400 lines
56 KiB
XML
400 lines
56 KiB
XML
<document id="AE59247F2C07B49A3AB8F227647468A8" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3972.3.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="37cf6488-091a-40ce-ae0a-2e251f6254ea" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="236731" ID-ZooBank="C1698260-269E-4D15-A562-D8FF46751F7F" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461188715890" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Peña Cantero, Álvaro L." docDate="2015" docId="3D10878AFF94B44410905FE9FCBF3899" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03972p392.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3972 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Hydractinia dendritica Hickson & Gravely 1907" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="384" masterDocId="C129FFF2FF9AB44B10075D3EFFD13F0D" masterDocTitle="Review of some little-known benthic hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the Southern Ocean" masterLastPageNumber="392" masterPageNumber="369" pageNumber="383" updateTime="1698600324260" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="C479DD456D134BDFAE1D66433ABBE08B">Review of some little-known benthic hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the Southern Ocean</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="4313023098A434E5211C27F7017CA265" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="112A7EB11386EDCA9F72F200B45E2387">Peña Cantero, Álvaro L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="5A9CFD3027EB3592F90C1AF26E99DDD3">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="04C63104A08E60E669CC235B86A4A71B">
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<mods:date id="1974347212E7BCD0CD844AFBF86298A4">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="04A66DE1A5999519FEC829107EB6DFA0">3972</mods:number>
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<treatment id="3D10878AFF94B44410905FE9FCBF3899" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5671799" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119629011" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5671799" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3D10878AFF94B44410905FE9FCBF3899" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D10878AFF94B44410905FE9FCBF3899" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="384" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">
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<subSubSection id="FDA36517FF94B44510905FE9FEE73C1E" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="B506369CFF94B44510905FE9FD3A3DFF" blockId="14.[151,747,727,787]" box="[151,747,727,754]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">
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<heading id="EE4E81F0FF94B44510905FE9FD3A3DFF" bold="true" box="[151,747,727,754]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF94B44510905FE9FD3A3DFF" ID-CoL="6MHBB" authority="Hickson & Gravely, 1907" authorityName="Hickson & Gravely" authorityYear="1907" box="[151,747,727,754]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">
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<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF94B44510905FE9FD3A3DFF" bold="true" box="[151,747,727,754]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">
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<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF94B44510905FE9FE783DFC" bold="true" box="[151,425,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">Hydractinia dendritica</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF94B44511B75FE6FD3A3DFF" author="Hickson" box="[432,747,728,754]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" refString="Hickson, S. J. & Gravely, F. H. (1907) Coelenterata. II. Hydroid zoophytes. National Antarctic Expedition (S. S. Discovery) 1901 - 1904, Natural History, 3, 1 - 34, pls 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1907">Hickson & Gravely, 1907</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B506369CFF94B44510905FC4FEE73C1E" blockId="14.[151,747,727,787]" box="[151,310,762,787]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">
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(
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<figureCitation id="2D822A19FF94B44510985FC4FF353C1F" box="[159,228,762,787]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[204,1385,203,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[189,1397,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Hydractinia angusta Hartlaub, 1904: A – C, gastrozooids; D – G, gonozooids with gonophores; H, spine. Hydractinia dendritica Hickson & Gravely, 1907: I, J, gastrozooids; K – M, gonozooids (L, M with gonophores); N, dactylozooid (J, M from paratype). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236738/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">
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Figs
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<date id="C107105CFF94B44510D05FC5FF353C1F" box="[215,228,763,786]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">7</date>
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</figureCitation>
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I–N, 8)
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="FDA36517FF94B44510905E7CFD823CB9" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="B506369CFF94B44510905E7CFDFC3C7A" blockId="14.[151,1436,834,948]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="95A911B2FF94B44510905E7CFDFC3C7A" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">
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<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF94B44510905E7CFD7B3C55" ID-CoL="6MHBB" authority="Hickson & Gravely, 1907: 9" authorityName="Hickson & Gravely" authorityPageNumber="9" authorityYear="1907" box="[151,682,834,856]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">
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<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF94B44510905E7CFE513C55" box="[151,384,834,856]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">Hydractinia dendritica</emphasis>
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||
<treatmentCitation id="3418108DFF94B44511805E7CFD7B3C55" author="Hickson" box="[391,682,834,856]" page="9" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" year="1907">
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<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF94B44511805E7CFD403C55" author="Hickson" box="[391,657,834,856]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" refString="Hickson, S. J. & Gravely, F. H. (1907) Coelenterata. II. Hydroid zoophytes. National Antarctic Expedition (S. S. Discovery) 1901 - 1904, Natural History, 3, 1 - 34, pls 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1907">Hickson & Gravely, 1907</bibRefCitation>
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: 9
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
, pl. 2 figs 7–10;
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<treatmentCitation id="3418108DFF94B445135E5E7DFBD73C55" author="Kramp" box="[857,1030,834,856]" page="11" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" year="1932">
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<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF94B445135E5E7DFC323C55" author="Kramp" box="[857,995,834,856]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1932) Hydroids. In: The Godthaab expedition 1928. Meddelelser om Gronland, 79, 1 - 86." type="journal article" year="1932">Kramp, 1932</bibRefCitation>
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: 11
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</treatmentCitation>
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M;
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<treatmentCitation id="3418108DFF94B445142C5E7CFB263C55" author="Stechow" box="[1067,1271,834,856]" page="417" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" year="1962">
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<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF94B445142C5E7CFB123C55" author="Stechow" box="[1067,1219,834,856]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" refString="Stechow, E. (1962) Ueber skelettbildende Hydrozoen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 169, 416 - 428." type="journal article" year="1962">Stechow, 1962</bibRefCitation>
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: 417
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
;
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||
<treatmentCitation id="3418108DFF94B44515055E7CFEE13C7A" author="Bouillon" page="150" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" year="2006">
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<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF94B44515055E7CFF2C3C7A" author="Bouillon" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 194, 1 - 591." type="journal article" year="2006">
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Bouillon
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<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF94B44515655E7DFA5E3C55" box="[1378,1423,834,856]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">et al</emphasis>
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., 2006
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 150
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
;
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||
<treatmentCitation id="3418108DFF94B445113D5E5FFDFC3C7A" author="Stampar" box="[314,557,865,887]" page="58" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" year="2006">
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<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF94B445113D5E5FFDD83C7A" author="Stampar" box="[314,521,865,887]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" refString="Stampar, S. N., Tronolone, V. B. & Morandini, A. C. (2006) Description and life cycle of the hydrozoan Hydractinia uniformis sp. nov. (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Hydractiniidae), from the coast of southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa, 1200, 43 - 60." type="journal article" year="2006">
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Stampar
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<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF94B44511935E5CFE113C7A" box="[404,448,865,887]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">et al</emphasis>
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., 2006
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 58
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="B506369CFF94B44510905EBEFCDD3C9B" blockId="14.[151,1436,834,948]" box="[151,780,896,918]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="95A911B2FF94B44510905EBEFCDD3C9B" box="[151,780,896,918]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">
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||
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF94B44510905EBEFEAD3C9B" box="[151,380,896,918]" class="Insecta" family="Hydropsychidae" genus="Hydronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dendritica">
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||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF94B44510905EBEFEAD3C9B" box="[151,380,896,918]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">Hydronema dendritica</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="3418108DFF94B44511915EBEFD8E3C9B" author="Stechow" box="[406,607,896,918]" page="252" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" year="1921">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF94B44511915EBEFDFD3C9B" author="Stechow" box="[406,556,896,918]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" refString="Stechow, E. (1921) Neue Genera und Species von Hydrozoen und anderen Evertebraten. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Series A, 87, 248 - 265." type="journal article" year="1921">Stechow, 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 252
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
; 1923: 67, fig. F.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="B506369CFF94B44510905EA0FD823CB9" blockId="14.[151,1436,834,948]" box="[151,595,926,948]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="95A911B2FF94B44510905EA0FD823CB9" box="[151,595,926,948]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">
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<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF94B44510905EA0FEBA3CB9" box="[151,363,926,948]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Halorhiza" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">
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||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF94B44510905EA0FEBA3CB9" box="[151,363,926,948]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">Halorhiza dendritica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
—
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||
<treatmentCitation id="3418108DFF94B44511825EA0FD9E3CB9" author="Stechow" box="[389,591,926,948]" page="417" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" year="1962">
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<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF94B44511825EA0FDCD3CB9" author="Stechow" box="[389,540,926,948]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" refString="Stechow, E. (1962) Ueber skelettbildende Hydrozoen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 169, 416 - 428." type="journal article" year="1962">Stechow, 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 417
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
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.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="FDA36517FF94B44510905EDFFB9A3B6B" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="B506369CFF94B44510905EDFFB9A3B6B" blockId="14.[151,1437,993,2026]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">
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<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF94B44510905EDFFE533CF7" bold="true" box="[151,386,993,1018]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF94B445118B5EDCFE2F3CF4" box="[396,510,994,1017]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">Discovery</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="CDAE760CFF94B44512005EDFFDBE3CF7" box="[519,623,993,1018]" name="Antarctica" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
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||
Expedition
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||
<date id="C107105CFF94B44512FA5EDCFC8E3CF7" box="[765,863,994,1018]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" value="1901" valueMax="1904">1901-04</date>
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:
|
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<typeStatus id="6A02883EFF94B445136B5EDFFC053CF7" box="[876,980,993,1018]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
[NHM 1907.8.20.5 (part)], W.Q. (Ross Sea),
|
||
<date id="C107105CFF94B44510DD5938FE8B3B13" box="[218,346,1030,1054]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" value="1902-03-21">21.III.1902</date>
|
||
, 10 fms, one long colony fragment, c.
|
||
<quantity id="72419B79FF94B4451321593BFCA83B10" box="[806,889,1029,1054]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" unit="mm" value="85.0">85 mm</quantity>
|
||
long and c.
|
||
<quantity id="72419B79FF94B4451417593BFB843B10" box="[1040,1109,1029,1054]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
|
||
in maximum diameter, plus another erect colony fragment, c.
|
||
<quantity id="72419B79FF94B44512395914FD473B4C" box="[574,662,1066,1090]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
|
||
high, with gonophores;
|
||
<typeStatus id="6A02883EFF94B44513CB5914FBFF3B4F" box="[972,1070,1066,1090]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
[NHM 1907.8.20.6], Locality unrecorded (label lost), several stem fragments, up to
|
||
<quantity id="72419B79FF94B44512F55970FC903B68" box="[754,833,1102,1126]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" unit="mm" value="28.0">28 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, with gonophores.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FDA36517FF94B44410C0594FFA413E10" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="384" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" type="description">
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<paragraph id="B506369CFF94B44510C0594FFF293BFB" blockId="14.[151,1437,993,2026]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">
|
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<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF94B44510C0594FFE833B87" bold="true" box="[199,338,1137,1162]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">Description</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="6A02883EFF94B4451165594FFE003B87" box="[354,465,1137,1162]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
). A long colony fragment, c.
|
||
<quantity id="72419B79FF94B4451325594FFCA23B84" box="[802,883,1137,1162]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" unit="mm" value="85.0">85 mm</quantity>
|
||
long and c.
|
||
<quantity id="72419B79FF94B4451404594FFB943B84" box="[1027,1093,1137,1162]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter (
|
||
<figureCitation id="2D822A19FF94B44514D8594FFAF33B87" box="[1247,1314,1137,1162]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1855,1877]" captionTargetBox="[256,1315,201,1798]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[247,1327,193,1810]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Hydractinia dendritica Hickson & Gravely, 1907 (holotype): A, B, general view of two colony fragments; C, end of one colony fragment showing inner core of sponge spicules; D, part of colony with high density of ridges of perisarc (arrow); E – F, detail of colonies showing high density of gastrozooids and gonozooids (arrow indicating dactylozooids). H. dendritica (paratype): G, colony fragment showing gastrozooids and gonozooids with mature gonophores; H, detail of colony fragment showing gastrozooids and gonozooids with immature gonophores (arrow pointing to polyp with flattened hypostome). Scale bar: 10 mm (A – B), 1 mm (C – H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236739/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
A), and an erect colony fragment, c.
|
||
<quantity id="72419B79FF94B44511BD59A8FDDB3BA0" box="[442,522,1174,1198]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
|
||
high (
|
||
<figureCitation id="2D822A19FF94B445125259ABFD493BA3" box="[597,664,1173,1198]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1855,1877]" captionTargetBox="[256,1315,201,1798]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[247,1327,193,1810]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Hydractinia dendritica Hickson & Gravely, 1907 (holotype): A, B, general view of two colony fragments; C, end of one colony fragment showing inner core of sponge spicules; D, part of colony with high density of ridges of perisarc (arrow); E – F, detail of colonies showing high density of gastrozooids and gonozooids (arrow indicating dactylozooids). H. dendritica (paratype): G, colony fragment showing gastrozooids and gonozooids with mature gonophores; H, detail of colony fragment showing gastrozooids and gonozooids with immature gonophores (arrow pointing to polyp with flattened hypostome). Scale bar: 10 mm (A – B), 1 mm (C – H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236739/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Both irregularly branched, particularly the second one. Colonies with high density of polyps and gonozooids. With perisarc ridges throughout (
|
||
<figureCitation id="2D822A19FF94B445140B5987FB9E3BDF" box="[1036,1103,1209,1234]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1855,1877]" captionTargetBox="[256,1315,201,1798]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[247,1327,193,1810]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Hydractinia dendritica Hickson & Gravely, 1907 (holotype): A, B, general view of two colony fragments; C, end of one colony fragment showing inner core of sponge spicules; D, part of colony with high density of ridges of perisarc (arrow); E – F, detail of colonies showing high density of gastrozooids and gonozooids (arrow indicating dactylozooids). H. dendritica (paratype): G, colony fragment showing gastrozooids and gonozooids with mature gonophores; H, detail of colony fragment showing gastrozooids and gonozooids with immature gonophores (arrow pointing to polyp with flattened hypostome). Scale bar: 10 mm (A – B), 1 mm (C – H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236739/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
D), sometimes forming a sort of spine.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B506369CFF94B44510C0583FFC223A6F" blockId="14.[151,1437,993,2026]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">
|
||
Gastrozooids relatively large (c. 1700 µm high and c. 450 µm in maximum diameter), with cone-shaped hypostome and a distal crown of nine to ten filiform tentacles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="2D822A19FF94B4451358581BFC763A30" box="[863,935,1317,1342]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[204,1385,203,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[189,1397,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Hydractinia angusta Hartlaub, 1904: A – C, gastrozooids; D – G, gonozooids with gonophores; H, spine. Hydractinia dendritica Hickson & Gravely, 1907: I, J, gastrozooids; K – M, gonozooids (L, M with gonophores); N, dactylozooid (J, M from paratype). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236738/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">
|
||
Figs
|
||
<date id="C107105CFF94B445139F5818FC763A30" box="[920,935,1318,1341]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">7</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
I, 8C, F). Some gastrozooids with extremely wide, flattened hypostome (
|
||
<figureCitation id="2D822A19FF94B44511C85877FDC03A6F" box="[463,529,1353,1378]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1855,1877]" captionTargetBox="[256,1315,201,1798]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[247,1327,193,1810]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Hydractinia dendritica Hickson & Gravely, 1907 (holotype): A, B, general view of two colony fragments; C, end of one colony fragment showing inner core of sponge spicules; D, part of colony with high density of ridges of perisarc (arrow); E – F, detail of colonies showing high density of gastrozooids and gonozooids (arrow indicating dactylozooids). H. dendritica (paratype): G, colony fragment showing gastrozooids and gonozooids with mature gonophores; H, detail of colony fragment showing gastrozooids and gonozooids with immature gonophores (arrow pointing to polyp with flattened hypostome). Scale bar: 10 mm (A – B), 1 mm (C – H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236739/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
F). There are also evaginated gastrozooids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B506369CFF94B44510C05853FEC03937" blockId="14.[151,1437,993,2026]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">
|
||
Gonozooids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="2D822A19FF94B44511595853FE743A88" box="[350,421,1389,1414]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[204,1385,203,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[189,1397,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Hydractinia angusta Hartlaub, 1904: A – C, gastrozooids; D – G, gonozooids with gonophores; H, spine. Hydractinia dendritica Hickson & Gravely, 1907: I, J, gastrozooids; K – M, gonozooids (L, M with gonophores); N, dactylozooid (J, M from paratype). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236738/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">Figs 7</figureCitation>
|
||
K, L, 8E, F) much smaller than gastrozooids (c. 570 µm high and c. 220 µm in maximum diameter with gonophores; c. 340 µm and 125 µm, respectively, without gonophores). Much varied in development, from barely developed (with none, one, two or three tentacles) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="2D822A19FF94B4451414588BFB863AC3" box="[1043,1111,1461,1486]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[204,1385,203,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[189,1397,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Hydractinia angusta Hartlaub, 1904: A – C, gastrozooids; D – G, gonozooids with gonophores; H, spine. Hydractinia dendritica Hickson & Gravely, 1907: I, J, gastrozooids; K – M, gonozooids (L, M with gonophores); N, dactylozooid (J, M from paratype). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236738/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
K) to well-developed polyps with up to eight tentacles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="2D822A19FF94B44511C058E7FDDA3AFF" box="[455,523,1497,1522]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[204,1385,203,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[189,1397,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Hydractinia angusta Hartlaub, 1904: A – C, gastrozooids; D – G, gonozooids with gonophores; H, spine. Hydractinia dendritica Hickson & Gravely, 1907: I, J, gastrozooids; K – M, gonozooids (L, M with gonophores); N, dactylozooid (J, M from paratype). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236738/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
L). Incipient gonozooids apparently without mouth. Gonozooids with four to six gonophores (150–180 µm in diameter) situated at their base, resting on substratum, but attached to gonozooid (
|
||
<figureCitation id="2D822A19FF94B445156D58C3FF743934" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[204,1385,203,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[189,1397,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Hydractinia angusta Hartlaub, 1904: A – C, gastrozooids; D – G, gonozooids with gonophores; H, spine. Hydractinia dendritica Hickson & Gravely, 1907: I, J, gastrozooids; K – M, gonozooids (L, M with gonophores); N, dactylozooid (J, M from paratype). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236738/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">Figs 7</figureCitation>
|
||
L, 8E, F).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B506369CFF94B44510C05B7BFB993953" blockId="14.[151,1437,993,2026]" box="[199,1096,1605,1630]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">
|
||
Dactylozooids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="2D822A19FF94B445117F5B7BFE6F3950" box="[376,446,1605,1630]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[204,1385,203,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[189,1397,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Hydractinia angusta Hartlaub, 1904: A – C, gastrozooids; D – G, gonozooids with gonophores; H, spine. Hydractinia dendritica Hickson & Gravely, 1907: I, J, gastrozooids; K – M, gonozooids (L, M with gonophores); N, dactylozooid (J, M from paratype). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236738/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">Figs 7</figureCitation>
|
||
N, 8E) present in both fragments (at least three observed).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B506369CFF94B44510C05B54FB88381F" blockId="14.[151,1437,993,2026]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">
|
||
Measurements (in µm).
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF94B44511D45B57FDE9398F" box="[467,568,1641,1666]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">Cnidome</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<typeStatus id="6A02883EFF94B44512415B54FDAC398F" box="[582,637,1642,1666]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
I [range 8.5–9.0 x 3.0–3.5, mean 8.9±0.2 x 3.2±0.2 (n=10); ratio, range 2.6–3.0, mean 2.8±0.2 (n=10)],
|
||
<typeStatus id="6A02883EFF94B44511FD5BB0FDE039AB" box="[506,561,1678,1702]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
II [range 9.0–11.0 x 3.0–4.5, mean 9.8±0.7 x 3.9±0.5 (n=10); ratio, range 2.1– 3.0, mean 2.5±0.2 (n=10)], desmonemes [range 5.0–6.0 x 3.5, mean 5.6±0.3 x 3.5±0.0 (n=10); ratio, range 1.4–1.7, mean 1.6±0.1 (n=10)].
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF94B44511A65BEBFD9039E3" box="[417,577,1749,1774]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">Dactylozooids</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<typeStatus id="6A02883EFF94B44512545BE8FD5B39E3" box="[595,650,1750,1774]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
II, extremely abundant, apparently without shaft [range 10.0–11.0 x 3.5–4.5, mean 10.6±0.4 x 4.1±0.4 (n=10); ratio, range 2.3–3.1, mean 2.6±0.2 (n=10)].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B506369CFF94B44510C05A23FC113857" blockId="14.[151,1437,993,2026]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF94B44510C05A23FE80383B" bold="true" box="[199,337,1821,1846]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">Description</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="6A02883EFF94B44511645A20FE1D383B" box="[355,460,1822,1846]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
). Several irregularly branched stem fragments (
|
||
<figureCitation id="2D822A19FF94B44513F65A23FBE5383B" box="[1009,1076,1821,1846]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1855,1877]" captionTargetBox="[256,1315,201,1798]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[247,1327,193,1810]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Hydractinia dendritica Hickson & Gravely, 1907 (holotype): A, B, general view of two colony fragments; C, end of one colony fragment showing inner core of sponge spicules; D, part of colony with high density of ridges of perisarc (arrow); E – F, detail of colonies showing high density of gastrozooids and gonozooids (arrow indicating dactylozooids). H. dendritica (paratype): G, colony fragment showing gastrozooids and gonozooids with mature gonophores; H, detail of colony fragment showing gastrozooids and gonozooids with immature gonophores (arrow pointing to polyp with flattened hypostome). Scale bar: 10 mm (A – B), 1 mm (C – H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236739/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
G, H), up to
|
||
<quantity id="72419B79FF94B44514CB5A20FACF3838" box="[1228,1310,1822,1846]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" unit="mm" value="28.0">28 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, with tree-shaped appearance. Stems formed by longitudinal tubes of perisarc.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B506369CFF94B44510C05A5BFE7738CB" blockId="14.[151,1437,993,2026]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">
|
||
Gastrozooids large (c. 1150 µm high and c. 350 µm in maximum diameter), with nine to ten tentacles and cone-shaped hypostome (
|
||
<figureCitation id="2D822A19FF94B44511BE5AB7FDD238AC" box="[441,515,1929,1954]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[204,1385,203,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[189,1397,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Hydractinia angusta Hartlaub, 1904: A – C, gastrozooids; D – G, gonozooids with gonophores; H, spine. Hydractinia dendritica Hickson & Gravely, 1907: I, J, gastrozooids; K – M, gonozooids (L, M with gonophores); N, dactylozooid (J, M from paratype). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236738/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">Figs 7</figureCitation>
|
||
J, 8H). Polyps with a very wide flattened hypostome also present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="2D822A19FF94B44515005AB7FA9D38AF" box="[1287,1356,1929,1954]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1855,1877]" captionTargetBox="[256,1315,201,1798]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[247,1327,193,1810]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Hydractinia dendritica Hickson & Gravely, 1907 (holotype): A, B, general view of two colony fragments; C, end of one colony fragment showing inner core of sponge spicules; D, part of colony with high density of ridges of perisarc (arrow); E – F, detail of colonies showing high density of gastrozooids and gonozooids (arrow indicating dactylozooids). H. dendritica (paratype): G, colony fragment showing gastrozooids and gonozooids with mature gonophores; H, detail of colony fragment showing gastrozooids and gonozooids with immature gonophores (arrow pointing to polyp with flattened hypostome). Scale bar: 10 mm (A – B), 1 mm (C – H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236739/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
H). No dactylozooids observed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B506369CFF94B44410C05AEFFBCE3FD9" blockId="14.[151,1437,993,2026]" lastBlockId="15.[151,1437,151,1941]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="384" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">
|
||
Development of gonozooids as in
|
||
<typeStatus id="6A02883EFF94B44512665AEFFD1238E7" box="[609,707,2001,2026]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(c. 460 µm high and c. 160 µm in maximum diameter with gonophores), with up to six tentacles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="2D822A19FF95B44412475DA9FD533FBD" box="[576,642,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[204,1385,203,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[189,1397,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Hydractinia angusta Hartlaub, 1904: A – C, gastrozooids; D – G, gonozooids with gonophores; H, spine. Hydractinia dendritica Hickson & Gravely, 1907: I, J, gastrozooids; K – M, gonozooids (L, M with gonophores); N, dactylozooid (J, M from paratype). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236738/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
M). Usually, four to five gonophores at base of polyp (
|
||
<figureCitation id="2D822A19FF95B44414E65DA9FAF33FBD" box="[1249,1314,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1855,1877]" captionTargetBox="[256,1315,201,1798]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[247,1327,193,1810]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Hydractinia dendritica Hickson & Gravely, 1907 (holotype): A, B, general view of two colony fragments; C, end of one colony fragment showing inner core of sponge spicules; D, part of colony with high density of ridges of perisarc (arrow); E – F, detail of colonies showing high density of gastrozooids and gonozooids (arrow indicating dactylozooids). H. dendritica (paratype): G, colony fragment showing gastrozooids and gonozooids with mature gonophores; H, detail of colony fragment showing gastrozooids and gonozooids with immature gonophores (arrow pointing to polyp with flattened hypostome). Scale bar: 10 mm (A – B), 1 mm (C – H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236739/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
H), though the number might be lower when mature (c. 300 µm in diameter) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="2D822A19FF95B44413795D82FC143FD9" box="[894,965,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[204,1385,203,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[189,1397,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Hydractinia angusta Hartlaub, 1904: A – C, gastrozooids; D – G, gonozooids with gonophores; H, spine. Hydractinia dendritica Hickson & Gravely, 1907: I, J, gastrozooids; K – M, gonozooids (L, M with gonophores); N, dactylozooid (J, M from paratype). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236738/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">Figs 7</figureCitation>
|
||
M, 8G).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B506369CFF95B44410C05DDEFA413E10" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">
|
||
Measurements (in µm).
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF95B44411D05DE1FDED3FF5" box="[471,572,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">Cnidome</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<typeStatus id="6A02883EFF95B444124B5DDEFD553FF5" box="[588,644,224,248]" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
I (8.5–
|
||
<date id="C107105CFF95B44412DF5DE1FD343FF5" box="[728,741,223,248]" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">9</date>
|
||
x 3);
|
||
<typeStatus id="6A02883EFF95B444132C5DDEFCB23FF5" box="[811,867,224,248]" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
II, microbasic mastigophores? [range 10.0–12.0 x 3.5–4.5, mean 10.8±0.6 x 4.2±0.3 (n=10); ratio, range 2.2–3.0, mean 2.6±0.2 (n=10)]; desmonemes (5.5–
|
||
<date id="C107105CFF95B44415345C3AFA913E10" box="[1331,1344,260,285]" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">6</date>
|
||
x 3.5).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FDA36517FF95B44410C05C19FDEB3979" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="B506369CFF95B44410C05C19FB363D88" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF95B44410C05C19FEEA3E4D" bold="true" box="[199,315,295,320]" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
The two colony fragments examined from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="6A02883EFF95B44413795C19FC313E4D" box="[894,992,295,320]" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
clearly correspond with specimen A described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF95B444112A5C72FD8C3E69" author="Hickson" box="[301,605,332,357]" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" refString="Hickson, S. J. & Gravely, F. H. (1907) Coelenterata. II. Hydroid zoophytes. National Antarctic Expedition (S. S. Discovery) 1901 - 1904, Natural History, 3, 1 - 34, pls 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1907">Hickson & Gravely (1907)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; specifically the 85-mm-long fragment to the “encrusting or basal region” and the 30-mm-high fragment to the “upright branching stem”. According to these authors specimen A “consists of a single continuous colony encrusting the stems of a specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF95B444137B5CAAFB8C3EA0" box="[892,1117,404,429]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arboreum">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF95B444137B5CAAFB8C3EA0" box="[892,1117,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">Halecium arboreum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. From this encrusting mass, which possesses all the general features of an ordinary
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF95B44412FB5C89FC523EDD" box="[764,899,439,464]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF95B44412FB5C89FC523EDD" box="[764,899,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">Hydractinia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a single upright branching stem arises… There are two regions in this specimen, the encrusting or basal region, and the upright branching stem, the rhizocaulus. The basal part entirely surrounds the polysiphonic stems of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF95B44413635CC1FB9B3D15" box="[868,1098,511,536]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arboreum">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF95B44413635CC1FB9B3D15" box="[868,1098,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">Halecium arboreum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, only a few pinnules of the supporting hydroid penetrating it and being exposed” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF95B444131D5F1AFBA63D31" author="Hickson" box="[794,1143,548,573]" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" refString="Hickson, S. J. & Gravely, F. H. (1907) Coelenterata. II. Hydroid zoophytes. National Antarctic Expedition (S. S. Discovery) 1901 - 1904, Natural History, 3, 1 - 34, pls 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1907">Hickson & Gravely 1907: 10</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Concerning the upright branching stem, the authors indicated that “The ramification is irregular, the eight or nine terminal branches ending in some cases in a long filamentous process. The surface of these branches is remarkably smooth.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B506369CFF95B44410C05FAEFED83C19" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">
|
||
In relation with specimen B, “there is no encrusting basal support as in specimen A, and the axes of the branches do not show any foreign hydroid or other kind of core. … The skeleton is composed of a series of parallel intercommunicating chitinous tubes, the superficial tubes being externally incomplete, …” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF95B44414B25FE9FF2A3C19" author="Hickson" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" refString="Hickson, S. J. & Gravely, F. H. (1907) Coelenterata. II. Hydroid zoophytes. National Antarctic Expedition (S. S. Discovery) 1901 - 1904, Natural History, 3, 1 - 34, pls 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1907">Hickson & Gravely, 1907: 11</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B506369CFF95B44410C05E21FE443A3D" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF95B44410C05E21FEAA3C35" author="Stechow" box="[199,379,799,824]" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" refString="Stechow, E. (1923) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete. II. Teil. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, 47 (1), 29 - 270." type="journal article" year="1923">Stechow (1923)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
examined
|
||
<typeStatus id="6A02883EFF95B44411FA5E1EFDFC3C35" box="[509,557,800,824]" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material of this species, apparently the upright rhizocaulome of Hickson & Gravely’s specimen B. He studied sections of the stem and branches and put into evidence the presence of an inner bundle of 10–30 or more totally independent, chitinous tubes. He concluded that the inner bundle corresponds to a foreign hydroid on which
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF95B44411BE5EB2FD913CA8" box="[441,576,908,933]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF95B44411BE5EB2FD913CA8" box="[441,576,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">Hydractinia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was growing. Even though
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF95B44413715EB3FBC43CA9" author="Kramp" box="[886,1045,908,932]" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1932) Hydroids. In: The Godthaab expedition 1928. Meddelelser om Gronland, 79, 1 - 86." type="journal article" year="1932">Kramp (1932)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reiterated that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF95B44414BB5EB2FABC3CA9" author="Stechow" box="[1212,1389,908,933]" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" refString="Stechow, E. (1923) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete. II. Teil. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, 47 (1), 29 - 270." type="journal article" year="1923">Stechow (1923)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
had demonstrated that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF95B44411685E8FFDD83CC5" box="[367,521,943,968]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Halorhiza" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF95B44411685E8FFDD83CC5" box="[367,521,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">H. dendritica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has no erect hydrocaulus, but simply covers the polysiphonic stems of other hydroids, I do not agree. Apart from the fact that the bundle of tubes actually belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF95B44414965EEBFAF93CE0" box="[1169,1320,980,1005]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Halorhiza" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF95B44414965EEBFAF93CE0" box="[1169,1320,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">H. dendritica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, there are several other clues that point to the formation of erect stems in this species.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF95B44413F25EC9FA823B1D" author="Hickson" box="[1013,1363,1015,1040]" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" refString="Hickson, S. J. & Gravely, F. H. (1907) Coelenterata. II. Hydroid zoophytes. National Antarctic Expedition (S. S. Discovery) 1901 - 1904, Natural History, 3, 1 - 34, pls 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1907">Hickson & Gravely (1907: 12)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, when comparing specimen A with specimen B, indicated “The fortunate preservation of a small and probably young branching stem of specimen A, with gastrozooids at its proximal end similar to those of the basal parts and at its distal end similar to those of specimen B; with a smooth surface similar to that of specimen B, and
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF95B44414FA595AFD293BAD" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">ramifying and growing without any axial support as specimen B does</emphasis>
|
||
, may be regarded as conclusive evidence that the specimens belong to the same species.” In addition, concerning the upright branching stem of specimen A,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF95B44414C55992FEDE3BE5" author="Hickson" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" refString="Hickson, S. J. & Gravely, F. H. (1907) Coelenterata. II. Hydroid zoophytes. National Antarctic Expedition (S. S. Discovery) 1901 - 1904, Natural History, 3, 1 - 34, pls 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1907">Hickson & Gravely (1907: 10)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also indicated that “The ramification is irregular, the eight or nine
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF95B444141159F1FDEA3A01" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">terminal branches ending in some cases in a long filamentous process</emphasis>
|
||
”. For me, those statements unequivocally indicate that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF95B44414D759CBFABB3A00" box="[1232,1386,1268,1293]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Halorhiza" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF95B44414D759CBFABB3A00" box="[1232,1386,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">H. dendritica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has rhizocaulomic growth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B506369CFF95B44410C05803FDEB3979" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">
|
||
In my opinion,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF95B44411725803FDDA3A58" box="[373,523,1340,1365]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Halorhiza" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF95B44411725803FDDA3A58" box="[373,523,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">H. dendritica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as also
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF95B444126A5803FD383A59" box="[621,745,1341,1364]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="angusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF95B444126A5803FD383A59" box="[621,745,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">H. angusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see above), is able to grow on a substrate, as typical species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF95B44410B35861FEEA3A75" box="[180,315,1375,1400]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF95B44410B35861FEEA3A75" box="[180,315,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">Hydractinia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
do, but is also able to produce an erect stem. In the material I examined, there are clear proofs of the encrusting growth. For example, it is perfectly visible that in the 85-mm-long colony fragment of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="6A02883EFF95B444151258BAFAAB3A90" box="[1301,1402,1412,1437]" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, in addition to growing on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF95B44411995899FD673ACD" box="[414,694,1447,1472]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Hydrodendron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arboreum">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF95B44411995899FD673ACD" box="[414,694,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">Hydrodendron arboreum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as Hickson & Gravely indicated), the colony also forms a sort of hollow, thick cylinder of perisarc, filled with sponge spicules (
|
||
<figureCitation id="2D822A19FF95B444135258F2FC463AE9" box="[853,919,1484,1509]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1855,1877]" captionTargetBox="[256,1315,201,1798]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[247,1327,193,1810]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Hydractinia dendritica Hickson & Gravely, 1907 (holotype): A, B, general view of two colony fragments; C, end of one colony fragment showing inner core of sponge spicules; D, part of colony with high density of ridges of perisarc (arrow); E – F, detail of colonies showing high density of gastrozooids and gonozooids (arrow indicating dactylozooids). H. dendritica (paratype): G, colony fragment showing gastrozooids and gonozooids with mature gonophores; H, detail of colony fragment showing gastrozooids and gonozooids with immature gonophores (arrow pointing to polyp with flattened hypostome). Scale bar: 10 mm (A – B), 1 mm (C – H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236739/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
C), which indicates that the colony might also have developed growing on a stalked sponge. However, the structure of the 30-mm-high upright branching colony fragment clearly shows a rhizocaulomic growth.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="CDAE760CFF95B44412BC5B2AFD0B3921" box="[699,730,1556,1580]" name="American Samoa" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
indicated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF95B44413755B2AFB4E3921" author="Hickson" box="[882,1183,1556,1581]" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" refString="Hickson, S. J. & Gravely, F. H. (1907) Coelenterata. II. Hydroid zoophytes. National Antarctic Expedition (S. S. Discovery) 1901 - 1904, Natural History, 3, 1 - 34, pls 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1907">Hickson & Gravely (1907)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
this part of the colony is “
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF95B44410B85B06FCD43942" box="[191,773,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">ramifying and growing without any axial support”</emphasis>
|
||
and “
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF95B444134B5B09FDE23979" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">the eight or nine terminal branches ending in some cases in a long filamentous process”</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FDA36517FF95B44410C05B41FCBF3899" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="B506369CFF95B44410C05B41FEC03841" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF95B44410C05B41FE193995" ID-CoL="6MHBB" box="[199,456,1663,1688]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF95B44410C05B41FE193995" box="[199,456,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">Hydractinia dendritica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had been considered conspecific with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF95B444137B5BBFFC293995" ID-CoL="6MHNJ" box="[892,1016,1665,1688]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="angusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF95B444137B5BBFFC293995" box="[892,1016,1665,1688]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">H. angusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by several authors (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF95B444150B5BBFFA463995" author="Totton" box="[1292,1431,1664,1688]" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" refString="Totton, A. K. (1930) Coelenterata. Part V. Hydroida. Natural History Report, British Antarctic ' Terra Nova' Expedition, 1910, Zoology, 5 (5), 131 - 252, pls 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1930">Totton 1930</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF95B44410905B9AFEF239B1" author="Briggs" box="[151,291,1700,1725]" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" refString="Briggs, E. A. (1938) Hydroida. Scientific Reports Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911 - 1914, Series C, 9 (4), 1 - 46, pls 15 - 16." type="journal article" year="1938">Briggs 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF95B44411295B9AFDE739B1" author="Galea" box="[302,566,1700,1725]" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" refString="Galea, H. R. & Schories, D. (2012) Some hydrozoans (Cnidaria) from King George Island, Antarctica. Zootaxa, 3321, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="2012">Galea & Schories 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Nevertheless, after examining the
|
||
<typeStatus id="6A02883EFF95B44413C35B9BFC2539B0" box="[964,1012,1701,1725]" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material of both species, it seems that they actually correspond to different species. Both gastrozooids and gonozooids are much larger in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF95B44414F95BF7FA4439ED" ID-CoL="6MHBB" box="[1278,1429,1735,1760]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF95B44414F95BF7FA4439ED" box="[1278,1429,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">H. dendritica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. They also differ in the position of the tentacle crown, distal in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF95B444135F5BD3FC3F3808" ID-CoL="6MHBB" box="[856,1006,1772,1797]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF95B444135F5BD3FC3F3808" box="[856,1006,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">H. dendritica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but medial in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF95B444149E5BD3FAC43809" ID-CoL="6MHNJ" box="[1177,1301,1773,1796]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="angusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF95B444149E5BD3FAC43809" box="[1177,1301,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">H. angusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(cf.
|
||
<figureCitation id="2D822A19FF95B444154D5BD2FA5C3809" box="[1354,1421,1772,1797]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[204,1385,203,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[189,1397,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Hydractinia angusta Hartlaub, 1904: A – C, gastrozooids; D – G, gonozooids with gonophores; H, spine. Hydractinia dendritica Hickson & Gravely, 1907: I, J, gastrozooids; K – M, gonozooids (L, M with gonophores); N, dactylozooid (J, M from paratype). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236738/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). Finally, no dactylozooids have been found in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="6A02883EFF95B44412D85A2FFCDE3824" box="[735,783,1809,1833]" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF95B44413A45A2FFBF23825" ID-CoL="6MHNJ" box="[931,1059,1809,1832]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="angusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF95B44413A45A2FFBF23825" box="[931,1059,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">H. angusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas they are present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF95B44415865A2FFEDB3840" ID-CoL="6MHBB" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF95B44415865A2FFEDB3840" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">H. dendritica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B506369CFF95B44410C05A69FCBF3899" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF95B44410C05A69FE27387D" bold="true" box="[199,502,1879,1904]" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">Ecology and distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF95B44411FA5A69FD2E387D" ID-CoL="6MHBB" box="[509,767,1879,1904]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF95B44411FA5A69FD2E387D" box="[509,767,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">Hydractinia dendritica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is only known from McMurdo Bay, in the Ross Sea, where it was collected at a depth of
|
||
<quantity id="72419B79FF95B44411D95A42FDE23899" box="[478,563,1916,1940]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" unit="m" value="13.5" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="9.0">9–18 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF95B44412455A42FCB33899" author="Hickson" box="[578,866,1916,1941]" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" refString="Hickson, S. J. & Gravely, F. H. (1907) Coelenterata. II. Hydroid zoophytes. National Antarctic Expedition (S. S. Discovery) 1901 - 1904, Natural History, 3, 1 - 34, pls 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1907">Hickson & Gravely 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |