161 lines
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161 lines
20 KiB
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<document id="7A2A602F07D77A80AC7863A7EEAF4F32" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.745.23683" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6ef290f2-f65d-4dfa-afbd-2fbb505860ab" ID-PMC="PMC5904508" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-745-1" ID-PubMed="29670448" ID-ZooBank="16F1AE595650485F9D8C6149E962D461" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1313-2970-745-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 745" ModsDocTitle="Synopsis of the cyclocephaline scarab beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae)" checkinTime="1521799043702" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Moore, Matthew R., Cave, Ronald D. & Branham, Marc A." docDate="2018" docId="57846B736B8B5C8904BA3ACCB623C260" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 745: 1-99" docOrigin="ZooKeys 745" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.745.23683" docTitle="Ancognatha Erichson 1847" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="41" masterDocId="C24FFFFC630B3774FFCFDB4EFFAFAD27" masterDocTitle="Synopsis of the cyclocephaline scarab beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae)" masterLastPageNumber="99" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="39" updateTime="1701315738437" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="BE8D3C6A95F14D983115BE4009AC33C2">Synopsis of the cyclocephaline scarab beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="183C1858FCF6D5068526376EF329AEDB">Moore, Matthew R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CC66D10FD1BFA419403FB9B05E5D62B1">Cave, Ronald D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9BD050F5AF4E1E1CD952C96500557B56">Branham, Marc A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="F6900092B6E6067A5EE35F708CCEE858">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:date id="76143B305C0BBFF09A7D4436FAA29DE3">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="276FF376055400AB71CA23F3FC4164F0" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="A5AE0484AC5334D893EB6093BC7167B9">745</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="C02EA96FC4EBCBEBF2D0020BAD0D206A" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.745.23683</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="57846B736B8B5C8904BA3ACCB623C260" ID-GBIF-Taxon="142479969" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:57846B736B8B5C8904BA3ACCB623C260" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/57846B736B8B5C8904BA3ACCB623C260" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<subSubSection id="699F2E0864F62CC829F35FC9655D7C37" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="1FF32E9321DCDD95F72AD6C728EF3685" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<taxonomicName id="C7CEB8D4A2990D93CD4780570C7AE398" ID-CoL="VKR" authority="Erichson, 1847" authorityName="Erichson" authorityYear="1847" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ancognatha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ancognatha" order="Coleoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ancognatha Erichson, 1847</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="91A40E30585F30BCFAD491A7246F4166" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="type species">
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<paragraph id="338B0CCA193AAE1DB6D1868AABE8F6C7" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="ED242CF6A5B571F736137583DFBA1F8D" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<taxonomicName id="423A19CA07B7AF1E7085236F2CF525F2" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ancognatha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ancognatha scarabaeoides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scarabaeoides">Ancognatha scarabaeoides</taxonomicName>
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Erichson, subsequent designation by
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<bibRefCitation id="2B6F536287D4BDF7B2C0ABA0BAAD7107" author="Casey, TL" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs on the Coleoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 347" title="A review of the American species of Rutelinae, Dynastinae and Cetoniinae." volume="11" year="1915">Casey 1915</bibRefCitation>
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: 111.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="214BD857FA248FF39BD28A0BA669583D" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="valid taxa">
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<paragraph id="FD639AE5F9A293214AE5F56865C2F0B6" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Valid taxa.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BE1670729C0F651EE5EF163F784A66B7" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">22 species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7489905E87C1344274D8FECBEACC5A6A" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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The 22 species of
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<taxonomicName id="CCF7549CDD72882823D170F94A4661E4" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ancognatha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ancognatha" order="Coleoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ancognatha</taxonomicName>
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are distributed from the southwestern United States south to Argentina (Fig. 52). The species diversity in the genus is concentrated in north and western South America and in Mexico, west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Biological information on
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<taxonomicName id="6D71BE5B07D4CFAEB1994FC90A093F6C" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ancognatha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ancognatha" order="Coleoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ancognatha</taxonomicName>
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species is lacking, and almost nothing is known about the natural history of adults. In Meso- and Central America,
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<taxonomicName id="CF201C2817F55D2AAD64574577DF36AE" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ancognatha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ancognatha" order="Coleoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ancognatha</taxonomicName>
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species are associated with premontane, lower montane, and montane tropical forests with some species being collected at elevations from 2,000 to 3,500 m above sea level (
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<bibRefCitation id="C6A1F61E7ED0DAC2866E23FD45FB26D0" author="Ratcliffe, BC" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" pagination="1 - 506" title="The dynastine scarab beetles of Costa Rica and Panama (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae)." volume="16" year="2003">Ratcliffe 2003</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="CB548E96286B0D4FD461F5D020F03EDF" author="Ratcliffe, BC" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" pagination="1 - 424" title="The dynastine scarab beetles of Honduras, Nicaragua and El Salvador (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae)." volume="21" year="2006">Ratcliffe and Cave 2006</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="7B6D13B28BA30A19C534B46D00B56DD6" author="Ratcliffe, BC" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" pagination="1 - 666" title="The dynastine scarab beetles of Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae)." volume="27" year="2013">Ratcliffe et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
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). This pattern also holds in South America. Several
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<taxonomicName id="AA0F96BEE0D6A5590EB95FDB5EA0BABC" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ancognatha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ancognatha" order="Coleoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ancognatha</taxonomicName>
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species have been recorded from elevations over 4,000 m in Peru and northern Chile (Mondaca 2016,
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<bibRefCitation id="5517115E550F11EA07715DE6ADB41F6B" author="Figueroa, L" journalOrPublisher="The Coleopterists Bulletin" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="65 - 72" title="A new species of Ancognatha Erichson (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Cyclocephalini) from Peru, with distributions of Peruvian Ancognatha species." url="https://doi.org/10.1649/072.070.0107" volume="70" year="2016">Figueroa and Ratcliffe 2016</bibRefCitation>
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). Some South American
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<taxonomicName id="1B871D61465B8A0553F826A5A0B91454" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ancognatha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ancognatha" order="Coleoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ancognatha</taxonomicName>
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species can be very large for the tribe. For example,
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<taxonomicName id="6F1DB656E20246BF5A64F67E09C867BE" lsidName="A. matilei" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" rank="species" species="matilei">A. matilei</taxonomicName>
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Dechambre from Colombia is up to the 36 mm long (
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<bibRefCitation id="00D1F4D3D2AE3A2DE419510A48DA63E4" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Dechambre 2000</bibRefCitation>
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). Adults are attracted to lights at night.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="414F1400EE5104B8C89446A98CF0FFB4" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<paragraph id="821A4F98100004BDB70CC5E094C0F406" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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Figure 52. Distribution of
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<taxonomicName id="F54B885D85666C3DBEE15A163BAEDD3E" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ancognatha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ancognatha" order="Coleoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ancognatha</taxonomicName>
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taxa in North, Central, and South America. Numbers indicate taxa per country.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="1BA05268A68BB1D2068D31BDA163C7AF" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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Larvae are described for four
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<taxonomicName id="9D5A6800077B0D4F45539919A63B44C2" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ancognatha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ancognatha" order="Coleoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ancognatha</taxonomicName>
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species (
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<bibRefCitation id="CD92DDB2D951A9916F8451F4E5D2BE30" author="Ritcher, PO" journalOrPublisher="Oregon State Monographs (Studies in Entomology)" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="1 - 219" title="White grubs and their allies." volume="4" year="1966">Ritcher 1966</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="BD3983E7DA2BDD9CEEA0859B668C5C63" author="Ramirez-Salinas, C" journalOrPublisher=")" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" pagination="67 - 82" title="Descripcion de los estados inmaduros de tres especies de Anomala, Ancognatha y Ligyrus (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae: Rutelinae y Dynastinae) con observaciones de su biologia. Acta Zoologica Mexicana (n. s." volume="20" year="2004">
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<normalizedToken id="FFCA5322AE2CB72F3C2AA4D3B6C0D7FA" originalValue="Ramírez-Salinas">Ramirez-Salinas</normalizedToken>
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et al. 2004
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="42D6C12B52FBBB5BCC359170DC9ABCFE" author="Vallejo, F" journalOrPublisher="The Coleopterists Bulletin" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="154 - 164" title="Description of the immature stages and redescription of the adults of Ancognathascarabaeoides Erichson (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae), a member of the soil white grub assemblage in Colombia." url="https://doi.org/10.1649/1022.1" volume="62" year="2008">
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Vallejo and
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<normalizedToken id="829AADF30ACA37BD66CC63955FE5733E" originalValue="Morón">Moron</normalizedToken>
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2008
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="335EA83B9B87A092661586C7125D20FF" author="Neita-Moreno, JC" journalOrPublisher="Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" pagination="355 - 361" title="Estados inmaduros de Ancognathaustulata (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae: Cyclocephalini)." volume="79" year="2008">
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Neita-Moreno and
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<normalizedToken id="8B40E7FCECAD6A86F84018F8E52AAEF2" originalValue="Morón">Moron</normalizedToken>
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2008
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</bibRefCitation>
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). South American larval descriptions are largely based on material collected in agroecosystems, and thus the natural ecology of
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<taxonomicName id="210E7159668CFD60461EB333A724C1A0" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ancognatha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ancognatha" order="Coleoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ancognatha</taxonomicName>
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immatures is poorly known. Mondaca (2016) reported the larvae of
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<taxonomicName id="AB8BB5DD924D421E17A0CB0B1202E695" lsidName="A. aymara" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" rank="species" species="aymara">A. aymara</taxonomicName>
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Mondaca feeding on grass roots high in the altiplano steppe of northern Chile.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="48CD178892F4D816366DF7A6B6ACD035" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName id="CEE934337098D9B7B601ECB268777409" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ancognatha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ancognatha" order="Coleoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<pageBreakToken id="11E2A199184E6B79A897E5F5B8F6F0DB" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" start="start">Ancognatha</pageBreakToken>
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</taxonomicName>
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species can be recognized by the following combination of characters: 1) dorsal coloration variable, from all or partially black or testaceous, to light brown with variable dark maculae; 2) body convex and not strongly anteroposteriorly or dorsoventrally compressed; 3) clypeal apex rounded to parabolic, never truncate or emarginate; 4) frontoclypeal suture incomplete medially; 5) males with anterolateral margin of the mandibles without teeth; 6) mandibular apices narrow and elongated, recurved dorsally; 7) mandibular molar area with rows of circular micropunctures; 8) apical margin of mentum narrowly and deeply emarginated; 9) galea of maxilla reduced to a roughly quadrate process; 10) galea of the maxilla on inner surface lacking well-developed teeth, teeth when present and visible greatly reduced into spine-like projec
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<pageBreakToken id="8BC4FF17C9346D36179BF4BC7F3E30F1" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" start="start">tions</pageBreakToken>
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; 11) males and females with 3 protibial teeth, basal tooth slightly removed from the more apical 2 teeth, and oriented laterally; 12) protibial spur straight to weakly deflexed; 13) males with inner protarsal claw enlarged and narrowly cleft at apex; 14) mesocoxae narrowly separated and touching; 15) meso- and metatibiae with distal, transverse carinae; 16) metacoxae with lateral edge perpendicular to ventral surface; 17) anterior edge of hindwing distal to apical hinge lacking setae and with produced, membranous border; 18) vein RA with single row of pegs extending distally nearly to margin of apical hinge; 19) elytral margin membranous.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BF1213E6849539659C7A0615F21BC2C6" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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The relationship of
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<taxonomicName id="FB2C7BA3CA007091E547B41386711050" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ancognatha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ancognatha" order="Coleoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ancognatha</taxonomicName>
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species to other cyclocephaline genera has not been evaluated.
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<taxonomicName id="207BB119BD8C226A0E4EF4EFE43C8622" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Acrobolbia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acrobolbia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acrobolbia</taxonomicName>
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may be related to
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<taxonomicName id="F0E4FCEE76CC859CE46DD0FC33CB38E0" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ancognatha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ancognatha" order="Coleoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ancognatha</taxonomicName>
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based on characters of the clypeus, mentum, pronotum, prosternal process, protarsus, and mandibles (
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<bibRefCitation id="2A440622F3186C13FB2A9EC855552234" author="Jameson, ML" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="1 - 184" title="Phylogenetic analysis of the subtribe Rutelina and revision of the Rutela generic groups (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini)." volume="14" year="1998">Jameson 1998</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="BD44ABDA4401471CB16B60B849913DD3" author="Jameson, ML" journalOrPublisher="Folia Heyrovskyana" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="1 - 15" title="Review of the genus Acrobolbia with remarks on its classification and a key to the world genera of Cyclocephalini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae)." volume="10" year="2002">Jameson et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<taxonomicName id="F4FAF6F5F82F59A663F2EFB30A633A0C" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Surutu" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Surutu" order="Coleoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Surutu</taxonomicName>
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also shares some intriguing characters with
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<taxonomicName id="1ED57795DB3937E2A33E6EE2DB0B12AA" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ancognatha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ancognatha" order="Coleoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ancognatha</taxonomicName>
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, which may be indicative of a close relationship between these two genera. For example,
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<taxonomicName id="6EECE9D6F0C85AE2DEB22133C438E5BA" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ancognatha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ancognatha" order="Coleoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ancognatha</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="928765DE25D9571AC443862C2EE99261" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Surutu" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Surutu" order="Coleoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Surutu</taxonomicName>
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species all have a rounded to parabolic clypeal apex and a narrowly, but deeply, emarginated apex of the mentum.
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<taxonomicName id="22FBF7DD41D82830AA5319F0B0760C4D" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Surutu" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Surutu" order="Coleoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Surutu</taxonomicName>
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species have a anteriorly projecting tooth at the apex of the labrum, and this is also shared in some
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<taxonomicName id="44939EB951A428CB68DBB82C13CCBBCD" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ancognatha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ancognatha" order="Coleoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ancognatha</taxonomicName>
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species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |