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<mods:title id="86BA0AE60ADF559C62EE75182B61E908">An outlook on larval morphology of Copelatinae diving beetles with phylogenetic considerations (Coleoptera: Adephaga, Dytiscidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8DD522C37A7CA4BA094E1A17CF5D49C3">Alarie, Yves</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6334914B304B4E36675FC7C8FAD3143A">University of Buenos Aires, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Department of Biodiversity and Experimental and Applied Biology (IBBEA), Buenos Aires, Argentina. https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 1962 - 7976</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="71C953CFFEABD3D74AC4CAFFBF0F5933">Watanabe, Kohei</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="592121A73ADC0F374E3318A09F6A99BF">Ishikawa Insect Museum, Inu- 3, Yawata-machi, Hakusan-shi, 920 - 2113 Japan. https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 8761 - 232 X Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Burgring 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria. https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5034 - 7342</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="7EB90F5F38AA40E7A1B14A15B6E08F48">Wang, Liang-Jong</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="83D7CD5FA3DE73D7D4CFAE321B46732D">Division of Forest Protection, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei, Taiwan. https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5540 - 2021</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="3B0087B31453FF94FF3AF95AFE7444BB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7003362" ID-GBIF-Taxon="199499367" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7003362" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3B0087B31453FF94FF3AF95AFE7444BB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B0087B31453FF94FF3AF95AFE7444BB" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="169" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<subSubSection id="FBB3652E1453FF97FF3AF95AFDFA4091" box="[151,554,1729,1756]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="B31636A51453FF97FF3AF95AFDFA4091" blockId="17.[151,554,1729,1756]" box="[151,554,1729,1756]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<heading id="E85E81C91453FF97FF3AF95AFDFA4091" bold="true" box="[151,554,1729,1756]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="74A94D261453FF97FF3AF95AFDFA4091" ID-CoL="5ZX7L" authority="Sharp, 1884" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1884" box="[151,554,1729,1756]" class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonicus">
<emphasis id="81DDEAB71453FF97FF3AF95AFDFA4091" bold="true" box="[151,554,1729,1756]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<emphasis id="81DDEAB71453FF97FF3AF95AFE5C4091" bold="true" box="[151,396,1729,1756]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Copelatus japonicus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D7384B541453FF97FE39F95AFDFA4091" author="Sharp, D." box="[404,554,1729,1755]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" pagination="439 - 464" refId="ref22831" refString="Sharp, D. (1884) The water-beetles of Japan. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1884, 439 - 464." type="journal article" year="1884">Sharp, 1884</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="FBB3652E1453FF97FF3AF899FDD0412F" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="B31636A51453FF97FF3AF899FDD0412F" blockId="17.[151,1437,1794,2037]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<emphasis id="81DDEAB71453FF97FF3AF899FEA84156" bold="true" box="[151,376,1794,1820]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Source of material.</emphasis>
The four instar III larvae studied were associated with adults collected at the following locality:
<emphasis id="81DDEAB71453FF97FF3AF8BDFF26410A" bold="true" box="[151,246,1830,1856]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<collectingCountry id="CBBE76351453FF97FF3AF8BDFF21410A" box="[151,241,1830,1856]" name="Taiwan" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
.
</emphasis>
<collectingRegion id="716DF8471453FF97FF51F8BCFE95410B" box="[252,325,1831,1857]" country="Taiwan" name="Taipei" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Taipei</collectingRegion>
, Beitou,
<date id="C71710651453FF97FE08F8BCFDEA410B" box="[421,570,1831,1857]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" value="1994-08-24">24.VIII.1994</date>
; L.J. Wang leg. The identification is firm as
<taxonomicName id="74A94D261453FF97FB8CF8BCFB7D410A" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1884" box="[1057,1197,1831,1857]" class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonicus">
<emphasis id="81DDEAB71453FF97FB8CF8BCFB7D410A" box="[1057,1197,1831,1857]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">C. japonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the only
<taxonomicName id="74A94D261453FF97FA86F8BCFF38412F" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<emphasis id="81DDEAB71453FF97FA86F8BCFA4D410B" box="[1323,1437,1831,1857]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Copelatus</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
collected at this locality.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FBB3652E1453FF94FF6AF8F5FC424757" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="169" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="B31636A51453FF94FF6AF8F5FC424757" blockId="17.[151,1437,1794,2037]" lastBlockId="18.[151,1437,150,753]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="169" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<emphasis id="81DDEAB71453FF97FF6AF8F5FE1541C2" bold="true" box="[199,453,1902,1928]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Diagnosis (instar III).</emphasis>
The third instar of
<taxonomicName id="74A94D261453FF97FD35F8F4FCAD41C2" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1884" box="[664,893,1903,1929]" class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonicus">
<emphasis id="81DDEAB71453FF97FD35F8F4FCAD41C2" box="[664,893,1903,1929]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Copelatus japonicus</emphasis>
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can easily be distinguished from that of the other species studied in this paper by the following combination of characters: HL =
<quantity id="74519B401453FF97FC5DF808FB8541E7" box="[1008,1109,1939,1965]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" unit="mm" value="0.9">0.90 mm</quantity>
; L3 &lt;2.00 mm; U &lt;
<quantity id="74519B401453FF97FA9EF808FA4841E7" box="[1331,1432,1939,1965]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.40 mm</quantity>
; head capsule rounded, strongly constricted at level of occipital region (
<figureCitation id="2B922A201453FF97FC15F82CFBDB419B" box="[952,1035,1975,2001]" captionStart="FIGURES 2122" captionStartId="21.[151,264,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[239,1348,194,1908]" captionTargetId="figure-18@21.[224,1363,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURES 2122. Copelatus japonicus Sharp, 1884, instar III: (21) head capsule, dorsal aspect (scale-like microsculptures not represented); (22) abdominal segment VIII, dorsal aspect. Scale bars = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7003378" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7003378/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
), scale-like sculpticels present over frontoclypeus and parietale; anterior margin of frontoclypeus narrowly convex, extending mesally at about level of adnasalia (
<figureCitation id="2B922A201450FF94FEA2FF0CFEB346FB" box="[271,355,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURES 2122" captionStartId="21.[151,264,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[239,1348,194,1908]" captionTargetId="figure-18@21.[224,1363,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURES 2122. Copelatus japonicus Sharp, 1884, instar III: (21) head capsule, dorsal aspect (scale-like microsculptures not represented); (22) abdominal segment VIII, dorsal aspect. Scale bars = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7003378" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7003378/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
); adnasalia margined with bluntly rounded and truncated teeth (
<figureCitation id="2B922A201450FF94FB9DFF0CFB5346FB" box="[1072,1155,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 63" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[197,1392,194,1905]" captionTargetId="figure-18@43.[181,1407,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 63. Anterior margin of left adnasalia of selected species of Copelatinae; magnification of 500x except CALT drawn at 400x. Species codes as in Table 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7003432" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7003432/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Fig. 63</figureCitation>
); MP2/MP1&gt; 1.50; GA/ MP1&gt; 1.50; 1.30 &lt;LP2/LP1 &lt;1.90; inner margin of stipes lacking a dorsal linear row of spinulae; profemur with less than 3 PV and 4 AV secondary setae; metafemur with less than 3 AV secondary setae; urogomphus composed of two urogomphomeres; U/HW &lt;0.40; U/LAS &lt;0.50; Palaearctic.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FBB3652E1450FF94FF6AFEBDFE7444BB" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" type="description">
<paragraph id="B31636A51450FF94FF6AFEBDFD5F470A" blockId="18.[151,1437,150,753]" box="[199,655,294,321]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<emphasis id="81DDEAB71450FF94FF6AFEBDFD5F470A" bold="true" box="[199,655,294,321]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
Description, instar III (
<figureCitation id="2B922A201450FF94FE76FEBDFD8E470A" box="[475,606,294,320]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 2122" captionStart-1="FIGURES 2324" captionStartId-0="21.[151,264,1943,1967]" captionStartId-1="22.[151,264,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox-0="[239,1348,194,1908]" captionTargetBox-1="[224,1380,189,1907]" captionTargetId-0="figure-18@21.[224,1363,181,1919]" captionTargetId-1="figure-20@22.[197,1390,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId-0="21" captionTargetPageId-1="22" captionText-0="FIGURES 2122. Copelatus japonicus Sharp, 1884, instar III: (21) head capsule, dorsal aspect (scale-like microsculptures not represented); (22) abdominal segment VIII, dorsal aspect. Scale bars = 0.2 mm." captionText-1="FIGURES 2324. Copelatus japonicus Sharp, 1884, metathoracic legs, instar III: (23) anterior surface; (24) posterior surface; * = secondary setae (including additional setae, cf. material and methods). Scale bar = 0.2 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7003378" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7003384" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7003378/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7003384/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Figs 2124</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="2B922A201450FF94FDC7FEBDFD57470A" box="[618,647,294,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 63" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[197,1392,194,1905]" captionTargetId="figure-18@43.[181,1407,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 63. Anterior margin of left adnasalia of selected species of Copelatinae; magnification of 500x except CALT drawn at 400x. Species codes as in Table 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7003432" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7003432/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">63</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B31636A51450FF94FF6AFED0FB70472F" blockId="18.[151,1437,150,753]" box="[199,1184,331,357]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<emphasis id="81DDEAB71450FF94FF6AFED0FEDF472F" bold="true" box="[199,271,331,357]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Body:</emphasis>
Measurements and ratios aimed to characterize body shape are shown in
<tableCitation id="FE2B031E1450FF94FBEBFED0FB4C472F" box="[1094,1180,331,357]" captionStart="TABLE 6" captionStartId="7.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 6. Measurements and ratios for the instar III of selected species of Copelatinae (species codes as in Table 1)." pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Table 6</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B31636A51450FF94FF6AFEF4FDE84453" blockId="18.[151,1437,150,753]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<emphasis id="81DDEAB71450FF94FF6AFEF4FE6C47C2" bold="true" box="[199,444,366,393]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
Head (
<figureCitation id="2B922A201450FF94FEB1FEF5FEAA47C2" box="[284,378,366,392]" captionStart="FIGURES 2122" captionStartId="21.[151,264,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[239,1348,194,1908]" captionTargetId="figure-18@21.[224,1363,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURES 2122. Copelatus japonicus Sharp, 1884, instar III: (21) head capsule, dorsal aspect (scale-like microsculptures not represented); (22) abdominal segment VIII, dorsal aspect. Scale bars = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7003378" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7003378/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Figs 21</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="2B922A201450FF94FE20FEF5FE7D47C2" box="[397,429,366,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 63" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[197,1392,194,1905]" captionTargetId="figure-18@43.[181,1407,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 63. Anterior margin of left adnasalia of selected species of Copelatinae; magnification of 500x except CALT drawn at 400x. Species codes as in Table 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7003432" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7003432/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">63</figureCitation>
):
</emphasis>
Head capsule rounded, strongly constricted at level of occiput; anterior margin of frontoclypeus narrowly convex, extending mesally at about level of adnasalia; scale-like sculpticels well-developed over frontoclypeus and parietale; adnasalia margined with bluntly rounded and truncated teeth (
<figureCitation id="2B922A201450FF94FB43FE2CFA95479B" box="[1262,1349,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 63" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[197,1392,194,1905]" captionTargetId="figure-18@43.[181,1407,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 63. Anterior margin of left adnasalia of selected species of Copelatinae; magnification of 500x except CALT drawn at 400x. Species codes as in Table 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7003432" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7003432/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Fig. 63</figureCitation>
); HL =
<quantity id="74519B401450FF94FF3AFE40FEED47BF" box="[151,317,475,501]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.8" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="8.6" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" unit="mm" value="0.88" valueMax="0.9" valueMin="0.86">0.860.90 mm</quantity>
; A/MP = 1.511.60; MP/LP = 1.771.88; MP2/MP1 = 1.571.82; GA/MP1 = 1.671.85; LP2/LP1 = 1.281.61; MNL/MNW = 2.502.72.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B31636A51450FF94FF6AFDB8FD604477" blockId="18.[151,1437,150,753]" box="[199,688,546,573]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<emphasis id="81DDEAB71450FF94FF6AFDB8FE114476" bold="true" box="[199,449,546,573]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
Thorax (
<figureCitation id="2B922A201450FF94FE83FDB9FE644476" box="[302,436,546,572]" captionStart="FIGURES 2324" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[224,1380,189,1907]" captionTargetId="figure-20@22.[197,1390,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 2324. Copelatus japonicus Sharp, 1884, metathoracic legs, instar III: (23) anterior surface; (24) posterior surface; * = secondary setae (including additional setae, cf. material and methods). Scale bar = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7003384" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7003384/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Figs 2324</figureCitation>
):
</emphasis>
L3 =
<quantity id="74519B401450FF94FDABFDB8FD7C4477" box="[518,684,547,573]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.88" metricValueMax="1.92" metricValueMin="1.84" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" unit="mm" value="1.88" valueMax="1.92" valueMin="1.84">1.841.92 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B31636A51450FF94FF6AFDDDFEF644E3" blockId="18.[151,1437,150,753]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<emphasis id="81DDEAB71450FF94FF6AFDDDFE63442A" bold="true" box="[199,435,582,608]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
Abdomen (
<figureCitation id="2B922A201450FF94FEE1FDDDFE74442A" box="[332,420,582,608]" captionStart="FIGURES 2122" captionStartId="21.[151,264,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[239,1348,194,1908]" captionTargetId="figure-18@21.[224,1363,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURES 2122. Copelatus japonicus Sharp, 1884, instar III: (21) head capsule, dorsal aspect (scale-like microsculptures not represented); (22) abdominal segment VIII, dorsal aspect. Scale bars = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7003378" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7003378/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
):
</emphasis>
LAS =
<quantity id="74519B401450FF94FDBCFDDCFD69442B" box="[529,697,583,609]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.8999999999999995" metricValueMax="7.199999999999999" metricValueMin="6.6000000000000005" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" unit="mm" value="0.69" valueMax="0.72" valueMin="0.66">0.660.72 mm</quantity>
; LAS subconical, not constricted posteriorly at point of insertion of urogomphi. Urogomphus, U =
<quantity id="74519B401450FF94FDB9FDF0FD6944CF" box="[532,697,619,645]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" unit="mm" value="0.29" valueMax="0.3" valueMin="0.28">0.280.30 mm</quantity>
, composed of two urogomphomeres; U/HW = 0.280.30; U/LAS = 0.420.43.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B31636A51450FF94FF6AFD29FE7444BB" blockId="18.[151,1437,150,753]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<emphasis id="81DDEAB71450FF94FF6AFD29FE894486" bold="true" box="[199,345,690,716]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Chaetotaxy:</emphasis>
Parietale with 46 temporal spines; position and number of secondary setae on legs are shown in
<figureCitation id="2B922A201450FF94FF3AFD4CFEC444BB" box="[151,276,727,753]" captionStart="FIGURES 2324" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[224,1380,189,1907]" captionTargetId="figure-20@22.[197,1390,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 2324. Copelatus japonicus Sharp, 1884, metathoracic legs, instar III: (23) anterior surface; (24) posterior surface; * = secondary setae (including additional setae, cf. material and methods). Scale bar = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7003384" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7003384/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Figs 2324</figureCitation>
and
<tableCitation id="FE2B031E1450FF94FEE7FD4CFE7044BB" box="[330,416,727,753]" captionStart="TABLE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,239,566,592]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="TABLE 7. Number of secondary setae (including additional setae) on the legs of instar III of selected species of Copelatinae (species codes as in Table 1). A = anterior, AV = anteroventral, CO = coxa, D = dorsal, FE = femur, Pr = proximal, PV = posteroventral, TR = trochanter, n = number of specimens studied, Total = total number of secondary setae on segment." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/E7D6662D144BFF8FFF3AFDADFEC944D2" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" tableUuid="E7D6662D144BFF8FFF3AFDADFEC944D2">Table 7</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>