167 lines
21 KiB
XML
167 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document id="300D5C06AB573DED4F8A90B45E3E89EA" ID-CLB-Dataset="8160" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.4545052" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0540f87c-c902-4df5-acd4-51801c9531bd" ID-Handle="2246/1634/B237-0004" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4545052" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1613519208580" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Simmons, Nancy B. & Voss, Robert S." docDate="1998" docId="4F19FC10FFCAFFFAFC9C2462FB0B88A6" docLanguage="en" docName="B237-0004.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 237" docStyle="DocumentStyle:25EFC9A7B3A675566A5530656FFE3DF4.1:BulAmeMusNatHis.2000-2010.chapters" docStyleId="25EFC9A7B3A675566A5530656FFE3DF4" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2000-2010.chapters" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Tonatia schulzi Genoways & Williams 1980" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="90" masterDocId="B3208468FF93FFA0FFF22212FF8B893B" masterDocTitle="The mammals of Paracou, French Guiana, a Neotropical lowland rainforest fauna. Part 1, Bats" masterLastPageNumber="219" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="89" updateTime="1698929808253" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="5EA1AC1182F3121B2882F68D39353FBE">The mammals of Paracou, French Guiana, a Neotropical lowland rainforest fauna. Part 1, Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="89BCF5DEC18A5809C747926097878BB6" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="BB77A0DA3ECEE6D0B55F287A63870082">Simmons, Nancy B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="5DAA332C08B413EB200C358AD7AFF514">Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="5DC14C8C7926A8BF498D7C5D97CB0DF4">Voss, Robert S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="3B1AA4F272EC97364A13AD5BCA4AE158">Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="D867AD509046881FCC1EB62942F3780F">Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="91185C7FFC16845AA01CBBD2D57522B7">1998</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="6578336730FC3D0CB177156A7DDF3D46">1998-12-31</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="2535744DE945FEEF967677181FF6330C">237</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="F24CD371705662365B23CDF96114FA6A" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.4545052</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="4F19FC10FFCAFFFAFC9C2462FB0B88A6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4546493" ID-GBIF-Taxon="177422365" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4546493" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4F19FC10FFCAFFFAFC9C2462FB0B88A6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4F19FC10FFCAFFFAFC9C2462FB0B88A6" lastPageId="90" lastPageNumber="90" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">
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<subSubSection id="8FAA1E8DFFCAFFF9FC9C2462FBD28F98" pageId="89" pageNumber="89" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFCAFFF9FC9C2462FBD28F98" blockId="89.[823,1113,1648,1699]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">
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<heading id="9C47FA6AFFCAFFF9FC9C2462FBD28F98" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="89" pageNumber="89" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFCAFFF9FC9C2462FBA88FBC" ID-CoL="7CGWY" authorityName="Genoways & Williams" authorityYear="1980" box="[878,1059,1648,1671]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Tonatia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schulzi">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFCAFFF9FC9C2462FBA88FBC" box="[878,1059,1648,1671]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">Tonatia schulzi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Genoways and Williams
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8FAA1E8DFFCAFFFAFD2F24BDFDEC8830" lastPageId="90" lastPageNumber="90" pageId="89" pageNumber="89" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFCAFFFAFD2F24BDFDEC8830" blockId="89.[704,1233,1711,1763]" lastBlockId="90.[94,623,214,1763]" lastPageId="90" lastPageNumber="90" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">
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VOUCHER MATERIAL:
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<materialsCitation id="77D8475BFFCAFFFAFC1424BDFDEC8830" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3037467363" lastPageId="90" lastPageNumber="90" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">3 females (AMNH *267105, *267420, *267421) and 4 males (A MNH *267106, *267920; MNHN 1995.1055, 1995.1056); see table 29 for measurements.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8FAA1E8DFFC9FFFAFF892300FB278830" pageId="90" pageNumber="90" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFC9FFFAFF892300FF228B0D" blockId="90.[94,623,214,1763]" pageId="90" pageNumber="90">
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IDENTIFICATION: Descriptions and comparative measurements of
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFC9FFFAFE982322FD96887C" authorityName="Genoways & Williams" authorityYear="1980" box="[362,541,304,327]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Tonatia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schulzi">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFC9FFFAFE982322FD96887C" box="[362,541,304,327]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="90">Tonatia schulzi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be found in Genoways and
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<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFC9FFFAFE5A235CFDE2885E" author="Williams, S. L. & H. H. Genoways" box="[424,617,334,357]" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Carnegie Mus." pageId="90" pageNumber="90" pagination="213 - 236" part="49" refId="ref102406" refString="Williams, S. L., and H. H. Genoways 1980 a. Results of the Alcoa Foundation-Suriname Expeditions. II. Additional records of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Suriname. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 49: 213 - 236." title="Results of the Alcoa Foundation-Suriname Expeditions. II. Additional records of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Suriname" type="journal article" year="1980">Williams (1980</bibRefCitation>
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, 1984),
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<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFC9FFFAFF43237EFE6E88B8" author="Marques, S. A. & D. C. Oren" box="[177,485,364,387]" journalOrPublisher="Bol. Mus. Para. Emilio Goeldi" pageId="90" pageNumber="90" pagination="159 - 160" part="3" refId="ref97445" refString="Marques, S. A., and D. C. Oren 1987. First Brazilian record for Tonatia schulzi and Sturnira bidens (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Bol. Mus. Para. Emilio Goeldi 3: 159 - 160." title="First Brazilian record for Tonatia schulzi and Sturnira bidens (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)" type="journal article" year="1987">Marques and Oren (1987)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFC9FFFAFE00237EFE83889A" author="Gribel, R. & V. A. Taddei" journalOrPublisher="J. Mammal." pageId="90" pageNumber="90" pagination="871 - 873" part="70" refId="ref94696" refString="Gribel, R., and V. A. Taddei 1989. Notes on the distribution of Tonatia schulzi and Tonatia carrikeri in the Brazilian Amazon. J. Mammal. 70: 871 - 873." title="Notes on the distribution of Tonatia schulzi and Tonatia carrikeri in the Brazilian Amazon" type="journal article" year="1989">Gribel and Taddei (1989)</bibRefCitation>
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, and
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<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFC9FFFAFEBD2398FDE1889A" author="McCarthy, T. J. & P. Robertson & J. Mitchell" box="[335,618,394,417]" journalOrPublisher="Guiana with comments on the female genitalia. Mammalia" pageId="90" pageNumber="90" pagination="583 - 584" part="52" refId="ref97810" refString="McCarthy, T. J., P. Robertson, and J. Mitchell 1988. The occurrence of Tonatia schulzi (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in French Guiana with comments on the female genitalia. Mammalia 52: 583 - 584." title="The occurrence of Tonatia schulzi (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)" type="journal article" year="1988">McCarthy et al. (1988)</bibRefCitation>
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. This species is easy to recognize in the field owing to the unique warty skin covering the forearms, fingers, ears, and noseleaf. No subspecies are currently recognized (Koopman, 1994).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFC9FFFAFF89202FFE218C1B" blockId="90.[94,623,214,1763]" pageId="90" pageNumber="90">
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFC9FFFAFF89202FFEA58B6F" authorityName="Genoways & Williams" authorityYear="1980" box="[123,302,573,596]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Tonatia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schulzi">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFC9FFFAFF89202FFEA58B6F" box="[123,302,573,596]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="90">Tonatia schulzi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was originally described in 1980, and only a few specimens exist in museum collections. Our seven specimens almost double the number reported in the literature, and constitute the largest series available from a single locality. Although our material generally agrees with previous descriptions, some specimens are slightly larger than any previously reported. We also found a surprising amount of variation in ventral pelage color among our adults, with the venter ranging from medium gray (comparable to that seen in
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFC9FFFAFEF921B1FE238A81" authorityName="Koopman & Williams" authorityYear="1951" box="[267,424,931,954]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Tonatia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saurophila">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFC9FFFAFEF921B1FE908A81" box="[267,283,931,954]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="90">T</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFC9FFFAFED821B1FE238A81" box="[298,424,931,954]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="90">saurophila</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) to almost white (approaching that seen in
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFC9FFFAFE7E21D3FD998AE3" box="[396,530,961,984]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Tonatia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carrikeri">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFC9FFFAFE7E21D3FE178AE3" box="[396,412,961,984]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="90">T</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFC9FFFAFE5921D3FD998AE3" box="[427,530,961,984]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="90">carrikeri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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). In the original description of
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFC9FFFAFE8021CDFE6E8ACD" authorityName="Genoways & Williams" authorityYear="1980" box="[370,485,991,1014]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Tonatia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schulzi">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFC9FFFAFE8021CDFE098ACD" box="[370,386,991,1014]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="90">T</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFC9FFFAFE6621CDFE6E8ACD" box="[404,485,991,1014]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="90">schulzi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, the venter was said to be ‘‘slightly paler than dorsum but not white’’ (Genoways and
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<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFC9FFFAFE0C2609FF688D74" author="Williams, S. L. & H. H. Genoways" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Carnegie Mus." pageId="90" pageNumber="90" pagination="213 - 236" part="49" refId="ref102406" refString="Williams, S. L., and H. H. Genoways 1980 a. Results of the Alcoa Foundation-Suriname Expeditions. II. Additional records of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Suriname. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 49: 213 - 236." title="Results of the Alcoa Foundation-Suriname Expeditions. II. Additional records of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Suriname" type="journal article" year="1980">Williams, 1980: 205</bibRefCitation>
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). Comparisons of dental wear among our specimens suggest that the example with the palest ventral fur, an adult female (AMNH 267105), is also the oldest, whereas younger adults have darker venters; our two subadults have dark gray venters. Apparently the ventral pelage becomes paler with age in
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFC9FFFAFF1C2718FE2F8C1A" authorityName="Genoways & Williams" authorityYear="1980" box="[238,420,1290,1313]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Tonatia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schulzi">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFC9FFFAFF1C2718FE2F8C1A" box="[238,420,1290,1313]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="90">Tonatia schulzi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFC9FFFAFF892735FDE48F9D" blockId="90.[94,623,214,1763]" pageId="90" pageNumber="90">
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Our material confirms the observations made by
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<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFC9FFFAFF3D2757FE698C67" author="McCarthy, T. J. & P. Robertson & J. Mitchell" box="[207,482,1349,1372]" journalOrPublisher="Guiana with comments on the female genitalia. Mammalia" pageId="90" pageNumber="90" pagination="583 - 584" part="52" refId="ref97810" refString="McCarthy, T. J., P. Robertson, and J. Mitchell 1988. The occurrence of Tonatia schulzi (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in French Guiana with comments on the female genitalia. Mammalia 52: 583 - 584." title="The occurrence of Tonatia schulzi (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)" type="journal article" year="1988">McCarthy et al. (1988)</bibRefCitation>
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concerning the morphology of the clitoris in
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFC9FFFAFDE12771FF248CA3" authorityName="Genoways & Williams" authorityYear="1980" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Tonatia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schulzi">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFC9FFFAFDE12771FF248CA3" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="90">Tonatia schulzi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The clitoris is elongate in all of our females, resembling a penis upon casual inspection; indeed, we incorrectly recorded the sex of one individual in the field, an error that might not have been detected had the specimen been made into a skin rather than preserved in fluid. As
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<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFC9FFFAFE912427FDE68F77" author="McCarthy, T. J. & P. Robertson & J. Mitchell" box="[355,621,1589,1612]" journalOrPublisher="Guiana with comments on the female genitalia. Mammalia" pageId="90" pageNumber="90" pagination="583 - 584" part="52" refId="ref97810" refString="McCarthy, T. J., P. Robertson, and J. Mitchell 1988. The occurrence of Tonatia schulzi (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in French Guiana with comments on the female genitalia. Mammalia 52: 583 - 584." title="The occurrence of Tonatia schulzi (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)" type="journal article" year="1988">McCarthy et al. (1988)</bibRefCitation>
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remarked, careful examination of the genitalia
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFC9FFFAFF6F2463FF6C8FB3" box="[157,231,1649,1672]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="90">before</emphasis>
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specimen preparation is crucial for accurate sex identification in this species.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFC9FFFAFD472476FC9B8FD9" blockId="90.[670,1198,1636,1762]" pageId="90" pageNumber="90">
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<superScript id="30C5E04EFFC9FFFAFD472476FD488F54" attach="right" box="[693,707,1636,1647]" fontSize="5" pageId="90" pageNumber="90">10</superScript>
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<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFC9FFFAFD3A2477FCEE8F43" author="Patterson, B. D." bookContentInfo="42 pp." box="[712,869,1637,1656]" journalOrPublisher="Fieldiana Zool., N" pageId="90" pageNumber="90" refId="ref98881" refString="Patterson, B. D. 1992. Mammals in the Royal Natural History Museum, Stockholm, collected in Brazil and Bolivia by A. M. Olalla during 1934 - 1938. Fieldiana Zool., N. Ser. 66: 42 pp." title="Mammals in the Royal Natural History Museum, Stockholm, collected in Brazil and Bolivia by A. M. Olalla during 1934" type="book" year="1992">Patterson (1992)</bibRefCitation>
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argued that the correct spelling of the specific epithet is ‘‘
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFC9FFFAFC60246DFC6F8FA9" box="[914,996,1663,1682]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="90">sylvicola</emphasis>
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,’’ but we have not formed a definite opinion about the relevant nomenclatural issues and therefore follow current usage (
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<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFC9FFFAFB8324A7FC8E8FD9" author="Koopman, K. F." editor="D. E. Wilson & D. M. Reeder" journalOrPublisher="Washington, DC: Smithson. Inst. Press" pageId="90" pageNumber="90" refId="ref96667" refString="1993. Order Chiroptera. In D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder (eds.), Mammal species of the World, a taxonomic and geographic reference, 2 nd ed.: 137 - 241. Washington, DC: Smithson. Inst. Press." title="Order Chiroptera" type="book" volumeTitle="Mammal species of the World, a taxonomic and geographic reference, 2 nd" year="1993">Koopman, 1993</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFC9FFFAFF8924BFFB278830" blockId="90.[94,623,214,1763]" lastBlockId="90.[670,1198,214,413]" pageId="90" pageNumber="90">
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As in
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFC9FFFAFF3324BCFE288FFE" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[193,419,1710,1733]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Tonatia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliense">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFC9FFFAFF3324BCFE288FFE" box="[193,419,1710,1733]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="90">Tonatia brasiliense</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFC9FFFAFE4324BCFDBD8FFE" box="[433,566,1709,1733]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Tonatia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carrikeri">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFC9FFFAFE4324BCFE4A8FFE" box="[433,449,1710,1733]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="90">T</emphasis>
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||
.
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFC9FFFAFE3D24BCFDBD8FFE" box="[463,566,1710,1733]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="90">carrikeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFC9FFFAFFAC24DEFF698FD8" baseAuthorityName="d'Orbigny" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[94,226,1740,1763]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Tonatia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="silvicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFC9FFFAFFAC24DEFFE58FD8" box="[94,110,1740,1763]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="90">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFC9FFFAFF8D24DEFF698FD8" box="[127,226,1740,1763]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="90">silvicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we found that all individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFC9FFFAFD6C22C5FC9D89D5" authorityName="Genoways & Williams" authorityYear="1980" box="[670,790,214,238]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Tonatia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schulzi">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFC9FFFAFD6C22C5FD2589D5" box="[670,686,215,238]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="90">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFC9FFFAFD3722C5FC9D89D5" box="[709,790,215,238]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="90">schulzi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
folded their ears back over the crown of the head when they were touched.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8FAA1E8DFFC9FFFAFD492303FB0B88A6" pageId="90" pageNumber="90" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFC9FFFAFD492303FB0B88A6" blockId="90.[670,1198,214,413]" pageId="90" pageNumber="90">
|
||
FIELD OBSERVATIONS: All seven
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFC9FFFAFBA12303FD64887D" authorityName="Genoways & Williams" authorityYear="1980" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Tonatia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schulzi">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFC9FFFAFBA12303FD64887D" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="90">Tonatia schulzi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
captured at Paracou were taken in groundlevel mistnets: five in welldrained primary forest, one in swampy primary forest, and one in creekside primary forest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |