366 lines
38 KiB
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366 lines
38 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e0a7142d-1eae-4254-b91a-30b70eb9b5ee" ID-PMC="PMC6690523" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-860-183" ID-PubMed="31413657" ID-ZooBank="A3F9127D8ED24F8296A39510EB039A9C" ModsDocID="1313-2970-860-183" checkinTime="1565091121862" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Horvath, Elizabeth Anne" docDate="2019" docId="35CF2C35866D46ABA651296BFD7D4F65" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 860: 183-306" docOrigin="ZooKeys 860" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317" docTitle="Swiftia simplex Nutting 1909" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="203" masterDocId="D577415D00092007FFDF4B2B606EFFFB" masterDocTitle="A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia" masterLastPageNumber="306" masterPageNumber="183" pageNumber="199" updateTime="1668167482081" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Horvath, Elizabeth Anne</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>860</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>183</mods:start>
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<mods:end>306</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-860-183</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">A3F9127D8ED24F8296A39510EB039A9C</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="158525300" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:35CF2C35866D46ABA651296BFD7D4F65" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/35CF2C35866D46ABA651296BFD7D4F65" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="203" pageId="16" pageNumber="199">
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<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="199" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="199">
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<taxonomicName LSID="35CF2C35866D46ABA651296BFD7D4F65" authority="Nutting, 1909" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1909" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia simplex" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="16" pageNumber="199" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="simplex">Swiftia simplex (Nutting, 1909)</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. In situ shot, identified as Swiftia simplex. This is what one would expect to see of live colony. Notice strong similarity to that seen in Figure 28, Part II. As specimen was not collected, identification cannot be confirmed. Image (02 _ 57 _ 27 _ 20) courtesy of Lonny Lundsten and Kim Fulton-Bennet, " (c) 1992 MBARI. "" figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314854" pageId="16" pageNumber="199">Figures 7</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Swiftia simplex, SBMNH 422979. A Entire colony, ~ 21 cm long, diameter ≤ 3 cm, including calyx B Branch close-up showing calyx placement on branch. Scale bar: 3 cm (A)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314855" pageId="16" pageNumber="199">8A, B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Swiftia simplex, specimen 81 - 99 B- 1 (Alaska Fisheries Service), light microscopy arrays. A 4 x magnification, showing long, slender spindles and anthocodial fingerbiscuit-rods B 10 x magnification of sclerites, emphasizing fingerbiscuit-rods of anthocodium. These rods measure between 340 - 350 µm, while long, thin spindles measure between 430 - 500 µm. Specimen provided by Bob Stone, Alaska Fisheries Service." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314856" pageId="16" pageNumber="199">9A, B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Swiftia simplex, specimen 81 - 99 B- 1, SEM image. A Elongated spindles B Moderate-length spindles C Shorter spindles D Thick, elongated rod-like spindles E Less jagged double-disk / capstan-like forms F Tiny, odd spindle G Irregular spindles H Anthocodial " fingerbiscuit-rod " forms typical of genus. Alaska Fisheries Service." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314857" pageId="16" pageNumber="199">
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10
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–H">A-H</normalizedToken>
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</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Colonies collected / examined from throughout the geographic continuum (shown A-D from south to north), identified as Swiftia simplex. A SBMNH 422979 B NOAA CB 34013 C NOAA CB 34212 - 039 D NOAA CRW _ 3636 8; 35 cm H x 17 - 20 cm W. Image C Courtesy of Ewann Berntson (NOAA, WA); image D Courtesy of Robert Stone (NOAA, AK)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314871" pageId="16" pageNumber="199">
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24
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
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</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Sclerite arrays of S. simplex seen using light microscopy. A SBMNH 422979 B NOAA 81 - 99 B- 1 (AB 12 - 0127)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314872" pageId="16" pageNumber="199">25A, B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="F26" captionText="Figure 26. Sclerites of S. simplex in SEM. A NOAA CB 34011; A 1 - sclerites from coenenchyme, A 2 - sclerites from polyp tentacles B NOAA CB 34212 - 039, primarily coenenchymal sclerites C Also from CB 34212 - 039, primarily sclerites from the polyp. All SEM images in this figure prepared by Carla Stehr (NOAA), provided by Ewann Berntson (NOAA)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314873" pageId="16" pageNumber="199">
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26
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
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</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="F27" captionText="Figure 27. Further sclerite arrays in SEM, for a specimen from the far northern end of the continuum. A, B From NOAA 81 - 99 B- 1 (AB 12 - 0127)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314874" pageId="16" pageNumber="199">27A, B</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="199" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="199">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Psammogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammogorgia simplex" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="16" pageNumber="199" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="simplex">Psammogorgia simplex</taxonomicName>
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Nutting, 1909: 720, pl 88 (figs 4, 5), pl 90 (fig. 4).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="199" type="type locality">
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="199">Type locality.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="199">
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[USA], California, Santa Cruz Island, bearing N 35°E, 7 miles off Point San Pedro, ~
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<geoCoordinate degrees="34" direction="north" minutes="02" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="02.76" value="34.0341">34°02'02.76"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="119" direction="west" minutes="31" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="11.77" value="-119.51994">119°31'11.77"W</geoCoordinate>
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, 447-510 fm [813-927 m].
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="199" type="type specimens">
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="199">Type specimens.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="199">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="199">Syntype</emphasis>
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USNM 25431 and USNM 43130 [both wet]; both specimens were examined.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="199" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="199">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="199">~24 lots (see Appendix 3: List of material examined).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="201" pageId="16" pageNumber="199" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="199">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="201" pageId="16" pageNumber="199">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="199">Colony</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. In situ shot, identified as Swiftia simplex. This is what one would expect to see of live colony. Notice strong similarity to that seen in Figure 28, Part II. As specimen was not collected, identification cannot be confirmed. Image (02 _ 57 _ 27 _ 20) courtesy of Lonny Lundsten and Kim Fulton-Bennet, " (c) 1992 MBARI. "" figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314854" pageId="16" pageNumber="199">Figures 7</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Swiftia simplex, SBMNH 422979. A Entire colony, ~ 21 cm long, diameter ≤ 3 cm, including calyx B Branch close-up showing calyx placement on branch. Scale bar: 3 cm (A)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314855" pageId="16" pageNumber="199">8A</figureCitation>
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) straggling, whip-like, not always erect; branched slightly, mostly unbranched; largest specimens ~13+ cm tall. Stem round, slender, of uniform diameter throughout. On stem/branches, polyps uniformly distributed on all sides, not crowded (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Swiftia simplex, SBMNH 422979. A Entire colony, ~ 21 cm long, diameter ≤ 3 cm, including calyx B Branch close-up showing calyx placement on branch. Scale bar: 3 cm (A)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314855" pageId="16" pageNumber="199">Figure 8B</figureCitation>
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), up to 2.0 mm apart; tubular, small, ~1.0 mm high, usually higher than broad; when polyps contracted, nearly flush with branch surface. Coenenchyme moderately thick; color of living colony, including polyps, salmon, brick reddish-pink (commonly) to coral-red throughout; sclerites reddish-pink; rods reddish-orange; sometimes long, warty spindles colored and colorless. Sclerites (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Swiftia simplex, specimen 81 - 99 B- 1 (Alaska Fisheries Service), light microscopy arrays. A 4 x magnification, showing long, slender spindles and anthocodial fingerbiscuit-rods B 10 x magnification of sclerites, emphasizing fingerbiscuit-rods of anthocodium. These rods measure between 340 - 350 µm, while long, thin spindles measure between 430 - 500 µm. Specimen provided by Bob Stone, Alaska Fisheries Service." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314856" pageId="16" pageNumber="199">Figures 9A, B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Swiftia simplex, specimen 81 - 99 B- 1, SEM image. A Elongated spindles B Moderate-length spindles C Shorter spindles D Thick, elongated rod-like spindles E Less jagged double-disk / capstan-like forms F Tiny, odd spindle G Irregular spindles H Anthocodial " fingerbiscuit-rod " forms typical of genus. Alaska Fisheries Service." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314857" pageId="16" pageNumber="199">
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10
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–H">A-H</normalizedToken>
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</figureCitation>
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) of three main kinds: 1) small double-spindles, rosettes, stars and/or small clubs, found mostly in superficial layer of coenenchyme (all
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<pageBreakToken pageId="17" pageNumber="200" start="start">much</pageBreakToken>
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less numerous than second kind; clubs much less numerous than other kinds); 2) larger spindles, slender, pointed, some slightly curved, covered with regularly distributed small warts (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Swiftia simplex, specimen 81 - 99 B- 1, SEM image. A Elongated spindles B Moderate-length spindles C Shorter spindles D Thick, elongated rod-like spindles E Less jagged double-disk / capstan-like forms F Tiny, odd spindle G Irregular spindles H Anthocodial " fingerbiscuit-rod " forms typical of genus. Alaska Fisheries Service." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314857" pageId="17" pageNumber="200">
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Figure 10
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
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</figureCitation>
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); 3) not always numerous, but when present, very conspicuous, colored anthocodial rods (fingerbiscuit rods;
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Swiftia simplex, specimen 81 - 99 B- 1 (Alaska Fisheries Service), light microscopy arrays. A 4 x magnification, showing long, slender spindles and anthocodial fingerbiscuit-rods B 10 x magnification of sclerites, emphasizing fingerbiscuit-rods of anthocodium. These rods measure between 340 - 350 µm, while long, thin spindles measure between 430 - 500 µm. Specimen provided by Bob Stone, Alaska Fisheries Service." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314856" pageId="17" pageNumber="200">Figures 9A, B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Swiftia simplex, specimen 81 - 99 B- 1, SEM image. A Elongated spindles B Moderate-length spindles C Shorter spindles D Thick, elongated rod-like spindles E Less jagged double-disk / capstan-like forms F Tiny, odd spindle G Irregular spindles H Anthocodial " fingerbiscuit-rod " forms typical of genus. Alaska Fisheries Service." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314857" pageId="17" pageNumber="200">10H</figureCitation>
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);
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<pageBreakToken pageId="18" pageNumber="201" start="start">moderately</pageBreakToken>
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to heavily warted, much shorter than long spindles, longer than first type. Polyps, generally, with spindle-shaped sclerites in walls and near/on tentacular bases, arranged more or less in chevrons. Otherwise, longitudinally arranged.
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314854" pageId="18" pageNumber="201" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="201">
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Figure 7. In situ shot, identified as
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia simplex" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="18" pageNumber="201" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="simplex">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="201">Swiftia simplex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. This is what one would expect to see of live colony. Notice strong similarity to that seen in
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="F28" captionText="Figure 28. Thesea, spp., SBMNH 422414. A Colony 23 cm from base attachment point on rock to tip (attachment was very tenuous; rock now separated from colony) B Closer view of branches, branch tip and pattern of calyces on branch surface." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314875" pageId="18" pageNumber="201">Figure 28</figureCitation>
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, Part II. As specimen was not collected, identification cannot be confirmed. Image (02_57_27_20) courtesy of Lonny Lundsten and Kim Fulton-Bennet, "(c) 1992 MBARI."
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314855" pageId="18" pageNumber="201" start="Figure 8" startId="F8">
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="201">
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Figure 8.
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia simplex" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="18" pageNumber="201" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="simplex">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="201">Swiftia simplex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, SBMNH 422979.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="201">A</emphasis>
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Entire colony, ~21 cm long, diameter ≤3 cm, including calyx
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="201">B</emphasis>
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Branch close-up showing calyx placement on branch. Scale bar: 3 cm (
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="201">A</emphasis>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314856" pageId="18" pageNumber="201" start="Figure 9" startId="F9">
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="201">
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Figure 9.
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia simplex" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="18" pageNumber="201" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="simplex">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="201">Swiftia simplex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, specimen #81-99B-1 (Alaska Fisheries Service), light microscopy arrays.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="201">A</emphasis>
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4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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magnification, showing long, slender spindles and anthocodial fingerbiscuit-rods
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="201">B</emphasis>
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10
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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magnification of sclerites, emphasizing fingerbiscuit-rods of anthocodium. These rods measure between 340-350
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, while long, thin spindles measure between 430-500
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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. Specimen provided by Bob Stone, Alaska Fisheries Service.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314857" pageId="18" pageNumber="201" start="Figure 10" startId="F10">
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="201">
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Figure 10.
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia simplex" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="18" pageNumber="201" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="simplex">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="201">Swiftia simplex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, specimen #81-99B-1, SEM image.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="201">A</emphasis>
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Elongated spindles
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="201">B</emphasis>
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Moderate-length spindles
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="201">C</emphasis>
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Shorter spindles
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="201">D</emphasis>
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Thick, elongated rod-like spindles
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="201">E</emphasis>
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Less jagged double-disk/capstan-like forms
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="201">F</emphasis>
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Tiny, odd spindle
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="201">G</emphasis>
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Irregular spindles
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="201">H</emphasis>
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Anthocodial
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“fingerbiscuit-rod”">"fingerbiscuit-rod"</normalizedToken>
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forms typical of genus. Alaska Fisheries Service.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="201" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="201">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="201">
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Earlier genus designation (Nutting, 1909),
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="201">psammo</emphasis>
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- = sand);
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<taxonomicName genus="Holaxonia" lsidName="Holaxonia simplex" pageId="18" pageNumber="201" rank="species" species="simplex">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="201">simplex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
- = simple, perhaps referencing the very simple, usually unbranched colony, found generally on soft-bottomed sites. However, no derivation for species name given in
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.35-1658.681" author="Nutting, CC" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="97" pageNumber="280" pagination="681 - 727" refId="B144" refString="Nutting, CC, 1909. Alcyonaria of the California coast. . Proceedings of the United States National Museum 35: 681 - 727" title="Alcyonaria of the California coast." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.35-1658.681" volume="35" year="1909">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Nutting’s">Nutting's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1909)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
description.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="201" type="common name">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="201">Common name.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="201">Whip coral (suggested: Brick-red whip coral).</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="201" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="201">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="201">
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="18" pageNumber="201" refId="B127">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1919)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in Chun: California, coast to abyssal. Total distributional range (surmised from collection location data reported by various institutions) extends from southern California Channel Islands (and further west--San Juan and Rodriquez Seamounts), up the coast of California (Monterey Bay, Carmel Canyon), sparsely along Oregon coast (Tillamook Head, Columbia River), to Washington coast (Grays Harbor, Quinault Canyon, Queets; general site locations off Oregon and Washington gleaned from NMNH material), up to Gulf of Alaska, found on seamounts and elsewhere (NMNH material, Alaska Fisheries Service). Fairly recent collection event (2008, Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary) produced at least one sample that may be this species, collected at ~
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="48" direction="north" minutes="07" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="53" value="48.131386">48°07'53"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="125" direction="west" minutes="05" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="20" value="-125.08889">125°05'20"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
at 335 m.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="201" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="201">Biology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="201">Appears to prefer at least subtidal depths, generally deeper, according to collection location data; frequently encountered on Seamounts (~190-900 m). MBARI T630-A13 had attached to it what appeared to be a cluster of white eggs (cluster identity not determined); these flexible branch strands, projecting up into localized water currents, would make good attachment sites for eggs needing oxygenation and/or flow to keep them clean, being suspended above muddy bottoms found at depth.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="203" pageId="18" pageNumber="201" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="201">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="201">
|
||
CAS has three specimens (likely this species), all from northern California (Cordell Bank, W of Point Reyes, CAS-IZ-96739; off Pigeon Point in San Mateo County, CAS-IZ-96744 and Eel River Canyon in Humboldt County, CAS-IZ-96758), labeled as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euplexaura simplex" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="18" pageNumber="201" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="simplex">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="201">Euplexaura simplex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This is a hitherto unknown application of a genus name, done by D Harden in the early 1970s (likely, an attempt to be comparable with the then named
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="18" pageNumber="201" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="201">Euplexaura marki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). This genus designation is incorrect; the specimen is the species
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia simplex" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="18" pageNumber="201" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="simplex">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="201">Swiftia simplex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. While
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.35-1658.681" author="Nutting, CC" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="97" pageNumber="280" pagination="681 - 727" refId="B144" refString="Nutting, CC, 1909. Alcyonaria of the California coast. . Proceedings of the United States National Museum 35: 681 - 727" title="Alcyonaria of the California coast." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.35-1658.681" volume="35" year="1909">Nutting (1909)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
placed it in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Psammogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammogorgia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="18" pageNumber="201" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="201">Psammogorgia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Verrill, 1868a, geographic location of specimen(s) he described, geographic locations of specimens examined here, appearance of sclerites, along with molecular work conducted by M
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165279" author="Everett, MV" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="93" pageNumber="276" refId="B90" refString="Everett, MV, Park, LK, Berntson, EA, Elz, AE, Whitmire, CE, Keller, AA, Clarke, ME, 2016. . https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165279" url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165279" year="2016">Everett et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, do not warrant that species designation either. While the WoRMS Database (Cordeiro et al. 2019) did indicate an accepted status for this species designation under the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="18" pageNumber="201" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="201">Swiftia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it also showed accepted status for the species as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Psammogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammogorgia simplex" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="18" pageNumber="201" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="simplex">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="201">Psammogorgia simplex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Cordeiro et al. 2018). Based on the genus description for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Psammogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammogorgia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="18" pageNumber="201" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="201">Psammogorgia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Verrill, AE" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Academie des Sciences, Paris" pageId="98" pageNumber="281" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13465394" refId="B174" refString="Verrill, AE, 1868a. . https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13465394" url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13465394" year="1868 a">Verrill (1868a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bayer, FM" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (nouvelle serie; serie A, Zoologie)" pageId="87" pageNumber="270" pagination="41 - 56" publicationUrl="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/891" refId="B5" refString="Bayer, FM, 1958. Les Octocoralliaires plexaurides des cotes occidentals d'Amerique. . Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (nouvelle serie; serie A, Zoologie) 16: 41 - 56" title="Les Octocoralliaires plexaurides des cotes occidentals d'Amerique." url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/891" volume="16" year="1958">Bayer (1958)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
on the morphological characters mentioned above and discussion provided by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bayer, FM" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="88" pageNumber="271" pagination="175 - 182" publicationUrl="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/6195" refId="B16" refString="Bayer, FM, Deichmann, E, 1960. The Ellisellidae (Octocorallia) and their bearing on the zoogeography of the eastern Pacific. . Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 73: 175 - 182" title="The Ellisellidae (Octocorallia) and their bearing on the zoogeography of the eastern Pacific." url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/6195" volume="73" year="1960">Bayer and Deichmann (1960)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, which also discussed the probability of appearance in the Panamanian province, material examined in this work warrants placement in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="18" pageNumber="201" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="201">Swiftia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, not in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Psammogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammogorgia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="18" pageNumber="201" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="201">Psammogorgia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="203" pageId="18" pageNumber="201">
|
||
Sclerite examinations revealed a few individual colonies (several species) in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="18" pageNumber="201" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="201">Swiftia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(such as that shown in
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Swiftia simplex, SBMNH 422979. A Entire colony, ~ 21 cm long, diameter ≤ 3 cm, including calyx B Branch close-up showing calyx placement on branch. Scale bar: 3 cm (A)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314855" pageId="18" pageNumber="201">Figure 8</figureCitation>
|
||
), with minimal/no fingerbiscuit rods.
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="19" pageNumber="202" start="start">Nothing</pageBreakToken>
|
||
examined and identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Chromoplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chromoplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="19" pageNumber="202" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="202">Chromoplexaura marki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1913) (species closest in superficial colony appearance) ever displayed these rods, as expected for this genus. It was easy to understand how identification done in the field, on in situ colonies (with water depth distorting color), could label colonies from the two species
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="20" pageNumber="203" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
|
||
this and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. marki" pageId="20" pageNumber="203" rank="species" species="marki">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="203">C. marki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) as the same organism. Current examinations discussed here shed some light on the confusion. The explanation provided regarding
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. pacifica" pageId="20" pageNumber="203" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="203">S. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Further Remarks section, is an attempt to clarify (and explain) why some colonies of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="20" pageNumber="203" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="203">Swiftia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have scleritic anthocodial rods and others do not.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="203">
|
||
California specimens identified from the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euplexaura" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="20" pageNumber="203" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="203">Euplexaura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(now the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Chromoplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chromoplexaura" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="20" pageNumber="203" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="203">Chromoplexaura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Williams, 2013) on several MBARI video clips that were viewed could actually be this species.
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. marki" pageId="20" pageNumber="203" rank="species" species="marki">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="203">C. marki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(which this species can so closely resemble), is usually bright deep red, with white or pale yellow anthocodiae/polyps (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.16718" author="Kuekenthal, W" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbucher Abteilung fur Systematik" pageId="95" pageNumber="278" pagination="219 - 270" refId="B124" refString="Kuekenthal, W, 1913. Ueber die Alcyonarienfauna Californiens und ihre tiergeo-graphischen Beziehungen. . Zoologische Jahrbucher Abteilung fur Systematik 35: 219 - 270" title="Ueber die Alcyonarienfauna Californiens und ihre tiergeo-graphischen Beziehungen." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.16718" volume="35" year="1913">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
|
||
1913
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="20" pageNumber="203" refId="B128">1924</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; also
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Johnson, ME" journalOrPublisher="MacMillan and Company, New York" pageId="95" pageNumber="278" refId="B112" refString="Johnson, ME, Snook, HJ, 1927. Seashore Animals of the Pacific Coast. . MacMillan and Company, New York" title="Seashore Animals of the Pacific Coast." year="1927">Johnson and Snook 1927</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but not always (see discussion, Part II, this work) while this species is a dull pinkish to brick red color, with colony coenenchyme and anthocodiae/polyps the same color; sclerites are very different for the two genera. It is likely that MBARI is seeing both this species and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. marki" pageId="20" pageNumber="203" rank="species" species="marki">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="203">C. marki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but not able to clearly distinguish between the two due to color distortion at depth under field conditions, if not collecting.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="203">
|
||
A specimen (R1159_EPI_164_0015) collected by Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary in 2008 superficially appeared to be this species; polyps were mostly contracted into very round, prominent mounds, although these had larger dimension than that given in the above description (tentacles were more or less the same salmon color as the coenenchyme, but polyp bodies, closely proximal to branch, were white when dissected out). Based on further examinations, specimen was tentatively identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia spauldingi" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="20" pageNumber="203" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="spauldingi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="203">Swiftia spauldingi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Nutting, 1909); however, lack of fingerbiscuit rods points in the direction of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Chromoplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chromoplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="20" pageNumber="203" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="203">Chromoplexaura marki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Recent DNA sequencing (communications with M Everett, NOAA affiliate, 2013-2014) indicated that some
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="20" pageNumber="203" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="203">Swiftia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species might need subdividing (three different species or variants a possibility).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |