551 lines
189 KiB
XML
551 lines
189 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac033" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d18be66e-8788-47d3-bba3-11ad8bb0f126" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7922143" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1683701348189" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Macungo, Zanildo, Benoit, Julien, Fernandez, Vincent & Araújo, Ricardo M N" docDate="2023" docId="3F6A87ABFFACFFF47281F88FFCF6FD96" docLanguage="en" docName="zlac033.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198 (1)" docSource="https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/198/1/1/6596559" docStyle="DocumentStyle:36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8.7:ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-.journal_article" docStyleId="36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="7" docTitle="Pristerodon mackayi Huxley 1868" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="12" masterDocId="C353FFD3FFA9FFFF7115FFA9FFFCFFDA" masterDocTitle="X-ray microcomputed and synchrotron tomographic analysis of the basicranial axis of emydopoid dicynodonts: implications for fossoriality and phylogeny" masterLastPageNumber="46" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="6" updateTime="1683750160436" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>X-ray microcomputed and synchrotron tomographic analysis of the basicranial axis of emydopoid dicynodonts: implications for fossoriality and phylogeny</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Macungo, Zanildo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Benoit, Julien</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Fernandez, Vincent</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Araújo, Ricardo M N</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2023</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2023-05-01</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>198</mods:number>
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<mods:number>1</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac033</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922155" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7922155" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3F6A87ABFFACFFF47281F88FFCF6FD96" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3F6A87ABFFACFFF47281F88FFCF6FD96" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[916,1353,1830,1855]" box="[916,1353,1830,1855]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<heading box="[916,1353,1830,1855]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName authority="HUXLEY, 1868" authorityName="Huxley" authorityYear="1868" box="[916,1353,1830,1855]" class="Reptilia" family="Eumantelliidae" genus="Pristerodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="5" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mackayi">
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<smallCapsWord baselines="1847,1848" box="[916,1077,1830,1853]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Pristerodon" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">PRISTERODON</smallCapsWord>
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<smallCapsWord baselines="1848" box="[1084,1182,1833,1853]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="mackayi" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">MACKAYI</smallCapsWord>
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</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Huxley TH" box="[1189,1353,1830,1855]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="201 - 205" refId="ref37142" refString="Huxley TH. 1868. On Saurosternon bainii and Pristerodon mckayi, two new fossil lacertilian reptiles from South Africa. Geological Magazine 5: 201 - 205." type="journal article" year="1868">
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<smallCapsWord baselines="1849,1848" box="[1189,1283,1830,1855]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Huxley" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">HUXLEY</smallCapsWord>
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, 1868
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</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[827,1085,1870,1892]" box="[827,1085,1870,1892]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<emphasis box="[827,942,1871,1892]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Specimen:</emphasis>
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BP/1/2642.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="6.[145,762,197,372]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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In the present study,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Huxley" authorityYear="1868" box="[438,579,197,218]" class="Reptilia" genus="Pristerodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[438,579,197,218]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pristerodon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is used as the outgroup taxon for comparison with the emydopoids because it displays the more generalized anatomy of basal dicynodonts (Barry, 1967;
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<bibRefCitation author="Cluver MA & King GM" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="195 - 273" refId="ref35939" refString="Cluver MA, King GM. 1983. A reassessment of the relationships of Permian Dicynodontia (Reptilia, Therapsida) and a new classification of dicynodonts. Annals of the South African Museum 91: 195 - 273." type="journal article" year="1983">Cluver & King, 1983</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Keyser AW" box="[214,361,320,341]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 53" refId="ref38022" refString="Keyser AW. 1993. A re-evaluation of the smaller Endothiodontidae. Memoir of Geological SurVey of South Africa 82: 1 - 53." type="journal article" year="1993">Keyser, 1993</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="King GM & Rubidge BS" box="[375,630,320,342]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="131 - 154" refId="ref38104" refString="King GM, Rubidge BS. 1993. A taxonomic revision of small dicynodonts with postcanine teeth. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 107: 131 - 154." type="journal article" year="1993">King & Rubidge, 1993</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Ray S" box="[644,754,320,341]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="177 - 191" refId="ref39877" refString="Ray S. 2001. Small Permian dicynodonts from India. Palaeontological Research 5: 177 - 191." type="journal article" year="2001">Ray, 2001</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Modesto S & Rubidge B & Visser I & Welman J" box="[145,308,350,372]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="211 - 223" refId="ref39114" refString="Modesto S, Rubidge B, Visser I, Welman J. 2003. A new basal dicynodont from the Upper Permian of South Africa. Palaeontology 46: 211 - 223." type="journal article" year="2003">Modesto, 2003</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Angielczyk KD" box="[319,512,350,372]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="116 - 131" refId="ref33757" refString="Angielczyk KD. 2007. New specimen of the Tanzanian dicynodont ' Cryptocynodon ' parringtoni Von Huene, 1942 (Therapsida, Anomodontia), with an expanded analysis of Permian dicynodont phylogeny. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27: 116 - 131." type="journal article" year="2007">Angielczyk, 2007</bibRefCitation>
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; Laass, 2015).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="6.[145,762,413,1631]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<emphasis box="[145,333,413,434]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Orbitosphenoid:</emphasis>
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The orbitosphenoid is a verticallyoriented bone located at the skull midline (
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<figureCitation box="[640,711,444,466]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[145,223,1555,1577]" captionTargetBox="[300,1256,187,1516]" captionTargetId="figure-90@4.[659,946,1201,1396]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. Illustration of the braincase region within the entire skull. Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642) in (A) right lateral, (B) posterior and (C) ventral views. Myosaurus gracilis (BP/1/2690) in (D) right lateral, (E) posterior and (F) ventral views. The Malawian cistecephalid (DMMM-PK-16-1) in (G) left lateral and (H) posterior views. Kaaeingasaurus fossilis (GPIT-PV-117032) in (I) right lateral, (J) posterior and (K) ventral views. Note that the Malawian cistecephalid specimen is completely covered by matrix, such that a good contrast to enable the visibility of the skull was not obtained. Dark green – supraoccipital; Purple – orbitosphenoid; Dark orange – opisthotic; Light orange – pterygoid; Green – basioccipital; Magenta – exoccipital; Cyan blue – parasphenoid rostrum; Navy blue – prootic; Aqua blue – basisphenoid; Light Rose – epipterygoid." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922145" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922145/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 1</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation box="[724,754,444,465]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[163,243,1355,1377]" captionTargetBox="[277,1343,174,1316]" captionTargetId="figure-208@5.[1099,1331,1099,1306]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Comparisons of the braincase between Pristerodon and emydopoids. Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642) in (A) anterior, (B) left lateral, (C) posterior and (D) ventral views. Myosaurus gracilis (BP/1/2690) in (E) anterior, (F) left lateral, (G) posterior and (H) ventral views. The Malawian cistecephalid (DMMM-PK-16-1) in (I) anterior, (J) left lateral, (K) posterior and (L) ventral views. Kaaeingasaurus fossilis (GPIT-PV-117032) in (M) anterior, (N) left lateral, (O) posterior and (P) ventral views. Dark green – supraoccipital; Purple – orbitosphenoid; Dark orange – opisthotic; Light orange – pterygoid; Green – basioccipital; Magenta – exoccipital; Cyan blue – parasphenoid rostrum; Navy blue – prootic; Aqua blue – basisphenoid; Light Rose – epipterygoid. Same color code scheme is used in the following figures." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922151/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation box="[145,159,475,496]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[163,244,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[291,1314,200,1355]" captionTargetId="figure-26@7.[292,1285,206,1351]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. The complete and separated braincase elements of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): orbitosphenoid in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; complete braincase in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, (G) occipital and (H) left lateral views; parabasisphenoid in (I) dorsal, (J) right lateral and (K) ventral views. aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; bpdc, basisphenoidal dorsal subvertical concavity; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bpvsu, basisphenoidal ventral sulcus; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eo, exoccipital; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; epi, epipterygoid; fu, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; hpl, horizontal plate; ic, internal carotid foramina; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; mpw, mesethmoid posterior wall; obdn, the orbitosphenoid dorsal notch; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; op, opisthotic; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pdp, prootic dorsal process; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; psgr, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal groove; pt, pterygoid; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt dsu, ptergoid dorsal sulcus; ptll, pterygoid lateral lamina; ptlp, pterygoid lateral process; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; pt nt, pterygoid anteroposterior notch; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; ptvt, pterygoid ventral trench; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tse, tuberculum sellae. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-H) and the third for (I-K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922153/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">3</figureCitation>
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). It contacts the frontal and parietal dorsally and the parabasisphenoid complex ventrally and supports the olfactory bulbs in life (
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<bibRefCitation author="Hopson JA" box="[470,632,536,557]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="39 - 146" refId="ref37076" refString="Hopson JA. 1979. Paleoneurology. Biology of the Reptilia & Gans C Neurology A. Eds. New York: Academic Press. 9: 39 - 146." type="journal article" year="1979">Hopson, 1979</bibRefCitation>
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). Its exact anatomical constituents have been heavily debated (
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<bibRefCitation author="Olson EC" box="[153,291,597,619]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="141 - 175" refId="ref39447" refString="Olson EC. 1938. The occipital, otic, basicranial and pterygoid regions of the Gorgonopsia. Journal of Morphology 62: 141 - 175." type="journal article" year="1938">Olson, 1938</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Olson EC" box="[305,361,597,618]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref39474" refString="Olson EC. 1944. The origin of mammals based upon the cranial morphology of the therapsid suborders. Geological Society of America Special Papers No. 55. Boulder: The Geological Society of America." type="book" year="1944">1944</bibRefCitation>
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; Barry, 1967;
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<bibRefCitation author="Kemp TS" box="[525,664,597,619]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 83" refId="ref37930" refString="Kemp TS. 1969. On the functional morphology of the gorgonopsid skull. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 256: 1 - 83." type="journal article" year="1969">Kemp, 1969</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Cluver MA" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="155 - 274" refId="ref35823" refString="Cluver MA. 1971. The cranial morphology of the dicynodont genus Lystrosaurus. Annals of the South African Museum 56: 155 - 274." type="journal article" year="1971">Cluver, 1971</bibRefCitation>
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), but it is generally agreed that the orbitosphenoid consists of two dorsally projecting wings and a medial vertical crest (the mesethmoid) in non-mammalian synapsids (
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<bibRefCitation author="Araujo R & Fernandez V & Polcyn MJ & Frobisch J & Martins RMS" box="[272,480,720,742]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="3119" refId="ref34350" refString="Araujo R, Fernandez V, Polcyn MJ, Frobisch J, Martins RMS. 2017. Aspects of gorgonopsian paleobiology and evolution: insights from the basicranium, occiput, osseous labyrinth, vasculature, and neuroanatomy. PeerJ 5: e 3119." type="journal article" year="2017">
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Araújo
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<emphasis box="[356,412,720,741]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2017
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Angielczyk KD & Benoit J & Rubidge BS" box="[492,747,720,742]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="405 - 446" refId="ref33801" refString="Angielczyk KD, Benoit J, Rubidge BS. 2019. A new tusked cistecephalid dicynodont (Therapsida, Anomodontia) from the Upper Permian Upper Madumabisa Mudstone Formation, Luangwa Basin, Zambia. Papers in Palaeontology 7: 405 - 446." type="journal article" year="2019">
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Angielczyk
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<emphasis box="[623,679,720,741]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2019
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</bibRefCitation>
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). However, the homology between the orbitosphenoid of therapsids and the sphenethmoid of other amniotes remains uncertain. The orbitosphenoid of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Huxley" authorityYear="1868" box="[628,761,812,833]" class="Reptilia" genus="Pristerodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[628,761,812,833]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pristerodon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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conforms to the typical synapsid pattern, displaying a characteristic Y-shaped cross-section (Laass, 2015).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="6.[145,762,413,1631]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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In anterior view, the wings of the orbitosphenoid (obw) are curved, which results in a slightly convex outer wall, making an angle of 48° with the sagittal plane (
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<figureCitation box="[228,314,996,1018]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[163,244,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[291,1314,200,1355]" captionTargetId="figure-26@7.[292,1285,206,1351]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. The complete and separated braincase elements of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): orbitosphenoid in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; complete braincase in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, (G) occipital and (H) left lateral views; parabasisphenoid in (I) dorsal, (J) right lateral and (K) ventral views. aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; bpdc, basisphenoidal dorsal subvertical concavity; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bpvsu, basisphenoidal ventral sulcus; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eo, exoccipital; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; epi, epipterygoid; fu, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; hpl, horizontal plate; ic, internal carotid foramina; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; mpw, mesethmoid posterior wall; obdn, the orbitosphenoid dorsal notch; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; op, opisthotic; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pdp, prootic dorsal process; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; psgr, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal groove; pt, pterygoid; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt dsu, ptergoid dorsal sulcus; ptll, pterygoid lateral lamina; ptlp, pterygoid lateral process; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; pt nt, pterygoid anteroposterior notch; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; ptvt, pterygoid ventral trench; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tse, tuberculum sellae. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-H) and the third for (I-K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922153/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
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). Anterodorsally, the median vertical process (obvp) projects dorsally and divides the olfactory cavity medially (ofc). The median vertical process is slender at its midheight but has expanded dorsal and ventral edges in anterior view (
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<figureCitation box="[660,745,1118,1140]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[163,244,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[291,1314,200,1355]" captionTargetId="figure-26@7.[292,1285,206,1351]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. The complete and separated braincase elements of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): orbitosphenoid in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; complete braincase in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, (G) occipital and (H) left lateral views; parabasisphenoid in (I) dorsal, (J) right lateral and (K) ventral views. aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; bpdc, basisphenoidal dorsal subvertical concavity; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bpvsu, basisphenoidal ventral sulcus; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eo, exoccipital; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; epi, epipterygoid; fu, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; hpl, horizontal plate; ic, internal carotid foramina; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; mpw, mesethmoid posterior wall; obdn, the orbitosphenoid dorsal notch; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; op, opisthotic; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pdp, prootic dorsal process; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; psgr, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal groove; pt, pterygoid; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt dsu, ptergoid dorsal sulcus; ptll, pterygoid lateral lamina; ptlp, pterygoid lateral process; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; pt nt, pterygoid anteroposterior notch; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; ptvt, pterygoid ventral trench; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tse, tuberculum sellae. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-H) and the third for (I-K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922153/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
). At its dorsalmost part, the median vertical process forms a broad horizontal surface (hpl) that contacts the frontal anterodorsally. This articulation surface is oval in dorsal view (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[434,523,1241,1263]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[163,244,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[291,1314,200,1355]" captionTargetId="figure-26@7.[292,1285,206,1351]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. The complete and separated braincase elements of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): orbitosphenoid in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; complete braincase in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, (G) occipital and (H) left lateral views; parabasisphenoid in (I) dorsal, (J) right lateral and (K) ventral views. aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; bpdc, basisphenoidal dorsal subvertical concavity; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bpvsu, basisphenoidal ventral sulcus; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eo, exoccipital; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; epi, epipterygoid; fu, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; hpl, horizontal plate; ic, internal carotid foramina; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; mpw, mesethmoid posterior wall; obdn, the orbitosphenoid dorsal notch; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; op, opisthotic; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pdp, prootic dorsal process; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; psgr, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal groove; pt, pterygoid; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt dsu, ptergoid dorsal sulcus; ptll, pterygoid lateral lamina; ptlp, pterygoid lateral process; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; pt nt, pterygoid anteroposterior notch; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; ptvt, pterygoid ventral trench; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tse, tuberculum sellae. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-H) and the third for (I-K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922153/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The wings of the orbitosphenoid are thin anteriorly but are thicker posteriorly (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[287,371,1302,1324]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[163,244,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[291,1314,200,1355]" captionTargetId="figure-26@7.[292,1285,206,1351]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. The complete and separated braincase elements of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): orbitosphenoid in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; complete braincase in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, (G) occipital and (H) left lateral views; parabasisphenoid in (I) dorsal, (J) right lateral and (K) ventral views. aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; bpdc, basisphenoidal dorsal subvertical concavity; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bpvsu, basisphenoidal ventral sulcus; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eo, exoccipital; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; epi, epipterygoid; fu, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; hpl, horizontal plate; ic, internal carotid foramina; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; mpw, mesethmoid posterior wall; obdn, the orbitosphenoid dorsal notch; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; op, opisthotic; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pdp, prootic dorsal process; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; psgr, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal groove; pt, pterygoid; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt dsu, ptergoid dorsal sulcus; ptll, pterygoid lateral lamina; ptlp, pterygoid lateral process; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; pt nt, pterygoid anteroposterior notch; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; ptvt, pterygoid ventral trench; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tse, tuberculum sellae. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-H) and the third for (I-K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922153/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In dorsal view, the wings of the orbitosphenoid form a long anteroposterior gutter that host the olfactory bulbs (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[427,508,1364,1386]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[163,244,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[291,1314,200,1355]" captionTargetId="figure-26@7.[292,1285,206,1351]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. The complete and separated braincase elements of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): orbitosphenoid in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; complete braincase in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, (G) occipital and (H) left lateral views; parabasisphenoid in (I) dorsal, (J) right lateral and (K) ventral views. aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; bpdc, basisphenoidal dorsal subvertical concavity; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bpvsu, basisphenoidal ventral sulcus; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eo, exoccipital; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; epi, epipterygoid; fu, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; hpl, horizontal plate; ic, internal carotid foramina; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; mpw, mesethmoid posterior wall; obdn, the orbitosphenoid dorsal notch; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; op, opisthotic; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pdp, prootic dorsal process; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; psgr, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal groove; pt, pterygoid; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt dsu, ptergoid dorsal sulcus; ptll, pterygoid lateral lamina; ptlp, pterygoid lateral process; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; pt nt, pterygoid anteroposterior notch; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; ptvt, pterygoid ventral trench; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tse, tuberculum sellae. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-H) and the third for (I-K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922153/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[145,762,413,1631]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
In lateral view, the orbitosphenoid has a subtrapezoidal outline. The dorsal margin of the wings is horizontal in lateral view, except for a notch that excavates the wings at midlength (obdn,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[615,696,1486,1508]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[163,244,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[291,1314,200,1355]" captionTargetId="figure-26@7.[292,1285,206,1351]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. The complete and separated braincase elements of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): orbitosphenoid in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; complete braincase in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, (G) occipital and (H) left lateral views; parabasisphenoid in (I) dorsal, (J) right lateral and (K) ventral views. aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; bpdc, basisphenoidal dorsal subvertical concavity; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bpvsu, basisphenoidal ventral sulcus; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eo, exoccipital; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; epi, epipterygoid; fu, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; hpl, horizontal plate; ic, internal carotid foramina; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; mpw, mesethmoid posterior wall; obdn, the orbitosphenoid dorsal notch; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; op, opisthotic; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pdp, prootic dorsal process; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; psgr, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal groove; pt, pterygoid; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt dsu, ptergoid dorsal sulcus; ptll, pterygoid lateral lamina; ptlp, pterygoid lateral process; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; pt nt, pterygoid anteroposterior notch; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; ptvt, pterygoid ventral trench; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tse, tuberculum sellae. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-H) and the third for (I-K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922153/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The ventral margin of the mesethmoid articulates with the dorsal groove of the parasphenoid rostrum. In lateral view, the mesethmoid extends posteriorly as a wall (mpw) that supports the dorsal wings (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[587,668,1609,1631]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[163,244,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[291,1314,200,1355]" captionTargetId="figure-26@7.[292,1285,206,1351]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. The complete and separated braincase elements of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): orbitosphenoid in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; complete braincase in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, (G) occipital and (H) left lateral views; parabasisphenoid in (I) dorsal, (J) right lateral and (K) ventral views. aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; bpdc, basisphenoidal dorsal subvertical concavity; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bpvsu, basisphenoidal ventral sulcus; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eo, exoccipital; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; epi, epipterygoid; fu, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; hpl, horizontal plate; ic, internal carotid foramina; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; mpw, mesethmoid posterior wall; obdn, the orbitosphenoid dorsal notch; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; op, opisthotic; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pdp, prootic dorsal process; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; psgr, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal groove; pt, pterygoid; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt dsu, ptergoid dorsal sulcus; ptll, pterygoid lateral lamina; ptlp, pterygoid lateral process; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; pt nt, pterygoid anteroposterior notch; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; ptvt, pterygoid ventral trench; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tse, tuberculum sellae. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-H) and the third for (I-K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922153/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[145,761,1672,1908]" lastBlockId="6.[809,1426,197,1905]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[145,261,1672,1693]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pterygoid:</emphasis>
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huxley" authorityYear="1868" box="[306,439,1672,1693]" class="Reptilia" genus="Pristerodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[306,439,1672,1693]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pristerodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the pterygoids (pt) form an important part of the palate and display the typical dicynodont X-shaped morphology in ventral view (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[163,243,1355,1377]" captionTargetBox="[277,1343,174,1316]" captionTargetId="figure-208@5.[1099,1331,1099,1306]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Comparisons of the braincase between Pristerodon and emydopoids. Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642) in (A) anterior, (B) left lateral, (C) posterior and (D) ventral views. Myosaurus gracilis (BP/1/2690) in (E) anterior, (F) left lateral, (G) posterior and (H) ventral views. The Malawian cistecephalid (DMMM-PK-16-1) in (I) anterior, (J) left lateral, (K) posterior and (L) ventral views. Kaaeingasaurus fossilis (GPIT-PV-117032) in (M) anterior, (N) left lateral, (O) posterior and (P) ventral views. Dark green – supraoccipital; Purple – orbitosphenoid; Dark orange – opisthotic; Light orange – pterygoid; Green – basioccipital; Magenta – exoccipital; Cyan blue – parasphenoid rostrum; Navy blue – prootic; Aqua blue – basisphenoid; Light Rose – epipterygoid. Same color code scheme is used in the following figures." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922151/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 2D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[190,204,1764,1785]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[163,244,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[291,1314,200,1355]" captionTargetId="figure-26@7.[292,1285,206,1351]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. The complete and separated braincase elements of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): orbitosphenoid in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; complete braincase in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, (G) occipital and (H) left lateral views; parabasisphenoid in (I) dorsal, (J) right lateral and (K) ventral views. aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; bpdc, basisphenoidal dorsal subvertical concavity; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bpvsu, basisphenoidal ventral sulcus; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eo, exoccipital; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; epi, epipterygoid; fu, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; hpl, horizontal plate; ic, internal carotid foramina; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; mpw, mesethmoid posterior wall; obdn, the orbitosphenoid dorsal notch; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; op, opisthotic; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pdp, prootic dorsal process; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; psgr, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal groove; pt, pterygoid; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt dsu, ptergoid dorsal sulcus; ptll, pterygoid lateral lamina; ptlp, pterygoid lateral process; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; pt nt, pterygoid anteroposterior notch; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; ptvt, pterygoid ventral trench; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tse, tuberculum sellae. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-H) and the third for (I-K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922153/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The median plate sends out divergent anterior palatal and posterior quadrate rami that form an angle of 115° between the two rami, measured on the lateral surface of the pterygoid. The palatal and quadrate rami of the pterygoid form an angle of 18° and ~56° with the anteroposterior median axis of the skull, respectively. The median plate of the pterygoid forms an interdigitated suture with the parabasisphenoid internally, but this suture has an M-like outline in ventral view (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[986,1074,320,342]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[163,244,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[291,1314,200,1355]" captionTargetId="figure-26@7.[292,1285,206,1351]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. The complete and separated braincase elements of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): orbitosphenoid in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; complete braincase in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, (G) occipital and (H) left lateral views; parabasisphenoid in (I) dorsal, (J) right lateral and (K) ventral views. aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; bpdc, basisphenoidal dorsal subvertical concavity; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bpvsu, basisphenoidal ventral sulcus; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eo, exoccipital; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; epi, epipterygoid; fu, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; hpl, horizontal plate; ic, internal carotid foramina; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; mpw, mesethmoid posterior wall; obdn, the orbitosphenoid dorsal notch; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; op, opisthotic; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pdp, prootic dorsal process; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; psgr, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal groove; pt, pterygoid; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt dsu, ptergoid dorsal sulcus; ptll, pterygoid lateral lamina; ptlp, pterygoid lateral process; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; pt nt, pterygoid anteroposterior notch; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; ptvt, pterygoid ventral trench; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tse, tuberculum sellae. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-H) and the third for (I-K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922153/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3F</figureCitation>
|
||
). The pterygoid bounds the narrow and long interpterygoid vacuity just anterior to the median plate, and in this taxon the vacuity is bounded anteriorly by the vomer (Barry, 1967;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cluver MA & King GM" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="195 - 273" refId="ref35939" refString="Cluver MA, King GM. 1983. A reassessment of the relationships of Permian Dicynodontia (Reptilia, Therapsida) and a new classification of dicynodonts. Annals of the South African Museum 91: 195 - 273." type="journal article" year="1983">Cluver & King, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Keyser AW" box="[945,1091,442,464]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 53" refId="ref38022" refString="Keyser AW. 1993. A re-evaluation of the smaller Endothiodontidae. Memoir of Geological SurVey of South Africa 82: 1 - 53." type="journal article" year="1993">Keyser, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The pterygoid in BP/1/2642 has several cracks which hampers the description of the complete morphology of the quadrate ramus (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[163,244,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[291,1314,200,1355]" captionTargetId="figure-26@7.[292,1285,206,1351]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. The complete and separated braincase elements of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): orbitosphenoid in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; complete braincase in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, (G) occipital and (H) left lateral views; parabasisphenoid in (I) dorsal, (J) right lateral and (K) ventral views. aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; bpdc, basisphenoidal dorsal subvertical concavity; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bpvsu, basisphenoidal ventral sulcus; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eo, exoccipital; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; epi, epipterygoid; fu, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; hpl, horizontal plate; ic, internal carotid foramina; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; mpw, mesethmoid posterior wall; obdn, the orbitosphenoid dorsal notch; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; op, opisthotic; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pdp, prootic dorsal process; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; psgr, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal groove; pt, pterygoid; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt dsu, ptergoid dorsal sulcus; ptll, pterygoid lateral lamina; ptlp, pterygoid lateral process; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; pt nt, pterygoid anteroposterior notch; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; ptvt, pterygoid ventral trench; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tse, tuberculum sellae. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-H) and the third for (I-K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922153/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, as illustrated by other specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huxley" authorityYear="1868" box="[809,943,565,586]" class="Reptilia" genus="Pristerodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[809,943,565,586]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pristerodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g. BP/1/7206, BP/1/3024), the quadrate ramus of BP/1/2642 is thin and laterally compressed, similar to most dicynodonts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[809,1426,197,1905]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
In dorsal view, there is a small anteromedial process (pt amp,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[906,986,687,709]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[163,244,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[291,1314,200,1355]" captionTargetId="figure-26@7.[292,1285,206,1351]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. The complete and separated braincase elements of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): orbitosphenoid in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; complete braincase in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, (G) occipital and (H) left lateral views; parabasisphenoid in (I) dorsal, (J) right lateral and (K) ventral views. aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; bpdc, basisphenoidal dorsal subvertical concavity; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bpvsu, basisphenoidal ventral sulcus; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eo, exoccipital; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; epi, epipterygoid; fu, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; hpl, horizontal plate; ic, internal carotid foramina; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; mpw, mesethmoid posterior wall; obdn, the orbitosphenoid dorsal notch; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; op, opisthotic; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pdp, prootic dorsal process; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; psgr, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal groove; pt, pterygoid; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt dsu, ptergoid dorsal sulcus; ptll, pterygoid lateral lamina; ptlp, pterygoid lateral process; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; pt nt, pterygoid anteroposterior notch; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; ptvt, pterygoid ventral trench; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tse, tuberculum sellae. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-H) and the third for (I-K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922153/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
|
||
) that develops on the dorsal edge of the palatal ramus of the pterygoid in BP/1/2642, similar to that described as the anterior pterygoidal process in SAM-PK-10153 by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cluver MA & King GM" box="[1028,1275,779,801]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="195 - 273" refId="ref35939" refString="Cluver MA, King GM. 1983. A reassessment of the relationships of Permian Dicynodontia (Reptilia, Therapsida) and a new classification of dicynodonts. Annals of the South African Museum 91: 195 - 273." type="journal article" year="1983">Cluver & King (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
[but it is not the ‘anterior pterygoid blade’ of
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cluver MA" box="[1174,1344,810,832]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="35 - 54" refId="ref35877" refString="Cluver MA. 1974 b. The cranial morphology of the Lower Triassic dicynodont Myosaurus gracilis. Annals of the South African Museum 66: 35 - 54." type="journal article" year="1974">Cluver (1974b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, which referred to the anterior tip of the palatal ramus more generally]. The two processes nearly touch each other at the midline and contact the vomer medially (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cluver MA & King GM" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="195 - 273" refId="ref35939" refString="Cluver MA, King GM. 1983. A reassessment of the relationships of Permian Dicynodontia (Reptilia, Therapsida) and a new classification of dicynodonts. Annals of the South African Museum 91: 195 - 273." type="journal article" year="1983">Cluver & King, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The anteromedial pterygoid process is separated from the rest of the anterior ramus by an anteroposterior notch (pt nt,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1154,1238,994,1016]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[163,244,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[291,1314,200,1355]" captionTargetId="figure-26@7.[292,1285,206,1351]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. The complete and separated braincase elements of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): orbitosphenoid in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; complete braincase in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, (G) occipital and (H) left lateral views; parabasisphenoid in (I) dorsal, (J) right lateral and (K) ventral views. aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; bpdc, basisphenoidal dorsal subvertical concavity; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bpvsu, basisphenoidal ventral sulcus; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eo, exoccipital; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; epi, epipterygoid; fu, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; hpl, horizontal plate; ic, internal carotid foramina; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; mpw, mesethmoid posterior wall; obdn, the orbitosphenoid dorsal notch; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; op, opisthotic; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pdp, prootic dorsal process; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; psgr, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal groove; pt, pterygoid; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt dsu, ptergoid dorsal sulcus; ptll, pterygoid lateral lamina; ptlp, pterygoid lateral process; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; pt nt, pterygoid anteroposterior notch; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; ptvt, pterygoid ventral trench; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tse, tuberculum sellae. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-H) and the third for (I-K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922153/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The pterygoid median plate is overlapped dorsally by the laterally expanded basisphenoid.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[809,1426,197,1905]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
In lateral view, the palatal ramus is dorsoventrally taller anteriorly than it is posteriorly. This ramus presents a lateral process (ptlp) on its anteroventral region (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[899,985,1178,1200]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[163,244,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[291,1314,200,1355]" captionTargetId="figure-26@7.[292,1285,206,1351]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. The complete and separated braincase elements of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): orbitosphenoid in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; complete braincase in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, (G) occipital and (H) left lateral views; parabasisphenoid in (I) dorsal, (J) right lateral and (K) ventral views. aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; bpdc, basisphenoidal dorsal subvertical concavity; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bpvsu, basisphenoidal ventral sulcus; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eo, exoccipital; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; epi, epipterygoid; fu, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; hpl, horizontal plate; ic, internal carotid foramina; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; mpw, mesethmoid posterior wall; obdn, the orbitosphenoid dorsal notch; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; op, opisthotic; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pdp, prootic dorsal process; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; psgr, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal groove; pt, pterygoid; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt dsu, ptergoid dorsal sulcus; ptll, pterygoid lateral lamina; ptlp, pterygoid lateral process; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; pt nt, pterygoid anteroposterior notch; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; ptvt, pterygoid ventral trench; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tse, tuberculum sellae. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-H) and the third for (I-K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922153/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3H</figureCitation>
|
||
). The divergence of the anteromedial process gives a Y-shape to the palatal ramus in lateral view. The median plate expands laterally, forming the short and stout pterygoid lateral lamina (ptll). The pterygoid lamina is bordered by a sulcus dorsally (pt dsu,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[868,957,1331,1353]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[163,244,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[291,1314,200,1355]" captionTargetId="figure-26@7.[292,1285,206,1351]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. The complete and separated braincase elements of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): orbitosphenoid in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; complete braincase in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, (G) occipital and (H) left lateral views; parabasisphenoid in (I) dorsal, (J) right lateral and (K) ventral views. aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; bpdc, basisphenoidal dorsal subvertical concavity; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bpvsu, basisphenoidal ventral sulcus; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eo, exoccipital; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; epi, epipterygoid; fu, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; hpl, horizontal plate; ic, internal carotid foramina; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; mpw, mesethmoid posterior wall; obdn, the orbitosphenoid dorsal notch; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; op, opisthotic; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pdp, prootic dorsal process; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; psgr, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal groove; pt, pterygoid; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt dsu, ptergoid dorsal sulcus; ptll, pterygoid lateral lamina; ptlp, pterygoid lateral process; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; pt nt, pterygoid anteroposterior notch; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; ptvt, pterygoid ventral trench; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tse, tuberculum sellae. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-H) and the third for (I-K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922153/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3H</figureCitation>
|
||
). The quadrate ramus is considerably narrower than the palatal ramus. It projects posteriorly and reaches the medial side of the quadrate. A small triangular portion of the epipterygoid footplate (epi) is discernible on the left quadrate ramus (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1321,1409,1454,1476]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[163,244,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[291,1314,200,1355]" captionTargetId="figure-26@7.[292,1285,206,1351]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. The complete and separated braincase elements of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): orbitosphenoid in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; complete braincase in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, (G) occipital and (H) left lateral views; parabasisphenoid in (I) dorsal, (J) right lateral and (K) ventral views. aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; bpdc, basisphenoidal dorsal subvertical concavity; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bpvsu, basisphenoidal ventral sulcus; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eo, exoccipital; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; epi, epipterygoid; fu, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; hpl, horizontal plate; ic, internal carotid foramina; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; mpw, mesethmoid posterior wall; obdn, the orbitosphenoid dorsal notch; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; op, opisthotic; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pdp, prootic dorsal process; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; psgr, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal groove; pt, pterygoid; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt dsu, ptergoid dorsal sulcus; ptll, pterygoid lateral lamina; ptlp, pterygoid lateral process; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; pt nt, pterygoid anteroposterior notch; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; ptvt, pterygoid ventral trench; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tse, tuberculum sellae. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-H) and the third for (I-K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922153/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Due to damage, we could not determine how much of the epipterygoid overlaps the quadrate ramus of the pterygoid.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[809,1426,197,1905]" lastBlockId="8.[145,761,197,434]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The anterior margin of the palatal ramus is U-shaped in ventral view. Because a lamina is present dorsolaterally (ptll), the pterygoid median plate is wider posteriorly than the anterior ramus in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huxley" authorityYear="1868" box="[1281,1419,1669,1690]" class="Reptilia" genus="Pristerodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1281,1419,1669,1690]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pristerodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. There is a trough medial to the pterygoid lamina that tapers posteriorly and anteriorly in ventral view (ptvt,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[880,962,1761,1783]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[163,244,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[291,1314,200,1355]" captionTargetId="figure-26@7.[292,1285,206,1351]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. The complete and separated braincase elements of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): orbitosphenoid in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; complete braincase in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, (G) occipital and (H) left lateral views; parabasisphenoid in (I) dorsal, (J) right lateral and (K) ventral views. aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; bpdc, basisphenoidal dorsal subvertical concavity; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bpvsu, basisphenoidal ventral sulcus; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eo, exoccipital; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; epi, epipterygoid; fu, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; hpl, horizontal plate; ic, internal carotid foramina; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; mpw, mesethmoid posterior wall; obdn, the orbitosphenoid dorsal notch; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; op, opisthotic; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pdp, prootic dorsal process; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; psgr, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal groove; pt, pterygoid; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt dsu, ptergoid dorsal sulcus; ptll, pterygoid lateral lamina; ptlp, pterygoid lateral process; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; pt nt, pterygoid anteroposterior notch; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; ptvt, pterygoid ventral trench; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tse, tuberculum sellae. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-H) and the third for (I-K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922153/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3F</figureCitation>
|
||
). This excavation is delimited medially by the prominent crista oesophagea (co), which is composed of a pair of anteroposteriorly oriented ridges in BP/1/2642. A deep, elongate anteroposterior furrow (fu) is present posteriorly between these ridges (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[153,232,197,219]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[163,244,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[291,1314,200,1355]" captionTargetId="figure-26@7.[292,1285,206,1351]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. The complete and separated braincase elements of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): orbitosphenoid in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; complete braincase in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, (G) occipital and (H) left lateral views; parabasisphenoid in (I) dorsal, (J) right lateral and (K) ventral views. aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; bpdc, basisphenoidal dorsal subvertical concavity; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bpvsu, basisphenoidal ventral sulcus; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eo, exoccipital; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; epi, epipterygoid; fu, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; hpl, horizontal plate; ic, internal carotid foramina; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; mpw, mesethmoid posterior wall; obdn, the orbitosphenoid dorsal notch; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; op, opisthotic; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pdp, prootic dorsal process; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; psgr, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal groove; pt, pterygoid; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt dsu, ptergoid dorsal sulcus; ptll, pterygoid lateral lamina; ptlp, pterygoid lateral process; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; pt nt, pterygoid anteroposterior notch; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; ptvt, pterygoid ventral trench; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tse, tuberculum sellae. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-H) and the third for (I-K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922153/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3F</figureCitation>
|
||
). This furrow is not visible in better-preserved specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huxley" authorityYear="1868" box="[302,438,228,249]" class="Reptilia" genus="Pristerodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[302,438,228,249]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pristerodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g. BP/1/3024, BP/1/7206, SAM-PK-10153 and USNM 23580), where the two sides of the crista oesophagea are fused into a single, thin median ridge. Exposure of the furrow and demarcation of the component ridges in BP/1/2642 can be attributed to damage incurred through acid preparation of this specimen (C.F. Kammerer, pers. comm.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922153" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7922153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922153/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[163,244,1395,1417]" targetBox="[291,1314,200,1355]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[163,1443,1395,1857]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[163,271,1395,1417]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
The complete and separated braincase elements of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huxley" authorityYear="1868" box="[842,1065,1395,1417]" class="Reptilia" genus="Pristerodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mackayi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[842,1065,1395,1417]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pristerodon mackayi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BP/1/2642): orbitosphenoid in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; complete braincase in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, (G) occipital and (H) left lateral views; parabasisphenoid in (I) dorsal, (J) right lateral and (K) ventral views. aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; bpdc, basisphenoidal dorsal subvertical concavity; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bpvsu, basisphenoidal ventral sulcus; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eo, exoccipital; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; epi, epipterygoid; fu, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; hpl, horizontal plate; ic, internal carotid foramina; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; mpw, mesethmoid posterior wall; obdn, the orbitosphenoid dorsal notch; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; op, opisthotic; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pdp, prootic dorsal process; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; psgr, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal groove; pt, pterygoid; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt dsu, ptergoid dorsal sulcus; ptll, pterygoid lateral lamina; ptlp, pterygoid lateral process; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; pt nt, pterygoid anteroposterior notch; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; ptvt, pterygoid ventral trench; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tse, tuberculum sellae. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-H) and the third for (I-K).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[145,762,474,1907]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis box="[145,366,474,495]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Parabasisphenoid:</emphasis>
|
||
The parabasisphenoid complex (pbs) forms the anterior floor of the braincase (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[154,227,536,558]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[163,243,1355,1377]" captionTargetBox="[277,1343,174,1316]" captionTargetId="figure-208@5.[1099,1331,1099,1306]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Comparisons of the braincase between Pristerodon and emydopoids. Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642) in (A) anterior, (B) left lateral, (C) posterior and (D) ventral views. Myosaurus gracilis (BP/1/2690) in (E) anterior, (F) left lateral, (G) posterior and (H) ventral views. The Malawian cistecephalid (DMMM-PK-16-1) in (I) anterior, (J) left lateral, (K) posterior and (L) ventral views. Kaaeingasaurus fossilis (GPIT-PV-117032) in (M) anterior, (N) left lateral, (O) posterior and (P) ventral views. Dark green – supraoccipital; Purple – orbitosphenoid; Dark orange – opisthotic; Light orange – pterygoid; Green – basioccipital; Magenta – exoccipital; Cyan blue – parasphenoid rostrum; Navy blue – prootic; Aqua blue – basisphenoid; Light Rose – epipterygoid. Same color code scheme is used in the following figures." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922151/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[243,257,536,557]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[163,244,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[291,1314,200,1355]" captionTargetId="figure-26@7.[292,1285,206,1351]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. The complete and separated braincase elements of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): orbitosphenoid in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; complete braincase in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, (G) occipital and (H) left lateral views; parabasisphenoid in (I) dorsal, (J) right lateral and (K) ventral views. aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; bpdc, basisphenoidal dorsal subvertical concavity; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bpvsu, basisphenoidal ventral sulcus; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eo, exoccipital; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; epi, epipterygoid; fu, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; hpl, horizontal plate; ic, internal carotid foramina; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; mpw, mesethmoid posterior wall; obdn, the orbitosphenoid dorsal notch; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; op, opisthotic; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pdp, prootic dorsal process; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; psgr, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal groove; pt, pterygoid; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt dsu, ptergoid dorsal sulcus; ptll, pterygoid lateral lamina; ptlp, pterygoid lateral process; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; pt nt, pterygoid anteroposterior notch; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; ptvt, pterygoid ventral trench; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tse, tuberculum sellae. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-H) and the third for (I-K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922153/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The parabasisphenoid in BP/1/2642 has many minute cracks, but a small portion of the parasphenoid rostrum (ps) is present together with the basipresphenoidal region (anterior to the pituitary fossa) and its basipostsphenoid portion (posterior to the pituitary fossa). The basipostsphenoid portion in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huxley" authorityYear="1868" box="[183,334,720,741]" class="Reptilia" genus="Pristerodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[183,334,720,741]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pristerodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
protrudes posteroventrally and overlaps the basioccipital forming the basal tubera, and encloses the carotid foramina more anteriorly as in other dicynodonts (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Modesto S & Rubidge B & Visser I & Welman J" box="[483,753,812,834]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="211 - 223" refId="ref39114" refString="Modesto S, Rubidge B, Visser I, Welman J. 2003. A new basal dicynodont from the Upper Permian of South Africa. Palaeontology 46: 211 - 223." type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Modesto
|
||
<emphasis box="[603,671,812,833]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Castanhinha R & Araujo R & Junior LC & Angielczyk KD & Martins GG & Martins RM & Chaouiya C & Beckmann F & Wilde F" box="[145,448,842,864]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="80974" refId="ref35640" refString="Castanhinha R, Araujo R, Junior LC, Angielczyk KD, Martins GG, Martins RM, Chaouiya C, Beckmann F, Wilde F. 2013. Bringing dicynodonts back to life: paleobiology and anatomy of a new emydopoid genus from the Upper Permian of Mozambique. PLoS One 8: e 80974." type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Castanhinha
|
||
<emphasis box="[312,373,842,864]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Along its dorsal aspect, the basipostsphenoid hosts the pituitary gland posterior to the sella turcica. In
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huxley" authorityYear="1868" box="[559,703,904,925]" class="Reptilia" genus="Pristerodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[559,703,904,925]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pristerodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the complex formed by the parasphenoid rostrum and basipresphenoid (PRB complex) is slender, tapers posteriorly and in dorsal view has an anteroposterior groove (psgr) on its anterodorsal portion (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[665,745,1026,1048]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[163,244,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[291,1314,200,1355]" captionTargetId="figure-26@7.[292,1285,206,1351]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. The complete and separated braincase elements of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): orbitosphenoid in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; complete braincase in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, (G) occipital and (H) left lateral views; parabasisphenoid in (I) dorsal, (J) right lateral and (K) ventral views. aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; bpdc, basisphenoidal dorsal subvertical concavity; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bpvsu, basisphenoidal ventral sulcus; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eo, exoccipital; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; epi, epipterygoid; fu, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; hpl, horizontal plate; ic, internal carotid foramina; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; mpw, mesethmoid posterior wall; obdn, the orbitosphenoid dorsal notch; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; op, opisthotic; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pdp, prootic dorsal process; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; psgr, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal groove; pt, pterygoid; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt dsu, ptergoid dorsal sulcus; ptll, pterygoid lateral lamina; ptlp, pterygoid lateral process; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; pt nt, pterygoid anteroposterior notch; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; ptvt, pterygoid ventral trench; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tse, tuberculum sellae. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-H) and the third for (I-K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922153/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3I</figureCitation>
|
||
). The posterior half of the PRB bears a tall process of triangular outline in lateral view (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[550,628,1088,1110]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[163,244,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[291,1314,200,1355]" captionTargetId="figure-26@7.[292,1285,206,1351]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. The complete and separated braincase elements of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): orbitosphenoid in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; complete braincase in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, (G) occipital and (H) left lateral views; parabasisphenoid in (I) dorsal, (J) right lateral and (K) ventral views. aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; bpdc, basisphenoidal dorsal subvertical concavity; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bpvsu, basisphenoidal ventral sulcus; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eo, exoccipital; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; epi, epipterygoid; fu, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; hpl, horizontal plate; ic, internal carotid foramina; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; mpw, mesethmoid posterior wall; obdn, the orbitosphenoid dorsal notch; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; op, opisthotic; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pdp, prootic dorsal process; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; psgr, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal groove; pt, pterygoid; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt dsu, ptergoid dorsal sulcus; ptll, pterygoid lateral lamina; ptlp, pterygoid lateral process; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; pt nt, pterygoid anteroposterior notch; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; ptvt, pterygoid ventral trench; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tse, tuberculum sellae. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-H) and the third for (I-K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922153/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3J</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[145,762,474,1907]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
In dorsal view, the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huxley" authorityYear="1868" box="[404,543,1118,1139]" class="Reptilia" genus="Pristerodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[404,543,1118,1139]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pristerodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
basipostsphenoid flares laterally from the posterior end of the parasphenoid rostrum (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[436,516,1180,1202]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[163,244,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[291,1314,200,1355]" captionTargetId="figure-26@7.[292,1285,206,1351]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. The complete and separated braincase elements of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): orbitosphenoid in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; complete braincase in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, (G) occipital and (H) left lateral views; parabasisphenoid in (I) dorsal, (J) right lateral and (K) ventral views. aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; bpdc, basisphenoidal dorsal subvertical concavity; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bpvsu, basisphenoidal ventral sulcus; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eo, exoccipital; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; epi, epipterygoid; fu, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; hpl, horizontal plate; ic, internal carotid foramina; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; mpw, mesethmoid posterior wall; obdn, the orbitosphenoid dorsal notch; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; op, opisthotic; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pdp, prootic dorsal process; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; psgr, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal groove; pt, pterygoid; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt dsu, ptergoid dorsal sulcus; ptll, pterygoid lateral lamina; ptlp, pterygoid lateral process; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; pt nt, pterygoid anteroposterior notch; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; ptvt, pterygoid ventral trench; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tse, tuberculum sellae. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-H) and the third for (I-K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922153/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3I</figureCitation>
|
||
). It is excavated by a subvertical concavity (bpdc), which is delineated ventromedially by the tuberculum sellae (tse). The left and right tuberculum sellae meet on the midline anterior to the sella turcica and continue towards the border with the parasphenoid rostrum.The tuberculum sellae marks the anterior border of the sella turcica (stu,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[208,287,1394,1416]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[163,244,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[291,1314,200,1355]" captionTargetId="figure-26@7.[292,1285,206,1351]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. The complete and separated braincase elements of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): orbitosphenoid in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; complete braincase in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, (G) occipital and (H) left lateral views; parabasisphenoid in (I) dorsal, (J) right lateral and (K) ventral views. aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; bpdc, basisphenoidal dorsal subvertical concavity; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bpvsu, basisphenoidal ventral sulcus; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eo, exoccipital; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; epi, epipterygoid; fu, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; hpl, horizontal plate; ic, internal carotid foramina; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; mpw, mesethmoid posterior wall; obdn, the orbitosphenoid dorsal notch; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; op, opisthotic; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pdp, prootic dorsal process; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; psgr, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal groove; pt, pterygoid; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt dsu, ptergoid dorsal sulcus; ptll, pterygoid lateral lamina; ptlp, pterygoid lateral process; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; pt nt, pterygoid anteroposterior notch; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; ptvt, pterygoid ventral trench; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tse, tuberculum sellae. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-H) and the third for (I-K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922153/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3I</figureCitation>
|
||
). The base of the pituitary fossa (sella turcica) is perforated by the carotid foramina (ic) and is bordered laterally by a discrete clinoid process (clp). The clinoid processes (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[405,507,1486,1508]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[163,244,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[291,1314,200,1355]" captionTargetId="figure-26@7.[292,1285,206,1351]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. The complete and separated braincase elements of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): orbitosphenoid in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; complete braincase in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, (G) occipital and (H) left lateral views; parabasisphenoid in (I) dorsal, (J) right lateral and (K) ventral views. aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; bpdc, basisphenoidal dorsal subvertical concavity; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bpvsu, basisphenoidal ventral sulcus; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eo, exoccipital; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; epi, epipterygoid; fu, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; hpl, horizontal plate; ic, internal carotid foramina; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; mpw, mesethmoid posterior wall; obdn, the orbitosphenoid dorsal notch; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; op, opisthotic; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pdp, prootic dorsal process; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; psgr, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal groove; pt, pterygoid; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt dsu, ptergoid dorsal sulcus; ptll, pterygoid lateral lamina; ptlp, pterygoid lateral process; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; pt nt, pterygoid anteroposterior notch; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; ptvt, pterygoid ventral trench; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tse, tuberculum sellae. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-H) and the third for (I-K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922153/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3I, J</figureCitation>
|
||
) consist of thin crests that give a triangular outline to the pituitary fossa in dorsal view. Posterior to the pituitary fossa, the dorsum sellae (ds) forms a low tuberosity. The carotid foramina do not join dorsally into a single orifice. The carotid foramina in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huxley" authorityYear="1868" box="[448,588,1640,1661]" class="Reptilia" genus="Pristerodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[448,588,1640,1661]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pristerodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are oval with the longest diameter extending anteroposteriorly in ventral view (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[307,391,1701,1723]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[163,244,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[291,1314,200,1355]" captionTargetId="figure-26@7.[292,1285,206,1351]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. The complete and separated braincase elements of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): orbitosphenoid in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; complete braincase in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, (G) occipital and (H) left lateral views; parabasisphenoid in (I) dorsal, (J) right lateral and (K) ventral views. aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; bpdc, basisphenoidal dorsal subvertical concavity; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bpvsu, basisphenoidal ventral sulcus; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eo, exoccipital; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; epi, epipterygoid; fu, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; hpl, horizontal plate; ic, internal carotid foramina; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; mpw, mesethmoid posterior wall; obdn, the orbitosphenoid dorsal notch; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; op, opisthotic; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pdp, prootic dorsal process; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; psgr, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal groove; pt, pterygoid; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt dsu, ptergoid dorsal sulcus; ptll, pterygoid lateral lamina; ptlp, pterygoid lateral process; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; pt nt, pterygoid anteroposterior notch; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; ptvt, pterygoid ventral trench; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tse, tuberculum sellae. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-H) and the third for (I-K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922153/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3K</figureCitation>
|
||
). The distance between the two internal carotid foramina in ventral view is narrow in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huxley" authorityYear="1868" box="[145,277,1762,1783]" class="Reptilia" genus="Pristerodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[145,277,1762,1783]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pristerodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity box="[291,381,1762,1783]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[145,762,474,1907]" lastBlockId="8.[809,1425,197,433]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
In ventral view, the basipostsphenoid contacts the basioccipital posteriorly along a sigmoidal suture and, the pterygoid anteriorly along an interdigitated M-shape suture. There is an anteroposterior sulcus with a lobate shape on the posterior median end of the basipostsphenoid, delimited by the basisphenoidal tubera laterally (bpvsu,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1081,1162,258,280]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[163,244,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[291,1314,200,1355]" captionTargetId="figure-26@7.[292,1285,206,1351]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. The complete and separated braincase elements of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): orbitosphenoid in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; complete braincase in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, (G) occipital and (H) left lateral views; parabasisphenoid in (I) dorsal, (J) right lateral and (K) ventral views. aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; bpdc, basisphenoidal dorsal subvertical concavity; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bpvsu, basisphenoidal ventral sulcus; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eo, exoccipital; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; epi, epipterygoid; fu, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; hpl, horizontal plate; ic, internal carotid foramina; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; mpw, mesethmoid posterior wall; obdn, the orbitosphenoid dorsal notch; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; op, opisthotic; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pdp, prootic dorsal process; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; psgr, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal groove; pt, pterygoid; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt dsu, ptergoid dorsal sulcus; ptll, pterygoid lateral lamina; ptlp, pterygoid lateral process; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; pt nt, pterygoid anteroposterior notch; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; ptvt, pterygoid ventral trench; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tse, tuberculum sellae. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-H) and the third for (I-K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922153/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3K</figureCitation>
|
||
). This sulcus is
|
||
<quantity box="[1341,1425,258,280]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="3.5">3.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide and extends posteriorly onto the basioccipital. The posteroventrally projected basisphenoidal tubera (bpt) form buttress-like structures that broaden ventrally, where they form a wall being excluded from the fenestra ovalis posteriorly.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[809,1425,474,1907]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis box="[809,970,474,495]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Basioccipital:</emphasis>
|
||
The basioccipital (bo) in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huxley" authorityYear="1868" box="[1287,1425,474,495]" class="Reptilia" genus="Pristerodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1287,1425,474,495]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pristerodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
forms the posterior portion of the braincase floor, posterior to the parabasisphenoid complex (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[817,885,566,588]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[163,243,1355,1377]" captionTargetBox="[277,1343,174,1316]" captionTargetId="figure-208@5.[1099,1331,1099,1306]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Comparisons of the braincase between Pristerodon and emydopoids. Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642) in (A) anterior, (B) left lateral, (C) posterior and (D) ventral views. Myosaurus gracilis (BP/1/2690) in (E) anterior, (F) left lateral, (G) posterior and (H) ventral views. The Malawian cistecephalid (DMMM-PK-16-1) in (I) anterior, (J) left lateral, (K) posterior and (L) ventral views. Kaaeingasaurus fossilis (GPIT-PV-117032) in (M) anterior, (N) left lateral, (O) posterior and (P) ventral views. Dark green – supraoccipital; Purple – orbitosphenoid; Dark orange – opisthotic; Light orange – pterygoid; Green – basioccipital; Magenta – exoccipital; Cyan blue – parasphenoid rostrum; Navy blue – prootic; Aqua blue – basisphenoid; Light Rose – epipterygoid. Same color code scheme is used in the following figures." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922151/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[896,910,566,587]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[163,241,1042,1064]" captionTargetBox="[298,1306,200,1002]" captionTargetId="figure-268@9.[312,1297,214,1002]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. The ventral and posterior walls of the braincase of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): basioccipital (lime green) in (A) posterior, (B) dorsal, (C) ventral and (D) right lateral views; exoccipital (pink) in (E) anterior and (F) posterior views; and supraoccipital (dark green) in (G) anterior, (H) internal, (I) right lateral and (J) anterolateral views. ascc, attachment of the anterior semicircular canal; boc, basioccipital condyle; bocc, basioccipital condyle dorsal concavities; bocex, basioccipital collar-like excavation; bocf, basioccipital condyle foramina; bocr, basioccipital condyle median ridge; bomr, basioccipital median ridge; bosr, basioccipital lateral ridges; bovtr, basioccipital ventral trough; bt, basioccipital tubera; cca, attachment of the crus communis; eo, exoccipital; eoat, exoccipital anterior tuberosity; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; eoc, exoccipital condyle; eodc, exoccipital dorsal component; flo, floccular fossa; fm, foramen magnum; fo, fenestra ovalis; ite, intertuberal eminence; jf, jugular foramen; ms, M-like suture between the basioccipital and exoccipital; pa, pila antotica; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pr, prootic; ptf, posttemporal fenestra; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; ve, vestibule. Note that the articular surface of the parabasisphenoid is black squared pattern in C. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-D), the second for (E-F) and the third for (G-J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922157" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922157/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">4</figureCitation>
|
||
). The basioccipital in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huxley" authorityYear="1868" box="[1153,1285,566,587]" class="Reptilia" genus="Pristerodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1153,1285,566,587]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pristerodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is expanded mediolaterally but tapers anteriorly and posteriorly, resulting in a subhexagonal shape in both ventral and dorsal views. The basioccipital can be divided into two main anatomical subunits: the basioccipital portion of the occipital condyle posteriorly and the basioccipital tubera anterolaterally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[809,1425,474,1907]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
In posterior view, the basioccipital displays an inverted U-shape with the tubera pointing ventrally. As in other dicynodonts, the basioccipital in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huxley" authorityYear="1868" box="[840,975,873,894]" class="Reptilia" genus="Pristerodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[840,975,873,894]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pristerodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
forms the ventral lobe of the occipital condyle and extends laterally to border the vestibule (fenestra ovalis) and the jugular foramen medially. In posterior view, the basioccipital condyle (boc) is less prominent than the exoccipital condyles (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1279,1366,995,1017]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[163,244,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[291,1314,200,1355]" captionTargetId="figure-26@7.[292,1285,206,1351]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. The complete and separated braincase elements of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): orbitosphenoid in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; complete braincase in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, (G) occipital and (H) left lateral views; parabasisphenoid in (I) dorsal, (J) right lateral and (K) ventral views. aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; bpdc, basisphenoidal dorsal subvertical concavity; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bpvsu, basisphenoidal ventral sulcus; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eo, exoccipital; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; epi, epipterygoid; fu, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; hpl, horizontal plate; ic, internal carotid foramina; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; mpw, mesethmoid posterior wall; obdn, the orbitosphenoid dorsal notch; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; op, opisthotic; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pdp, prootic dorsal process; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; psgr, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal groove; pt, pterygoid; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt dsu, ptergoid dorsal sulcus; ptll, pterygoid lateral lamina; ptlp, pterygoid lateral process; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; pt nt, pterygoid anteroposterior notch; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; ptvt, pterygoid ventral trench; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tse, tuberculum sellae. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-H) and the third for (I-K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922153/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 3G</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1379,1411,996,1017]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[163,241,1042,1064]" captionTargetBox="[298,1306,200,1002]" captionTargetId="figure-268@9.[312,1297,214,1002]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. The ventral and posterior walls of the braincase of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): basioccipital (lime green) in (A) posterior, (B) dorsal, (C) ventral and (D) right lateral views; exoccipital (pink) in (E) anterior and (F) posterior views; and supraoccipital (dark green) in (G) anterior, (H) internal, (I) right lateral and (J) anterolateral views. ascc, attachment of the anterior semicircular canal; boc, basioccipital condyle; bocc, basioccipital condyle dorsal concavities; bocex, basioccipital collar-like excavation; bocf, basioccipital condyle foramina; bocr, basioccipital condyle median ridge; bomr, basioccipital median ridge; bosr, basioccipital lateral ridges; bovtr, basioccipital ventral trough; bt, basioccipital tubera; cca, attachment of the crus communis; eo, exoccipital; eoat, exoccipital anterior tuberosity; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; eoc, exoccipital condyle; eodc, exoccipital dorsal component; flo, floccular fossa; fm, foramen magnum; fo, fenestra ovalis; ite, intertuberal eminence; jf, jugular foramen; ms, M-like suture between the basioccipital and exoccipital; pa, pila antotica; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pr, prootic; ptf, posttemporal fenestra; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; ve, vestibule. Note that the articular surface of the parabasisphenoid is black squared pattern in C. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-D), the second for (E-F) and the third for (G-J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922157" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922157/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">4A</figureCitation>
|
||
), and its dorsal portion flares out laterally to form two symmetrical concavities (bocc) in which the exoccipital condyles are hosted (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1070,1157,1087,1109]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[163,241,1042,1064]" captionTargetBox="[298,1306,200,1002]" captionTargetId="figure-268@9.[312,1297,214,1002]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. The ventral and posterior walls of the braincase of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): basioccipital (lime green) in (A) posterior, (B) dorsal, (C) ventral and (D) right lateral views; exoccipital (pink) in (E) anterior and (F) posterior views; and supraoccipital (dark green) in (G) anterior, (H) internal, (I) right lateral and (J) anterolateral views. ascc, attachment of the anterior semicircular canal; boc, basioccipital condyle; bocc, basioccipital condyle dorsal concavities; bocex, basioccipital collar-like excavation; bocf, basioccipital condyle foramina; bocr, basioccipital condyle median ridge; bomr, basioccipital median ridge; bosr, basioccipital lateral ridges; bovtr, basioccipital ventral trough; bt, basioccipital tubera; cca, attachment of the crus communis; eo, exoccipital; eoat, exoccipital anterior tuberosity; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; eoc, exoccipital condyle; eodc, exoccipital dorsal component; flo, floccular fossa; fm, foramen magnum; fo, fenestra ovalis; ite, intertuberal eminence; jf, jugular foramen; ms, M-like suture between the basioccipital and exoccipital; pa, pila antotica; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pr, prootic; ptf, posttemporal fenestra; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; ve, vestibule. Note that the articular surface of the parabasisphenoid is black squared pattern in C. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-D), the second for (E-F) and the third for (G-J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922157" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922157/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The two concavities are separated by a median ridge (bocr) on the dorsal face of the basioccipital condyle. There is an occipital pit at the intersection between the basioccipital and exoccipital condyles in posterior view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[809,1425,474,1907]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
In dorsal view, the basioccipital tubera portion is outlined by two anteriorly conjoined sigmoid ridges (bosr) that terminate posteriorly, contacting the opisthotic and bordering the medial wall of the fenestra ovalis (fo,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[919,999,1363,1385]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[163,241,1042,1064]" captionTargetBox="[298,1306,200,1002]" captionTargetId="figure-268@9.[312,1297,214,1002]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. The ventral and posterior walls of the braincase of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): basioccipital (lime green) in (A) posterior, (B) dorsal, (C) ventral and (D) right lateral views; exoccipital (pink) in (E) anterior and (F) posterior views; and supraoccipital (dark green) in (G) anterior, (H) internal, (I) right lateral and (J) anterolateral views. ascc, attachment of the anterior semicircular canal; boc, basioccipital condyle; bocc, basioccipital condyle dorsal concavities; bocex, basioccipital collar-like excavation; bocf, basioccipital condyle foramina; bocr, basioccipital condyle median ridge; bomr, basioccipital median ridge; bosr, basioccipital lateral ridges; bovtr, basioccipital ventral trough; bt, basioccipital tubera; cca, attachment of the crus communis; eo, exoccipital; eoat, exoccipital anterior tuberosity; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; eoc, exoccipital condyle; eodc, exoccipital dorsal component; flo, floccular fossa; fm, foramen magnum; fo, fenestra ovalis; ite, intertuberal eminence; jf, jugular foramen; ms, M-like suture between the basioccipital and exoccipital; pa, pila antotica; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pr, prootic; ptf, posttemporal fenestra; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; ve, vestibule. Note that the articular surface of the parabasisphenoid is black squared pattern in C. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-D), the second for (E-F) and the third for (G-J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922157" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922157/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
). These ridges meet anteriorly to form the anteroposteriorly oriented median ridge of the basioccipital (bomr). The basioccipital median ridge is thinner than the sigmoid ridges and is present only on the anteriormost region of the basioccipital. In dorsal view, the dorsal suture of the basioccipital condyle in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huxley" authorityYear="1868" box="[842,982,1547,1568]" class="Reptilia" genus="Pristerodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[842,982,1547,1568]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pristerodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is marked by a stretched M-shaped flat edge (ms) that smoothly develops ventrally to accommodate the exoccipital condyles (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1273,1358,1609,1631]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[163,241,1042,1064]" captionTargetBox="[298,1306,200,1002]" captionTargetId="figure-268@9.[312,1297,214,1002]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. The ventral and posterior walls of the braincase of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): basioccipital (lime green) in (A) posterior, (B) dorsal, (C) ventral and (D) right lateral views; exoccipital (pink) in (E) anterior and (F) posterior views; and supraoccipital (dark green) in (G) anterior, (H) internal, (I) right lateral and (J) anterolateral views. ascc, attachment of the anterior semicircular canal; boc, basioccipital condyle; bocc, basioccipital condyle dorsal concavities; bocex, basioccipital collar-like excavation; bocf, basioccipital condyle foramina; bocr, basioccipital condyle median ridge; bomr, basioccipital median ridge; bosr, basioccipital lateral ridges; bovtr, basioccipital ventral trough; bt, basioccipital tubera; cca, attachment of the crus communis; eo, exoccipital; eoat, exoccipital anterior tuberosity; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; eoc, exoccipital condyle; eodc, exoccipital dorsal component; flo, floccular fossa; fm, foramen magnum; fo, fenestra ovalis; ite, intertuberal eminence; jf, jugular foramen; ms, M-like suture between the basioccipital and exoccipital; pa, pila antotica; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pr, prootic; ptf, posttemporal fenestra; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; ve, vestibule. Note that the articular surface of the parabasisphenoid is black squared pattern in C. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-D), the second for (E-F) and the third for (G-J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922157" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922157/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The jugular foramen (jf) opens a hemicylindrical sulcus between the M-shaped suture and the sigmoid ridge as the basioccipital forms its floor in dorsal view. In
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huxley" authorityYear="1868" box="[809,945,1731,1752]" class="Reptilia" genus="Pristerodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[809,945,1731,1752]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pristerodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, only a small portion of the basioccipital contributes to the jugular foramen laterally compared to the exoccipital and opisthotic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[809,1425,474,1907]" lastBlockId="9.[827,1444,1483,1904]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
In ventral view, the basioccipital tubera have a smoothly excavated anteroventral surface that contacts the basisphenoidal tubera. They are separated by a deeper and wider anteroposteriorly oriented midline trough (bovtr) thatopensposteriorly (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[562,636,1514,1536]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[163,241,1042,1064]" captionTargetBox="[298,1306,200,1002]" captionTargetId="figure-268@9.[312,1297,214,1002]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. The ventral and posterior walls of the braincase of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): basioccipital (lime green) in (A) posterior, (B) dorsal, (C) ventral and (D) right lateral views; exoccipital (pink) in (E) anterior and (F) posterior views; and supraoccipital (dark green) in (G) anterior, (H) internal, (I) right lateral and (J) anterolateral views. ascc, attachment of the anterior semicircular canal; boc, basioccipital condyle; bocc, basioccipital condyle dorsal concavities; bocex, basioccipital collar-like excavation; bocf, basioccipital condyle foramina; bocr, basioccipital condyle median ridge; bomr, basioccipital median ridge; bosr, basioccipital lateral ridges; bovtr, basioccipital ventral trough; bt, basioccipital tubera; cca, attachment of the crus communis; eo, exoccipital; eoat, exoccipital anterior tuberosity; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; eoc, exoccipital condyle; eodc, exoccipital dorsal component; flo, floccular fossa; fm, foramen magnum; fo, fenestra ovalis; ite, intertuberal eminence; jf, jugular foramen; ms, M-like suture between the basioccipital and exoccipital; pa, pila antotica; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pr, prootic; ptf, posttemporal fenestra; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; ve, vestibule. Note that the articular surface of the parabasisphenoid is black squared pattern in C. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-D), the second for (E-F) and the third for (G-J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922157" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922157/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig.4C</figureCitation>
|
||
).Thistrough is interrupted posteriorly by a low and blunt eminence, in a similar position to the intertuberal ridge (itr) of some other dicynodonts. Previous works on
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huxley" authorityYear="1868" box="[650,779,1606,1627]" class="Reptilia" genus="Pristerodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[650,779,1606,1627]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pristerodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Huxley TH" box="[171,312,1637,1659]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="201 - 205" refId="ref37142" refString="Huxley TH. 1868. On Saurosternon bainii and Pristerodon mckayi, two new fossil lacertilian reptiles from South Africa. Geological Magazine 5: 201 - 205." type="journal article" year="1868">Huxley, 1868</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Broom R" box="[324,462,1637,1659]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="355 - 361" refId="ref35547" refString="Broom R. 1915. On the anomodont genera, Pristerodon and Tropidostoma. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1915: 355 - 361." type="journal article" year="1915">Broom, 1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Barry, 1967;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cluver MA & King GM" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="195 - 273" refId="ref35939" refString="Cluver MA, King GM. 1983. A reassessment of the relationships of Permian Dicynodontia (Reptilia, Therapsida) and a new classification of dicynodonts. Annals of the South African Museum 91: 195 - 273." type="journal article" year="1983">Cluver & King, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) do not comment on the presence of this ridge on the basioccipital, and this structure is so weakly developed in BP/1/2642 that is should not be considered a true intertuberal ridge of the sort seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[581,727,1760,1781]" class="Reptilia" family="Lystrosauridae" genus="Lystrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[581,727,1760,1781]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Lystrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g. NMQR 3593; NMQR 815; NM C299). In
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[630,779,1791,1812]" class="Reptilia" family="Lystrosauridae" genus="Lystrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[630,779,1791,1812]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Lystrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and most other taxa where the intertuberal ridge is coded as present (see, e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Angielczyk KD & Liu J & Yang W" box="[462,720,1851,1873]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1922428" refId="ref34075" refString="Angielczyk KD, Liu J, Yang W. 2021. A redescription of Kunpania scopulusa, a bidentalian dicynodont (Therapsida, Anomodontia) from the? Guadalupian of northwestern China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 41: e 1922428." type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Angielczyk
|
||
<emphasis box="[595,652,1851,1873]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the intertuberal ridge is a tall, clearly demarcated structure comparable in height to the basal tubera. Posterior to the low, intertuberal eminence in BP/1/2642, there is a deeper, collar-like basioccipital excavation (bocex) that separates the basioccipital tubera from the basioccipital condyle. The basioccipital condyle in BP/1/2642 is spherical and is pierced by minute foramina (bocf) in ventral view. The fenestra ovalis (fo) is oval and its long axis extends mediolaterally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922157" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7922157" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922157/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" startId="9.[163,241,1042,1064]" targetBox="[298,1306,200,1002]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[163,1443,1042,1445]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[163,266,1042,1064]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
The ventral and posterior walls of the braincase of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huxley" authorityYear="1868" box="[803,1017,1042,1064]" class="Reptilia" genus="Pristerodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mackayi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[803,1017,1042,1064]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pristerodon mackayi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BP/1/2642): basioccipital (lime green) in (A) posterior, (B) dorsal, (C) ventral and (D) right lateral views; exoccipital (pink) in (E) anterior and (F) posterior views; and supraoccipital (dark green) in (G) anterior, (H) internal, (I) right lateral and (J) anterolateral views. ascc, attachment of the anterior semicircular canal; boc, basioccipital condyle; bocc, basioccipital condyle dorsal concavities; bocex, basioccipital collar-like excavation; bocf, basioccipital condyle foramina; bocr, basioccipital condyle median ridge; bomr, basioccipital median ridge; bosr, basioccipital lateral ridges; bovtr, basioccipital ventral trough; bt, basioccipital tubera; cca, attachment of the crus communis; eo, exoccipital; eoat, exoccipital anterior tuberosity; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; eoc, exoccipital condyle; eodc, exoccipital dorsal component; flo, floccular fossa; fm, foramen magnum; fo, fenestra ovalis; ite, intertuberal eminence; jf, jugular foramen; ms, M-like suture between the basioccipital and exoccipital; pa, pila antotica; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pr, prootic; ptf, posttemporal fenestra; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; ve, vestibule. Note that the articular surface of the parabasisphenoid is black squared pattern in C. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-D), the second for (E-F) and the third for (G-J).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[827,1444,1483,1904]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
In lateral view, the basioccipital tuber projects obliquely ventral to the horizontal plane, and its walls are thicker anteriorly than posteriorly (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[163,241,1042,1064]" captionTargetBox="[298,1306,200,1002]" captionTargetId="figure-268@9.[312,1297,214,1002]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. The ventral and posterior walls of the braincase of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): basioccipital (lime green) in (A) posterior, (B) dorsal, (C) ventral and (D) right lateral views; exoccipital (pink) in (E) anterior and (F) posterior views; and supraoccipital (dark green) in (G) anterior, (H) internal, (I) right lateral and (J) anterolateral views. ascc, attachment of the anterior semicircular canal; boc, basioccipital condyle; bocc, basioccipital condyle dorsal concavities; bocex, basioccipital collar-like excavation; bocf, basioccipital condyle foramina; bocr, basioccipital condyle median ridge; bomr, basioccipital median ridge; bosr, basioccipital lateral ridges; bovtr, basioccipital ventral trough; bt, basioccipital tubera; cca, attachment of the crus communis; eo, exoccipital; eoat, exoccipital anterior tuberosity; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; eoc, exoccipital condyle; eodc, exoccipital dorsal component; flo, floccular fossa; fm, foramen magnum; fo, fenestra ovalis; ite, intertuberal eminence; jf, jugular foramen; ms, M-like suture between the basioccipital and exoccipital; pa, pila antotica; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pr, prootic; ptf, posttemporal fenestra; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; ve, vestibule. Note that the articular surface of the parabasisphenoid is black squared pattern in C. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-D), the second for (E-F) and the third for (G-J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922157" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922157/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
|
||
). In lateral view, the vestibule of the inner ear (ve) excavates a conical cavity on the basioccipital lateral wall (fo,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[923,1004,1882,1904]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[163,241,1042,1064]" captionTargetBox="[298,1306,200,1002]" captionTargetId="figure-268@9.[312,1297,214,1002]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. The ventral and posterior walls of the braincase of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): basioccipital (lime green) in (A) posterior, (B) dorsal, (C) ventral and (D) right lateral views; exoccipital (pink) in (E) anterior and (F) posterior views; and supraoccipital (dark green) in (G) anterior, (H) internal, (I) right lateral and (J) anterolateral views. ascc, attachment of the anterior semicircular canal; boc, basioccipital condyle; bocc, basioccipital condyle dorsal concavities; bocex, basioccipital collar-like excavation; bocf, basioccipital condyle foramina; bocr, basioccipital condyle median ridge; bomr, basioccipital median ridge; bosr, basioccipital lateral ridges; bovtr, basioccipital ventral trough; bt, basioccipital tubera; cca, attachment of the crus communis; eo, exoccipital; eoat, exoccipital anterior tuberosity; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; eoc, exoccipital condyle; eodc, exoccipital dorsal component; flo, floccular fossa; fm, foramen magnum; fo, fenestra ovalis; ite, intertuberal eminence; jf, jugular foramen; ms, M-like suture between the basioccipital and exoccipital; pa, pila antotica; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pr, prootic; ptf, posttemporal fenestra; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; ve, vestibule. Note that the articular surface of the parabasisphenoid is black squared pattern in C. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-D), the second for (E-F) and the third for (G-J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922157" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922157/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[145,762,197,1905]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis box="[145,306,197,219]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Exoccipital:</emphasis>
|
||
The exoccipitals (eo) form the posterolateral portion of the braincase and constitute most of the ventral half of the foramen magnum and the dorsal two-thirds of the occipital condyle in most dicynodonts, including
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huxley" authorityYear="1868" box="[524,663,320,341]" class="Reptilia" genus="Pristerodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[524,663,320,341]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pristerodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[681,754,320,342]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[163,244,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[291,1314,200,1355]" captionTargetId="figure-26@7.[292,1285,206,1351]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. The complete and separated braincase elements of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): orbitosphenoid in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; complete braincase in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, (G) occipital and (H) left lateral views; parabasisphenoid in (I) dorsal, (J) right lateral and (K) ventral views. aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; bpdc, basisphenoidal dorsal subvertical concavity; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bpvsu, basisphenoidal ventral sulcus; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eo, exoccipital; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; epi, epipterygoid; fu, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; hpl, horizontal plate; ic, internal carotid foramina; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; mpw, mesethmoid posterior wall; obdn, the orbitosphenoid dorsal notch; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; op, opisthotic; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pdp, prootic dorsal process; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; psgr, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal groove; pt, pterygoid; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt dsu, ptergoid dorsal sulcus; ptll, pterygoid lateral lamina; ptlp, pterygoid lateral process; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; pt nt, pterygoid anteroposterior notch; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; ptvt, pterygoid ventral trench; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tse, tuberculum sellae. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-H) and the third for (I-K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922153/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs 3</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[145,159,351,372]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[163,241,1042,1064]" captionTargetBox="[298,1306,200,1002]" captionTargetId="figure-268@9.[312,1297,214,1002]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. The ventral and posterior walls of the braincase of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): basioccipital (lime green) in (A) posterior, (B) dorsal, (C) ventral and (D) right lateral views; exoccipital (pink) in (E) anterior and (F) posterior views; and supraoccipital (dark green) in (G) anterior, (H) internal, (I) right lateral and (J) anterolateral views. ascc, attachment of the anterior semicircular canal; boc, basioccipital condyle; bocc, basioccipital condyle dorsal concavities; bocex, basioccipital collar-like excavation; bocf, basioccipital condyle foramina; bocr, basioccipital condyle median ridge; bomr, basioccipital median ridge; bosr, basioccipital lateral ridges; bovtr, basioccipital ventral trough; bt, basioccipital tubera; cca, attachment of the crus communis; eo, exoccipital; eoat, exoccipital anterior tuberosity; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; eoc, exoccipital condyle; eodc, exoccipital dorsal component; flo, floccular fossa; fm, foramen magnum; fo, fenestra ovalis; ite, intertuberal eminence; jf, jugular foramen; ms, M-like suture between the basioccipital and exoccipital; pa, pila antotica; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pr, prootic; ptf, posttemporal fenestra; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; ve, vestibule. Note that the articular surface of the parabasisphenoid is black squared pattern in C. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-D), the second for (E-F) and the third for (G-J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922157" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922157/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">4</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cox B" box="[175,295,350,372]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="457 - 514" refId="ref36014" refString="Cox B. 1965. New Triassic dicynodonts from South America, their origins and relationships. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 248: 457 - 514." type="journal article" year="1965">Cox, 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Modesto S & Rubidge B & Visser I & Welman J" box="[311,558,350,372]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="211 - 223" refId="ref39114" refString="Modesto S, Rubidge B, Visser I, Welman J. 2003. A new basal dicynodont from the Upper Permian of South Africa. Palaeontology 46: 211 - 223." type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Modesto
|
||
<emphasis box="[422,484,350,372]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Frobisch J" box="[575,754,350,372]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="117 - 144" refId="ref36496" refString="Frobisch J. 2007. The cranial anatomy of Kombuisia frerensis Hotton (Synapsida, Dicynodontia) and a new phylogeny of anomodont therapsids. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150: 117 - 144." type="journal article" year="2007">Fröbisch, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Castanhinha R & Araujo R & Junior LC & Angielczyk KD & Martins GG & Martins RM & Chaouiya C & Beckmann F & Wilde F" box="[145,452,381,403]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="80974" refId="ref35640" refString="Castanhinha R, Araujo R, Junior LC, Angielczyk KD, Martins GG, Martins RM, Chaouiya C, Beckmann F, Wilde F. 2013. Bringing dicynodonts back to life: paleobiology and anatomy of a new emydopoid genus from the Upper Permian of Mozambique. PLoS One 8: e 80974." type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Castanhinha
|
||
<emphasis box="[314,377,381,403]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Each exoccipital forms the medial border of the jugular foramen. Typically, the exoccipital is traversed by the canal for the hypoglossal cranial nerve (CN XII) in dicynodonts (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Castanhinha R & Araujo R & Junior LC & Angielczyk KD & Martins GG & Martins RM & Chaouiya C & Beckmann F & Wilde F" box="[154,468,504,526]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="80974" refId="ref35640" refString="Castanhinha R, Araujo R, Junior LC, Angielczyk KD, Martins GG, Martins RM, Chaouiya C, Beckmann F, Wilde F. 2013. Bringing dicynodonts back to life: paleobiology and anatomy of a new emydopoid genus from the Upper Permian of Mozambique. PLoS One 8: e 80974." type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Castanhinha
|
||
<emphasis box="[326,390,504,525]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but this could not be segmented in the specimen BP/1/2642 due to damage. The exoccipital contacts the supraoccipital dorsally, the opisthotic laterally and the basioccipital ventrally. The exoccipital is co-ossified to the supraoccipital and opisthotic anteriorly. The ventral suture with the basioccipital is W-shaped. The exoccipital in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huxley" authorityYear="1868" box="[319,461,718,739]" class="Reptilia" genus="Pristerodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[319,461,718,739]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pristerodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be divided into two main components: the exoccipital condyle (eoc) and the dorsal component (eodc).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[145,762,197,1905]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
In anterior view, each exoccipital is knob-like and is excavated by the jugular foramen (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[658,745,841,863]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[163,241,1042,1064]" captionTargetBox="[298,1306,200,1002]" captionTargetId="figure-268@9.[312,1297,214,1002]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. The ventral and posterior walls of the braincase of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): basioccipital (lime green) in (A) posterior, (B) dorsal, (C) ventral and (D) right lateral views; exoccipital (pink) in (E) anterior and (F) posterior views; and supraoccipital (dark green) in (G) anterior, (H) internal, (I) right lateral and (J) anterolateral views. ascc, attachment of the anterior semicircular canal; boc, basioccipital condyle; bocc, basioccipital condyle dorsal concavities; bocex, basioccipital collar-like excavation; bocf, basioccipital condyle foramina; bocr, basioccipital condyle median ridge; bomr, basioccipital median ridge; bosr, basioccipital lateral ridges; bovtr, basioccipital ventral trough; bt, basioccipital tubera; cca, attachment of the crus communis; eo, exoccipital; eoat, exoccipital anterior tuberosity; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; eoc, exoccipital condyle; eodc, exoccipital dorsal component; flo, floccular fossa; fm, foramen magnum; fo, fenestra ovalis; ite, intertuberal eminence; jf, jugular foramen; ms, M-like suture between the basioccipital and exoccipital; pa, pila antotica; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pr, prootic; ptf, posttemporal fenestra; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; ve, vestibule. Note that the articular surface of the parabasisphenoid is black squared pattern in C. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-D), the second for (E-F) and the third for (G-J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922157" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922157/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 4E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The exoccipital condyle is robust and sends a short tuber-like process (eoat) that overlaps the M-like posterodorsal edge of the basioccipital (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[610,694,933,955]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[163,241,1042,1064]" captionTargetBox="[298,1306,200,1002]" captionTargetId="figure-268@9.[312,1297,214,1002]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. The ventral and posterior walls of the braincase of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): basioccipital (lime green) in (A) posterior, (B) dorsal, (C) ventral and (D) right lateral views; exoccipital (pink) in (E) anterior and (F) posterior views; and supraoccipital (dark green) in (G) anterior, (H) internal, (I) right lateral and (J) anterolateral views. ascc, attachment of the anterior semicircular canal; boc, basioccipital condyle; bocc, basioccipital condyle dorsal concavities; bocex, basioccipital collar-like excavation; bocf, basioccipital condyle foramina; bocr, basioccipital condyle median ridge; bomr, basioccipital median ridge; bosr, basioccipital lateral ridges; bovtr, basioccipital ventral trough; bt, basioccipital tubera; cca, attachment of the crus communis; eo, exoccipital; eoat, exoccipital anterior tuberosity; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; eoc, exoccipital condyle; eodc, exoccipital dorsal component; flo, floccular fossa; fm, foramen magnum; fo, fenestra ovalis; ite, intertuberal eminence; jf, jugular foramen; ms, M-like suture between the basioccipital and exoccipital; pa, pila antotica; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pr, prootic; ptf, posttemporal fenestra; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; ve, vestibule. Note that the articular surface of the parabasisphenoid is black squared pattern in C. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-D), the second for (E-F) and the third for (G-J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922157" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922157/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 4E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The base of the exoccipital condyle shows a sigmoidal outline in anterior view. The articular surface of the exoccipital condyle is convex. The dorsal component of the exoccipital has an expanded dorsal end at the contact with the supraoccipital in anterior view. The exoccipital forms the posterodorsal border of the jugular foramen (jf), which is located between the dorsal edge of the dorsal component and the exoccipital condyle in anterior view (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[602,690,1209,1231]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[163,241,1042,1064]" captionTargetBox="[298,1306,200,1002]" captionTargetId="figure-268@9.[312,1297,214,1002]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. The ventral and posterior walls of the braincase of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): basioccipital (lime green) in (A) posterior, (B) dorsal, (C) ventral and (D) right lateral views; exoccipital (pink) in (E) anterior and (F) posterior views; and supraoccipital (dark green) in (G) anterior, (H) internal, (I) right lateral and (J) anterolateral views. ascc, attachment of the anterior semicircular canal; boc, basioccipital condyle; bocc, basioccipital condyle dorsal concavities; bocex, basioccipital collar-like excavation; bocf, basioccipital condyle foramina; bocr, basioccipital condyle median ridge; bomr, basioccipital median ridge; bosr, basioccipital lateral ridges; bovtr, basioccipital ventral trough; bt, basioccipital tubera; cca, attachment of the crus communis; eo, exoccipital; eoat, exoccipital anterior tuberosity; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; eoc, exoccipital condyle; eodc, exoccipital dorsal component; flo, floccular fossa; fm, foramen magnum; fo, fenestra ovalis; ite, intertuberal eminence; jf, jugular foramen; ms, M-like suture between the basioccipital and exoccipital; pa, pila antotica; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pr, prootic; ptf, posttemporal fenestra; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; ve, vestibule. Note that the articular surface of the parabasisphenoid is black squared pattern in C. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-D), the second for (E-F) and the third for (G-J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922157" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922157/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 4E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The foramen excavates a semicylindrical cavity in the exoccipital.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[145,762,197,1905]" lastBlockId="10.[809,1425,197,249]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
In posterior view, the foramen magnum (fm) is vertically elliptical and the exoccipital covers 40% of its ventral portion (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[419,493,1362,1384]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[163,243,1355,1377]" captionTargetBox="[277,1343,174,1316]" captionTargetId="figure-208@5.[1099,1331,1099,1306]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Comparisons of the braincase between Pristerodon and emydopoids. Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642) in (A) anterior, (B) left lateral, (C) posterior and (D) ventral views. Myosaurus gracilis (BP/1/2690) in (E) anterior, (F) left lateral, (G) posterior and (H) ventral views. The Malawian cistecephalid (DMMM-PK-16-1) in (I) anterior, (J) left lateral, (K) posterior and (L) ventral views. Kaaeingasaurus fossilis (GPIT-PV-117032) in (M) anterior, (N) left lateral, (O) posterior and (P) ventral views. Dark green – supraoccipital; Purple – orbitosphenoid; Dark orange – opisthotic; Light orange – pterygoid; Green – basioccipital; Magenta – exoccipital; Cyan blue – parasphenoid rostrum; Navy blue – prootic; Aqua blue – basisphenoid; Light Rose – epipterygoid. Same color code scheme is used in the following figures." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922151/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[509,523,1362,1383]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[163,244,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[291,1314,200,1355]" captionTargetId="figure-26@7.[292,1285,206,1351]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. The complete and separated braincase elements of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): orbitosphenoid in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; complete braincase in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, (G) occipital and (H) left lateral views; parabasisphenoid in (I) dorsal, (J) right lateral and (K) ventral views. aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; bpdc, basisphenoidal dorsal subvertical concavity; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bpvsu, basisphenoidal ventral sulcus; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eo, exoccipital; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; epi, epipterygoid; fu, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; hpl, horizontal plate; ic, internal carotid foramina; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; mpw, mesethmoid posterior wall; obdn, the orbitosphenoid dorsal notch; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; op, opisthotic; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pdp, prootic dorsal process; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; psgr, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal groove; pt, pterygoid; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt dsu, ptergoid dorsal sulcus; ptll, pterygoid lateral lamina; ptlp, pterygoid lateral process; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; pt nt, pterygoid anteroposterior notch; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; ptvt, pterygoid ventral trench; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tse, tuberculum sellae. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-H) and the third for (I-K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922153/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The exoccipital is dorsoventrally short in posterior view (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[609,701,1393,1415]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[163,244,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[291,1314,200,1355]" captionTargetId="figure-26@7.[292,1285,206,1351]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. The complete and separated braincase elements of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): orbitosphenoid in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; complete braincase in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, (G) occipital and (H) left lateral views; parabasisphenoid in (I) dorsal, (J) right lateral and (K) ventral views. aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; bpdc, basisphenoidal dorsal subvertical concavity; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bpvsu, basisphenoidal ventral sulcus; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eo, exoccipital; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; epi, epipterygoid; fu, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; hpl, horizontal plate; ic, internal carotid foramina; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; mpw, mesethmoid posterior wall; obdn, the orbitosphenoid dorsal notch; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; op, opisthotic; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pdp, prootic dorsal process; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; psgr, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal groove; pt, pterygoid; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt dsu, ptergoid dorsal sulcus; ptll, pterygoid lateral lamina; ptlp, pterygoid lateral process; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; pt nt, pterygoid anteroposterior notch; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; ptvt, pterygoid ventral trench; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tse, tuberculum sellae. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-H) and the third for (I-K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922153/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs 3G</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[715,745,1393,1414]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[163,241,1042,1064]" captionTargetBox="[298,1306,200,1002]" captionTargetId="figure-268@9.[312,1297,214,1002]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. The ventral and posterior walls of the braincase of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): basioccipital (lime green) in (A) posterior, (B) dorsal, (C) ventral and (D) right lateral views; exoccipital (pink) in (E) anterior and (F) posterior views; and supraoccipital (dark green) in (G) anterior, (H) internal, (I) right lateral and (J) anterolateral views. ascc, attachment of the anterior semicircular canal; boc, basioccipital condyle; bocc, basioccipital condyle dorsal concavities; bocex, basioccipital collar-like excavation; bocf, basioccipital condyle foramina; bocr, basioccipital condyle median ridge; bomr, basioccipital median ridge; bosr, basioccipital lateral ridges; bovtr, basioccipital ventral trough; bt, basioccipital tubera; cca, attachment of the crus communis; eo, exoccipital; eoat, exoccipital anterior tuberosity; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; eoc, exoccipital condyle; eodc, exoccipital dorsal component; flo, floccular fossa; fm, foramen magnum; fo, fenestra ovalis; ite, intertuberal eminence; jf, jugular foramen; ms, M-like suture between the basioccipital and exoccipital; pa, pila antotica; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pr, prootic; ptf, posttemporal fenestra; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; ve, vestibule. Note that the articular surface of the parabasisphenoid is black squared pattern in C. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-D), the second for (E-F) and the third for (G-J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922157" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922157/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">4F</figureCitation>
|
||
). The dorsal end of the exoccipital in posterior view coincides with the greater width of the foramen magnum, which is
|
||
<quantity box="[360,425,1485,1507]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide. The exoccipital condyle is typically reniform in dicynodonts but it is damaged in BP/1/2642. Therefore, the exoccipital condyle of BP/1/2642 is formed by an oblique bulge (eobg) that is overlapped by the subvertical buttress (eobt) of the dorsal component. Although the proatlas is not preserved, it is possible that this buttress could have served as an articular surface for this portion of the atlantal arch. The dorsal component forms a subvertical and hourglass-shaped buttress (eobt) that sutures with the supraoccipital dorsally and descends to overlap the exoccipital condyle. The dorsal component extends dorsally to just above the level of the dorsal margin of the jugular foramen. The two exoccipitals are co-ossified at the midline above the basioccipital (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[965,1048,227,249]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[163,244,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[291,1314,200,1355]" captionTargetId="figure-26@7.[292,1285,206,1351]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. The complete and separated braincase elements of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): orbitosphenoid in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; complete braincase in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, (G) occipital and (H) left lateral views; parabasisphenoid in (I) dorsal, (J) right lateral and (K) ventral views. aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; bpdc, basisphenoidal dorsal subvertical concavity; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bpvsu, basisphenoidal ventral sulcus; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eo, exoccipital; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; epi, epipterygoid; fu, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; hpl, horizontal plate; ic, internal carotid foramina; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; mpw, mesethmoid posterior wall; obdn, the orbitosphenoid dorsal notch; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; op, opisthotic; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pdp, prootic dorsal process; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; psgr, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal groove; pt, pterygoid; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt dsu, ptergoid dorsal sulcus; ptll, pterygoid lateral lamina; ptlp, pterygoid lateral process; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; pt nt, pterygoid anteroposterior notch; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; ptvt, pterygoid ventral trench; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tse, tuberculum sellae. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-H) and the third for (I-K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922153/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 3G</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[809,1426,290,1907]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis box="[809,983,290,311]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Supraoccipital:</emphasis>
|
||
The supraoccipital (su) is the largest element of the occiput, forming the posterodorsal part of the braincase (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1077,1151,351,373]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[163,243,1355,1377]" captionTargetBox="[277,1343,174,1316]" captionTargetId="figure-208@5.[1099,1331,1099,1306]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Comparisons of the braincase between Pristerodon and emydopoids. Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642) in (A) anterior, (B) left lateral, (C) posterior and (D) ventral views. Myosaurus gracilis (BP/1/2690) in (E) anterior, (F) left lateral, (G) posterior and (H) ventral views. The Malawian cistecephalid (DMMM-PK-16-1) in (I) anterior, (J) left lateral, (K) posterior and (L) ventral views. Kaaeingasaurus fossilis (GPIT-PV-117032) in (M) anterior, (N) left lateral, (O) posterior and (P) ventral views. Dark green – supraoccipital; Purple – orbitosphenoid; Dark orange – opisthotic; Light orange – pterygoid; Green – basioccipital; Magenta – exoccipital; Cyan blue – parasphenoid rostrum; Navy blue – prootic; Aqua blue – basisphenoid; Light Rose – epipterygoid. Same color code scheme is used in the following figures." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922151/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1166,1180,352,373]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[163,244,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[291,1314,200,1355]" captionTargetId="figure-26@7.[292,1285,206,1351]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. The complete and separated braincase elements of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): orbitosphenoid in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; complete braincase in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, (G) occipital and (H) left lateral views; parabasisphenoid in (I) dorsal, (J) right lateral and (K) ventral views. aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; bpdc, basisphenoidal dorsal subvertical concavity; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bpvsu, basisphenoidal ventral sulcus; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eo, exoccipital; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; epi, epipterygoid; fu, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; hpl, horizontal plate; ic, internal carotid foramina; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; mpw, mesethmoid posterior wall; obdn, the orbitosphenoid dorsal notch; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; op, opisthotic; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pdp, prootic dorsal process; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; psgr, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal groove; pt, pterygoid; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt dsu, ptergoid dorsal sulcus; ptll, pterygoid lateral lamina; ptlp, pterygoid lateral process; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; pt nt, pterygoid anteroposterior notch; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; ptvt, pterygoid ventral trench; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tse, tuberculum sellae. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-H) and the third for (I-K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922153/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The supraoccipital in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huxley" authorityYear="1868" box="[840,975,382,403]" class="Reptilia" genus="Pristerodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[840,975,382,403]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pristerodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is subvertically oriented with a slight anterior tilt (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[969,1046,413,435]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[163,241,1042,1064]" captionTargetBox="[298,1306,200,1002]" captionTargetId="figure-268@9.[312,1297,214,1002]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. The ventral and posterior walls of the braincase of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): basioccipital (lime green) in (A) posterior, (B) dorsal, (C) ventral and (D) right lateral views; exoccipital (pink) in (E) anterior and (F) posterior views; and supraoccipital (dark green) in (G) anterior, (H) internal, (I) right lateral and (J) anterolateral views. ascc, attachment of the anterior semicircular canal; boc, basioccipital condyle; bocc, basioccipital condyle dorsal concavities; bocex, basioccipital collar-like excavation; bocf, basioccipital condyle foramina; bocr, basioccipital condyle median ridge; bomr, basioccipital median ridge; bosr, basioccipital lateral ridges; bovtr, basioccipital ventral trough; bt, basioccipital tubera; cca, attachment of the crus communis; eo, exoccipital; eoat, exoccipital anterior tuberosity; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; eoc, exoccipital condyle; eodc, exoccipital dorsal component; flo, floccular fossa; fm, foramen magnum; fo, fenestra ovalis; ite, intertuberal eminence; jf, jugular foramen; ms, M-like suture between the basioccipital and exoccipital; pa, pila antotica; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pr, prootic; ptf, posttemporal fenestra; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; ve, vestibule. Note that the articular surface of the parabasisphenoid is black squared pattern in C. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-D), the second for (E-F) and the third for (G-J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922157" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922157/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 4I</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huxley" authorityYear="1868" box="[1070,1208,413,434]" class="Reptilia" genus="Pristerodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1070,1208,413,434]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pristerodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shows the typical anatomy of the dicynodont supraoccipital, which is divided into three main anatomical subunits (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Castanhinha R & Araujo R & Junior LC & Angielczyk KD & Martins GG & Martins RM & Chaouiya C & Beckmann F & Wilde F" box="[809,1100,505,527]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="80974" refId="ref35640" refString="Castanhinha R, Araujo R, Junior LC, Angielczyk KD, Martins GG, Martins RM, Chaouiya C, Beckmann F, Wilde F. 2013. Bringing dicynodonts back to life: paleobiology and anatomy of a new emydopoid genus from the Upper Permian of Mozambique. PLoS One 8: e 80974." type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Castanhinha
|
||
<emphasis box="[970,1029,505,526]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Macungo ZA & Loide I & Zunguza S & Nhamutole N & Maharaj IEM & Mugabe J & Angielczyk KD & Araujo R" box="[1115,1360,505,526]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="103647" refId="ref38660" refString="Macungo ZA, Loide I, Zunguza S, Nhamutole N, Maharaj IEM, Mugabe J, Angielczyk KD, Araujo R. 2020. Endothiodon (Therapsida, Anomodontia) specimens from the Middle / Late Permian of the Metangula Graben (Niassa Province, Mozambique) increase complexity to the taxonomy of the genus. Journal of African Earth Science 163: 103647." type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Macungo
|
||
<emphasis box="[1230,1289,505,526]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
): one medial lobe and two lateral alae. The supraoccipital bounds the dorsal half of the foramen magnum. Its lateral wing borders the posttemporal fenestra dorsally, and hosts the posterior half of the floccular fossa and the vestibular organ medially. Anteriorly, the supraoccipital contacts the prootic and ventrally the opisthotic and exoccipital.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[809,1426,290,1907]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
In anterior view, the supraoccipital in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huxley" authorityYear="1868" box="[1268,1399,750,771]" class="Reptilia" genus="Pristerodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1268,1399,750,771]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pristerodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is characterized by two anteriorly projected crests (sap,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[163,241,1042,1064]" captionTargetBox="[298,1306,200,1002]" captionTargetId="figure-268@9.[312,1297,214,1002]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. The ventral and posterior walls of the braincase of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): basioccipital (lime green) in (A) posterior, (B) dorsal, (C) ventral and (D) right lateral views; exoccipital (pink) in (E) anterior and (F) posterior views; and supraoccipital (dark green) in (G) anterior, (H) internal, (I) right lateral and (J) anterolateral views. ascc, attachment of the anterior semicircular canal; boc, basioccipital condyle; bocc, basioccipital condyle dorsal concavities; bocex, basioccipital collar-like excavation; bocf, basioccipital condyle foramina; bocr, basioccipital condyle median ridge; bomr, basioccipital median ridge; bosr, basioccipital lateral ridges; bovtr, basioccipital ventral trough; bt, basioccipital tubera; cca, attachment of the crus communis; eo, exoccipital; eoat, exoccipital anterior tuberosity; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; eoc, exoccipital condyle; eodc, exoccipital dorsal component; flo, floccular fossa; fm, foramen magnum; fo, fenestra ovalis; ite, intertuberal eminence; jf, jugular foramen; ms, M-like suture between the basioccipital and exoccipital; pa, pila antotica; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pr, prootic; ptf, posttemporal fenestra; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; ve, vestibule. Note that the articular surface of the parabasisphenoid is black squared pattern in C. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-D), the second for (E-F) and the third for (G-J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922157" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922157/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 4G, I</figureCitation>
|
||
) that lengthen ventrally in contact with the dorsal process of the prootic. These crests are oblique and meet dorsally at the midline. They border an anteromedial triangular recess (sar) that is bounded ventrally by an incipient horizontal ridge (sor). Although Laass (2015) and Laass
|
||
<emphasis box="[1003,1059,965,986]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017) identified the ‘unossified zone’, this structure is dorsal to the supraoccipital. The anteromedial triangular recess is located on the anterior surface of the supraoccipital, therefore we cannot elaborate on the ‘unossified zone’. The anterior face of the supraoccipital lateral alae is perforated by small circular oblique cavities that accommodate the anterior semicircular canal (ascc) in anterior view. These cavities communicate internally to the large vertical one that accommodates the crus communis (cca,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1246,1356,1241,1263]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[163,241,1042,1064]" captionTargetBox="[298,1306,200,1002]" captionTargetId="figure-268@9.[312,1297,214,1002]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. The ventral and posterior walls of the braincase of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): basioccipital (lime green) in (A) posterior, (B) dorsal, (C) ventral and (D) right lateral views; exoccipital (pink) in (E) anterior and (F) posterior views; and supraoccipital (dark green) in (G) anterior, (H) internal, (I) right lateral and (J) anterolateral views. ascc, attachment of the anterior semicircular canal; boc, basioccipital condyle; bocc, basioccipital condyle dorsal concavities; bocex, basioccipital collar-like excavation; bocf, basioccipital condyle foramina; bocr, basioccipital condyle median ridge; bomr, basioccipital median ridge; bosr, basioccipital lateral ridges; bovtr, basioccipital ventral trough; bt, basioccipital tubera; cca, attachment of the crus communis; eo, exoccipital; eoat, exoccipital anterior tuberosity; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; eoc, exoccipital condyle; eodc, exoccipital dorsal component; flo, floccular fossa; fm, foramen magnum; fo, fenestra ovalis; ite, intertuberal eminence; jf, jugular foramen; ms, M-like suture between the basioccipital and exoccipital; pa, pila antotica; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pr, prootic; ptf, posttemporal fenestra; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; ve, vestibule. Note that the articular surface of the parabasisphenoid is black squared pattern in C. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-D), the second for (E-F) and the third for (G-J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922157" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922157/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 4G, H</figureCitation>
|
||
). This region accommodating the crus communis does not form a distinct buttress in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huxley" authorityYear="1868" box="[1044,1172,1302,1323]" class="Reptilia" genus="Pristerodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1044,1172,1302,1323]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pristerodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, unlike in emydopoids. Mediolaterally, the supraoccipital forms the posterior wall of the floccular fossa (flo), which has a circular outline and is
|
||
<quantity box="[966,1062,1394,1416]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.65" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="2.65">2.65 mm</quantity>
|
||
deep (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1134,1245,1394,1416]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[163,241,1042,1064]" captionTargetBox="[298,1306,200,1002]" captionTargetId="figure-268@9.[312,1297,214,1002]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. The ventral and posterior walls of the braincase of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): basioccipital (lime green) in (A) posterior, (B) dorsal, (C) ventral and (D) right lateral views; exoccipital (pink) in (E) anterior and (F) posterior views; and supraoccipital (dark green) in (G) anterior, (H) internal, (I) right lateral and (J) anterolateral views. ascc, attachment of the anterior semicircular canal; boc, basioccipital condyle; bocc, basioccipital condyle dorsal concavities; bocex, basioccipital collar-like excavation; bocf, basioccipital condyle foramina; bocr, basioccipital condyle median ridge; bomr, basioccipital median ridge; bosr, basioccipital lateral ridges; bovtr, basioccipital ventral trough; bt, basioccipital tubera; cca, attachment of the crus communis; eo, exoccipital; eoat, exoccipital anterior tuberosity; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; eoc, exoccipital condyle; eodc, exoccipital dorsal component; flo, floccular fossa; fm, foramen magnum; fo, fenestra ovalis; ite, intertuberal eminence; jf, jugular foramen; ms, M-like suture between the basioccipital and exoccipital; pa, pila antotica; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pr, prootic; ptf, posttemporal fenestra; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; ve, vestibule. Note that the articular surface of the parabasisphenoid is black squared pattern in C. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-D), the second for (E-F) and the third for (G-J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922157" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922157/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 4G, H</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[809,1426,290,1907]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The anterior suture with the prootic is located at the top of a dorsoventrally elongated recess (slr,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1316,1417,1455,1477]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[163,241,1042,1064]" captionTargetBox="[298,1306,200,1002]" captionTargetId="figure-268@9.[312,1297,214,1002]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. The ventral and posterior walls of the braincase of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): basioccipital (lime green) in (A) posterior, (B) dorsal, (C) ventral and (D) right lateral views; exoccipital (pink) in (E) anterior and (F) posterior views; and supraoccipital (dark green) in (G) anterior, (H) internal, (I) right lateral and (J) anterolateral views. ascc, attachment of the anterior semicircular canal; boc, basioccipital condyle; bocc, basioccipital condyle dorsal concavities; bocex, basioccipital collar-like excavation; bocf, basioccipital condyle foramina; bocr, basioccipital condyle median ridge; bomr, basioccipital median ridge; bosr, basioccipital lateral ridges; bovtr, basioccipital ventral trough; bt, basioccipital tubera; cca, attachment of the crus communis; eo, exoccipital; eoat, exoccipital anterior tuberosity; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; eoc, exoccipital condyle; eodc, exoccipital dorsal component; flo, floccular fossa; fm, foramen magnum; fo, fenestra ovalis; ite, intertuberal eminence; jf, jugular foramen; ms, M-like suture between the basioccipital and exoccipital; pa, pila antotica; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pr, prootic; ptf, posttemporal fenestra; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; ve, vestibule. Note that the articular surface of the parabasisphenoid is black squared pattern in C. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-D), the second for (E-F) and the third for (G-J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922157" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922157/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 4I, J</figureCitation>
|
||
) in lateral view. This suture is dorsoventrally oriented and appears completely co-ossified on CT images. The dorsoventral recess is also known as the venous groove in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Broom" authorityYear="1940" box="[843,1043,1578,1599]" class="Reptilia" family="Kingoriidae" genus="Dicynodontoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[843,1043,1578,1599]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Dicynodontoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other dicynodonts (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Olson EC" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref39474" refString="Olson EC. 1944. The origin of mammals based upon the cranial morphology of the therapsid suborders. Geological Society of America Special Papers No. 55. Boulder: The Geological Society of America." type="book" year="1944">Olson, 1944</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cox CB" box="[880,994,1608,1630]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="321 - 367" refId="ref36046" refString="Cox CB. 1959. On the anatomy of a new dicynodont genus with evidence of the position of the tympanum. Procedings of the Zoological Society of London 132: 321 - 367." type="journal article" year="1959">Cox, 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cluver MA" box="[1009,1157,1609,1631]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="155 - 274" refId="ref35823" refString="Cluver MA. 1971. The cranial morphology of the dicynodont genus Lystrosaurus. Annals of the South African Museum 56: 155 - 274." type="journal article" year="1971">Cluver, 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="King GM" box="[1171,1298,1609,1631]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="243 - 322" refId="ref38047" refString="King GM. 1981. The functional anatomy of a Permian dicynodont. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 291: 243 - 322." type="journal article" year="1981">King, 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Surkov MV & Benton MJ" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="619 - 638" refId="ref40699" refString="Surkov MV, Benton MJ. 2004. The basicranium of the dicynodonts (Synapsida) and its use in phylogenetic analysis. Palaeontology 47: 619 - 638." type="journal article" year="2004">Surkov & Benton, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or as the anterior posttemporal fenestra groove in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Frobisch & Reisz, 2008)" baseAuthorityName="Frobisch & Reisz" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[932,1358,1670,1692]" class="Reptilia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Emydops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[932,1042,1670,1691]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Emydops</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Frobisch J & Reisz RR" box="[1061,1346,1670,1692]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="770 - 787" refId="ref36572" refString="Frobisch J, Reisz RR. 2008. A new species of Emydops (Synapsida, Anomodontia) and a discussion of dental variability and pathology in dicynodonts. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28: 770 - 787." type="journal article" year="2008">Fröbisch & Reisz, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This recess is dorsoventrally oblique and as tall as the supraoccipital.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[809,1426,290,1907]" lastBlockId="11.[163,779,197,403]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
In posterior view, the supraoccipital of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huxley" authorityYear="1868" box="[1268,1400,1762,1783]" class="Reptilia" genus="Pristerodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1268,1400,1762,1783]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pristerodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is tall as it forms 60% of the dorsal margin of the elliptical foramen magnum (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1026,1109,1823,1845]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[163,244,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[291,1314,200,1355]" captionTargetId="figure-26@7.[292,1285,206,1351]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. The complete and separated braincase elements of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): orbitosphenoid in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; complete braincase in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, (G) occipital and (H) left lateral views; parabasisphenoid in (I) dorsal, (J) right lateral and (K) ventral views. aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; bpdc, basisphenoidal dorsal subvertical concavity; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bpvsu, basisphenoidal ventral sulcus; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eo, exoccipital; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; epi, epipterygoid; fu, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; hpl, horizontal plate; ic, internal carotid foramina; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; mpw, mesethmoid posterior wall; obdn, the orbitosphenoid dorsal notch; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; op, opisthotic; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pdp, prootic dorsal process; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; psgr, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal groove; pt, pterygoid; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt dsu, ptergoid dorsal sulcus; ptll, pterygoid lateral lamina; ptlp, pterygoid lateral process; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; pt nt, pterygoid anteroposterior notch; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; ptvt, pterygoid ventral trench; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tse, tuberculum sellae. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-H) and the third for (I-K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922153/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 3G</figureCitation>
|
||
). The supraoccipital medial lobe is robust and has a rounded dorsal margin in occipital view (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1005,1097,1885,1907]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[163,244,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[291,1314,200,1355]" captionTargetId="figure-26@7.[292,1285,206,1351]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. The complete and separated braincase elements of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): orbitosphenoid in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; complete braincase in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, (G) occipital and (H) left lateral views; parabasisphenoid in (I) dorsal, (J) right lateral and (K) ventral views. aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; bpdc, basisphenoidal dorsal subvertical concavity; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bpvsu, basisphenoidal ventral sulcus; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eo, exoccipital; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; epi, epipterygoid; fu, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; hpl, horizontal plate; ic, internal carotid foramina; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; mpw, mesethmoid posterior wall; obdn, the orbitosphenoid dorsal notch; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; op, opisthotic; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pdp, prootic dorsal process; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; psgr, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal groove; pt, pterygoid; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt dsu, ptergoid dorsal sulcus; ptll, pterygoid lateral lamina; ptlp, pterygoid lateral process; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; pt nt, pterygoid anteroposterior notch; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; ptvt, pterygoid ventral trench; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tse, tuberculum sellae. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-H) and the third for (I-K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922153/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 3G</figureCitation>
|
||
). The supraoccipital alae of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huxley" authorityYear="1868" box="[194,335,197,218]" class="Reptilia" genus="Pristerodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[194,335,197,218]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Pristerodon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are laterally pointed and possess a horizontal process (spp), which expands laterally to border the dorsal margin of the posttemporal fenestra (ptf,
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<figureCitation box="[218,303,289,311]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[163,244,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[291,1314,200,1355]" captionTargetId="figure-26@7.[292,1285,206,1351]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. The complete and separated braincase elements of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): orbitosphenoid in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; complete braincase in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, (G) occipital and (H) left lateral views; parabasisphenoid in (I) dorsal, (J) right lateral and (K) ventral views. aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; bpdc, basisphenoidal dorsal subvertical concavity; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bpvsu, basisphenoidal ventral sulcus; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eo, exoccipital; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; epi, epipterygoid; fu, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; hpl, horizontal plate; ic, internal carotid foramina; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; mpw, mesethmoid posterior wall; obdn, the orbitosphenoid dorsal notch; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; op, opisthotic; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pdp, prootic dorsal process; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; psgr, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal groove; pt, pterygoid; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt dsu, ptergoid dorsal sulcus; ptll, pterygoid lateral lamina; ptlp, pterygoid lateral process; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; pt nt, pterygoid anteroposterior notch; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; ptvt, pterygoid ventral trench; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tse, tuberculum sellae. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-H) and the third for (I-K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922153/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 3G</figureCitation>
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). The suture between the supraoccipital and the exoccipital is oblique in posterior view and is horizontal between the supraoccipital and the opisthotic (
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<figureCitation box="[289,371,381,403]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[163,244,1395,1417]" captionTargetBox="[291,1314,200,1355]" captionTargetId="figure-26@7.[292,1285,206,1351]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. The complete and separated braincase elements of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): orbitosphenoid in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal and (C) left lateral views; complete braincase in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, (G) occipital and (H) left lateral views; parabasisphenoid in (I) dorsal, (J) right lateral and (K) ventral views. aptr, anterior (palatal) ramus of the pterygoid; bo, basioccipital; bpdc, basisphenoidal dorsal subvertical concavity; bpt, basisphenoidal tubera; bpvsu, basisphenoidal ventral sulcus; clp, clinoid process; co, crista oesophagea; ds, dorsum sellae; eo, exoccipital; eobg, exoccipital posterior bulge; eobt, exoccipital subvertical buttress; epi, epipterygoid; fu, pterygoid anteroposterior furrow; hpl, horizontal plate; ic, internal carotid foramina; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; mpw, mesethmoid posterior wall; obdn, the orbitosphenoid dorsal notch; obvp, orbitosphenoid medial vertical process; obw, orbitosphenoid wings; ofc, olfactory cavity; op, opisthotic; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pdp, prootic dorsal process; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid rostrum; psgr, parasphenoid rostrum dorsal groove; pt, pterygoid; pt amp, anteromedial process of the pterygoid; pt dsu, ptergoid dorsal sulcus; ptll, pterygoid lateral lamina; ptlp, pterygoid lateral process; ptmp, pterygoid median plate; pt nt, pterygoid anteroposterior notch; ptqr, pterygoid quadrate ramus; ptvt, pterygoid ventral trench; sap, supraoccipital anteriorly projected crest; sar, supraoccipital anterior recess; slr, supraoccipital lateral recess; sor, supraoccipital anterior horizontal ridges; spp, supraoccipital posterior process; su, supraoccipital; stu, sella turcica; tse, tuberculum sellae. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The first scale serves for (A-C), the second for (D-H) and the third for (I-K)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922153/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 3G</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="11.[163,779,444,588]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<emphasis box="[163,253,444,465]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Prootic:</emphasis>
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The prootic (pr) forms the anterior part of the braincase lateral wall and borders the foramen magnum anterolaterally (
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<figureCitation box="[472,545,505,527]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[163,243,1355,1377]" captionTargetBox="[277,1343,174,1316]" captionTargetId="figure-208@5.[1099,1331,1099,1306]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Comparisons of the braincase between Pristerodon and emydopoids. Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642) in (A) anterior, (B) left lateral, (C) posterior and (D) ventral views. Myosaurus gracilis (BP/1/2690) in (E) anterior, (F) left lateral, (G) posterior and (H) ventral views. The Malawian cistecephalid (DMMM-PK-16-1) in (I) anterior, (J) left lateral, (K) posterior and (L) ventral views. Kaaeingasaurus fossilis (GPIT-PV-117032) in (M) anterior, (N) left lateral, (O) posterior and (P) ventral views. Dark green – supraoccipital; Purple – orbitosphenoid; Dark orange – opisthotic; Light orange – pterygoid; Green – basioccipital; Magenta – exoccipital; Cyan blue – parasphenoid rostrum; Navy blue – prootic; Aqua blue – basisphenoid; Light Rose – epipterygoid. Same color code scheme is used in the following figures." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922151/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs 2</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation box="[560,574,505,527]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[163,243,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[296,1292,648,1520]" captionTargetId="figure-246@11.[291,1279,651,1528]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. The lateral wall of the braincase of Pristerodon mackayi (BP/1/2642): right prootic (blue) in (A) anterior, (B) lateral, (C) posterior, (D) ventral and (E) medial views; and left opisthotic (golden) in (F) anterior, (G) lateral and (H) posterior views. afac, articulation facet concavity; ascc, attachment of the anterior semicircular canal; boa, basioccipital sutural area; bsa, parabasisphenoid sutural area; CNV, passage of the cranial nerve five (V); eoa, exoccipital sutural area; fa, facial foramen; flo, floccular fossa; fo, fenestra ovalis; jf, jugular foramen; lscc, attachment of the lateral semicircular area; lvb, opisthotic lateral vertical buttress; osu, opisthotic posterior vertical sulcus; ovmp, opisthotic ventromedial process; pa, pila antotica; pab, prootic anterior bulge; pad, pila antotica anterior depression; pdp, prootic dorsal process; prd, prootic lateral depression; pscc, attachment of the posterior semicircular canal; ptf, posttemporal fenestra; spa, supraoccipital sutural area; vea, vestibular area; ve, vestibule. The horizontal line pattern on the prootic in (B) represents the prootic depression. The diagonal square pattern in (F) represents the articular surface of the prootic. Scale bars equal 5 mm. The upper scale bar serves for (A-E) and the lower for (F-H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922159" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7922159/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">5</figureCitation>
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). Its medial wall is excavated by the floccular fossa and is pierced by the anterior semicircular canal. Due to its complex
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |