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<document ID-CLB-Dataset="9428" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2ef918a8-b165-4acd-9b8d-681a8be3179c" ID-PMC="PMC7732820" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-169-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="4C3FED0F8EE9579F9DAF15D7FBD5E167" ID-PubMed="33354138" ModsDocID="1314-2003-169-1" checkinTime="1607107116814" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Pellegrini, Marco O. O., Hickman, Ellen J., Guttierrez, Jorge E., Smith, Rhian J. &amp; Hopper, Stephen D." docDate="2020" docId="44B44ADA7CAE530CAF9107A88A7AA826" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 169: 1-59" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 169" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996" docTitle="Lachnanthes caroliniana Dandy, J. Bot. 70: 329. 1932" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" id="4C3FED0F8EE9579F9DAF15D7FBD5E167" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="4C3FED0F8EE9579F9DAF15D7FBD5E167" masterDocTitle="Revisiting the taxonomy of the Neotropical Haemodoraceae (Commelinales)" masterLastPageNumber="59" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1732931377571" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="1BF23D58DEF0C59C3037DBE4211726E9">Revisiting the taxonomy of the Neotropical Haemodoraceae (Commelinales)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="3393CAAD4B9D3B128B060010FE8D53C5" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="3783D3C7533CA7676FDA44C7F1ACE7ED">Pellegrini, Marco O. O.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="9811F61A3E1F990CF8615F12F8FEFE22">Universidade de Sao Paulo, Departamento de Botanica, Rua do Matao 277, CEP 05508 - 900, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="FB4D8357F140650258353C520BAB49D1" type="email">marcooctavio.pellegrini@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="9C04E759D79977143C5D2A3B1832C8A1">Hickman, Ellen J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="F58919F878E54138875F0980DE9FE3E9">University of Western Australia, Centre of Excellence in Natural Resource Management and School of Biological Sciences, Albany, Western Australia 6330, Australia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="48A308599DAF8CA2A6CAD84F0E6C0A05">Guttierrez, Jorge E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="B6F57CAD517EE2F0F0476A2EF95F68E4">Jardin Botanico Nacional, Universidad de La Habana, La Habana, Cuba</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C64BAED5C66EBC656E893FCDB476ED96">Smith, Rhian J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="C6AAD23578C3EF8A5CA51E233E5ABEEC">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kew Green, Richmond, Surrey TW 9 3 AB, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F4857492462FC6522112B24C6A2DA5BC">Hopper, Stephen D.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="5CE87E69F8A514D256A1808A3BDD8A22">University of Western Australia, Centre of Excellence in Natural Resource Management and School of Biological Sciences, Albany, Western Australia 6330, Australia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="9D520896A0484ABFEF68FF14378EE021">PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="112CA069B346E61B4B596B5190282098">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="8CB687AC395534142848878B20F98E4B">169</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="AA2798196505C1F289ED20842E182E30">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="6F83EAAE91BC3EA479E4E56493629ACA" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="44B44ADA7CAE530CAF9107A88A7AA826" ID-GBIF-Taxon="170677881" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:44B44ADA7CAE530CAF9107A88A7AA826" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/44B44ADA7CAE530CAF9107A88A7AA826" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" scope_family="Haemodoraceae" scope_order="Commelinales">
<subSubSection id="ACA1BE77D0409FD8EAD8E33D251B54DA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="C055FEAD1958B4B1B129821F71E5825B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
2.1.
<taxonomicName id="5BB9B928F25F0C5AB1191264308C9756" ID-CoL="3RNXW" LSID="44B44ADA-7CAE-530C-AF91-07A88A7AA826" authority="(Lam.) Dandy, J. Bot. 70: 329. 1932." class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Lachnanthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lachnanthes caroliniana" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caroliniana">Lachnanthes caroliniana (Lam.) Dandy, J. Bot. 70: 329. 1932.</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation id="BCA5DF32C74AE79F488D3EBFF49C2B46" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Lachnanthes caroliniana (Lam.) Dandy A swampy environment B detail of the red roots C habit of an adult flowering specimen D inflorescence showing external surface lanate and internal surface glabrous and yellow perianth E detail of a flower being visited by a bee F fruiting inflorescence, with the detail of a fruit in longitudinal section. A by U. Lorimer, B by J. Fowler, C, F by S. Zona and D, E by B. Peterson, fruit detail by J. Bradford." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481932" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 6</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="93E2A0C4A7D46A3D86051B1761E9BD4F" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Lachnanthes caroliniana (Lam.) Dandy. Full colour whole plant illustration. Illustration by E. J. Hickman. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481933" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 7</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="069D5D0D3D2CDEE36B9E043D04F47C9D" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Lachnanthes caroliniana (Lam.) Dandy A, B root: A portion of the root B cross-section C rhizome in longitudinal section D cincinnus E flower F hair G-I perianth: G outer tepal (frontal and dorsal view) H dorsal view of a inner tepal I side view of the inner tepal with epipetalous stamen J anther (frontal and dorsal view) K-M gynoecium: K cross-section L longitudinal section M stigma N-S fruit: N immature capsule O cross-section P longitudinal section Q placenta with ovules in side view R placenta with ovules in dorsal view S dehisced capsule T-V seed: T dorsal view U ventral view V longitudinal section. Illustration by E. J. Hickman. Scale bars: 0.8 mm (A, B); 1 cm (C, D, T-V); 2 mm (E, G-J, N-S); 0.4 mm (F); 1.25 mm (K, L); 0.62 mm (M)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481934" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 8</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="36ABBA2E45DB47FC38D2613CC6BAF6A9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8E86DBCA40F6BF1A7DDDD2760424E672" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="1816548C79718B7B69E18DE02D73C679" authorityName="Lam" authorityYear="1791" class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Dilatris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dilatris caroliniana" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caroliniana">Dilatris caroliniana</taxonomicName>
Lam., Tabl. encycl. 1: 127. 1791, as &quot;
<taxonomicName id="E5871284B5140F676EE3F4C32BEDA40B" class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Caroliana" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Caroliana" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Caroliana</taxonomicName>
&quot;. Holotype. United States. North Carolina: s.loc., fl., fr., s.dat., Fraser s.n. (P-LA barcode P00382893!).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE588A2608B36DB087AF863BA4A75A95" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4253C73EA81FDF6E21F3CAFA9A8B942D" authorityName="Walter ex J. F. Gmel" authorityYear="1791" class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Heritiera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Heritiera tinctorium" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tinctorium">Heritiera tinctorium</taxonomicName>
Walter ex J.F.Gmel., Syst. Nat. 2: 113. 1791, nom. superfl.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DF54C4D7F18C834D027B82D5BF2076B4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="E75594592E916CE4DE371D3C53AEC093" authorityName="Michx" authorityYear="1803" class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Heritiera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Heritiera gmelinii" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gmelinii">Heritiera gmelinii</taxonomicName>
Michx., Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 21, pl. 4. 1803, as &quot;
<taxonomicName id="582FEC1EE49D701967B7C45DA2E0C35C" class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Gmelini" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Gmelini" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Gmelini</taxonomicName>
&quot;, nom. superfl.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C4DCB2794D039377604417CD52166D26" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="2C56722142BB7D56258A2C931848DB7A" authorityName="Pers" authorityYear="1805" class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Dilatris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dilatris heritiera" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="heritiera">Dilatris heritiera</taxonomicName>
Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 54. 1805, nom. superfl.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C935FBF2140389565805621748DC84A8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="FC2F9AE339BD1DD7ED1BBF369F521AB0" class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Gyrotheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Gyrotheca tinctoria" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tinctoria">Gyrotheca tinctoria</taxonomicName>
Salisb., Trans. Hort. Soc. London 1: 327. 1812;
<taxonomicName id="4CBC98A41987D98F9253207B650F1FE9" class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Gyrotheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Gyrotheca tinctoria" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tinctoria">Gyrotheca tinctoria</taxonomicName>
W.Stone, Pl. S. New Jersey 1: 354. 1911[1912], isonym.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A07A7DD299F983B8F088CCECF830415" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="C195451DFC3373CD4353DEFB46F3724B" authorityName="Pursh" authorityYear="1813" baseAuthorityName="Walter ex J. F. Gmel." class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Dilatris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dilatris tinctoria" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tinctoria">Dilatris tinctoria</taxonomicName>
Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 30-31. 1813[1814].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0F5194DA744E6498470262936652720F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="68FC49DE9D199CF5A1FCC49F6E55FE30" authorityName="Elliott" authorityYear="1816" baseAuthorityName="Walter ex J. F. Gmel." class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Lachnanthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lachnanthes tinctoria" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tinctoria">Lachnanthes tinctoria</taxonomicName>
Elliott, Sketch Bot. S. Carolina 1(1): 47. 1816.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="31ED54C334D45448C8C078072A359A58" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="075A866902642D8283D3FDA45DDC1787" authorityName="C.Wright ex Grisebach" authorityYear="1866" baseAuthorityName="Salis" class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Lachnanthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lachnanthes tinctoria subsp. var. var. major" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="tinctoria" subSpecies="var." variety="major">Lachnanthes tinctoria var. major</taxonomicName>
C.Wright ex Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub.: 252. 1866. Lectotype (designated by
<bibRefCitation id="5EF4B25CC5E961B227401EB60F9C6EB0" author="Maas, PJM" journalOrPublisher="Neotropica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 44" refId="B27" refString="Maas, PJM, Maas-van de Kamer, H, 1993. Haemodoraceae. Fl. Neotropica 61: 1 - 44" title="Haemodoraceae. Fl." volume="61" year="1993">Maas and Maas-van de Kamer 1993</bibRefCitation>
). CUBA. s.loc., fl., fr., 1860-1864, C. Wright 3270 (GOET barcode GOET004073!; isolectotypes: BM barcode BM000923988!; G barcode G00098220!, K barcode K000574289!, MO accession no. MO-202080!, NY barcodes 00073226!, 00073227!, P barcodes P00753470!, P00753471!, S accession no. S-R-3123!).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="61245FF2A6E37D91AE195C9B78AEC53C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="813A236DF05F9CF1AFE46D072AD6B9B1" authorityName="Walter" authorityYear="1788" class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Anonymos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Anonymos tinctoria" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tinctoria">Anonymos tinctoria</taxonomicName>
Walter, Fl. Carol.: 68. 1788, nom. rej.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0078042B715F3A261453A33E99AE2A14" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="05935F49D9A254874DB4F330FF216EDD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution and habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1A436398FA89406FB00B77CEF35F7306" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="5FAD6321493B7359BEF5315E56A7233D" class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Lachnanthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lachnanthes caroliniana" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caroliniana">
<emphasis id="600B86B8BA2B9CBB7F86B25566C8A608" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lachnanthes caroliniana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known to occur from Nova Scotia (Canada) to Florida (USA), reaching Cuba (Fig.
<figureCitation id="5BD97305CCB163F6190863CF9F02FD3F" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Distribution of Lachnanthes caroliniana (Lam.) Dandy. Beige - Temperate Coniferous Forests and Boreal Forests; Yellow - Temperate Grasslands, Savannahs and Shrublands; Pink - Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed Forests; Light Green - Subtropical Coniferous Forests; Red - Deserts, Xeric Shrublands and Tropical Coniferous Forests; Orange - Tropical / Subtropical Grasslands, Savannahs and Shrublands; Maroon - Dry Broadleaf Forests; Green - Moist Broadleaf Forests; Lilac - Montane Grasslands and Shrublands." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481935" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">9</figureCitation>
). It grows in marshy and acidic environments, swampy grasslands, and moist pine forests throughout its range, generally producing extensive clonal populations.
</paragraph>
<caption id="6D01231932546D736F0B0BA3A99A5D49" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481935" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 9" startId="F9">
<paragraph id="88528DB3C912B3228729AAAFE5475CDE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="2FC6F8C1D468BA62A7A78DE43140022A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 9.</emphasis>
Distribution of
<taxonomicName id="E515648B0D9BFD125283DA0F448ABF4F" class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Lachnanthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lachnanthes caroliniana" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caroliniana">
<emphasis id="F1B60548074F4493A45D68AD895C5DDE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lachnanthes caroliniana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Lam.) Dandy. Beige - Temperate Coniferous Forests and Boreal Forests; Yellow - Temperate Grasslands, Savannahs and Shrublands; Pink - Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed Forests; Light Green - Subtropical Coniferous Forests; Red - Deserts, Xeric Shrublands and Tropical Coniferous Forests; Orange - Tropical/Subtropical Grasslands, Savannahs and Shrublands; Maroon - Dry Broadleaf Forests; Green - Moist Broadleaf Forests; Lilac - Montane Grasslands and Shrublands.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="49346CC69921D4351C586CC301E3BA5D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="phenology">
<paragraph id="AE5A31AA44D67F2C6F3C123B54820C1F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Phenology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FA0A4907D0D34FBF57B97EEED39EDB7A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Flowers and fruits from April to November.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="412456CB6FD75DE2BDC8BA051C272E7D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="conservation status">
<paragraph id="EDDBAE76B3F39908F2E78FF236198414" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Conservation status.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ABD872FA1A365BCE956FCF7E9B25240F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="D5A966F9201E8D4147273581B5F2CBA4" class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Lachnanthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lachnanthes caroliniana" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caroliniana">
<emphasis id="67B6F183031C2F03A185EF1D2259055A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lachnanthes caroliniana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
possesses a wide EOO (1,886,962 km2) but a narrow AOO (ca. 616 km2). Nonetheless, although generally abundant within its native range,
<taxonomicName id="07E437C7FBE67E7C5DE5DE9BB115E323" lsidName="L. caroliniana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="caroliniana">
<emphasis id="D0F0BAB0DD3D56B1121A7768A0E39675" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. caroliniana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is listed as Endangered in four USA States (i.e., Connecticut, Maryland, New York, and Tennessee), as Threatened in Rhode Island and of Special Concern in Massachusetts (USDA-NRCS 2013) and as Threatened in Canada (
<bibRefCitation id="65776A6DF80A4EBB635A812D45F4C04E" author="COSEWIC" journalOrPublisher="COSEWIC, Ottawa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B8" refString="COSEWIC, 2009. COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Redroot, Lachnanthescaroliniana in Canada. COSEWIC, Ottawa" title="COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Redroot, Lachnanthescaroliniana in Canada." year="2009">COSEWIC 2009</bibRefCitation>
). Thus, following
<bibRefCitation id="F9AC8BB99AC5311BC9F7427C6D7ABE1D" author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/" refId="B21" refString="IUCN, 2001. The IUCN Red List Of Threatened Species, version 2010.4. IUCN Red List Unit, Cambridge U.K. http://www.iucnredlist.org/" title="The IUCN Red List Of Threatened Species, version 2010.4. IUCN Red List Unit, Cambridge U. K." url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/" year="2001">
<normalizedToken id="2302C99EA8DDCFAC773324CC478C1490" originalValue="IUCN’s">IUCN's</normalizedToken>
(2001)
</bibRefCitation>
recommendations,
<taxonomicName id="3E4CE00066CD0536CBB3CFB0BB5A04A7" lsidName="L. caroliniana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="caroliniana">
<emphasis id="DCA5242E6BDC489A93546DCDDE4153E8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. caroliniana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should be considered as Vulnerable (VU).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0C816B05325CFDA6F0A0B388C77C88CC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="comments">
<paragraph id="1C55559255E1CC61D1280EB5CD690B47" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Comments.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BF19264379ABDC701BCFC7633AB7E502" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="18B9D13F59214FD671C9A8EC6DCCAE26" class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Lachnanthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lachnanthes caroliniana" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caroliniana">
<emphasis id="A6D51C1E8CCD4605D95A1A480E1ACD28" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lachnanthes caroliniana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is morphologically variable regarding stature and colouration, with much of this variation being related to environmental conditions. The roots and underground organs can range from yellowish-orange to dark red, the leaves, peduncles, bracts, and the outside of the tepals can range from light to dark green to bluish-green, and the tepals can be internal surface light green to yellowish-green to bright yellow. Aside from that, plants can range from 10 cm to over 100 cm tall.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CECC28D174C72CF09032B724416C321E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="19B17196A20894E69E1A47BB9E21CCF6" class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Lachnanthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lachnanthes caroliniana" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caroliniana">
<emphasis id="93EA169EE54770CE56D570746BCF316B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lachnanthes caroliniana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is commonly considered a widespread weed in blueberry and cranberry crops (
<bibRefCitation id="F31DACD358FF442786B642BEA861A93C" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/4040334" author="Meggitt, WF" journalOrPublisher="Weeds" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="271 - 276" refId="B32" refString="Meggitt, WF, Aldrich, RJ, 1959. Amitrol for control of redroot in cranberries. Weeds 7 (3): 271 - 276, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4040334" title="Amitrol for control of redroot in cranberries." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/4040334" volume="7" year="1959">Meggitt and Aldrich 1959</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="9A1848BA44D793B7AE3CD5A31BCFB1B1" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.28166" author="Robertson" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Arnold Arboretum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="205 - 216" refId="B46" refString="Robertson, 1976. The genera of Haemodoraceae in the southeastern United States. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 57: 205 - 216, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.28166" title="The genera of Haemodoraceae in the southeastern United States." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.28166" volume="57" year="1976">Robertson 1976</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="73CAA43C365EB67EAF7828DF4466EAA7" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-D-13-00029.1" author="Meyers, SL" journalOrPublisher="Weed Technology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="747 - 751" refId="B33" refString="Meyers, SL, Jennings, KM, Monks, DW, Jordan, DL, Ballington, JR, 2013. Effect of PRE and POST Herbicides on Carolina Redroot (Lachnanthes caroliniana) growth. Weed Technology 27 (4): 747 - 751, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-D-13-00029.1" title="Effect of PRE and POST Herbicides on Carolina Redroot (Lachnanthes caroliniana) growth." url="https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-D-13-00029.1" volume="27" year="2013">Meyers et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
), pastures (
<bibRefCitation id="EEDCC1BC021B1E60F54B4EFC56FAE3A8" author="Ferrell, J" journalOrPublisher="University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Publication SS AGR 290, Gainesville" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B12" refString="Ferrell, J, Sellers, B, Walter, J, 2009. Control of redroot (Lachnanthescaroliniana) in pastures. University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Publication SS AGR 290, Gainesville" title="Control of redroot (Lachnanthescaroliniana) in pastures." year="2009">Ferrell et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
) and to form extensive clonal populations followed by feral swine rooting disturbance (
<bibRefCitation id="061DD1CB947B5F11F3499C061C25ED28" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3159/TORREY-D-15-00064.1" author="Boughton, EH" journalOrPublisher="The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="265 - 273" refId="B6" refString="Boughton, EH, Boughton, RK, Griffith, C, Bernath-Plaisted, J, 2016. Reproductive traits of Lachnanthes caroliniana (Lam.) Dandy related to patch formation following feral swine rooting disturbance. The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 143 (3): 265 - 273, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3159/TORREY-D-15-00064.1" title="Reproductive traits of Lachnanthes caroliniana (Lam.) Dandy related to patch formation following feral swine rooting disturbance." url="https://doi.org/10.3159/TORREY-D-15-00064.1" volume="143" year="2016">Boughton et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
). Nonetheless,
<taxonomicName id="4DCD09E3F4124FB09F7236C82D2544D6" lsidName="L. caroliniana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="caroliniana">
<emphasis id="062FEED41B1C384CB139387B942D7640" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. caroliniana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an important nectar source for many insects (Hopper, pers. observ.) and a pollen source for bees and certain flies. It is viewed as an important &quot;bridge species&quot; supporting flower visitors in summer until fall (autumn) daisies begin to bloom (
<bibRefCitation id="80A365BB2DB055D5283633DCFA9FCFAA" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3159/TORREY-D-15-00064.1" author="Boughton, EH" journalOrPublisher="The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="265 - 273" refId="B6" refString="Boughton, EH, Boughton, RK, Griffith, C, Bernath-Plaisted, J, 2016. Reproductive traits of Lachnanthes caroliniana (Lam.) Dandy related to patch formation following feral swine rooting disturbance. The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 143 (3): 265 - 273, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3159/TORREY-D-15-00064.1" title="Reproductive traits of Lachnanthes caroliniana (Lam.) Dandy related to patch formation following feral swine rooting disturbance." url="https://doi.org/10.3159/TORREY-D-15-00064.1" volume="143" year="2016">Boughton et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
). Its seeds also constitute an important food source for sandhill cranes (
<bibRefCitation id="16AECA0D0CB181B258DE6DE6D5FBDFD4" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/3799141" author="Valentine Jr, JM" journalOrPublisher="The Journal of Wildlife Management" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="761 - 768" refId="B69" refString="Valentine Jr, JM, Noble, RE, 1970. A colony of sandhill cranes in Mississippi. The Journal of Wildlife Management 34 (4): 761 - 768, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3799141" title="A colony of sandhill cranes in Mississippi." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/3799141" volume="34" year="1970">Valentine and Noble 1970</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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