273 lines
24 KiB
XML
273 lines
24 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.5733/afin.050.0208" ID-ISSN="2305-2562" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7910603" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1683578486112" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Ebejer, Martin J." docDate="2009" docId="567B87D11B3FFFEA08CCF9ECFE89FAAF" docLanguage="en" docName="AfrInvertebr.50.2.321-434.pdf" docOrigin="African Invertebrates 50 (2)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5733/afin.050.0208" docStyle="DocumentStyle:B78C63EC8CEBBB75364A82B35BB1F83D.3:AfrInvertebr.2008-2015.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="B78C63EC8CEBBB75364A82B35BB1F83D" docStyleName="AfrInvertebr.2008-2015.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Aphaniosoma : Becker 1903" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="383" masterDocId="AA42FFA91B03FFD40962FFF3FFCAFFC0" masterDocTitle="A revision of Afrotropical Chyromyidae (excluding Gymnochiromyia Hendel) (Diptera: Schizophora), with the recognition of two subfamilies and the description of new genera" masterLastPageNumber="321" masterPageNumber="321" pageNumber="381" updateTime="1683602126579" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A revision of Afrotropical Chyromyidae (excluding Gymnochiromyia Hendel) (Diptera: Schizophora), with the recognition of two subfamilies and the description of new genera</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Ebejer, Martin J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>African Invertebrates</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2009</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2009-12-31</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>50</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>2</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>321</mods:start>
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<mods:end>321</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5733/afin.050.0208</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.5733/afin.050.0208</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">2305-2562</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">7910603</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:567B87D11B3FFFEA08CCF9ECFE89FAAF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/567B87D11B3FFFEA08CCF9ECFE89FAAF" lastPageId="62" lastPageNumber="383" pageId="60" pageNumber="381">
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<subSubSection box="[430,817,1567,1592]" pageId="60" pageNumber="381" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="60.[430,817,1567,1592]" box="[430,817,1567,1592]" pageId="60" pageNumber="381">
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<heading box="[430,817,1567,1592]" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="60" pageNumber="381" reason="6">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName ID-CoL="Y9B" ID-ENA="305625" authority="Becker, 1903" authorityName=": Becker" authorityYear="1903" box="[508,817,1567,1592]" class="Insecta" family="Chyromyidae" genus="Aphaniosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[508,662,1568,1592]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="381">Aphaniosoma</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="BECKER, T." box="[669,817,1567,1592]" pageId="60" pageNumber="381" pagination="67 - 195" refId="ref62985" refString="BECKER, T. 1903. Aegyptische Dipteren (Fortsetzung und Schluss). Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 2: 67 - 195." type="journal article" year="1903">Becker, 1903</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[144,448,1611,1631]" pageId="60" pageNumber="381" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="60.[144,1104,1611,1670]" box="[144,448,1611,1631]" pageId="60" pageNumber="381">
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<treatmentCitationGroup box="[144,448,1611,1631]" pageId="60" pageNumber="381">
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<treatmentCitation author="BECKER, T." box="[144,444,1611,1631]" page="186" pageId="60" pageNumber="381" year="1903">
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<taxonomicName ID-CoL="Y9B" authority=": Becker 1903: 186" authorityName=": Becker" authorityPageNumber="186" authorityYear="1903" box="[144,444,1611,1631]" class="Insecta" family="Chyromyidae" genus="Aphaniosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[144,269,1611,1631]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="381">Aphaniosoma</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="BECKER, T." box="[280,444,1611,1631]" pageId="60" pageNumber="381" pagination="67 - 195" refId="ref62985" refString="BECKER, T. 1903. Aegyptische Dipteren (Fortsetzung und Schluss). Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 2: 67 - 195." type="journal article" year="1903">Becker 1903: 186</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="62" lastPageNumber="383" pageId="60" pageNumber="381" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="60.[144,1104,1611,1670]" lastBlockId="61.[181,1142,206,391]" lastPageId="61" lastPageNumber="382" pageId="60" pageNumber="381">
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<typeStatus box="[144,200,1645,1670]" pageId="60" pageNumber="381">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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<taxonomicName authority="Becker, 1903: 186" authorityName=": Becker" authorityPageNumber="186" authorityYear="1903" box="[299,831,1645,1670]" class="Insecta" family="Chyromyidae" genus="Aphaniosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="approximatum">
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<emphasis box="[299,621,1645,1669]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="381">Aphaniosoma approximatum</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="BECKER, T." box="[627,831,1645,1670]" pageId="60" pageNumber="381" pagination="67 - 195" refId="ref62985" refString="BECKER, T. 1903. Aegyptische Dipteren (Fortsetzung und Schluss). Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 2: 67 - 195." type="journal article" year="1903">Becker, 1903: 186</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, by original designation. Diagnosis: Concave
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<emphasis box="[414,454,206,230]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">ocp</emphasis>
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with only postocular row of setulae (none on disc),
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<emphasis box="[1043,1091,206,230]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">acrs</emphasis>
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in 2 rows,
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<emphasis box="[250,297,238,262]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">prpl</emphasis>
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setula present, costa broken a little beyond
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<emphasis box="[792,820,238,262]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">hu</emphasis>
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crossvein and at apex of R
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<subScript attach="left" box="[1126,1134,255,269]" fontSize="6" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">1</subScript>
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, veins R
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<subScript attach="left" box="[263,289,287,301]" fontSize="6" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">4+5</subScript>
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and M
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<subScript attach="left" box="[363,389,287,301]" fontSize="6" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">1+2</subScript>
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diverge towards wing apex; posterior crossvein placed before middle of wing and section of M–Cu separating basal and discal cell shorter than 2.5× length of apical section of M–Cu (usually 1.7–2.0×); strong apicoventral seta on mid tibia always present and longer than diameter of tibia at apex.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="61.[181,321,409,434]" box="[181,321,409,434]" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">Description:</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="61.[181,1142,451,1052]" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">
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<emphasis box="[181,242,452,476]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">Head</emphasis>
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: Broad as thorax or a little more, more or less round to elongate, though usually longer than high;
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<emphasis box="[376,402,484,508]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">oc</emphasis>
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triangle small always equilateral;
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<emphasis box="[781,821,484,508]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">ocp</emphasis>
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concave when veiwed either from above or in profile, disc bare, only a few fine setulae at
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<emphasis box="[845,885,516,540]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">ocp</emphasis>
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foramen and along upper postocular margin; postgenal seta absent; gena narrow from 0.2 to 0.5 height of eye, vibrissal angle variously produced and rounded, but never significantly extending beyond eye margin, with 1–4 vibrissa-like setulae present; eye oval, sometimes strongly so, lying oblique or horizontal, anterior facets enlarged to about 3× size of facets at posterior pole of eye; at level of antennae eyes converge significantly and margins of
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<emphasis box="[1123,1142,676,700]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">fr</emphasis>
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therefore also converge; face always small, depressed with a vertical midline linear suture that may be developed into a shallow carina, otherwise face membranous; mouthparts small but normally developed with short, broad labellum, palpus small, elongate oval to slightly club-shaped; antenna small with round segment 3, sometimes slightly reniform, always pubescent especially along anterior margin, segment 1 very short, segment 2 a little longer with strong dorsal seta, arista 2-segmented, with segment 2 always dark, thin and finely pubescent. Chaetotaxy: 0–6
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<emphasis box="[725,764,900,924]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">orb</emphasis>
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of decreasing length from back to front in a majority of species, in some species 2 long posteriorly placed
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<emphasis box="[990,1029,932,956]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">orb</emphasis>
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of almost equal size;
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<emphasis box="[312,331,964,988]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">fr</emphasis>
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with a few scattered setulae, sometimes with a long proclinate pair of setae in front of
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<emphasis box="[365,391,996,1020]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">oc</emphasis>
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triangle; ocellars long, proclinate and divergent; strong
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<emphasis box="[1019,1047,996,1020]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">vti</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis box="[1102,1135,996,1020]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">vte</emphasis>
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, short to very short, parallel or crossed
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<emphasis box="[612,646,1028,1052]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">pvt</emphasis>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="61.[181,1142,1070,1671]" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">
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<emphasis box="[181,262,1070,1094]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">Thorax</emphasis>
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: Robust relative to rest of fly, often with darker scutal pattern of longitudinal stripes,
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<emphasis box="[267,312,1102,1126]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">scut</emphasis>
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more or less triangular with smooth rounded margin and apex, more or less as long as broad. Chaetotaxy: from zero to several presutural
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<emphasis box="[865,891,1134,1158]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">dc</emphasis>
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setae and always with at least 1
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<emphasis box="[294,320,1166,1190]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">dc</emphasis>
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postsuturally near margin with
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<emphasis box="[687,732,1166,1190]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">scut</emphasis>
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(when setae are reduced in number these are replaced by setulae) 1–2
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<emphasis box="[575,628,1198,1222]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">pprn</emphasis>
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, 1–2
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<emphasis box="[693,768,1198,1222]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">posthu</emphasis>
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, 1
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<emphasis box="[806,842,1198,1222]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">ihu</emphasis>
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, 2
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<emphasis box="[879,923,1198,1222]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">ntpl</emphasis>
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, 0+3 to 4+10
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<emphasis box="[1086,1134,1198,1222]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">acrs</emphasis>
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, 0+2 to 2+6
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<emphasis box="[309,331,1230,1254]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">ia</emphasis>
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, 1
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<emphasis box="[364,392,1230,1254]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">pa</emphasis>
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, absent
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<emphasis box="[483,508,1230,1254]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">sa</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis box="[520,559,1230,1254]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">pra</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis box="[612,687,1230,1254]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">post ia</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis box="[699,744,1230,1254]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">scut</emphasis>
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always with 1 pair of subapical and 1 pair basal; 1 anepisternal placed within upper 1/3 of posterior margin, sometimes with shorter seta adjacent and/or with fine setulae on middle of sclerite; 1 katepisternal always at upper posterior corner, sometimes with short seta in front and fine setulae in front of it or at anterior lower margin;
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<emphasis box="[609,656,1358,1382]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">prpl</emphasis>
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seta or (more usually) a fine setula present. Wing: About a long as body, hyaline with completely microtrichose membrane, veins brown to very pale yellow, vein separating discal from basal cell always palest; costa broken a short distance beyond
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<emphasis box="[535,563,1454,1478]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">hu</emphasis>
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crossvein and at junction of R
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<subScript attach="left" box="[903,911,1471,1485]" fontSize="6" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">1</subScript>
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with costa, subcosta complete, merging with R
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<subScript attach="left" box="[480,488,1503,1517]" fontSize="6" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">1</subScript>
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where latter merges with costa; all veins bare except for anterior margin of costa from base to apex of M
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<subScript attach="left" box="[722,747,1535,1549]" fontSize="6" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">1+2</subScript>
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where fine setulae are interspersed with short stouter dark spine-like setulae; alula always well-developed though narrow, axillary lobe of wing round and well-developed; R
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<subScript attach="left" box="[762,787,1599,1613]" fontSize="6" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">2+3</subScript>
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strongly arched from origin to apex of wing, where it approximates R
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<subScript attach="left" box="[630,656,1631,1645]" fontSize="6" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">4+5</subScript>
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; R
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<subScript attach="left" box="[691,717,1631,1645]" fontSize="6" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">4+5</subScript>
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and M
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<subScript attach="left" box="[801,826,1631,1645]" fontSize="6" pageId="61" pageNumber="382">1+2</subScript>
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always diverge and darken slightly towards wing apex. Haltere always with pale stem and paler knob.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="62.[144,1104,206,1391]" pageId="62" pageNumber="383">Legs: Slender and setose only on fore femur posterodorsally, otherwise uniformly fine and very short setulose; femora never dilated; mid tibia always with a distinct dark apicoventral seta that is longer than diameter of tibia at apex; hind trochanter modified in the males of one species group, to exhibit, on its posterior inner surface, a distinct projection that may have minute spines or setulae; tarsomeres very rarely modified.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="62.[144,1104,206,1391]" pageId="62" pageNumber="383">
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<emphasis box="[144,250,374,398]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="383">Abdomen</emphasis>
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: Somewhat dorsoventrally flattened, more or less oval, male with 6 segments, female with 8 segments;
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<emphasis box="[417,436,406,430]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="383">st</emphasis>
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usually poorly sclerotized; disc of
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<emphasis box="[819,841,406,430]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="383">tg</emphasis>
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and along hind margins with short setulae that are usually about half length of
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<emphasis box="[753,775,438,462]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="383">tg</emphasis>
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or much less.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="62.[144,1104,206,1391]" pageId="62" pageNumber="383">
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Male postabdomen: Always highly modified; never with a complete external
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<emphasis box="[1015,1041,470,494]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="383">ep</emphasis>
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;
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<emphasis box="[1056,1103,470,494]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="383">cerc</emphasis>
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simple, separated (though often appearing fused in dry specimens), with short fine setulae on posterior surface and generally with 1 or 2 long fine setulae at tip; pregential
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<emphasis box="[1029,1048,534,558]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="383">st</emphasis>
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(any combination from
|
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<emphasis box="[351,370,566,590]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="383">st</emphasis>
|
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4 to 6) highly modified, often ornate with diagnostic features;
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||
<emphasis box="[1066,1104,566,590]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="383">prg</emphasis>
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||
attached to inner lobe of
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||
<emphasis box="[432,472,598,622]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="383">hyp</emphasis>
|
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after this fuses/articulates with
|
||
<emphasis box="[839,865,598,622]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="383">ep</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis box="[882,921,598,622]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="383">psg</emphasis>
|
||
originates from very base of
|
||
<emphasis box="[291,366,630,654]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="383">basiph</emphasis>
|
||
and is often a long, dark, heavily sclerotized structure;
|
||
<emphasis box="[999,1046,630,654]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="383">surs</emphasis>
|
||
very variable, often fused with
|
||
<emphasis box="[421,447,662,686]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="383">ep</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis box="[459,487,662,686]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="383">ph</emphasis>
|
||
always large, very variable, often complex with membranous and sclerotized components.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="62.[144,1104,206,1391]" pageId="62" pageNumber="383">
|
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Female postabdomen: Segments 7 and 8 narrow and invaginated in most dry specimens, though usually distinct when the abdomen is macerated; segment 8 often with small lateral and ventral sclerites;
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||
<emphasis box="[467,518,790,814]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="383">hypr</emphasis>
|
||
membranous and very small;
|
||
<emphasis box="[865,912,790,814]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="383">cerc</emphasis>
|
||
small, separated and only finely setulose, frequently attached to sclerite of segment 8.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph blockId="62.[144,1104,206,1391]" box="[144,686,862,887]" pageId="62" pageNumber="383">
|
||
<emphasis box="[144,222,862,886]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="383">Length</emphasis>
|
||
: Body
|
||
<quantity box="[304,456,862,887]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.475" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="0.75" pageId="62" pageNumber="383" unit="mm" value="1.475" valueMax="2.2" valueMin="0.75">0.75–2.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
; wing
|
||
<quantity box="[530,682,862,887]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.475" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="0.75" pageId="62" pageNumber="383" unit="mm" value="1.475" valueMax="2.2" valueMin="0.75">0.75–2.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="62.[144,1104,206,1391]" box="[144,661,902,927]" pageId="62" pageNumber="383">
|
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Distribution: Holarctic, Afrotropical (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[564,648,902,927]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="109.[411,444,1464,1484]" captionTargetBox="[376,946,879,1447]" captionTargetId="figure-40@109.[376,946,879,1447]" captionTargetPageId="109" captionText="Fig. 69. Distribution of Aphaniosoma Becker in Africa." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7910771" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7910771/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="383">Fig. 69</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="62.[144,1104,206,1391]" pageId="62" pageNumber="383">
|
||
Note: Some species from other zoogeographical regions are not true
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Becker" authorityYear="1903" box="[901,1055,942,966]" class="Insecta" family="Chyromyidae" genus="Aphaniosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="383" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[901,1055,942,966]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="383">Aphaniosoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but belong to the other genera in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Ebejer, 2009" authorityName="Ebejer" authorityYear="2009" box="[470,664,974,999]" class="Insecta" family="Chyromyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. n." subFamily="Aphaniosominae">Aphaniosominae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="62.[144,1104,206,1391]" pageId="62" pageNumber="383">
|
||
Ecology:
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Becker" authorityYear="1903" box="[253,407,1014,1038]" class="Insecta" family="Chyromyidae" genus="Aphaniosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="383" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[253,407,1014,1038]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="383">Aphaniosoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is widespread in regions with hotter and drier habitats. Most species have a strong affinity to dunes and the shores of standing water bodies, particularly saline marshes. In localities with saline marshes, the flies exhibit a strong affinity to certain plants in this order (pers. observ.):
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[623,714,1110,1134]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="62" pageNumber="383" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[623,714,1110,1134]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="383">Tamarix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
trees, Gramineae, including
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Phragmites" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="62" pageNumber="383" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="383">Phragmites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
stands, Chenopodaceae. I found three species simultaneously on the flowers of (non-indigenous)
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[336,457,1174,1198]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="62" pageNumber="383" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[336,457,1174,1198]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="383">Eucalyptus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[488,555,1174,1199]" name="Malta" pageId="62" pageNumber="383">Malta</collectingCountry>
|
||
.The attraction to
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[744,834,1174,1198]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="62" pageNumber="383" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[744,834,1174,1198]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="383">Tamarix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is more than just circumstantial. It is not merely because the tree provides shade, or nectar; when alternatives for both exist in close proximity, it is still the
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[654,746,1238,1262]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="62" pageNumber="383" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[654,746,1238,1262]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="383">Tamarix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that very strongly attracts these flies in very large numbers and in a diversity that reflects what species exist in the area. One may speculate that species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Becker" authorityYear="1903" box="[515,668,1302,1326]" class="Insecta" family="Chyromyidae" genus="Aphaniosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="383" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[515,668,1302,1326]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="383">Aphaniosoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
breed either on the tree or in association with other organisms that do so, or that there is some particularly strong chemical or floral attraction.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |