284 lines
36 KiB
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284 lines
36 KiB
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<document id="AC1F8BC9576CE31591D17D5C098D635C" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.340.6295" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6e16c587-763b-4ccc-8767-360ae1e78d1f" ID-PMC="PMC3800799" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-340-63" ID-PubMed="24146592" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2013" ModsDocID="1313-2970-340-63" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 340" ModsDocTitle="A reclassification of the millipede superfamily Trichopolydesmoidea, with descriptions of two new species from the Aegean region (Diplopoda, Polydesmida)" checkinTime="1451246826732" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Golovatch, Sergei I." docDate="2013" docId="47EA4865D77D17F9C96B66E18AD9C221" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 340: 63-78" docOrigin="ZooKeys 340" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.340.6295" docTitle="Sphaeroparia simplex Golovatch, 2013, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="71" masterDocId="F559FFCFFFB0D432EC1BFFC1FF95E815" masterDocTitle="A reclassification of the millipede superfamily Trichopolydesmoidea, with descriptions of two new species from the Aegean region (Diplopoda, Polydesmida)" masterLastPageNumber="78" masterPageNumber="63" pageNumber="67" updateTime="1732710386664" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="33F2C5359870BECF3D37DD4BA012F3A7">A reclassification of the millipede superfamily Trichopolydesmoidea, with descriptions of two new species from the Aegean region (Diplopoda, Polydesmida)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="77DB8A82AEB3A7E1C5F2208015A59474">Golovatch, Sergei I.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="08CE197F6BAB65D634EBEBB95FCA24E4">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="4B1A6FCB6DE4808AC8459AB96BFF9833">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="2A50C1D7FFD01909732E9189D9BDA7CB">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="4B2F2A2FB63E133DDF87B8579BD41124" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="F8EA0577859A7CF6CC4EFF8CF9916049">340</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="BB0C7F7020EA474138111E9BF05EAA26">63</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="C3F1C1006C443CF2CF288E24AC28D564">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.340.6295</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="B10CBD884AE1A3B868E4290EC6ED6511">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="24B63ADE816972F2CC3E6C153B4C9EC0" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.340.6295</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="BB74F035441445D521F7211CAED71F1E" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-340-63</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="47EA4865D77D17F9C96B66E18AD9C221" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152048679" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:795A5831-ADEA-49EC-977F-AAE9878037B2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/47EA4865D77D17F9C96B66E18AD9C221" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="71" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" scope_class="Diplopoda" scope_order="Polydesmida">
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<subSubSection id="2004E0ECE70B4E436156E1C2EC8CD7F1" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="6441CA2214C81527EC6D16CB5EC30898" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
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<taxonomicName id="543CB50ADAB6374D2106DF26D301FF0A" ID-CoL="86XJN" LSID="http://zoobank.org/795A5831-ADEA-49EC-977F-AAE9878037B2" class="Diplopoda" family="Trichopolydesmidae" genus="Sphaeroparia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphaeroparia simplex" order="Polydesmida" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplex">
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<pageBreakToken id="2CF16AFF1180C6B7AB91C553FCA1709E" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" start="start">Sphaeroparia</pageBreakToken>
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simplex
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="9160024DE55F4A1DD929E3EEC2ACDC19" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 7-17
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E1B87A76C483D4EACB4CD76C57237FE6" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" type="type material">
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<paragraph id="608D8F7294D8E0AB944344D09A8EED1C" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4E463BA4ECDE7509C1055B2F3185B698" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
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Holotype ♂ (NMNHS), Greece, Kithnos Island, village Dryopis near
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<normalizedToken id="AEFFBCD09B658C5CBD365AB95E092566" originalValue="Phirès">Phires</normalizedToken>
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, Cave Katafyki, 08.05.1987, leg. P. Beron.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A01550BF5466C39857A6C2292A926939" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
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Paratypes: 1 ♂, 4 ♀♀, 1 ♂ subadult (19 body segments), 2 fragments (NMNHS) + 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (ZMUM), same locality, together with holotype; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 1 ♀ fragment (head and first 12 body segments) (NMNHS), Greece, Chios Island, village Haghios Galos (Agiongalas, Haghia Gala), 65 km from town of Chios, Cave
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<taxonomicName id="D3E29ED4C8EB40E97E7AA7C50F64EE50" genus="Hagiogalousaina" lsidName="Hagiogalousaina" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" rank="genus">Hagiogalousaina</taxonomicName>
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, 12.05.1987, leg. P. Beron.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D7F138345CEB539E79733195FB86B2AB" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="5B32AF20973246A4F2ABCE3AFD80DF33" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1B486A5977136B73C32D2436476A3014" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
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Differs from the other 30+ species of
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<taxonomicName id="054A6D75429E996EB0E39B0FF3FF378A" class="Diplopoda" family="Trichopolydesmidae" genus="Sphaeroparia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphaeroparia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphaeroparia</taxonomicName>
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Attems, 1909, many of which have been reviewed by
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<bibRefCitation id="3E2F321983C17749D6C7BBD065151931" author="Mauries, JP" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle" pageId="11" pageNumber="74" pagination="165 - 184" title="Nouveaux micropolydesmides d'Afrique centrale: essai de rassemblement pour une revision du genre Sphaeroparia (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Fuhrmannodesmidae)." volume="18" year="1996">
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<normalizedToken id="F2D4DCA7D7900EBEC06E194A85ECECF6" originalValue="Mauriès">Mauries</normalizedToken>
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and Heymer (1996)
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</bibRefCitation>
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, by 20 body segments in both sexes and the presence of an axial sternal process on the especially simple gonopods, including a nearly fully suppressed solenomere.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="67F76EF3D9643B91AC3EE5D180940AF8" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" type="name">
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<paragraph id="B87EE99C8178D13FE0AB14E150E02899" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Name.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B70AB040C0F28D648036B5B7CDAD66B6" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">To emphasize the highly simple gonopods in this species.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B58F58218EC8E2E416C6C5BFD255B276" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" type="description">
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<paragraph id="5A9F1DE926D3C149C62DBB3986978ACC" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D11204D669B38BAA848EF2ACBED1A03D" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Length of adults ca 5.0-5.5 (♂) or 6.0-7.0 mm (♀), width of midbody pro- and metazona 0.55 and 0.7 mm (♂, ♀), respectively. Coloration in alcohol uniformly pallid to light yellowish (Figs 7-10).</paragraph>
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<caption id="726751B62E9CD4A3F7F39EAC18AC484C" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
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<paragraph id="00D0FEB5EC1C4C64A41476F4D936D16B" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
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Figures 7-8. Habitus of
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<taxonomicName id="C5F805075CD68DD25F56A3D9D17C048A" class="Diplopoda" family="Trichopolydesmidae" genus="Sphaeroparia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphaeroparia simplex" order="Polydesmida" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplex">Sphaeroparia simplex</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., holotype, dorsal and lateral views, respectively. Photos by K. Makarov, not taken to scale.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="2B79995C052EB7BF4403A307CE8F613A" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
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<paragraph id="A20DB82FBEE8FF2F92A8229C59FAE159" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
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Figures 9, 10. Habitus of
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<taxonomicName id="EC6A9EE8AFC5A7BB3AB50F91CFBC5162" class="Diplopoda" family="Trichopolydesmidae" genus="Sphaeroparia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphaeroparia simplex" order="Polydesmida" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplex">Sphaeroparia simplex</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., ♂ paratype from Kithnos, dorsal and lateral views, respectively. Photos by K. Makarov, not taken to scale.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="22D90ECC50020F00FE4954790EA08A42" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Body with 20 segments in both sexes. Tegument generally smooth, dull, texture very delicately alveolate. Head densely pilose throughout; ♂ epicranial modifications absent, frons being regularly convex in both sexes. Antennae rather short and clavate, nearly reaching end of segment 2 (♂) or collum (♀) when stretched dorsally; antennomeres 2, 3, 5 and 6 subequal in length, but both 5th and 6th clearly the highest (height being measured from ventral to dorsal side) (Figs 11, 15); antennomeres 4-6 each with a loose, indistinct, distodorsal group of increasingly long and numerous sensilla.</paragraph>
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<caption id="047C76CD65DCB82766350594481D19CE" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
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<paragraph id="6B4C61201B02847AFB33F738B49C26C0" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
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Figures 11-14.
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<taxonomicName id="F7CAC1B390F48618794DFB87313B9D56" class="Diplopoda" family="Trichopolydesmidae" genus="Sphaeroparia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphaeroparia simplex" order="Polydesmida" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplex">Sphaeroparia simplex</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., holotype (12, 13) and ♂ paratype (11, 14) from Kithnos 11 antenna, lateral view 12 leg 9 and both gonopods, caudal view 13, 14 both gonopods, oral and ventral views, respectively. Scale bars: 11 0.2 mm; 12-14 0.1 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="4960026F996419B4F28244810BFDF179" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
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<paragraph id="587DEA4F777E34681590A7678374037D" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
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Figures 15-17.
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<taxonomicName id="C75FBC54CF2C12A40E00BE72BED8F478" class="Diplopoda" family="Trichopolydesmidae" genus="Sphaeroparia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphaeroparia simplex" order="Polydesmida" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplex">Sphaeroparia simplex</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., ♂ paratype from Chios 15 antenna, lateral view 16 midbody leg 17 left gonopod, mesal view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="3E962B3C2747B529B26025DB439FF726" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">In width, head = segments 6-16(17)> 5> 4> 2 = 3> collum; starting from segment 17, body gradually tapering towards telson. Collum ellipsoid, lobuliform caudolaterally, like most of following metaterga with 3 transverse, rather regular rows of 3+3 setae on minute knobs until segment 16, of 4+4 setae in segments 17(18)-19. Tergal setae medium-sized, slender, bacilliform, mostly about 1/4 the length of a metatergum, a little longer only on collum and penultimate segment. Usually a very faint transverse sulcus between first 2 rows of setae. Dorsum invariably convex. Paraterga poorly developed, especially so in ♀, visible starting from collum, invariably slightly declivous, set rather high (mainly at about upper third of midbody height in both sexes), slightly, but regularly rounded laterally; lateral margin of postcollum paraterga very poorly indentate, on each side usually with 3 subequal setigerous indentations in front of a rounded caudolateral lobule, the latter increasingly well drawn caudad, but never extending behind rear tergal margin (Figs 7-10). Pore formula normal: 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15-18(19), ozopores round, dorsal, rather indistinct, lying at base of caudolateral lobule near lateral margin. Stricture between pro- and metazona wide, shallow and smooth. Limbus very finely microspiculate. Epiproct conical, rather long. Hypoproct trapeziform.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2A32FF20A3C9D91BF5AD513D2D756A68" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
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<pageBreakToken id="6CB589D5DCE05826D0FDB645ADBECA51" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" start="start">Sterna</pageBreakToken>
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clearly separated, unmodified. Legs rather long and slender (Figs 8, 10, 12, 16), without modified setae, ca 1.2-1.3 (♂) or 1.0-1.1 (♀) times as long as midbody height, tarsi longest, claw short. Epigynal ridge very low, inconspicuous.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DCA74730F8071DBA1A4C49BD977844CD" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Gonopod aperture evident, transversely oblong-oval, taking up most of ventral part of metazonite 7. Gonopods (Figs 12-14, 17) with large, transversely subglobose, evidently exposed, medially fused, medially clearly excavate coxites, each microgranular/scaly and micropilose laterally, carrying only 1 long seta distofrontally and a long, curved cannula distomesally; sternum plate-like, with a slender, central, not too strongly chitinized process (k) between coxites. Telopodites short, stout, subglobose, sac-shaped, very simple, only moderately exposed below coxites, deeply sunken inside a prominent gonocoel; prefemoral part as usual, setose, quite elongate, about as long as, but clearly set at an angle to, acropodite, the latter with a distinct seminal groove running entirely on mesal side and terminating on a vestigial lobuliform solenomere (sl) at base of a rather strong, only faintly curved, apical spine (d). Neither an accessory seminal chamber nor a hairy pulvillus.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A1EA461168071E57FD8D8BE3FCA2FED5" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="71" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" type="remarks">
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<paragraph id="C7BC374AF8F4FDF10CE8A117220B573F" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="98753F590D1652611D2733E34E9AB419" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
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This species seems to be only a troglophile, which occurs in caves on two remote islands in the Aegean Sea. On the other hand, Cave Katafyki is known to support at least two presumed troglobites, i.e. the woodlouse
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<taxonomicName id="97EBE7F42FCEAEF563621D4D3B09A7A2" class="Malacostraca" family="Styloniscidae" genus="Cordioniscus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cordioniscus kithnosi" order="Isopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kithnosi">Cordioniscus kithnosi</taxonomicName>
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Andreev, 1986 (
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<taxonomicName id="319ACE676368E60A88D81084271679CD" genus="Isopoda" lsidName="Isopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" rank="genus">Isopoda</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="6F72EBD0CEE72DBEA9FBC6DDD9256362" genus="Oniscidea" lsidName="Oniscidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" rank="genus">Oniscidea</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4E63941EB0C314B775B669290D5907A8" class="Malacostraca" family="Styloniscidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Isopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Styloniscidae</taxonomicName>
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) (
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<bibRefCitation id="859B88F6BB9773FDE1DD3358191AF9AD" author="Schmalfuss, H" journalOrPublisher="Stuttgarter Beitraege zur Naturkunde" pageId="11" pageNumber="74" title="World catalog of terrestrial isopods (Isopoda Oniscidea)." volume="654" year="2003">Schmalfuss 2003</bibRefCitation>
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) and the millipede
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<taxonomicName id="D571BD6141C7CAE529E08F78C81C5A1D" class="Diplopoda" family="Julidae" genus="Syrioiulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syrioiulus andreevi" order="Julida" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andreevi">Syrioiulus andreevi</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken id="EB114B3042D7D2CD8C756B685203C231" originalValue="Mauriès">Mauries</normalizedToken>
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, 1984 (
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<taxonomicName id="330DA74ED51EB2180CA324FEB7CEDAAC" genus="Diplopoda" lsidName="Diplopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" rank="genus">Diplopoda</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="65BF3BF13F5452A37E92996FB63FB419" genus="Julida" lsidName="Julida" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" rank="genus">Julida</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="EB0EF3E9F8940E2544E7FF55E9805BBD" class="Diplopoda" family="Julidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Julida" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Julidae</taxonomicName>
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) (
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<bibRefCitation id="3672744680F2C50B2F263086C46C05B9" author="Mauries, JP" journalOrPublisher="Biologia Gallo-Hellenica" pageId="11" pageNumber="74" pagination="37 - 49" title="Deux especes nouvelles de Diplopodes cavernicoles des Cyclades: Hyleoglomeris beroni (Glomerida) et Syrioiulus andreevi (Iulida)." volume="11" year="1984">
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<normalizedToken id="22771FFB7600272E4A29AE6941605811" originalValue="Mauriès">Mauries</normalizedToken>
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||
1984
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
), while Cave
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<taxonomicName id="A1D1B95B41D067E2E3C990C80DF240AC" genus="Hagiogalousaina" lsidName="Hagiogalousaina" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" rank="genus">Hagiogalousaina</taxonomicName>
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hosts the presumed troglobitic false-scorpion
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<taxonomicName id="A39FE068DC40C0BD7523F5C07FC63808" class="Arachnida" family="Chthoniidae" genus="Chthonius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chthonius chius" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chius">Chthonius chius</taxonomicName>
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Schawaller, 1990 (
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<taxonomicName id="1FC0ED170952A1AF3379B13BC19169F1" genus="Pseudoscorpiones" lsidName="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" rank="genus">Pseudoscorpiones</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="E81627CA715BE55A7147FACAC58FDDB8" class="Arachnida" family="Chthoniidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chthoniidae</taxonomicName>
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) (
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<bibRefCitation id="C1C6F1C51F2FEE8C2EC435ACCBA227E6" author="Harvey, MS" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="11" pageNumber="74" title="Pseudoscorpions of the World, version 1.1. Western Australian Museum, Perth." url="http://www.museum.wa.gov.au/arachnids/pseudoscorpions/" year="2008">Harvey 2008</bibRefCitation>
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) and the millipede
|
||
<taxonomicName id="842F2C23744A93FBE190D0158FD7C8DB" class="Diplopoda" family="Glomeridae" genus="Hyleoglomeris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyleoglomeris subreducta" order="Glomerida" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subreducta">Hyleoglomeris subreducta</taxonomicName>
|
||
Golovatch, 2013 (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26978EA2C2F9A50BCD9BB8C56967B302" genus="Diplopoda" lsidName="Diplopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" rank="genus">Diplopoda</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D18E8B49F36674AEA443A7EF5F22059B" genus="Glomerida" lsidName="Glomerida" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" rank="genus">Glomerida</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48FE9BD5D8A917535E9EB87C76514913" class="Diplopoda" family="Glomeridae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Glomerida" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Glomeridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="43F4160A1AC340EF87FD0E9CC112B9F9" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Golovatch in press</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8720E3CADA8CF0146DA688ACF1206F7B" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
|
||
The discovery of a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D702BC07749D5322E8B7B77274146A84" class="Diplopoda" family="Trichopolydesmidae" genus="Sphaeroparia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphaeroparia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphaeroparia</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Aegean region is even more remarkable than that of a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="16D0B98C08279483B74E9AAC5E16DA63" class="Diplopoda" family="Trichopolydesmidae" genus="Galliocookia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Galliocookia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Galliocookia</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Indeed,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="290A6C8FA6C27B0A99D2DEF1A8082411" class="Diplopoda" family="Trichopolydesmidae" genus="Sphaeroparia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphaeroparia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphaeroparia</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a rather large genus hitherto believed to be strictly Afrotropical, ranging from Liberia and Benin in western Africa, through Gabon and Zaire, to Kenya and Tanzania in eastern Africa (see review by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="66CEC42252290B54A97F99EC861C78FE" author="Mauries, JP" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle" pageId="11" pageNumber="74" pagination="165 - 184" title="Nouveaux micropolydesmides d'Afrique centrale: essai de rassemblement pour une revision du genre Sphaeroparia (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Fuhrmannodesmidae)." volume="18" year="1996">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="3DB4CBF3C8B98401C95D0915E7C0B5E5" originalValue="Mauriès">Mauries</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Heymer 1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Furthermore, it has been assigned to the large pantropical family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C2D26C742CF8974B9D20C1E1DBEA0A7C" family="Fuhrmannodesmidae" lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" rank="family">Fuhrmannodesmidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="ED1B7EE5834EE8B4F0F9DD8F12EC26BA" author="Hoffman, RL" journalOrPublisher="Museum d'histoire naturelle, Geneve" pageId="11" pageNumber="74" title="Classification of the Diplopoda." year="1980">Hoffman 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C64A0ED906D73D926F0A964D87ECC57" author="Mauries, JP" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle" pageId="11" pageNumber="74" pagination="165 - 184" title="Nouveaux micropolydesmides d'Afrique centrale: essai de rassemblement pour une revision du genre Sphaeroparia (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Fuhrmannodesmidae)." volume="18" year="1996">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="DDB19E24D3C2E371C6367A6CED83655B" originalValue="Mauriès">Mauries</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Heymer 1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), as opposed to the Holarctic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E23BEEDB264CBF4193DEAF03883F8182" class="Diplopoda" family="Macrosternodesmidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Polydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Macrosternodesmidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the Nearctic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ED44F679C1B6D7D6F190C1B47F97BB1" class="Diplopoda" family="Nearctodesmidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Polydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nearctodesmidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(often referred to as only a subfamily of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69860D14A8BD960A1937E59C19F064F1" class="Diplopoda" family="Macrosternodesmidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Polydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Macrosternodesmidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and the Euro-Mediterranean
|
||
<taxonomicName id="230BD2680E355A47CEFE44356AAC4BC4" class="Diplopoda" family="Trichopolydesmidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Polydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Trichopolydesmidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A66A65FE3B08E3803D87572EDF2F8A92" family="Fuhrmannodesmidae" lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" rank="family">Fuhrmannodesmidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
has long been considered as an artificial, composite group (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2D95C3614692370AAC9E5A9168ACB3B7" author="Hoffman, RL" journalOrPublisher="Museum d'histoire naturelle, Geneve" pageId="11" pageNumber="74" title="Classification of the Diplopoda." year="1980">Hoffman 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3EBE6DC6ED4E8D78B44C9DA9E2A3CF17" author="Mauries, JP" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle" pageId="11" pageNumber="74" pagination="165 - 184" title="Nouveaux micropolydesmides d'Afrique centrale: essai de rassemblement pour une revision du genre Sphaeroparia (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Fuhrmannodesmidae)." volume="18" year="1996">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="EB16886757961AEC8BA212E991A2C86C" originalValue="Mauriès">Mauries</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Heymer 1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0763198E721419DAB29C66D4C07D7654" author="Golovatch, SI" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="11" pageNumber="74" pagination="13 - 77" title="Review of the millipede family Opisotretidae (Diplopoda, Polydesmida), with descriptions of new species." url="10.3897/zookeys.302.5357" volume="302" year="2013">Golovatch et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), being distinguished from the above allies solely by its being tropical.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CA0409AC894E6E20768FB1AE8F979C91" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="69" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="739BBDCDB317E981D549048552BF0EC6" author="Golovatch, SI" journalOrPublisher="Amazoniana" pageId="11" pageNumber="74" pagination="131 - 161" title="Further new Fuhrmannodesmidae from the environs of Manaus, Central Amazonia, Brazil, with a revision of Cryptogonodesmus Silvestri, 1898 (Diplopoda, Polydesmida)." volume="13" year="1994">Golovatch (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided an evolutionary scenario for the genera of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ADB9CE62A957DDFD1E6CDA2EFC27F9AF" family="Fuhrmannodesmidae" lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" rank="family">Fuhrmannodesmidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
known from South America, accepting as the basalmost those genera showing rather small, subglobose gonopod coxae that form no significant gonocoel in which to hinge the largely exposed, usually rather simple and elongate telopodites. Moreover, as in some true
|
||
<taxonomicName id="02621377C6D359F9A4AE5D258AD1024C" class="Diplopoda" family="Trichopolydesmidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Polydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Trichopolydesmidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see above), the prefemoral (= setose) part of the gonopod is mostly orientated transversely to the body axis, extending mesally across the entire width of the coxae. Following a series of transitional states, such forms ultimately culminate in having the gonopod coxae strongly enlarged, forming a large gonocoel in which to conceal the clearly shortened, usually highly complex
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="E69A73618C2AC2E2CF9B71039065BDF4" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" start="start">and</pageBreakToken>
|
||
deeply sunken telopodites. Their prefemoral parts already tend to be positioned increasingly parallel to the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="0EA818593C3EF51E5CED224F3453AAC7" originalValue="body’s">body's</normalizedToken>
|
||
main axis, thus providing a transition between the usually small-sized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C0A3F63DA7CEADEC6B95474A248396FC" genus="Trichopolydesmoidea" lsidName="Trichopolydesmoidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" rank="genus">Trichopolydesmoidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(= so-called
|
||
<normalizedToken id="3957E9336816FDFFB189A4BF232F33C1" originalValue="“micropolydesmoids”">"micropolydesmoids"</normalizedToken>
|
||
) to the normally medium- to large-sized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3EF2FB4725EAA3E82CFBFC868A856AF3" genus="Polydesmoidea" lsidName="Polydesmoidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" rank="genus">Polydesmoidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(= so-called
|
||
<normalizedToken id="91056B691285ADF438116C2BEBC585E8" originalValue="“macropolydesmoids”">"macropolydesmoids"</normalizedToken>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="94DAAD01AD42BD269B94FABB0EB96F74" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="70" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">
|
||
Naturally, similar general trends can be surmised to have occurred in the fuhrmannodesmids of Central America and the Afrotropical and Oriental realms, which also support fairly diverse faunas of this family. Remarkably, none of the genera of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="71E31130EE03426FDB1D1E2FE0092A87" class="Diplopoda" family="Trichopolydesmidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Polydesmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Trichopolydesmidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see above), all confined to Europe and the Mediterranean, though demonstrating a certain degree of variation in the length and orientation of the gonopod prefemoral part, has a deep gonocoel. Furthermore,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8DF51AEA788C0150619D985EB1B8B9C" class="Diplopoda" family="Trichopolydesmidae" genus="Galliocookia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Galliocookia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="BBAD1B0FEA1438110FCCD62AFBE77211" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" start="start">Galliocookia</pageBreakToken>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as one of the few genera where the gonocoxae are particularly small while the prefemoral part is still elongate, but already strictly coaxial with a very strongly exposed acropodite represents an evolutionary extreme, apparently the basalmost situation. The discovery of a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="40B02E167980603F6270CE1AAABB2E59" class="Diplopoda" family="Trichopolydesmidae" genus="Sphaeroparia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphaeroparia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphaeroparia</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the eastern Mediterranean, of an Afrotropical genus demonstrating a very large and deep gonocoel for the small and only poorly exposed telopodites to be hinged into, clearly represents the opposite, evolutionarily obviously the most advanced extreme. Therefore, the Euro-Mediterranean
|
||
<taxonomicName id="56FE810875DA19A1AE989BF5D9B7CAAC" genus="Trichopolydesmoidea" lsidName="Trichopolydesmoidea" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" rank="genus">Trichopolydesmoidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
appear to show basically the same full range of evolutionary trends in the development of gonopod structures as do at least the properly assessed South American representatives now assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DE3B8DC7AEFE8DC1A0CFBE6AC7BF284E" family="Fuhrmannodesmidae" lsidName="" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" rank="family">Fuhrmannodesmidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
! Among the Afrotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6735A9CC481B9F217261CBF7FDDB3E6D" genus="Trichopolydesmoidea" lsidName="Trichopolydesmoidea" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" rank="genus">Trichopolydesmoidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="922584E9903399C38A6193FA9C0F078F" class="Diplopoda" family="Trichopolydesmidae" genus="Sphaeroparia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphaeroparia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphaeroparia</taxonomicName>
|
||
is certainly the most speciose genus and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CFB12BEF348D50BFA3DEEA1BCAA7EA98" author="Mauries, JP" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle" pageId="11" pageNumber="74" pagination="165 - 184" title="Nouveaux micropolydesmides d'Afrique centrale: essai de rassemblement pour une revision du genre Sphaeroparia (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Fuhrmannodesmidae)." volume="18" year="1996">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="56FD1F2677ACE106D578C315B99B991F" originalValue="Mauriès">Mauries</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Heymer (1996)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
divide it into as many as six subgenera, most of which they themselves admit to be ill-grounded. A
|
||
<taxonomicName id="99992C17321715F52E4E590154F9AC60" class="Diplopoda" family="Trichopolydesmidae" genus="Sphaeroparia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphaeroparia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphaeroparia</taxonomicName>
|
||
species is likely to be present also in the Seychelles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="781AB4492AC338CDDD2B396AB29136DF" author="Golovatch, SI" editor="Gerlach, J" journalOrPublisher="Siri Scientific Press, Manchester" pageId="11" pageNumber="74" pagination="387 - 402" title="Class Diplopoda De Blainville in Gervais, 1844." year="2010">Golovatch and Gerlach 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In contrast to the Euro-Mediterranean region, the Afrotropical realm is thus dominated by trichopolydesmoids showing a deep gonocoel between strongly hypertrophied gonopod coxae. Only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="690DD13603D2F90A9BC6EA8203E0C2EE" class="Diplopoda" genus="Peronorchus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronorchus parvicollis" order="Polydesmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvicollis">Peronorchus parvicollis</taxonomicName>
|
||
Attems, 1907, the type and still sole species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DAB2146F2151ABB5A4F28A5C7533198" class="Diplopoda" genus="Peronorchus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronorchus" order="Polydesmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Peronorchus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Attems, 1907, shows a far more basal gonopod structure quite comparable to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C4119D5659258831690CBF634BE4A206" class="Diplopoda" family="Trichopolydesmidae" genus="Trichopolydesmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trichopolydesmus" order="Polydesmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Trichopolydesmus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. That species was originally described from near Buitenzorg (= Bogor), Java, Indonesia, and it has since been redescribed from material from Mauritius, Indian Ocean and formally assigned to the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D178534B228BAF1556CA13E0261D90F7" class="Diplopoda" family="Trichopolydesmidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Polydesmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Trichopolydesmidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="82162F8271D9858D877E448A2C8E0ED3" author="Mauries, JP" journalOrPublisher="Revue suisse de Zoologie" pageId="11" pageNumber="74" pagination="69 - 79" title="Les Diplopodes edaphiques et souterrains de l'Ile Maurice (Myriapoda, Diplopoda)." volume="106" year="1999">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="9D1E9E961205C72A156D85AA84B21C51" originalValue="Mauriès">Mauries</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Geoffroy 1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C3BF3207DAC56477F81BDB1BC0B9D94B" class="Diplopoda" genus="Peronorchus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronorchus" order="Polydesmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Peronorchus</taxonomicName>
|
||
has recently been transferred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8036ACA57E2423B3E4A04DF769746596" family="Fuhrmannodesmidae" lsidName="" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" rank="family">Fuhrmannodesmidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC2D66D1B2EA258A454FCDDB03B72836" author="Golovatch, SI" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="11" pageNumber="74" pagination="13 - 77" title="Review of the millipede family Opisotretidae (Diplopoda, Polydesmida), with descriptions of new species." url="10.3897/zookeys.302.5357" volume="302" year="2013">Golovatch et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4003C45B20153E2058261CDD0EEAA760" pageId="8" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="5F2A4C026C8DA3FFAB836BC6D99924E8" pageId="8" pageNumber="71" start="start">Considering</pageBreakToken>
|
||
the above new evidence, I no longer hesitate to formally synonymize the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B34D2AD0E9FD56B65EFE7ABA93AAECCE" family="Fuhrmannodesmidae" lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="71" rank="family">Fuhrmannodesmidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken id="DEBD150ABEFBBAA0C0FCEE27156D6BBC" originalValue="Brölemann">Broelemann</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1916 under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="60229150DF98A8888F787A3B8AFA9557" class="Diplopoda" family="Trichopolydesmidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Polydesmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Trichopolydesmidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
Verhoeff, 1910, syn. n.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |