treatments-xml/data/46/20/17/4620173A6AA81339F5DD4637207F9AB1.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.783.26862" ID-GBIF-Dataset="fa6e912b-a5c2-46c0-a72c-4a1ac2e8fda3" ID-PMC="PMC6160850" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-783-17" ID-PubMed="30275724" ID-ZBK="B5F2AF477FA84F2298AFDAB94EB777CB" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1313-2970-783-17" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 783" ModsDocTitle="Two new species of Hydromedusae from Queensland, Australia (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata)" checkinTime="1536028065134" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Uribe-Palomino, Julian, Pausina, Sarah &amp; Gershwin, Lisa-ann" docDate="2018" docId="4620173A6AA81339F5DD4637207F9AB1" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 783: 17-36" docOrigin="ZooKeys 783" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.783.26862" docTitle="Paralovenia yongalensis Gershwin &amp; Uribe-Palomino, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="583DB2A1-6F80-4871-BEB2-DD2F3896295C" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="24" masterDocId="FFF73565301FE154FFB4E9332331FF97" masterDocTitle="Two new species of Hydromedusae from Queensland, Australia (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata)" masterLastPageNumber="36" masterPageNumber="17" pageNumber="20" updateTime="1668166190000" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Two new species of Hydromedusae from Queensland, Australia (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata)</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Uribe-Palomino, Julian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Pausina, Sarah</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Gershwin, Lisa-ann</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>783</mods:number>
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<mods:start>17</mods:start>
<mods:end>36</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.783.26862</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.783.26862</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="147507640" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:583DB2A1-6F80-4871-BEB2-DD2F3896295C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4620173A6AA81339F5DD4637207F9AB1" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="20" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/583DB2A1-6F80-4871-BEB2-DD2F3896295C" authority="Gershwin &amp; Uribe-Palomino" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Paralovenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paralovenia yongalensis" order="Leptothecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="yongalensis">Paralovenia yongalensis Gershwin &amp; Uribe-Palomino</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="3" pageNumber="20">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figures 5, 6, 7, 8
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="21" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="21">
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="21" start="start">Type</pageBreakToken>
material.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="21">
Holotype: QM G335907. Female, BD ca. 1.47 mm, tentacular bulbs two and two non-tentacular clusters of cirri (Figures 5A, C); near SS Yongala shipwreck, Queensland, Australia, 
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="-19.31">19.31°S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="147.62">147.62°E</geoCoordinate>
, 0-28 m, drop net; coll. IMOS-CSIRO, 27 Sep 2016.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="21" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="21">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Lovenellidae" genus="Paralovenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paralovenia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="21" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Paralovenia</taxonomicName>
with a relatively short, bell-shaped body with a truncated apex; with well-developed spindle-shaped gonads in the distal half of radial canals, not reaching the margin; with two opposite perradial triangular bulbs bearing tentacles, and two similar opposite perradial bulbs each bearing approximately 10-12 cirri; with open statocysts on a broad conical base; nematocysts arranged in flat roundish clusters on the subumbrellar surface.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="21">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="21">
Figure 5. 
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Lovenellidae" genus="Paralovenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paralovenia yongalensis" order="Leptothecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="21" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="yongalensis">Paralovenia yongalensis</taxonomicName>
sp. n., Holotype QM G335907. A habitus; note conical statocyst-like structure (indicated by red arrow) B Aboral view of stomach (cruciform structure closest to the viewer) and mouth (quadratic structure away from the viewer) C Oral view of margin (note that the gonads are the darkest brown structures, and the mouth is the quadratic structure near the upper left). Black arrows in A and C: tentacular bulbs indicated by solid arrows and bulbs bearing cirri indicated by dashed arrows. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A); 250 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(B, C).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="21" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="21">Description of holotype.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="21">Umbrella bell- to barrel-shaped, broadest about 2/3 of the way down, truncate to slightly indented aborally (Figure 5A); sparsely scattered with minute nematocyst clusters (Figure 6). Oral margin curving slightly inwards possibly due to preservation. Velum narrow.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="21">
Tentacles two, opposite, on voluminous, triangular perradial basal bulbs, approximately 250 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
across the base (Figures 5A, C). The tentacles are tightly contracted. The other two perradial bulbs are considerably smaller, and each bears 10-12 solid, straight, thick cirri approximately 300 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
long and decorated with a continuous spiral pattern or a series of fine rings along the whole length (Figures 5A, 7A). One of the cirri in the preserved specimen is coiled and ends in two large, long bean-shaped nematocysts (Figure 7A); the extent to which this coiling is normal in life is unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="4" pageNumber="21">
Other marginal structures: opposite the radial canal associated with one of the tentacle bulbs bearing cirri, there exists a small gelatinous 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“thorn”">&quot;thorn&quot;</normalizedToken>
projecting outward (Figures 5A, 7A). Under high magnification, this conical structure appears to 
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="22" start="start">have</pageBreakToken>
a central canal and ends in what appears to be an open statocyst (Figure 7A). Whether this structure exists on the other perradii could not be determined. No ocelli observed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="23">
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="23" start="start">Stomach</pageBreakToken>
small, cruciform at base (Figure 5B), approximately 300 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
in diagonal width, with a short broad tapering manubrium, square in cross section (136 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
long), lacking a gastric peduncle (Figure 5A). Mouth simple without lips, perfectly quadrangular (Figure 5B).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="23">
Radial canals four, straight sided throughout length clearly visible from the stomach to the ring canal, approximately 30 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
in diameter and expanded proximally to create mesentery-like connections with the stomach (Figure 5A). Ring canal also straight-sided and of a similar width (Figure 5C).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="23">
Gonads four, spindle-shaped, starting approximately half way from the stomach toward the margin, covering 2/5 of the entire length of the radial canal, absent on the distal fifth of the radial canal (Figure 5A). Eggs, in clusters on lumpy follicles 80-90 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
in diameter; easily identified in each of the gonads (Figures 5A, 6).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="23">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="23">
Figure 6. 
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Lovenellidae" genus="Paralovenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paralovenia yongalensis" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="yongalensis">Paralovenia yongalensis</taxonomicName>
sp. n., Holotype QM G335907. A Gonad with egg follicles (upper left; 2nd right gonad in habitus photo in Figure 5A), a subumbrellar nematocyst cluster can be seen near the centre, and is detailed in the box to the right B Another gonad with egg follicles (far right gonad in habitus photo in Figure 5A), and a subumbrellar nematocyst cluster to the lower left. Scale bars: 90 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(A); 40 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(B).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="23" type="type locality">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="23">Type locality.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="23">Near the shipwreck SS Yongala, south-east of Townsville, Queensland, Australia.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="23" type="nematocysts">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="23">Nematocysts.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="23">
No nematocyst preparation was made because the only available specimen is the holotype and it is too small to take sections from without destroying it. Therefore, the following description of nematocysts is based on in situ observation only. Bell nematocysts are mostly in roughly circular clusters up to 30 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
in diameter on the subumbrellar surface. Each cluster consists of 4-20 nematocysts. The nematocysts are oval in shape and approximately 12 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
long and half as wide (Figure 6). Tentacular bulbs: containing bean-shaped nematocysts approximately 15 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
long (Figure 8B). Tentacles: nematocysts are oval shape and they are approximately 7.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
long (Figure 8A). Cirri bulbs: the same type of nematocysts were found in the cirri bulbs as those found in the tentacular bulbs (Figure 7B). Cirri: nematocysts were not observed in the majority of the cirri. However, in the coiled cirrus (explained above), the coiled region contained numerous very small nematocysts (ca. 3 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
long) and the terminal end contained two bean-shaped nematocysts approximately four times the size of the other type found more proximally (Figure 7).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="23">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="23">
Figure 7. 
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Lovenellidae" genus="Paralovenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paralovenia yongalensis" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="yongalensis">Paralovenia yongalensis</taxonomicName>
sp. n., Holotype QM G335907. A Magnified view of cirri cluster; note statocyst-like structure (red circle) and two sizes of nematocysts on coiled cirrus (arrows) B Detail of nematocysts in bulb (upper left arrow) and cirrus (lower right arrow). Scale bars: 100 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(A); 50 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(B).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="23">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="23">
Figure 8. 
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Lovenellidae" genus="Paralovenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paralovenia yongalensis" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="yongalensis">Paralovenia yongalensis</taxonomicName>
sp. n., Holotype QM G335907. A Detail of nematocysts of the tentacle (arrow) B Detail of nematocysts of the tentacular bulb (white arrow) and of a subumbrellar nematocyst cluster (black arrow). Scale bars: 50 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(A, B).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="23" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="23">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="23">
The specific name 
<taxonomicName lsidName="yongalensis" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="yongalensis">yongalensis</taxonomicName>
is given honouring the area where people lost their lives on board the SS Yongala that sank not far away from Cape Bowling Green, Queensland, in 1911. This area is a popular scuba diving site and it is also the location of one of the IMOS National Reference Stations. This is not to be confused with the town from South Australia of the same name.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="23" type="environmental notes">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="23">Environmental notes.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="23">The specimen was collected in a vertical drop net from the surface to 28 m in an area of maximum 30 m depth; we therefore do not know its exact location in the water column. The sea surface temperature at the time was 27.5 °C.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" type="systematic remarks">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="23">Systematic remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="23">
Like its congeners, 
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Lovenellidae" genus="Paralovenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paralovenia yongalensis" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="yongalensis">Paralovenia yongalensis</taxonomicName>
has two opposite tentacles and two opposite clusters of short cirri. However, the gonad shape and position immediately distinguish it from the others (Table 2).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="23">
Whereas 
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. bitentaculata" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="bitentaculata">P. bitentaculata</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Bouillon, J" journalOrPublisher="Indo-Malayan Zoology" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" pagination="25 - 112" title="Hydromeduses de la Mer de Bismarck (Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinee. Partie IV. Leptomedusae (Hydrozoa-Cnidaria)." volume="1" year="1984">Bouillon (1984)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. latigaster" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="latigaster">P. latigaster</taxonomicName>
Xu &amp; Huang (2004) both have a deep pyriform bell and long cylindrical gonads, they are distinguished primarily on the number of cirri on each marginal cluster, about six in the former and twelve in the latter, and on the size of the stomach, short in the former and huge in the latter.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="23">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="23">
Table 2. Summary of main features from each of the known species of 
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Lovenellidae" genus="Paralovenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paralovenia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Paralovenia</taxonomicName>
. Data from original species descriptions. Abbreviations: bell height (BH), radial canals (RC).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="23">
<table pageId="6" pageNumber="23">
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="23">
<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">Species</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">BH</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">Body shape</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">Stomach</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">Mouth</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">Gonads</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">Tentacles</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">Cirri</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">Sense organs</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">Locality</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="23">
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. bitentaculata" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="bitentaculata">P. bitentaculata</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Bouillon, J" journalOrPublisher="Indo-Malayan Zoology" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" pagination="25 - 112" title="Hydromeduses de la Mer de Bismarck (Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinee. Partie IV. Leptomedusae (Hydrozoa-Cnidaria)." volume="1" year="1984">Bouillon (1984)</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="23">
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. latigaster" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="latigaster">P. latigaster</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="23">
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. yongalensis" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="yongalensis">P. yongalensis</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="23">
The cirri of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. yongalensis" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="yongalensis">P. yongalensis</taxonomicName>
are more similar in number to 
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. latigaster" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="latigaster">P. latigaster</taxonomicName>
, while the stomach is small, like that of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. bitentaculata" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="bitentaculata">P. bitentaculata</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. yongalensis" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="yongalensis">P. yongalensis</taxonomicName>
differs from both in having a relatively shorter, rounder body, and shorter, more spindle-shaped gonads, tapered at both ends. Moreover, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. yongalensis" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="yongalensis">P. yongalensis</taxonomicName>
is approximately the same size as 
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. bitentaculata" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="bitentaculata">P. bitentaculata</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="23">
The cirri are worthy of discussion. 
<bibRefCitation author="Bouillon, J" journalOrPublisher="Indo-Malayan Zoology" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" pagination="25 - 112" title="Hydromeduses de la Mer de Bismarck (Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinee. Partie IV. Leptomedusae (Hydrozoa-Cnidaria)." volume="1" year="1984">Bouillon (1984)</bibRefCitation>
described and illustrated the cirri in 
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. bitentaculata" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="bitentaculata">P. bitentaculata</taxonomicName>
as spiralled in form, while 
<bibRefCitation author="Xu, ZZ" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Xiamen University Natural Science" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" pagination="107 - 114" title="On new species and record of Laingiomedusae and Leptomedusae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Hydroidomedusae) in the Taiwan Strait." volume="43" year="2004">Xu and Huang (2004)</bibRefCitation>
do not describe in detail the cirri of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. latigaster" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="latigaster">P. latigaster</taxonomicName>
. In 
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. yongalensis" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="yongalensis">P. yongalensis</taxonomicName>
, the cirri are straight, solid, relatively thick, with a rounded end, with a series of external rings or a continuous ornamentation spiralling along their length. However, one of the cirri was tightly coiled, so we are unsure whether this coiling is the normal state in life for all the cirri, or for just one in each cluster, or if it was an artefact of preservation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="23">
Interestingly, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. yongalensis" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="yongalensis">P. yongalensis</taxonomicName>
has a few flat round clusters of nematocysts on the subumbrellar surface. Neither 
<bibRefCitation author="Bouillon, J" journalOrPublisher="Indo-Malayan Zoology" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" pagination="25 - 112" title="Hydromeduses de la Mer de Bismarck (Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinee. Partie IV. Leptomedusae (Hydrozoa-Cnidaria)." volume="1" year="1984">Bouillon (1984)</bibRefCitation>
nor 
<bibRefCitation author="Xu, ZZ" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Xiamen University Natural Science" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" pagination="107 - 114" title="On new species and record of Laingiomedusae and Leptomedusae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Hydroidomedusae) in the Taiwan Strait." volume="43" year="2004">Xu and Huang (2004)</bibRefCitation>
mentioned finding this characteristic in the other two species of 
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Lovenellidae" genus="Paralovenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paralovenia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Paralovenia</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="6" pageNumber="23">
Similarly, the conical statocyst-like structure in 
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. yongalensis" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="yongalensis">P. yongalensis</taxonomicName>
is very interesting to us. 
<bibRefCitation author="Bouillon, J" journalOrPublisher="Indo-Malayan Zoology" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" pagination="25 - 112" title="Hydromeduses de la Mer de Bismarck (Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinee. Partie IV. Leptomedusae (Hydrozoa-Cnidaria)." volume="1" year="1984">Bouillon (1984)</bibRefCitation>
stated for 
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. bitentaculata" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" rank="species" species="bitentaculata">P. bitentaculata</taxonomicName>
, &quot;Nous 
<normalizedToken originalValue="n’avons">n'avons</normalizedToken>
pas 
<normalizedToken originalValue="observé">observe</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’organes">d'organes</normalizedToken>
des sens&quot;; we interpret this to mean that he found neither statocysts nor ocelli. However, 
<bibRefCitation author="Xu, ZZ" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Xiamen University Natural Science" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" pagination="107 - 114" title="On new species and record of Laingiomedusae and Leptomedusae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Hydroidomedusae) in the Taiwan Strait." volume="43" year="2004">
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="24" start="start">Xu</pageBreakToken>
and Huang (2004)
</bibRefCitation>
specifically stated that 
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. latigaster" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" rank="species" species="latigaster">P. latigaster</taxonomicName>
was &quot;without statocysts&quot;. The structure that we have observed is extremely small and could be overlooked, but we doubt that all three researchers would have done so. Perhaps more intriguing to us is the fact that open statocysts are typically more 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“finger-shaped”">&quot;finger-shaped&quot;</normalizedToken>
(e.g., 
<bibRefCitation author="Russell, FS" journalOrPublisher="University Press, Cambridge" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" title="The medusae of the British Isles: anthomedusae, leptomedusae, limnomedusae, trachymedusae and narcomedusae." year="1953">Russell 1953</bibRefCitation>
: 13, text fig. 7C), so besides being apparently unique in the genus, this also is a form of statocyst that we have not previously seen.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="24">
We recognise the value of providing DNA sequences as molecular evidence to support the description of new species when it is practical. In the present case, all the specimens were preserved in formalin, making successful extraction of DNA unlikely. Moreover, with so few specimens of 
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Melicertissa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Melicertissa" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Melicertissa</taxonomicName>
and only one specimen of 
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Lovenellidae" genus="Paralovenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paralovenia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Paralovenia</taxonomicName>
, we consider the morphological approach to be the less-destructive method to characterise these two new species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="24">Finally, while we believe that the fully-developed gonads for both species suggest that they are mature specimens, this hypothesis may be tested using DNA sequencing in future research.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>