="[1349,1407,1609,1633]" name="United States of America" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
in south
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2A3BF853FFFFFFCBFEC0F26FFC42F926" box="[268,357,1642,1666]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
based on some specimens previously misidentified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFFFFCBFC36F26EF986F926" box="[1018,1185,1642,1666]" class="Insecta" family="Thyrididae" genus="Banisia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="myrsusalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFFFFCBFC36F26EF986F926" box="[1018,1185,1642,1666]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">B. myrsusalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A0E5653AFFFFFFC8FF0CF29EF9B5FE42" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="E84036B1FFFFFFCBFF0CF29EFEEEF917" blockId="13.[192,969,1691,1716]" box="[192,969,1691,1716]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFFFFCBFF0CF29EFC32F917" bold="true" box="[192,277,1691,1715]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Hosts.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFFFFCBFED0F29EFCD0F917" box="[284,503,1691,1715]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Manilkara" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zapota">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFFFFCBFED0F29EFCD0F917" box="[284,503,1691,1715]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Manilkara zapota</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.) van Royen (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFFFFFCBFD0CF29EFE9BF917" author="Martinez, J. I. & J. E. Hayden & J. B. Heppner & J. E. Pena & L. Xiao & D. Carrillo" box="[704,956,1691,1715]" journalOrPublisher="Florida Entomologist" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="57 - 62" part="100" refId="ref15539" refString="Martinez, J. I., J. E. Hayden, J. B. Heppner, J. E. Pena, L. Xiao, and D. Carrillo. 2017. Banisia argutula (Lepidoptera: Thyrididae) is the dominant sapodilla borer in southern Florida. Florida Entomologist 100: 57 - 62." title="Banisia argutula (Lepidoptera: Thyrididae) is the dominant sapodilla borer in southern Florida" type="journal article" year="2017">Martinez et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E84036B1FFFFFFCBFF0CF2C9F982F82C" blockId="13.[192,1441,1740,1929]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFFFFCBFF0CF2C9FCB9F940" bold="true" box="[192,414,1740,1764]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Natural history.</emphasis>
|
||
Adults are active almost all year, mainly during the rainy season (late May to late October in south
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2A3BF853FFFFFFCBFE5CF2E8FCCAF8A1" box="[400,493,1773,1797]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
). The females lay eggs primarily on the base of the floral buds or open flowers, but will also lay eggs on twigs, leaf buds, and on the fruit. Upon emerging from the egg (after four days), the larva chews a hole in a floral bud, enters the flower, and spins a silk plug covering the entrance hole. While the larva feeds, it covers the walls of flowers or fruits with silk. The larval stage lasts about 12–16 days. Pupation occurs mainly on fruits and flowers. Pupal stage lasts 17–20 days.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E84036B1FFFCFFC8FF0CF4DCFF54FE31" blockId="14.[192,1440,217,405]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFCFFC8FF0CF4DCFC10FF55" bold="true" box="[192,311,217,241]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Damage.</emphasis>
|
||
The larva chews holes in the base of floral buds or mature flowers, enters the flower, and consumes everything except the sepals. A single larva is able to join together several flowers and floral buds using silk to avoid exposure to predators. Larvae can also feed on leaves rolling them together as well, or bore into the fruit. It can complete its development in the rolled leaves, damaged flowers or inside of the fruit. When flowers are infested with larvae, they turn reddish brown and larval excrement is evident before drying completely.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E84036B1FFFCFFC8FF0CF5ABF9B5FE42" blockId="14.[192,1440,430,486]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFCFFC8FF0CF5ABFC5EFE62" bold="true" box="[192,377,430,454]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Management.</emphasis>
|
||
Chemical insecticides have not been thoroughly investigated. There are many natural enemies that help to control
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFCFFC8FDD2F5CAFF8CFE42" box="[542,683,462,486]" class="Insecta" family="Thyrididae" genus="Banisia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argutula">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFCFFC8FDD2F5CAFF8CFE42" box="[542,683,462,486]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">B. argutula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g. orb weaver spiders, lizards, birds).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |