677 lines
56 KiB
XML
677 lines
56 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e101011" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2625-8498-73-141" ID-Pensoft-UUID="248622880F465E88BBA8821D07482F8F" ID-ZooBank="57EE84417F5842C7BEB6A3DE686D0FA5" ModsDocID="2625-8498-73-141" checkinTime="1675765199230" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Dahanukar, Neelesh, Sundar, Remya L., Rangad, Duwaki, Proudlove, Graham & Raghavan, Rajeev" docDate="2023" docId="56A6BAA842CC567C8F19E58EAFC3D68F" docLanguage="en" docName="VertZool 73: 141-152" docOrigin="Vertebrate Zoology 73" docPubDate="2023-02-06" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e101011" docTitle="Neolissochilus pnar Dahanukar & Sundar & Rangad & Proudlove & Raghavan 2023, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="30F90CC9-5D24-4CA6-A617-388687AB6AF3" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="2" id="248622880F465E88BBA8821D07482F8F" lastPageNumber="141" masterDocId="248622880F465E88BBA8821D07482F8F" masterDocTitle="The world's largest cave fish from Meghalaya, Northeast India, is a new species, Neolissochilus pnar (Cyprinidae, Torinae)" masterLastPageNumber="152" masterPageNumber="141" pageNumber="141" updateTime="1675765500344" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The world's largest cave fish from Meghalaya, Northeast India, is a new species, Neolissochilus pnar (Cyprinidae, Torinae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Dahanukar, Neelesh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7162-9023</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Delhi-NCR, India</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sundar, Remya L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Fisheries Resource Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS), Kochi, India</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Rangad, Duwaki</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Zoology, St. Edmund's College, Laitumkhrah, Shillong, India</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Proudlove, Graham</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, The Manchester Museum, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Raghavan, Rajeev</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Fisheries Resource Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS), Kochi, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">rajeevraq@hotmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Vertebrate Zoology</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2023</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2023-02-06</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>73</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>141</mods:start>
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<mods:end>152</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e101011</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e101011</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">2625-8498-73-141</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">57EE84417F5842C7BEB6A3DE686D0FA5</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">248622880F465E88BBA8821D07482F8F</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:30F90CC9-5D24-4CA6-A617-388687AB6AF3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/56A6BAA842CC567C8F19E58EAFC3D68F" lastPageNumber="141" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="141" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
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<taxonomicName LSID="https://zoobank.org/30F90CC9-5D24-4CA6-A617-388687AB6AF3" authority="Dahanukar & Sundar & Rangad & Proudlove & Raghavan, 2023" authorityName="Dahanukar & Sundar & Rangad & Proudlove & Raghavan" authorityYear="2023" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Neolissochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neolissochilus pnar" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pnar" status="sp. nov.">Neolissochilus pnar</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="141">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="141" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Holotype of Neolissochilus pnar (KUFOS. F. 2022.701, 329.2 mm SL). A Immediately after capture. B In preservation. C Details of head in lateral view. D Details of head in dorsal view. E Details of head in ventral view. Yellow patches on head, body, and bases of fins represent fat deposits." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.73.e101011.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806125" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="141" type="holotype">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Holotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">KUFOS.F.2022.701, 329.2 mm SL, 92 m below the surface in Krem Um Ladaw, Meghalaya, India; collected 7 Jan 2020.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="141" type="paratypes (n = 2)">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Paratypes (n = 2).</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">KUFOS.F.2022.702, 179.7 mm, same locality as holotype, collected 21 Feb 2019; KUFOS.F.2022.703, 208.9 mm SL, Krem Chympe cave, Meghalaya, India, collected 7 Jan 2020.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="141" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
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The species name
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">pnar</emphasis>
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, honours the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘pnar’">'pnar'</normalizedToken>
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, the sub-tribal group of the Khasi people in the state of Meghalaya, India.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="141" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Dahanukar & Sundar & Rangad & Proudlove & Raghavan" authorityYear="2023" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Neolissochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neolissochilus pnar" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pnar">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Neolissochilus pnar</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is distinguished from all its congeners by mandibular barbel long, reaching anterior margin of opercle (vs. short, not reaching margin of opercle). It is further distinguished from all epigean congeners by atrophied eyes, highly reduced in size in juveniles and small-adults and absence of externally visible eyes in adults (vs. presence of well-developed eyes in all life-stages); complete absence of pigmentation (vs. presence); long pectoral-fin reaching anterior base of pelvic fin (vs. short, not reaching anterior base of pelvic fin); and distinct scalation pattern with 28+2 (2) or 31+1 (1) lateral line scales, 8 scales in transverse series with 4 above the lateral line and 3 below the lateral line.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Dahanukar & Sundar & Rangad & Proudlove & Raghavan" authorityYear="2023" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Neolissochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neolissochilus pnar" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pnar">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Neolissochilus pnar</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is distinguished from the only other subterranean congener,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="N. subterraneus" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rank="species" species="subterraneus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">N. subterraneus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by shorter pre-pelvic length (47.8-49.4
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">vs.</emphasis>
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50.5-55.3 %SL), shorter caudal-peduncle length (16.1-16.8 vs. 17.8-23.7 %SL) and shorter dorsal-fin length (17.4-20.8 vs. 21.5-26.3 %SL).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="141" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
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General appearance as in Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Holotype of Neolissochilus pnar (KUFOS. F. 2022.701, 329.2 mm SL). A Immediately after capture. B In preservation. C Details of head in lateral view. D Details of head in dorsal view. E Details of head in ventral view. Yellow patches on head, body, and bases of fins represent fat deposits." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.73.e101011.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806125" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">1</figureCitation>
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and selected morphological characters presented in Table
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<tableCitation captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="T3" captionText="Table 3. Morphometric and meristic data of the holotype and two paratypes of Neolissochilus pnar." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/75C67012A4F5681936D6E7337FE1EFA9" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" tableUuid="75C67012A4F5681936D6E7337FE1EFA9">3</tableCitation>
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. Body elongate, laterally compressed. Dorsal profile sharply rising from tip of snout to nape, posteriorly gently decreasing up to end of caudal peduncle. Ventral profile sloping, almost straight convex. Head large, slightly more than a quarter of standard length. Eyes tiny and highly reduced in size to a black spot or externally invisible in adults, slightly larger, but still reduced in size compared to epigean congeners in juveniles; eyes when present situated dorso-laterally, nearer to tip of snout than to posterior margin of opercle. Mouth subterminal, lips thick. Two pairs of barbels. Rostral barbel reaching midlength of maxillary barbel. Maxillary barbel long, reaching anterior margin of opercle.
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/vz.73.e101011.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806125" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Figure 1.</emphasis>
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Holotype of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Dahanukar & Sundar & Rangad & Proudlove & Raghavan" authorityYear="2023" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Neolissochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neolissochilus pnar" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pnar">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Neolissochilus pnar</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(KUFOS.F.2022.701, 329.2 mm SL).
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">A</emphasis>
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Immediately after capture.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">B</emphasis>
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In preservation.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">C</emphasis>
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Details of head in lateral view.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">D</emphasis>
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Details of head in dorsal view.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">E</emphasis>
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Details of head in ventral view. Yellow patches on head, body, and bases of fins represent fat deposits.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption ID-Table-UUID="75C67012A4F5681936D6E7337FE1EFA9" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/75C67012A4F5681936D6E7337FE1EFA9" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" start="Table 3" startId="T3">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Table 3.</emphasis>
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Morphometric and meristic data of the holotype and two paratypes of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Dahanukar & Sundar & Rangad & Proudlove & Raghavan" authorityYear="2023" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Neolissochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neolissochilus pnar" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pnar">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Neolissochilus pnar</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
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<table pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
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<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
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<td colspan="1" isEmpty="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">-</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Holotype</emphasis>
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</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Paratype</emphasis>
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</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Paratype</emphasis>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
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<td colspan="1" isEmpty="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">-</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">KUFOS.F.2022.701</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">KUFOS.F.2022.702</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">KUFOS.F.2022.703</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Morphometric information</emphasis>
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</td>
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<td colspan="1" isEmpty="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">-</td>
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<td colspan="1" isEmpty="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">-</td>
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<td colspan="1" isEmpty="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">-</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Total length (TL, mm)</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">409.9</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">216.1</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">255.2</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Standard length (SL, mm)</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">329.2</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">179.7</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">208.9</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Head length (HL, mm)</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">98.9</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">47.8</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">60.8</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">
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%
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">SL</emphasis>
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</td>
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<td colspan="1" isEmpty="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">-</td>
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<td colspan="1" isEmpty="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">-</td>
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<td colspan="1" isEmpty="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">-</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Head Length</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">30.0</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">26.6</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">29.1</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Snout Length</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">12.6</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">10.6</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">11.1</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Pre-dorsal length</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">49.8</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">47.4</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">48.6</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Pre-pectoral length</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">30.8</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">26.6</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">29.3</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Pre-pelvic length</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">49.4</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">47.8</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">48.9</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Pre-anal length</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">73.5</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">71.2</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">75.1</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Caudal peduncle length</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">16.6</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">16.1</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">16.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Dorsal-fin length</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">17.4</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">20.8</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">19.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Dorsal-fin base length</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">16.1</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">15.8</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">16.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Pectoral-fin length</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">22.9</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">22.2</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">23.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Pectoral-fin base length</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">5.3</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">4.6</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">5.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Pelvic-fin length</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">19.8</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">18.0</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">16.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Pelvic-fin base length</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">4.7</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">5.3</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">5.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Anal-fin length</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">19.5</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">15.8</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">16.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Anal-fin base length</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">6.5</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">8.5</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">7.7</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Caudal-fin length</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">24.7</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">25.9</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">23.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Caudal-fin base length</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">10.7</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">12.5</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">11.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Body depth at dorsal fin</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">25.1</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">24.3</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">23.9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Body depth at anal fin</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">13.9</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">15.7</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">16.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Body width at dorsal fin</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">12.6</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">13.5</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">14.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Body width at anal fin</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">7.3</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">8.3</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">7.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Caudal-peduncle depth</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">9.0</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">10.1</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">9.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">
|
||
%
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">HL</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" isEmpty="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" isEmpty="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" isEmpty="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Snout length</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">42.0</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">39.9</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">38.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Inter-orbital length</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">38.5</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">36.8</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">37.7</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Maxillary barbel length</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">45.9</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">43.6</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">40.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Rostral barbel length</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">44.5</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">44.7</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">43.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Meristic information</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" isEmpty="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" isEmpty="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" isEmpty="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Dorsal-fin rays</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">iv, 9</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">iv, 9</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">iv, 9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Pectoral-fin rays</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">i, 15</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">i, 15</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">i, 15</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Pelvic-fin rays</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">i, 8</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">i, 8</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">i, 8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Anal-fin rays</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">iii, 5</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">iii, 5</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">iii, 5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Principal caudal-fin rays</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">19</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">19</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">19</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">Perforated lateral-line scales</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">31+1</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">28+2</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rowspan="1">28+2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Dorsal fin with 13 soft rays (iv+9), its origin almost midway between tip of snout and end of caudal peduncle, or slightly in advance. Posterior margin of adpressed dorsal fin reaching anal-fin origin. Pectoral fin with 16 rays (i+15), its length shorter than head length. Adpressed pectoral fin reaching vertical at dorsal-fin origin, and almost reaching pelvic-fin origin. Pelvic-fin with 9 rays (i+8), its origin slightly posterior to vertical at dorsal-fin origin. Anal fin with 8 rays (iii+5). Caudal fin forked with 19 principal caudal rays. Caudal peduncle 2-2.3 times as long as deep.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Body lateral line continuous, with 28-31 perforated scales, and an additional 1-2 on caudal-fin base. Transverse series with 8 scale rows, 4 scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and row of lateral line scales, 3 scale rows between row of lateral line scales and pelvic-fin origin. Pre-dorsal scales 9.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="141" type="coloration">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Coloration.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
|
||
In life (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Holotype of Neolissochilus pnar (KUFOS. F. 2022.701, 329.2 mm SL). A Immediately after capture. B In preservation. C Details of head in lateral view. D Details of head in dorsal view. E Details of head in ventral view. Yellow patches on head, body, and bases of fins represent fat deposits." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.73.e101011.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806125" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">1A</figureCitation>
|
||
), body white, pinkish without melanophore pigmentation. All fins hyaline. After preservation (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Holotype of Neolissochilus pnar (KUFOS. F. 2022.701, 329.2 mm SL). A Immediately after capture. B In preservation. C Details of head in lateral view. D Details of head in dorsal view. E Details of head in ventral view. Yellow patches on head, body, and bases of fins represent fat deposits." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.73.e101011.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806125" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">1B</figureCitation>
|
||
), body beige with slight yellowish tinge. Eye, if present, visible as a black spot, larger eyes in juveniles with black iris. Some areas on the head and body of the fish appear yellow in the preserved specimens, likely due to fat deposition.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="141" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
|
||
The species is known from the caves at Krem Um Ladaw, and the adjacent Krem Chympe in Jaintia Hills, Meghalaya, India, which drain into the Meghna River System (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Collecting localities of Neolissochilus pnar in Jaintia Hills, Meghalaya, North East India. Star indicates the type locality Krem Um Ladaw, and circle indicates Krem Chympe, where one of the paratypes was collected." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.73.e101011.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806126" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/vz.73.e101011.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806126" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Collecting localities of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dahanukar & Sundar & Rangad & Proudlove & Raghavan" authorityYear="2023" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Neolissochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neolissochilus pnar" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pnar">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Neolissochilus pnar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Jaintia Hills, Meghalaya, North East India. Star indicates the type locality Krem Um Ladaw, and circle indicates Krem Chympe, where one of the paratypes was collected.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="141" type="habitat">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Habitat.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
|
||
The entrance to the cave in Krem Um Ladaw is in the form of a large open pitch head, lies in a large, rocky, seasonally dry streambed within a forest. The entrance series is predominantly vertical with some short (<20 m) horizontal to steeply sloping sections. After descending for just over 100 m, the entrance series drops into a horizontal and relatively narrow (3-4 m) streamway, the floor of which has several pools of standing water. The cave floor is predominantly rocky with areas of bedrock, boulders and coarse gravel (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Live images of Neolissochilus pnar in their habitat from Krem Um Ladaw (Photos A, B, C: Uros Aksamovic, D: Dan Harries)." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.73.e101011.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806127" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The floor of the boulder passage is mostly elevated well above water level although there are pools in places along the left wall and in lower floor sections. Debris consisting of forest vegetation is strewn along the floor indicating this area of the cave is seasonally flooded.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/vz.73.e101011.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806127" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Live images of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dahanukar & Sundar & Rangad & Proudlove & Raghavan" authorityYear="2023" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Neolissochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neolissochilus pnar" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pnar">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Neolissochilus pnar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in their habitat from Krem Um Ladaw (Photos A, B, C: Uros Aksamovic, D: Dan Harries).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
|
||
The fish reside in small-sized (~3m x 4m) to large (>10m x 10m) pools. Although the invertebrate community in the cave is plentiful, it is not noticeably more abundant than that of many caves in Meghalaya. Amongst the terrestrial invertebrates were brown crickets (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Storozhenko" authorityYear="1990" class="Insecta" family="Rhaphidophoridae" genus="Eutachycines" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eutachycines" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Eutachycines</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.), cellar spiders (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pholcidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and fungus gnat larvae (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rondani" authorityYear="1856" class="Insecta" family="Keroplatidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Keroplatidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Isopods were also frequently encountered including
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1833" class="Malacostraca" family="Armadillidae" genus="Cubaris" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cubaris" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Cubaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1804" class="Malacostraca" family="Philosciidae" genus="Philoscia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philoscia" order="Isopoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Philoscia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. Aquatic invertebrates included shrimp (
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Kemp" baseAuthorityYear="1924" class="Decapoda" family="Palaemonidae" genus="Macrobrachium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Macrobrachium cavernicola" order="Malacostraca" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cavernicola">Macrobrachium cf. cavernicola</taxonomicName>
|
||
), snails (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Swainson" authorityYear="1840" class="Gastropoda" family="Paludomidae" genus="Paludomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paludomus" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Paludomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.), pond skaters (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" class="Insecta" family="Gerridae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Gerridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and a few tadpoles. No significant bat roosts were encountered, and therefore no guano deposits or other obvious sources of nutrients were observed within the cave. It is conceivable that seasonal flood debris (bamboo, tree branches and leaf litter) carried into the cave from the surrounding forest provides the primary food source for the fish population. There is no plant growth in the caves and in the absence of bat guano, there is probably no other primary energy source in the habitat.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
|
||
Unlike Um Ladaw, the Krem Chympe, where one of the paratypes were collected, is a broadly horizontal river cave, with a massive tunnel of deep water, and various small waterfalls/dams inside.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dahanukar & Sundar & Rangad & Proudlove & Raghavan" authorityYear="2023" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Neolissochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neolissochilus pnar" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pnar">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Neolissochilus pnar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs here in pools in a side passage. The biodiversity in this cave comprises of fish (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Garra" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Garra" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Garra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.), shrimps (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Decapoda" family="Palaemonidae" genus="Macrobrachium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Macrobrachium" order="Malacostraca" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Macrobrachium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.), and tadpoles. Further details and photographs of both Um Ladaw and Chympe caves are available from
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Candade, D" journalOrPublisher="Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" publicationUrl="https://roundglasssustain.com/photo-stories/krem-chympe-meghalaya" refId="B8" refString="Candade, D, 2022a. Secrets of Krem Chympe, Meghalaya's Mystical River Cave. Accessed online. https://roundglasssustain.com/photo-stories/krem-chympe-meghalaya" title="Secrets of Krem Chympe, Meghalaya's Mystical River Cave. Accessed online." url="https://roundglasssustain.com/photo-stories/krem-chympe-meghalaya" year="2022 a">Candade (2022a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Candade, D" journalOrPublisher="Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" publicationUrl="https://roundglasssustain.com/habitats/krem-umladaw" refId="B9" refString="Candade, D, 2022b. Krem Umladaw: Journey to the Centre of the Earth. Accessed online https://roundglasssustain.com/habitats/krem-umladaw" title="Krem Umladaw: Journey to the Centre of the Earth. Accessed online" url="https://roundglasssustain.com/habitats/krem-umladaw" year="2022 b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="141" type="phylogenetic position of neolissochilus pnar and molecular species delimitation">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
|
||
Phylogenetic position of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dahanukar & Sundar & Rangad & Proudlove & Raghavan" authorityYear="2023" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Neolissochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neolissochilus pnar" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pnar">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Neolissochilus pnar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and molecular species delimitation
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
|
||
Phylogenetic analysis based on ML analysis revealed that the new species forms a distinct clade, and the sister taxon to a clade containing two other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Cyprinidae" genus="Neolissochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neolissochilus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Neolissochilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, namely
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="N. hexagonolepis" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rank="species" species="hexagonolepis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">N. hexagonolepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="M’Clelland">M'Clelland</normalizedToken>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="N. hexastichus" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rank="species" species="hexastichus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">N. hexastichus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, both from the Brahmaputra River system of northeast India (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Maximum likelihood analysis of Neolissochilus, Tor and Naziritor based on concatenated mitochondrial COI, cyt b and 16 S sequences. Bootstrap values based on 1000 iterations are shown along the nodes. Garra species are used as outgroup. Live specimen of Neolissochilus pnar is shown in inset (specimen not collected) (Photo: Uros Aksamovic)." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.73.e101011.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806128" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Maximum likelihood analysis of all available COI sequences of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Cyprinidae" genus="Neolissochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neolissochilus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Neolissochilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Maximum likelihood analysis of available COI sequences for Neolissochilus with Tor putitora as outgroup. Species delimitation based on ASAP is shown as a dashed circle surrounding the phylogenetic tree. Clade containing Neolissochilus pnar is highlighted in blue. Clades containing morphologically identified putative topotypes of Neolissochilus hexagonolepis and N. hexastichus sensu Laskar et al. (2013) are highlighted in red and green respectively, with sequences generated in their original paper highlighted in blue. Neolissochilus benasi is excluded from the analysis as it does not group with remaining species of Neolissochilus (see Fig. 3). Bootstrap values based on 1000 iterations are shown along the nodes. Tor putitora is used as an outgroup." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.73.e101011.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806129" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">5</figureCitation>
|
||
) and barcode gap analysis (Table S5) revealed that the species diversity within this genus maybe severely underestimated with multiple undescribed species.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dahanukar & Sundar & Rangad & Proudlove & Raghavan" authorityYear="2023" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Neolissochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neolissochilus pnar" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pnar">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Neolissochilus pnar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
forms a reciprocally monophyletic clade that is also delimited as a distinct species in ASAP (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Maximum likelihood analysis of available COI sequences for Neolissochilus with Tor putitora as outgroup. Species delimitation based on ASAP is shown as a dashed circle surrounding the phylogenetic tree. Clade containing Neolissochilus pnar is highlighted in blue. Clades containing morphologically identified putative topotypes of Neolissochilus hexagonolepis and N. hexastichus sensu Laskar et al. (2013) are highlighted in red and green respectively, with sequences generated in their original paper highlighted in blue. Neolissochilus benasi is excluded from the analysis as it does not group with remaining species of Neolissochilus (see Fig. 3). Bootstrap values based on 1000 iterations are shown along the nodes. Tor putitora is used as an outgroup." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.73.e101011.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806129" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">5</figureCitation>
|
||
). Though multiple species have been misidentified in the literature (and in GenBank) as either
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="N. hexagonolepis" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rank="species" species="hexagonolepis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">N. hexagonolepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="N. hexastichus" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rank="species" species="hexastichus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">N. hexastichus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, morphologically matching putative topotypes of the two nominal species (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053704" author="Laskar, BA" journalOrPublisher="Mitochondrial DNA Part A" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" refId="B25" refString="Laskar, BA, Bhattacharjee, MJ, Dhar, B, Mahadani, P, Kundu, S, Ghosh, SK, 2013. The Species Dilemma of Northeast Indian Mahseer (Actinopterygii: Cyprinidae): DNA Barcoding in Clarifying the Riddle. PLoS ONE 8: e53704. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053704" title="The Species Dilemma of Northeast Indian Mahseer (Actinopterygii: Cyprinidae): DNA Barcoding in Clarifying the Riddle. PLoS ONE 8: e 53704." url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053704" year="2013">Laskar et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), form clades distinct from
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="N. pnar" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rank="species" species="pnar">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">N. pnar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Maximum likelihood analysis of available COI sequences for Neolissochilus with Tor putitora as outgroup. Species delimitation based on ASAP is shown as a dashed circle surrounding the phylogenetic tree. Clade containing Neolissochilus pnar is highlighted in blue. Clades containing morphologically identified putative topotypes of Neolissochilus hexagonolepis and N. hexastichus sensu Laskar et al. (2013) are highlighted in red and green respectively, with sequences generated in their original paper highlighted in blue. Neolissochilus benasi is excluded from the analysis as it does not group with remaining species of Neolissochilus (see Fig. 3). Bootstrap values based on 1000 iterations are shown along the nodes. Tor putitora is used as an outgroup." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.73.e101011.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806129" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">5</figureCitation>
|
||
). Raw genetic distance in the COI gene between
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="N. pnar" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rank="species" species="pnar">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">N. pnar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="N. hexagonolepis" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rank="species" species="hexagonolepis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">N. hexagonolepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is 2.1 to 2.6%, and 1.1 to 2.7% between
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="N. pnar" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rank="species" species="pnar">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">N. pnar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="N. hexastichus" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rank="species" species="hexastichus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">N. hexastichus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dahanukar & Sundar & Rangad & Proudlove & Raghavan" authorityYear="2023" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Neolissochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neolissochilus pnar" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pnar">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Neolissochilus pnar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was recovered as the sister group to a clade within the '
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="N. hexastichus" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rank="species" species="hexastichus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">N. hexastichus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="complex’">complex'</normalizedToken>
|
||
comprising sequences from Assam (MZ520668) and Nagaland (MZ617268, MZ617270, MZ618266, MZ618268, MZ618683, MZ618686, MZ620733) - the northeast Indian states neighbouring Meghalaya. Between members of this clade and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="N. pnar" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rank="species" species="pnar">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">N. pnar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
there is a genetic divergence of 0.5 to 0.8%.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/vz.73.e101011.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806128" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Maximum likelihood analysis of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Cyprinidae" genus="Neolissochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neolissochilus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Neolissochilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Tor" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tor" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Tor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mirza & Javed" authorityYear="1985" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Naziritor" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Naziritor" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Naziritor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on concatenated mitochondrial COI, cyt
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">b</emphasis>
|
||
and 16S sequences. Bootstrap values based on 1000 iterations are shown along the nodes.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Garra" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Garra" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Garra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are used as outgroup. Live specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dahanukar & Sundar & Rangad & Proudlove & Raghavan" authorityYear="2023" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Neolissochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neolissochilus pnar" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pnar">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Neolissochilus pnar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is shown in inset (specimen not collected) (Photo: Uros Aksamovic).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/vz.73.e101011.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806129" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Maximum likelihood analysis of available COI sequences for
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Cyprinidae" genus="Neolissochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neolissochilus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Neolissochilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Hamilton" baseAuthorityYear="1822" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Tor" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tor putitora" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="putitora">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Tor putitora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as outgroup. Species delimitation based on ASAP is shown as a dashed circle surrounding the phylogenetic tree. Clade containing
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dahanukar & Sundar & Rangad & Proudlove & Raghavan" authorityYear="2023" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Neolissochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neolissochilus pnar" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pnar">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Neolissochilus pnar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is highlighted in blue. Clades containing morphologically identified putative topotypes of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="McClelland" baseAuthorityYear="1839" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Neolissochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neolissochilus hexagonolepis" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hexagonolepis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Neolissochilus hexagonolepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="N. hexastichus" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" rank="species" species="hexastichus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">N. hexastichus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053704" author="Laskar, BA" journalOrPublisher="Mitochondrial DNA Part A" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" refId="B25" refString="Laskar, BA, Bhattacharjee, MJ, Dhar, B, Mahadani, P, Kundu, S, Ghosh, SK, 2013. The Species Dilemma of Northeast Indian Mahseer (Actinopterygii: Cyprinidae): DNA Barcoding in Clarifying the Riddle. PLoS ONE 8: e53704. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053704" title="The Species Dilemma of Northeast Indian Mahseer (Actinopterygii: Cyprinidae): DNA Barcoding in Clarifying the Riddle. PLoS ONE 8: e 53704." url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053704" year="2013">Laskar et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
are highlighted in red and green respectively, with sequences generated in their original paper highlighted in blue.
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Pellegrin & Chevey" baseAuthorityYear="1936" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Neolissochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neolissochilus benasi" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="benasi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Neolissochilus benasi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is excluded from the analysis as it does not group with remaining species of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Cyprinidae" genus="Neolissochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neolissochilus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Neolissochilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Live images of Neolissochilus pnar in their habitat from Krem Um Ladaw (Photos A, B, C: Uros Aksamovic, D: Dan Harries)." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.73.e101011.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806127" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Bootstrap values based on 1000 iterations are shown along the nodes.
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Hamilton" baseAuthorityYear="1822" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Tor" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tor putitora" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="putitora">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Tor putitora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is used as an outgroup.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |