treatments-xml/data/56/5A/79/565A7923313F4A1D54B2FB594651FA17.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6329003" ID-GBIF-Dataset="355e4a84-ce57-449a-8a09-8b8b814e807d" ID-GBIF-Taxon="193858241" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6329003" checkinTime="1646321860822" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Knapp, Sandra" docDate="2007" docId="565A7923313F4A1D54B2FB594651FA17" docLanguage="en" docName="Novon.17.212-216.pdf" docOrigin="Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature 17 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3417/1055-3177(2007)17[212:scsane]2.0.co;2" docTitle="Solanum coalitum S. Knapp 2007, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="216" masterDocId="AA63015B313E4A185631FF974440FF93" masterDocTitle="Solanum coalitum (Solanaceae), a New Endemic Species from Southern Ecuador" masterLastPageNumber="216" masterPageNumber="212" pageId="1" pageNumber="212" updateTime="1646761749412" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Solanum coalitum (Solanaceae), a New Endemic Species from Southern Ecuador</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">sk@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title>Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
<mods:date>2007</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2007-06-20</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>17</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="issue">
<mods:number>2</mods:number>
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<mods:start>212</mods:start>
<mods:end>216</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3417/1055-3177(2007)17[212:scsane]2.0.co;2</mods:url>
</mods:location>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.3417/1055-3177(2007)17[212:scsane]2.0.co;2</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">355e4a84-ce57-449a-8a09-8b8b814e807d</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6325833</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6329003" ID-GBIF-Taxon="193858241" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6329003" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:565A7923313F4A1D54B2FB594651FA17" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/565A7923313F4A1D54B2FB594651FA17" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="216" pageId="1" pageNumber="212">
<subSubSection box="[643,1073,1230,1251]" pageId="1" pageNumber="212" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="1.[643,1154,1230,1399]" box="[643,1073,1230,1251]" pageId="1" pageNumber="212">
<heading box="[643,1073,1230,1251]" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="212">
<taxonomicName authority="S. Knapp" authorityName="S. Knapp" authorityYear="2007" box="[643,964,1230,1251]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="1" pageNumber="212" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coalitum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[643,845,1230,1251]" pageId="1" pageNumber="212">Solanum coalitum</emphasis>
S. Knapp
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[986,1073,1230,1251]" pageId="1" pageNumber="212" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="212" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="1.[643,1154,1230,1399]" pageId="1" pageNumber="212">
<collectionCode box="[1090,1150,1230,1251]" pageId="1" pageNumber="212">TYPE</collectionCode>
: 
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3698442302" collectingDate="1997-11-14" collectionCode="LOJA" collectorName="G. Lewis &amp; B. Klitgaard" country="Ecuador" elevation="3250" latitude="-4.3858333" location="Sierra Toledo" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-79.1025" municipality="Yangana - Valladolid" pageId="1" pageNumber="212" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Loja" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingCountry box="[691,773,1260,1281]" name="Ecuador" pageId="1" pageNumber="212">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
. 
<collectingRegion box="[792,837,1260,1281]" country="Ecuador" name="Loja" pageId="1" pageNumber="212">Loja</collectingRegion>
: 
<collectingMunicipality box="[856,1052,1260,1281]" pageId="1" pageNumber="212">Yangana–Valladolid</collectingMunicipality>
, km 1.1, track to 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:565A7923313F4A1D54B2FB594651FA17:DB2C9EEE313F4A19553DFA9E47D3FA8D" box="[780,915,1289,1310]" country="Ecuador" latitude="-4.3858333" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-79.1025" municipality="Yangana - Valladolid" name="Sierra Toledo" pageId="1" pageNumber="212" stateProvince="Loja">Sierra Toledo</location>
, 
<locationDeviation box="[930,1019,1289,1310]" pageId="1" pageNumber="212">Km 18.5</locationDeviation>
, 
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<elevation box="[1035,1111,1289,1310]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" pageId="1" pageNumber="212" unit="m" value="3250.0">3250 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, ca. 
<geoCoordinate box="[691,758,1318,1340]" degrees="4" direction="south" minutes="23" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="212" precision="15" seconds="9" value="-4.3858333">
4 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[703,712,1318,1339]" pageId="1" pageNumber="212">°</emphasis>
23 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[736,744,1318,1340]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="212">9</emphasis>
S
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate box="[770,859,1318,1340]" degrees="79" direction="west" minutes="06" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="212" precision="15" seconds="9" value="-79.1025">
79 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[794,803,1318,1339]" pageId="1" pageNumber="212">°</emphasis>
06 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[827,835,1318,1340]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="212">9</emphasis>
W
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date box="[871,1006,1319,1340]" pageId="1" pageNumber="212" value="1997-11-14">
<collectingDate box="[871,1006,1319,1340]" pageId="1" pageNumber="212" value="1997-11-14">14 Nov. 1997</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="212">
<collectorName box="[1018,1098,1319,1340]" pageId="1" pageNumber="212">G. Lewis</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName pageId="1" pageNumber="212">B. Klitgaard</collectorName>
3719
</emphasis>
(
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, 
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</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3698442301" collectingDate="1997-11-14" collectionCode="AAU, BM, K, QCA, QCNE" collectorName="G. Lewis &amp; B. Klitgaard" country="Ecuador" elevation="3250" latitude="-4.3858333" location="Sierra Toledo" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-79.1025" municipality="Yangana - Valladolid" pageId="1" pageNumber="212" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Loja" typeStatus="isotypes">
<typeStatus box="[1010,1088,1348,1369]" pageId="1" pageNumber="212">isotypes</typeStatus>
, 
<collectionCode box="[1099,1149,1348,1369]" collectionName="AAU" country="Ethiopia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5dxx-xet2" name="Addis Ababa University, Department of Biology" pageId="1" pageNumber="212">AAU</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode box="[691,727,1378,1399]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bristol Museum" pageId="1" pageNumber="212">BM</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode box="[738,756,1378,1399]" country="United Kingdom" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15867" name="Royal Botanic Gardens" pageId="1" pageNumber="212" type="Herbarium">K</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode box="[768,817,1378,1399]" collectionName="QCA" country="Ecuador" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15650" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15650" name="Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador" pageId="1" pageNumber="212" type="Herbarium">QCA</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode box="[829,894,1378,1399]" collectionName="QCNE" country="Ecuador" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13634" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13634" name="Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales" pageId="1" pageNumber="212" type="Herbarium">QCNE</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
). 
<figureCitation box="[910,1001,1378,1399]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[144,198,1593,1612]" captionTargetBox="[231,1109,198,1570]" captionTargetId="figure-80@2.[231,1109,198,1570]" captionText="Figure 1. Isotype specimen of Solanum coalitum S. Knapp (Lewis &amp; Klitgaard 3719, BM)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6325839" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6325839/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="212">Figures 1</figureCitation>
, 2.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="215" pageId="1" pageNumber="212" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="1.[643,1154,1426,1541]" pageId="1" pageNumber="212">
Haec species 
<emphasis box="[803,967,1426,1445]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="212">Solano stenophyllo</emphasis>
Dunal similis, sed suffrutibus nanis vel serpentibus, caulibus et foliis plerumque glabris sed interdum superficie adaxiali foliorum ad margines revolutos et caulibus juvenilibus trichomatibus albis laxe ramosis vestitis, floribus maioribus, differt.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="1.[643,1153,1577,1805]" lastBlockId="4.[144,654,201,637]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="215" pageId="1" pageNumber="212">
Subshrubs to 
<quantity box="[794,834,1577,1598]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="212" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
, sometimes lax and trailing; stems glabrous and shining, usually appearing warty from the prominent leaf scars; young stems completely glabrous or sometimes with a few scattered loose branched trichomes to 
<quantity box="[870,945,1696,1717]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="212" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
, white; bark of older stems dark brown, shining; sympodial units plurifoliate, monopodial. Leaves simple, 2.5–10.4 × 
<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="1" pageNumber="212" unit="cm" value="2.1" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="0.7">0.7– 3.5 cm</quantity>
, narrowly elliptic to less commonly elliptic, the upper surface glabrous and shiny, sometimes with scattered branched white trichomes at the edge where the margin is revolute, the lower surface glabrous or sparsely papillate, the papillae drying reddish brown, perhaps glandular, the base acute to attenuate, the margins strongly revolute, pubescent adaxially where turned under, the apex acute; primary veins 5 to 10 pairs, drying darker than the lamina; petiole 
<quantity metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="16.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="213" unit="cm" value="0.95" valueMax="1.6" valueMin="0.3">0.3– 1.6 cm</quantity>
, glabrous and shiny. Inflorescences terminal, 2.5–6(–10) cm, branched 4–6 times, with 3 to 15(to 20) flowers, glabrous and shining, or with scattered loosely branched trichomes along the axes, the peduncle 2–4(–5.5) cm; pedicels in flower 
<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="214" unit="cm" value="1.05" valueMax="1.3" valueMin="0.8">0.8– 1.3 cm</quantity>
, stout, ca. 
<quantity box="[277,331,1577,1598]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="214" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
diam. at the base, ca. 
<quantity box="[557,611,1577,1598]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="214" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
diam. at the apex, nodding, glabrous, minutely papillate or sparsely pubescent with loosely branched white trichomes ca. 
<quantity box="[313,387,1665,1686]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="214" unit="mm" value="0.3">0.3 mm</quantity>
; pedicel scars widely spaced, inserted in a short sleeve ca. 
<quantity box="[453,507,1695,1716]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="214" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
long; buds globose when very young, soon elliptic and strongly exserted from the calyx tube. Flowers all perfect; calyx with the tube 
<quantity box="[300,399,1784,1805]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="214" unit="mm" value="3.25" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="2.5">2.5–4 mm</quantity>
, cup-shaped, strongly constricted at base, thick and coriaceous, glabrous or with a few branched trichomes like those of the inflorescence axis, the lobes 
<quantity box="[962,1061,1547,1568]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="214" unit="mm" value="1.25" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.0">1–1.5 mm</quantity>
, broadly deltate or minute, glabrous, with margins glabrous or densely pubescent with branched trichomes ca. 
<quantity box="[643,718,1636,1657]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="214" unit="mm" value="0.3">0.3 mm</quantity>
; corolla 
<quantity box="[821,911,1636,1657]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="214" unit="cm" value="2.3" valueMax="2.6" valueMin="2.0">2–2.6 cm</quantity>
diam., violet to dark mauve-purple, lobed 3/4 to base, stellate, the lobes 0.9–1.3 × 
<quantity box="[778,888,1695,1716]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="214" unit="cm" value="0.65" valueMax="0.8" valueMin="0.5">0.5–0.8 cm</quantity>
, slightly campanulate or planar at anthesis, densely pubescent with simple or dendritic trichomes ca. 
<quantity box="[874,946,1754,1775]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="214" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
long on margins and tips, sometimes with scattered simple trichomes on adaxial lobe surface, these denser on the petal midvein, the abaxial surface glabrous; anthers 5–6 × 
<quantity box="[183,282,260,281]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" unit="mm" value="1.75" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.5">1.5–2 mm</quantity>
, the free portion of the filaments 
<quantity metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" unit="mm" value="1.25" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.0">1– 1.5 mm</quantity>
, the filament tube less than 
<quantity box="[483,558,290,311]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
, glabrous; ovary conical, glabrous; style 
<quantity box="[465,556,320,341]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" unit="cm" value="1.1" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="1.0">1–1.2 cm</quantity>
, straight, glabrous; stigma clavate or 2-lobed, bright green (fide 
<emphasis box="[144,405,379,400]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">Lewis &amp; Klitgaard 3719</emphasis>
), the surface minutely papillate. Fruit a globose berry, 
<quantity box="[476,583,408,429]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" unit="cm" value="1.35" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.2">1.2–1.5 cm</quantity>
diam., shiny and black when mature, the pericarp thin; fruiting pedicels 
<quantity box="[315,407,468,489]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" unit="cm" value="2.1" valueMax="2.2" valueMin="2.0">2–2.2 cm</quantity>
, 
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diam. at the base, 
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diam. at the apex, erect, thick and woody; seeds 4–5 × 
<quantity box="[375,456,527,548]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3–4 mm</quantity>
, flattened reniform, reddish brown, margins not enlarged, surfaces minutely pitted, testal cells sinuate in outline. Chromosome number: not known.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6325839" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6325839" box="[144,928,1593,1612]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6325839/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="213" startId="2.[144,198,1593,1612]" targetBox="[231,1109,198,1570]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph blockId="2.[144,928,1593,1612]" box="[144,928,1593,1612]" pageId="2" pageNumber="213">
Figure 1. Isotype specimen of 
<taxonomicName authority="S. Knapp" authorityName="S. Knapp" box="[419,657,1593,1612]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="213" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coalitum">
<emphasis box="[419,571,1593,1612]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="213">Solanum coalitum</emphasis>
S. Knapp
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis box="[669,873,1593,1612]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="213">Lewis &amp; Klitgaard 3719</emphasis>
, BM).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6325841" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6325841" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6325841/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="214" startId="3.[101,155,1404,1423]" targetBox="[244,1010,198,1381]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph blockId="3.[101,1155,1404,1447]" pageId="3" pageNumber="214">
Figure 2. Shoot of 
<taxonomicName authority="S. Knapp" authorityName="S. Knapp" box="[272,505,1404,1423]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="214" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coalitum">
<emphasis box="[272,423,1404,1423]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="214">Solanum coalitum</emphasis>
S. Knapp
</taxonomicName>
with flowers and fruit (
<emphasis box="[697,895,1404,1423]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="214">Lewis &amp; Klitgaard 3719</emphasis>
, Cerro Toledo, Loja, Ecuador). Scale bar 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[187,205,1427,1446]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="214">5</emphasis>
1 cm. Photograph reproduced with permission of G. Lewis.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="215" type="distribution">
<paragraph blockId="4.[144,654,659,829]" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">
<emphasis box="[167,489,659,680]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">
Distribution. 
<taxonomicName box="[308,489,659,680]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coalitum">Solanum coalitum</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is endemic to 
<collectingCountry box="[144,225,689,710]" name="Ecuador" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
, known only from the páramo of Cerro Toledo south of 
<collectingRegion box="[229,270,719,740]" country="Ecuador" name="Loja" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">Loja</collectingRegion>
along the road leading to the Peruvian border, on ridges between the towns of Yangana and Valladolid, at 
<quantity box="[300,432,778,799]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3049999999999997" metricValueMax="3.46" metricValueMin="3.15" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" unit="m" value="3305.0" valueMax="3460.0" valueMin="3150.0">3150–3460 m</quantity>
in the southwestern corner of Parque Nacional Podocarpus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="215" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="4.[144,654,851,1020]" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">
<emphasis box="[167,477,851,872]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">
Phenology. 
<taxonomicName box="[296,477,851,872]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coalitum">Solanum coalitum</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
has most often been collected in flower between October and December, during the dry season. All specimens are in flower, but the 
<typeStatus box="[335,375,940,961]" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">type</typeStatus>
is the only collection with mature fruits. It is likely that fruiting material will be found in January or February.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="215" type="etymology">
<paragraph blockId="4.[144,655,1043,1805]" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">
<emphasis box="[167,469,1043,1064]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">
Etymology. 
<taxonomicName box="[297,469,1043,1064]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coalitum">Solanum coalitum</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is named in honor of two botanical couples, Gwilym Lewis (
<collectionCode box="[528,545,1072,1093]" country="United Kingdom" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15867" name="Royal Botanic Gardens" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" type="Herbarium">K</collectionCode>
) and Bente Klitgaard (
<collectionCode box="[245,282,1102,1123]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bristol Museum" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">BM</collectionCode>
), who collected the type specimen, and Peter Jørgensen and Carmen 
<taxonomicName authority="H. Navarrete" authorityName="H. Navarrete" box="[437,488,1132,1153]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Ulloa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="216" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ulloa</taxonomicName>
(both 
<collectionCode box="[558,596,1132,1153]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15859" name="Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" type="Herbarium">MO</collectionCode>
), who collected one of the 
<typeStatus box="[367,461,1161,1182]" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">paratypes</typeStatus>
. They are sterling examples of strong and companionable botanical partnerships (from ‘‘coalitus,’’ Latin for communion or fellowship).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="215" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="4.[144,655,1043,1805]" lastBlockId="4.[685,1196,201,1288]" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">
<taxonomicName box="[167,344,1280,1301]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coalitum">
<emphasis box="[167,344,1280,1301]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">Solanum coalitum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a striking species with its large, fleshy, bright purple flowers and black fruits (see 
<figureCitation box="[189,247,1340,1361]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[101,155,1404,1423]" captionTargetBox="[244,1010,198,1381]" captionTargetId="figure-179@3.[244,1010,198,1381]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Shoot of Solanum coalitum S. Knapp with flowers and fruit (Lewis &amp; Klitgaard 3719, Cerro Toledo, Loja, Ecuador). Scale bar 5 1 cm. Photograph reproduced with permission of G. Lewis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6325841" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6325841/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). It is a member of the 
<taxonomicName box="[477,576,1340,1361]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nitidum">
<emphasis box="[477,576,1340,1361]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">S. nitidum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group (sensu 
<bibRefCitation author="Knapp, S." box="[280,410,1369,1390]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Brit. Mus., Nat. Hist. (Bot.)" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" pagination="63 - 102" part="19" refId="ref3285" refString="Knapp, S. 1989. A revision of the Solanum nitidum species group (section Holophylla pro parte). Bull. Brit. Mus., Nat. Hist. (Bot.) 19: 63 - 102." title="A revision of the Solanum nitidum species group (section Holophylla pro parte)" type="journal article" year="1989">Knapp, 1989</bibRefCitation>
), sharing with the other species in that group plurifoliate sympodial units, monochasial growth, large purple or violet flowers, and pedicels inserted into a distinct ‘‘sleeve’’ (see fig. 
<quantity box="[144,183,1488,1509]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
<bibRefCitation author="Knapp, S." box="[191,319,1488,1509]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Brit. Mus., Nat. Hist. (Bot.)" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" pagination="63 - 102" part="19" refId="ref3285" refString="Knapp, S. 1989. A revision of the Solanum nitidum species group (section Holophylla pro parte). Bull. Brit. Mus., Nat. Hist. (Bot.) 19: 63 - 102." title="A revision of the Solanum nitidum species group (section Holophylla pro parte)" type="journal article" year="1989">Knapp, 1989</bibRefCitation>
). Genus-wide phylogenetic studies using a variety of molecular markers (
<bibRefCitation author="Bohs, L." box="[535,650,1517,1538]" editor="R. C. Keating &amp; V. C. Hollowell &amp; T. B. Croat" journalOrPublisher="Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard." pageId="4" pageNumber="215" pagination="27 - 49" part="104" refId="ref3034" refString="Bohs, L. 2005. Major clades in Solanum based on ndh F sequences. Pp. 27 - 49 in R. C. Keating, V. C. Hollowell &amp; T. B. Croat (editors), A Festschrift for William G. D'Arcy: The Legacy of a Taxonomist. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 104." title="Major clades in Solanum based on ndh F sequences" type="journal volume" volumeTitle="A Festschrift for William G. D'Arcy: The Legacy of a Taxonomist" year="2005">Bohs, 2005</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Weese, T. &amp; L. Bohs" box="[144,347,1547,1568]" journalOrPublisher="Syst. Bot." pageId="4" pageNumber="215" part="32" refId="ref3594" refString="Weese, T. &amp; L. Bohs. 2007. A three gene phylogeny of the genus Solanum (Solanaceae). Syst. Bot. 32: in press." title="A three gene phylogeny of the genus Solanum (Solanaceae)" type="book" year="2007">Weese &amp; Bohs, 2007</bibRefCitation>
) have shown that the species of this group are part of a monophyletic group containing taxa related to 
<taxonomicName box="[280,404,1606,1627]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dulcamara">
<emphasis box="[280,404,1606,1627]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">S. dulcamara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectionCode box="[409,425,1606,1627]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
. (bittersweet) and a wide variety of other species with worldwide distribution (the Dulcamaroid clade of 
<bibRefCitation author="Bohs, L." box="[402,514,1665,1686]" editor="R. C. Keating &amp; V. C. Hollowell &amp; T. B. Croat" journalOrPublisher="Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard." pageId="4" pageNumber="215" pagination="27 - 49" part="104" refId="ref3034" refString="Bohs, L. 2005. Major clades in Solanum based on ndh F sequences. Pp. 27 - 49 in R. C. Keating, V. C. Hollowell &amp; T. B. Croat (editors), A Festschrift for William G. D'Arcy: The Legacy of a Taxonomist. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 104." title="Major clades in Solanum based on ndh F sequences" type="journal volume" volumeTitle="A Festschrift for William G. D'Arcy: The Legacy of a Taxonomist" year="2005">Bohs, 2005</bibRefCitation>
). The recognition of 
<taxonomicName authority="Dunal" authorityName="Dunal" box="[209,394,1695,1716]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pubigerum">
<emphasis box="[209,331,1695,1716]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">S. pubigerum</emphasis>
Dunal
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingCountry box="[406,475,1695,1716]" name="Mexico" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">Mexico</collectingCountry>
to 
<collectingCountry box="[504,606,1695,1716]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
) and 
<taxonomicName authority="Schlechtendal" authorityName="Schlechtendal" box="[144,399,1725,1746]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aligerum">
<emphasis box="[144,256,1725,1746]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">S. aligerum</emphasis>
Schlechtendal
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingCountry box="[416,485,1725,1746]" name="Mexico" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">Mexico</collectingCountry>
to 
<collectingCountry box="[523,617,1725,1746]" name="Argentina" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">Argentina</collectingCountry>
) as sister taxa of the 
<taxonomicName box="[322,424,1754,1775]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nitidum">
<emphasis box="[322,424,1754,1775]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">S. nitidum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group (
<bibRefCitation author="Knapp, S." journalOrPublisher="Bull. Brit. Mus., Nat. Hist. (Bot.)" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" pagination="63 - 102" part="19" refId="ref3285" refString="Knapp, S. 1989. A revision of the Solanum nitidum species group (section Holophylla pro parte). Bull. Brit. Mus., Nat. Hist. (Bot.) 19: 63 - 102." title="A revision of the Solanum nitidum species group (section Holophylla pro parte)" type="journal article" year="1989">Knapp, 1989</bibRefCitation>
) has been supported by molecular data (
<bibRefCitation author="Bohs, L." box="[601,736,201,1805]" editor="R. C. Keating &amp; V. C. Hollowell &amp; T. B. Croat" journalOrPublisher="Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard." pageId="4" pageNumber="215" pagination="27 - 49" part="104" refId="ref3034" refString="Bohs, L. 2005. Major clades in Solanum based on ndh F sequences. Pp. 27 - 49 in R. C. Keating, V. C. Hollowell &amp; T. B. Croat (editors), A Festschrift for William G. D'Arcy: The Legacy of a Taxonomist. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 104." title="Major clades in Solanum based on ndh F sequences" type="journal volume" volumeTitle="A Festschrift for William G. D'Arcy: The Legacy of a Taxonomist" year="2005">Bohs, 2005</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName authority="Dunal" authorityName="Dunal" box="[757,1020,201,222]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="valdiviense">
<emphasis box="[757,952,201,222]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">Solanum valdiviense</emphasis>
Dunal
</taxonomicName>
(coastal southern 
<collectingCountry box="[685,736,231,252]" name="Chile" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">Chile</collectingCountry>
) is also a member of this larger group. Together these species can be defined as section 
<taxonomicName box="[1059,1162,260,281]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Holophylla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">
<emphasis box="[1059,1162,260,281]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">Holophylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1168,1195,260,281]" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<collectingCountry box="[685,764,290,311]" name="Ecuador" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
is home to three endemic species of the 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nitidum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">S. nitidum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group (
<taxonomicName authority="Bentham" authorityName="Bentham" box="[924,1162,319,340]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="leiophyllum">
<emphasis box="[924,1063,319,340]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">S. leiophyllum</emphasis>
Bentham
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="S. Knapp" authorityName="S. Knapp" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="imbaburense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">S. imbaburense</emphasis>
S. Knapp
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName box="[954,1061,349,370]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coalitum">
<emphasis box="[954,1061,349,370]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">S. coalitum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="4.[685,1196,201,1288]" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">
Some specimens of 
<taxonomicName box="[909,1084,379,400]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coalitum">
<emphasis box="[909,1084,379,400]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">Solanum coalitum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been identified as 
<taxonomicName authority="Dunal" authorityName="Dunal" box="[814,1032,409,430]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stenophyllum">
<emphasis box="[814,962,409,430]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">S. stenophyllum</emphasis>
Dunal
</taxonomicName>
, with which it is very similar. 
<taxonomicName box="[835,1017,438,459]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coalitum">
<emphasis box="[835,1017,438,459]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">Solanum coalitum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stenophyllum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">S. stenophyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in its subshrub, sometimes trailing habit, its glabrous stems and leaves (except, occasionally, for the occurrence of white trichomes on the stems and a peculiar marginal white trichome band on the leaves), its cyathiform (rather than conical) calyx, and its slightly larger flowers that are glabrous abaxially. Trichomes of 
<taxonomicName box="[920,1027,645,666]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coalitum">
<emphasis box="[920,1027,645,666]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">S. coalitum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
when they occur are looser and more openly dendritic than the almost echinoid trichomes of 
<taxonomicName box="[933,1092,705,726]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stenophyllum">
<emphasis box="[933,1092,705,726]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">S. stenophyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that are distinctly yellow or yellow-tinged when dry. The fruiting pedicels of 
<taxonomicName box="[894,1048,764,785]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stenophyllum">
<emphasis box="[894,1048,764,785]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">S. stenophyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appear to be nodding when fruit are mature, while those of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coalitum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">S. coalitum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are erect. Specimens of 
<taxonomicName box="[999,1145,823,844]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stenophyllum">
<emphasis box="[999,1145,823,844]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">S. stenophyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been collected from the province of 
<collectingRegion box="[1094,1135,852,873]" country="Ecuador" name="Loja" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">Loja</collectingRegion>
(i.e., 
<emphasis box="[685,886,882,903]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">Jørgensen et al. 477</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis box="[903,951,882,903]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">1068</emphasis>
, 
<collectionCode box="[967,1001,882,903]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bristol Museum" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">BM</collectionCode>
) from further north and at slightly lower (
<quantity box="[916,1050,912,933]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" unit="m" value="2800.0" valueMax="3000.0" valueMin="2600.0">2600–3000 m</quantity>
) elevations in drier and/or degraded forests. 
<taxonomicName box="[981,1195,941,962]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stenophyllum">
<emphasis box="[981,1195,941,962]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">Solanum stenophyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
grows as a shrub or small treelet, usually in disturbed situations. Some individuals of 
<taxonomicName box="[1009,1163,1000,1021]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stenophyllum">
<emphasis box="[1009,1163,1000,1021]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">S. stenophyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in southern 
<collectingCountry box="[773,852,1030,1051]" name="Ecuador" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
are very sparsely pubescent, but the conical calyx and yellowish, closely branched trichomes serve to distinguish these plants.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="4.[685,1196,201,1288]" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">
<taxonomicName box="[709,875,1119,1140]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coalitum">
<emphasis box="[709,875,1119,1140]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">Solanum coalitum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
would key out with 
<taxonomicName box="[1060,1189,1119,1140]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="leiophyllum">
<emphasis box="[1060,1189,1119,1140]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">S. leiophyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Hunziker &amp; Lallana" authorityName="Hunziker &amp; Lallana" box="[685,1004,1149,1170]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macbridei">
<emphasis box="[685,802,1149,1170]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">S. macbridei</emphasis>
Hunziker &amp; Lallana
</taxonomicName>
(southern 
<collectingCountry box="[1109,1152,1149,1170]" name="Peru" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">Peru</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry box="[685,752,1179,1200]" name="Bolivia" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
), and 
<taxonomicName box="[824,967,1179,1200]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="imbaburense">
<emphasis box="[824,967,1179,1200]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">S. imbaburense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the key in 
<bibRefCitation author="Knapp, S." journalOrPublisher="Bull. Brit. Mus., Nat. Hist. (Bot.)" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" pagination="63 - 102" part="19" refId="ref3285" refString="Knapp, S. 1989. A revision of the Solanum nitidum species group (section Holophylla pro parte). Bull. Brit. Mus., Nat. Hist. (Bot.) 19: 63 - 102." title="A revision of the Solanum nitidum species group (section Holophylla pro parte)" type="journal article" year="1989">Knapp (1989)</bibRefCitation>
, being distinguished from 
<taxonomicName box="[997,1135,1208,1229]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="imbaburense">
<emphasis box="[997,1135,1208,1229]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">S. imbaburense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its broadly deltate, rather than long-triangular calyx lobes, and its leaves with sparsely papillate undersides.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="215" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph blockId="4.[685,1197,1311,1806]" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">
<emphasis box="[709,787,1311,1332]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">Habitat.</emphasis>
The sole locality in which 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coalitum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">Solanum coalitum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been encountered is the páramo of Cerro Toledo in the extreme southwestern corner of Parque Nacional Podocarpus, one of the largest protected areas in 
<collectingCountry box="[1115,1193,1400,1421]" name="Ecuador" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
. Cerro Toledo is a mixed páramo of tussock grasses and shrubby vegetation on the divide of the Cordillera de Sabanillas; the area is a pathway used by local people to take cattle from one drainage to another, and as such has a medium level of disturbance (
<bibRefCitation author="Hofstede, R. &amp; R. Coppus &amp; P. Mena Vasconez &amp; P. Segarra &amp; J. Wolf &amp; J. Sevink" box="[986,1187,1547,1568]" journalOrPublisher="Ecotropicos" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" pagination="3 - 18" part="15" refId="ref3209" refString="Hofstede, R., R. Coppus, P. Mena Vasconez, P. Segarra, J. Wolf &amp; J. Sevink. 2002. El estado de conservacion de los paramos de pajonal en el Ecuador. Ecotropicos 15: 3 - 18." title="El estado de conservacion de los paramos de pajonal en el Ecuador" type="journal article" year="2002">Hofstede et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
). Roads constructed by the military to allow access to radio towers have opened the area to others. 
<bibRefCitation author="Hofstede, R. &amp; R. Coppus &amp; P. Mena Vasconez &amp; P. Segarra &amp; J. Wolf &amp; J. Sevink" journalOrPublisher="Ecotropicos" pageId="4" pageNumber="215" pagination="3 - 18" part="15" refId="ref3209" refString="Hofstede, R., R. Coppus, P. Mena Vasconez, P. Segarra, J. Wolf &amp; J. Sevink. 2002. El estado de conservacion de los paramos de pajonal en el Ecuador. Ecotropicos 15: 3 - 18." title="El estado de conservacion de los paramos de pajonal en el Ecuador" type="journal article" year="2002">Hofstede et al. (2002)</bibRefCitation>
suggested that the inhospitable nature of the climate in the region (wet, cold, and windy) will limit human incursion on a large scale. Cerro Toledo is isolated from other páramo regions of southern 
<collectingCountry box="[1069,1146,1725,1746]" name="Ecuador" pageId="4" pageNumber="215">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
, and represents one of the southernmost extensions of the páramo habitat in the Andes (
<bibRefCitation author="Luteyn, J. L." box="[956,1078,1784,1805]" journalOrPublisher="Mem. New York Bot. Gard." pageId="4" pageNumber="215" pagination="1 - 278" part="84" refId="ref3491" refString="Luteyn, J. L. 1999. Paramos: A checklist of plant diversity, geographical distribution and botanical literature. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 84: 1 - 278." title="Paramos: A checklist of plant diversity, geographical distribution and botanical literature" type="journal article" year="1999">Luteyn, 1999</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="conservation">
<paragraph blockId="5.[101,612,201,601]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">
<emphasis box="[125,367,201,222]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">
<collectionCode box="[125,179,201,222]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">IUCN</collectionCode>
Red List category.
</emphasis>
The fact that 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coalitum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Solanum coalitum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs only within the boundaries of the Parque Nacional Podocarpus is good news for its ultimate protection and conservation, but its very restricted distribution in an isolated habitat means it certainly is of some conservation concern. Using the 
<collectionCode box="[101,155,376,397]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">IUCN</collectionCode>
criteria (
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" box="[247,367,376,397]" journalOrPublisher="IUCN, Gland and Cambridge" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" refId="ref3257" refString="IUCN. 2001. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, Version 3.1. Prepared by the IUCN Species Survival Commission. IUCN, Gland and Cambridge." title="IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, Version 3.1. Prepared by the IUCN Species Survival Commission" type="book" year="2001">IUCN, 2001</bibRefCitation>
), 
<collectionCode box="[386,394,376,397]" country="Romania" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14415" name="&amp;quot;Alexandru Ioan Cuza&amp;quot; University" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="Herbarium">I</collectionCode>
assess this species as having a preliminary conservation status of Endangered (
<collectionCode box="[170,202,434,455]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">EN</collectionCode>
) due to its restricted distribution of less than 
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<superScript attach="left" box="[226,233,464,474]" fontSize="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">2</superScript>
in
</quantity>
a fragmented and isolated habitat. Population-level data may reveal that the species is, in fact, Critically Endangered (
<collectionCode box="[436,469,522,543]" country="Costa Rica" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15652" name="Museo Nacional de Costa Rica" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="Herbarium">CR</collectionCode>
), but this is currently not assessable from the available herbarium specimens.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="5.[101,613,627,981]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">
<emphasis box="[122,210,627,646]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">
<typeStatus box="[122,205,627,646]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Paratypes</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry box="[242,341,627,646]" name="Ecuador" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">ECUADOR</collectingCountry>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[356,398,627,646]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">
<collectingRegion box="[356,398,627,646]" country="Ecuador" name="Loja" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Loja</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: carr. Yangana–Toledo, 
<emphasis box="[101,240,651,670]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Jaramillo 10606</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode box="[251,296,651,670]" country="Ethiopia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5dxx-xet2" name="Addis Ababa University, Department of Biology" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">AAU</collectionCode>
); road from Yangana to Cerro Toledo, Km 18–22 to the antennas, 
<emphasis box="[326,406,675,694]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Jørgensen</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis box="[417,611,675,694]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">
<taxonomicName authority="Caranqui 2188" authorityName="Caranqui" authorityYear="2188" box="[417,463,675,694]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Ulloa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ulloa</taxonomicName>
&amp; Caranqui 2188
</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode box="[107,139,699,718]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bristol Museum" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">BM</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode box="[146,179,699,718]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15859" name="Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="Herbarium">MO</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode box="[186,217,699,718]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15556" name="William and Lynda Steere Herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="Herbarium">NY</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode box="[224,268,699,718]" country="Ecuador" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15650" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15650" name="Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="Herbarium">QCA</collectionCode>
); Yangana–Cerro Toledo, páramo of Cerro Toledo, 
<emphasis box="[168,396,723,742]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Jørgensen &amp; Madsen 65686</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode box="[407,452,723,742]" country="Ethiopia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5dxx-xet2" name="Addis Ababa University, Department of Biology" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">AAU</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode box="[460,492,723,742]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bristol Museum" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">BM</collectionCode>
, 
<collectingRegion box="[500,550,723,742]" country="Ecuador" name="Loja" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">LOJA</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectionCode box="[559,603,723,742]" country="Ecuador" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15650" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15650" name="Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="Herbarium">QCA</collectionCode>
); Parque Nac. Podocarpus, Cerro Toledo, 
<emphasis box="[459,522,747,766]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Madsen</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Bloch &amp; Christensen 75641</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode box="[277,322,771,790]" country="Ethiopia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5dxx-xet2" name="Addis Ababa University, Department of Biology" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">AAU</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode box="[337,369,771,790]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bristol Museum" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">BM</collectionCode>
); Parque Nac. Podocarpus, Cerro Toledo, 
<emphasis box="[227,290,795,814]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Madsen</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis box="[305,549,795,814]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Bergman &amp; Pedersen 86100</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode box="[563,608,795,814]" country="Ethiopia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5dxx-xet2" name="Addis Ababa University, Department of Biology" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">AAU</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode box="[101,134,819,838]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15859" name="Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="Herbarium">MO</collectionCode>
), 
<emphasis box="[157,288,819,838]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Madsen 86333</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode box="[308,353,819,838]" country="Ethiopia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5dxx-xet2" name="Addis Ababa University, Department of Biology" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">AAU</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode box="[371,403,819,838]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bristol Museum" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">BM</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode box="[420,477,819,838]" country="Ecuador" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13634" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13634" name="Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="Herbarium">QCNE</collectionCode>
); Parque Nac. Podocarpus, Cerro Toledo, 
<collectionCode box="[323,336,843,862]" country="United Kingdom" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15670" name="Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="Herbarium">E</collectionCode>
of Yangana, 
<emphasis box="[443,518,843,862]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Øllgaard</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis box="[528,606,843,862]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Laegaard</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis box="[101,173,866,885]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Thomsen</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis box="[186,329,866,885]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Korning &amp; Illum</emphasis>
58068 (
<collectionCode box="[402,447,866,885]" country="Ethiopia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5dxx-xet2" name="Addis Ababa University, Department of Biology" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">AAU</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode box="[457,490,866,885]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15859" name="Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="Herbarium">MO</collectionCode>
); Parque Nac. Podocarpus, Cerro Toledo, wet páramo around radio station, 
<emphasis box="[101,176,914,933]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Øllgaard</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis box="[186,264,914,933]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Laegaard</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis box="[275,347,914,933]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Thomsen</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis box="[358,553,914,933]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Korning &amp; Illum 58162</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode box="[563,608,914,933]" country="Ethiopia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5dxx-xet2" name="Addis Ababa University, Department of Biology" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">AAU</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode box="[101,133,938,957]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bristol Museum" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">BM</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode box="[141,174,938,957]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15859" name="Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="Herbarium">MO</collectionCode>
); Parque Nac. Podocarpus, páramo del cerro Toledo, 
<emphasis box="[101,230,962,981]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Palacios 12863</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode box="[242,276,962,981]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15859" name="Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="Herbarium">MO</collectionCode>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="5.[101,611,1011,1412]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">
<emphasis box="[125,296,1011,1032]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Acknowledgments.</emphasis>
<collectionCode box="[318,326,1011,1032]" country="Romania" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14415" name="&amp;quot;Alexandru Ioan Cuza&amp;quot; University" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="Herbarium">I</collectionCode>
thank the National Science Foundation for funding this work through the Planetary Biodiversity Inventory program, award DEB-01316614 ‘‘PBI 
<taxonomicName box="[322,404,1099,1120]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[322,404,1099,1120]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Solanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<collectionCode box="[423,439,1099,1120]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
worldwide treatment’’; Michael Nee, Lynn Bohs, David Neill, Carmen 
<taxonomicName authority="H. Navarrete" authorityName="H. Navarrete" box="[101,154,1157,1178]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Ulloa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ulloa</taxonomicName>
, and Peter Jørgensen for searching for herbarium specimens or contributing insights about 
<taxonomicName box="[529,611,1186,1207]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[529,611,1186,1207]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Solanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
taxonomy; the curators of herbaria cited in the text for loan of herbarium specimens; the Photographic Unit of the Natural History Museum for preparing the photographic figures; and Gwilym Lewis for permission to use his beautiful photographs of this striking species. Carmen 
<taxonomicName authority="Ulloa and Don Ugent" authorityName="Ulloa and Don Ugent" box="[263,522,1362,1383]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Ulloa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ulloa Ulloa and Don Ugent</taxonomicName>
provided useful comments on the original manuscript.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>