275 lines
38 KiB
XML
275 lines
38 KiB
XML
<document id="18BFF1589C7611ABBEFFF8374EB58578" ID-CLB-Dataset="34103" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.346.6114" ID-GBIF-Dataset="892cdf91-8f73-426f-9143-b21e3d4df75d" ID-PMC="PMC3821061" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-346-1" ID-PubMed="24223483" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2013" ModsDocID="1313-2970-346-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 346" ModsDocTitle="Revision of the rhinoceros beetle genus Oryctophileurus Kolbe with description of a new species, the male of O. varicosus Prell, and notes on biogeography (Scarabaeoidea, Dynastinae, Phileurini)" checkinTime="1451246756994" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Perger, Robert & Grossi, Paschoal Coelho" docDate="2013" docId="34967E10AAAF26DF60089EDAEC1C3C46" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 346: 1-16" docOrigin="ZooKeys 346" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.346.6114" docTitle="Oryctophileurus guerrai Perger & Grossi, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="13" masterDocId="562FFFC4FFE7E0630407FF9EFF8CFFC5" masterDocTitle="Revision of the rhinoceros beetle genus Oryctophileurus Kolbe with description of a new species, the male of O. varicosus Prell, and notes on biogeography (Scarabaeoidea, Dynastinae, Phileurini)" masterLastPageNumber="16" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="9" updateTime="1732733777238" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods id="6E68AB2B1CE11ECA30DA63DAF965F507" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="CBB6EDA248AEC94F300C99BC702BADA6">
|
||
<mods:title id="A325E8980E787E2C214D16F9EF235036">Revision of the rhinoceros beetle genus Oryctophileurus Kolbe with description of a new species, the male of O. varicosus Prell, and notes on biogeography (Scarabaeoidea, Dynastinae, Phileurini)</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="DB3A7C6349394948C59E5C2F76E9461F" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="3EE224E594DD363C8AFA906CA91C5AC9">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="BC194291F91B38EE81A32D6E1FE4E579">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="F8E86BD9AD8BCADEB59D5C4CB37670B8">Perger, Robert</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="C67079CE92EE7621FD33D7FBC7958BB4" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="7E02D209BBF40804D57DAE461D90C768">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="2060E719A5F18EC43661E33811539E68">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="23A8080B905E96EC5F7ACE0E9A692BA8">Grossi, Paschoal Coelho</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="389A5EC9B80E563B7FCF022CE41621A5">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="F4256C6819649326C265B9B9D1F168B3" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="366E69ABC311214AB9FE02C150912868">
|
||
<mods:title id="5CCBB139B111BC7B5E95631CE43EC556">ZooKeys</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="C859C0639DF5E538CF6F427181BB89A3">
|
||
<mods:date id="07266A7936AD22A0D4C82D0D5F9E441C">2013</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="FA1D91F6A362B753AC7FED6A18B826D7" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="A62F1A14662167BD053F8DA32A979393">346</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="FB59CA8F264669C12C0A8D2795235146" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="C08E8E9E1E0BF6CA5826FA6A22C5DBAC">1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="FFA7CF74859542A7B1D1AB77AAC31AB5">16</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location id="C0D6A9C5856BCAC3283B8385719BD524">
|
||
<mods:url id="A141652FF02E0AA26BA68F03A59E9EC5">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.346.6114</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification id="D4C9E37541FDA3A868B9C2C7D80CD805">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="6F20B4F029E3EF997257563B3D7291DC" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.346.6114</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="64A11EB03030C65BDF8D03C47214CE41" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-346-1</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="34967E10AAAF26DF60089EDAEC1C3C46" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152049041" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:71F1D594-7DC9-41E0-93DE-704DEDE75470" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/34967E10AAAF26DF60089EDAEC1C3C46" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" scope_subFamily="Dynastinae" scope_superFamily="Scarabaeoidea" scope_tribe="Phileurini">
|
||
<subSubSection id="BA03DEDD82C76BF25F7702ED0EBA7067" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="B15BABF95DAB589692165A410ED3FAFE" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="43012F51B08A191C9E99039FBD2D0031" ID-CoL="74ZC4" LSID="http://zoobank.org/71F1D594-7DC9-41E0-93DE-704DEDE75470" authority="Perger & Grossi" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oryctophileurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oryctophileurus guerrai" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guerrai">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="69EB0D547685CDB1F22BD0727D8505E8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" start="start">Oryctophileurus</pageBreakToken>
|
||
guerrai Perger & Grossi
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="8A96E3C5DD21C359B4EE7EABEAB30EBF" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Figs 7B, D; 8
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="77D8680322684EFEBFB1EFDE95FA6002" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="type material">
|
||
<paragraph id="2FFB9CEFDB92D697A84063FFD3F58725" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Type material.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6D5E90287D0845F52A0B14A326330D78" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Holotype: male,"Bolivia / Tarija /
|
||
<normalizedToken id="AFB632D04CDFB254D5BA7ABF9EBAB91D" originalValue="O’Connor">O'Connor</normalizedToken>
|
||
province /
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1E45D305048E8BF453C46CB2C8B6164D" originalValue="Tariquía">Tariquia</normalizedToken>
|
||
National Reserve /
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="E0F8BA133F9CDE5A3A41345CA2B4F58B" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-21.983334">S21°59'</geoCoordinate>
|
||
01,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="83A1872B4DCE213121F6A647A6D86BD5" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-64.2">W64°12'</geoCoordinate>
|
||
30 / 1008 m a.s.l. / Tucuman-Bolivian subhumid forest / gully close to small mountain river / 25-XI-2011 / R. Perger leg." Allotype: female, same location data as the holotype, 20-XI-2011, F. Guerra leg.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="87C71843A71736184120F006ED024583" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="EC4D8C1EE450304A885C270884CC689B" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="149D7B284AD0A145653C4617D333AB23" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" start="start">Diagnosis</pageBreakToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C67D2D83ABF1051C41C592E5D7A2E79D" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B70F74B494BFF9DA0490F4ED353FAC3D" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oryctophileurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oryctophileurus guerrai" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guerrai">Oryctophileurus guerrai</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. is distinguished from the morphologically similar
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25907E04362868D788C5C89C51F867AA" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oryctophileurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oryctophileurus armicollis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armicollis">Oryctophileurus armicollis</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the distance between the inner teeth on the dorsal pronotal protuberance (in males as wide as width between eyes) (Figs 7B, 8A) and in females by the inner teeth separated by only a small fissure (Fig. 8C). In smaller males (body length 18.5 mm) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDC335A9FC23FA2A403C09C38EFD8E56" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oryctophileurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oryctophileurus armicollis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armicollis">Oryctophileurus armicollis</taxonomicName>
|
||
the distance between the inner teeth of the pronotal protuberance is wider than the width between the eyes and in larger males (body length 20 mm) as wide as the distance between the outer eye margins (Fig. 6A). In females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F71F17D478C77F29F4E65271DFBD056A" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oryctophileurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oryctophileurus armicollis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armicollis">Oryctophileurus armicollis</taxonomicName>
|
||
the inner teeth of the pronotal protuberance are separated by a comparably wide, continuous, parallel concavity containing ocellate punctures (Fig. 6C).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="E59C8C82885C40FDDE576B0C44436048" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="B1482B30D3586050809068CFEC1BBD9B" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Figure 8. Dorsal and lateral habitus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="698283541357B30508FA979006975102" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oryctophileurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oryctophileurus guerrai" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guerrai">Oryctophileurus guerrai</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n., A and B holotype male, body length 20 mm C and D allotype female, body length 19 mm, scale bar 5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="28F346B8C004CD101E91ABE3859CE64A" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
In both sexes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3F32F2A208F421595A4AFA8957D4EB3F" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oryctophileurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oryctophileurus guerrai" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guerrai">Oryctophileurus guerrai</taxonomicName>
|
||
the ocellate punctures above the posteriolateral pronotal margin are smaller, shallower and sparser than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="552154CB417C67B4DCA7B238DF5ACD0E" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oryctophileurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oryctophileurus armicollis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armicollis">Oryctophileurus armicollis</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the area of ocellate punctures above posteriolateral pronotal margin is reduced laterally (Figs 7D; 8B, D). In both sexes of other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A101893A2372B4F1B58254B6A9D8B63F" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oryctophileurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oryctophileurus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Oryctophileurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
speciesthe pronotum posteriolaterally has a continuous area of distinctly developed, ocellate punctures.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7F314DDE8DE7F1FF130CEC4BAF20FA40" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
In the male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="04ABC90FA4D89F206CFEBA7D9B2BBB84" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oryctophileurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oryctophileurus guerrai" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guerrai">Oryctophileurus guerrai</taxonomicName>
|
||
the pronotal protuberance is dorsally higher and the cephalic horn longer (Fig. 8B) than in similar-sized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="602E1FD776CA103020FF5D2DE89C9938" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oryctophileurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oryctophileurus armicollis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armicollis">Oryctophileurus armicollis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 6B) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1F1D79138D618F0A3541A6FFD0AB7189" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oryctophileurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oryctophileurus nasicornis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nasicornis">Oryctophileurus nasicornis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 3B). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AB174A6A0DEE10F2364DA81855888583" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oryctophileurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oryctophileurus nasicornis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nasicornis">Oryctophileurus nasicornis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, both characters are less produced. In the male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="953C0C114EE56C226505A433EC358B7E" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oryctophileurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oryctophileurus varicosus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varicosus">Oryctophileurus varicosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 4B), with its slightly larger body, the pronotum is much flatter than in the male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="842AB06E07523A5FA9DDF3088ACE7D23" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oryctophileurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oryctophileurus guerrai" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guerrai">Oryctophileurus guerrai</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D9AF7C857D40D5A502420804204E2E02" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="652C1E3C580F1BF25D391E5BBABAF7C1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B7AC1D78FBC2E70F1C354667E0D008DA" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Holotype male (Figs 8A, B). Body length 20 mm, width 9 mm. Body elongate, cylindrical, head and pronotum brownish black dorsally, elytra black, body ventrally dark brown, dorsal surface glabrous. Legs, sterna, second abdominal ventrite and basal margin of pygidium setose.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EEB5050592436587AD18D163E41E22EF" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="0AC2E05A2794C199F27058733092D5B0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" start="start">Head</pageBreakToken>
|
||
. Surface smooth, finely punctate. Clypeus subtriangular, laterally emarginated, slightly upturned, and with acute apex. Cephalic horn recurving over pronotum, attenuate, apex narrowly rounded; surface at base coarsely punctate, with a lateral carina. Mandible tridentate with inner tooth more acute; teeth upturned. Antenna 10 segmented; club with antennomeres subequal in length.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="267BEB2E7DFCC3536EE6DC06DE7E835B" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pronotum (Figs 7B, D; 8A, B). Shape subtrapezoidal, evenly rounded laterally, smooth, with 2 impressions posteriolaterally; posterior edges slightly obtuse. Basal half smooth, longitudinally ridged, dorsally bulging until transverse median carina, with 2 dorsolateral, coarsely punctate concavities on both sides; transverse median carina with 4 obtuse teeth, 2 inner teeth dorsally with small concavity, distance between inner teeth of dorsal pronotal protuberance as wide as width between eyes; anterior half of pronotum strongly concave, with ocellate punctures, 2 obtuse teeth close to anterior pronotal border, teeth at same level with lateral eye margins when seen from dorsal and lateral views. Prosternal process trapezoidal, concave at the base, posteriorly produced; base with spine-like process posteriorly.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="239E8FDC7F235AB268DFB8840C11BBC9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Elytra. Surface smooth, with continuous, slightly convex carinae, weakly impressed interstriae, and with ocellate punctures. Pygidium. Shape convex in lateral view; surface densely punctate; punctures ocellate, moderately sized, elongate near basal margin.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A29911A96F233EDE7B526D57C33DBB10" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Legs. Protibia with 4 teeth, basal tooth weakly developed. Meta- and mesotibia apically with 3 broaden, shovel-shaped teeth, each tooth additionally furnished with small, apical teeth. The specimen was found dead with damaged abdomen, soft parts and genitalia missing.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="59DC7FC9468C0F7848D47349711C18C0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Female allotype (Figs 8C, D). Similar to male except by the following features: body length 19 mm, width 8.2 mm; head with cephalic horn less developed, reaching only dorsal pronotal protuberances when seen in lateral view; pronotum longer than high, dorsal longitudinal pronotal concavity about as narrow as width of cephalic horn, uppermost teeth of dorsal pronotal protuberances obtuse, separated by a small fissure.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21DBCE50D862A4FB45D69F2E33C0F4A9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="derivation of specific epithet">
|
||
<paragraph id="4ACA31E1A9057D32CF14CDE9837D2E41" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Derivation of specific epithet.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="11061B409B1570C50140D6C3FCA07391" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The species is named after our friend and colleague, Fernando
|
||
<normalizedToken id="74D6F9EEB8988395F417DFD54628361C" originalValue="“Fideo”">"Fideo"</normalizedToken>
|
||
Guerra, for his lifetime commitment to the investigation of the Bolivian fauna. His participation in the actual survey in the southern Bolivian Andes has led to the discovery and description of several previously unknown taxa (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="45386FB1D7461ECF06D901154EA334C2" author="Perger, R" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="49 - 58" title="Two new tiger beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Cicindelitae) species from the Tucuman-Bolivian forest in the National Tariquia Reserve, Bolivia." volume="3434" year="2012">Perger and Guerra 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and he was also the first to collect an individual of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7D26DB2F942BBB98D13D7A4895CEC938" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oryctophileurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oryctophileurus guerrai" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guerrai">Oryctophileurus guerrai</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="623E5971A2F32F5771E58926A44D533F" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="geographical and ecological distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="F2D352CBE619B20B88E37B83FFC02F51" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Geographical and ecological distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CB09E9DA1708516C7D868B369833FBEE" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CA7F570F7FBB0DE9763D37687D998709" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oryctophileurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oryctophileurus guerrai" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guerrai">Oryctophileurus guerrai</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known only from the northwestern area of
|
||
<normalizedToken id="3CB1954CD7105776825EA3C6859AF6B4" originalValue="Tariquía">Tariquia</normalizedToken>
|
||
National Reserve (Tarija department) in the southern Bolivian Andes (Fig. 1). The forest in the this area is considered subandine subhumid, semi-deciduous, Tucuman-Bolivian forest (TBF) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="ABA26F028D417BC244A3CF3A18AF2E03" author="Navarro, G" journalOrPublisher="RUMBOL SRL-The Nature Conservancy (TNC), Bolivia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" title="Mapa de Sistemas Ecologicos de Bolivia, escala 1: 250 000." year="2011">Navarro and Ferreira 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) with a mean annual temperature of 18.7 °C and an annual rainfall of 1334 mm (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="61BEB0A26047152DBACF2AB5AC587D44" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">SENAMHI 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="52BB7835C085AA981EC4CF1D246A1C60" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oryctophileurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oryctophileurus guerrai" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guerrai">Oryctophileurus guerrai</taxonomicName>
|
||
is likely endemic to TBF (see discussion below) and might also occur in the northern limit (Santa Cruz department) and the Argentinean portion of this forest type (Jujuy, Salta and Tucuman departments).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C191342E18309DF9B127FB8876F853D4" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The two individuals of the new species were collected in a narrow valley (elevation 1008 m a.s.l.) (Fig. 1C). The female was observed during the day on the floor of the
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="FE74B8D25C4FD6347C1D5AD71D03B955" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" start="start">densely</pageBreakToken>
|
||
vegetated, moist gully (Figs 1C, D). The male was found dead in a similar habitat. No individuals of the species were observed in subhumid forest along the slopes and during eight nights of sampling with a light trap close to the collection area. Like the other species of this genus, which are only known from few individuals,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31AE0FB907149794DF6457FB67A6CFB4" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oryctophileurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oryctophileurus guerrai" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guerrai">Oryctophileurus guerrai</taxonomicName>
|
||
might be rare or has a cryptic way of life.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D62D601E891AAE5B8E99518DB6BAA758" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="38CCCD02D6A59861F6BD29BFD5E3CC44" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="91496627F5C99ACB3FE2EFA2051B0EBF" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
As in males of other dynastine taxa with exaggerated secondary sexual traits(e.g., Eberhard 1979;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="89EE88DAB291F0D860129EB571AEF381" author="Rowland, JM" journalOrPublisher="Australian Journal of Zoology" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="213 - 258" title="Male horn dimorphism, phylogeny and systematics of rhinoceros beetles of the genus Xylotrupes (Scarabaeidae, Coleoptera)." url="10.1071/ZO02013" volume="51" year="2003">Rowland 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),the cephalic horn and pronotal structures of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4AFA4D97DE1180B8F46C31D924A7D87C" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oryctophileurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oryctophileurus armicollis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armicollis">Oryctophileurus armicollis</taxonomicName>
|
||
males (and likely in the males of other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5EAADF7DBD70C384D56F8688ABB41B3D" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oryctophileurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oryctophileurus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Oryctophileurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
species) vary allometrically. Larger males have larger horns and pronotal armature with respect to their body length. Accordingly, such characters should be compared in specimens having a similar size. Nevertheless, the distance between the inner pronotal protuberance teeth appears to be positively allometric in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="030CDA938DE4CD429B7FCD6C017ECDD3" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oryctophileurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oryctophileurus armicollis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armicollis">Oryctophileurus armicollis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, since it is wider in larger males (body length 20 mm) than in smaller males (body length 18.5 mm). In the male (body length 20 mm) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BE750DEB42A9A1FB889A85467A74C75D" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oryctophileurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oryctophileurus guerrai" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guerrai">Oryctophileurus guerrai</taxonomicName>
|
||
the inner pronotal protuberance teeth are separated by a gap (Fig. 6B) that is narrower than in the smaller male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4BB13E8FE1DD44F18C413D27BB0A1D19" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oryctophileurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oryctophileurus armicollis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armicollis">Oryctophileurus armicollis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(body length 18.5 mm), indicating that the ratio of body length/ pronotal protuberance teeth distance is never overlapping inter-specifically between similar-sized individuals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSection id="32EBC84725612ED7569B9AFDFC6B5113" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="biogeographical affinities">
|
||
<paragraph id="A443392F44A41830AFC1637D24A6C368" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Biogeographical affinities</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="691C452A0C6244B18849805277403314" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
While the two
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0119AE1CA95EBCC477FF41ACE34D5B5F" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Amblyodus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyodus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amblyodus</taxonomicName>
|
||
species occur in Amazon lowland forest (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FD5FE03CB0622199FD1581C33EBFAD4" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Amblyodus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyodus castroi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castroi">Amblyodus castroi</taxonomicName>
|
||
Grossi & Grossi) and Central American mountain forests (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00482FDF03140C4A23F643CBA83FD0D8" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Amblyodus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amblyodus taurus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taurus">Amblyodus taurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Westwood) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C2E7A46E871F1A96B34035FEB7DF5EC3" author="Grossi, PC" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="21 - 28" title="A new species of Amblyodus Westwood, 1878 (Coleoptera, Melolonthidae, Dynastinae) from South America." url="10.3897/zookeys.75.884" volume="75" year="2011">Grossi and Grossi 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the known distributional pattern suggests that the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4B71FFBDB91E27AED0A8A1EF08B079A4" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oryctophileurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oryctophileurus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Oryctophileurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
are closely associated with forest habitat in the Andean area (Fig. 1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9376CC8E1BE54C98D40EFA01DB38F982" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
As proposed for other Andean taxa (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A68D028F988D9FA4D728563E726B1344" author="Hoorn, C" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="927 - 931" title="Amazonia through time: Andean uplift, climate change, landscape evolution and biodiversity." url="10.1126/science.1194585" volume="330" year="2010">Hoorn et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3D40CC6839DCDC7703AA01303BE02A1F" author="Rull, V" journalOrPublisher="Trends in Ecology & Evolution" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="508 - 513" title="Neotropical biodiversity: timing and potential drivers." url="10.1016/j.tree.2011.05.011" volume="26" year="2011">Rull 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for reviews), the diversification of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2BB02A9BC2946227F7A0280BBD8325A3" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oryctophileurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oryctophileurus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Oryctophileurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
might be related to the creation of heterogeneous edaphic mosaics and dispersal barriers by the uplifting of the Andes in the mid-Miocene, marine incursions into the Amazon basin, and the subsequent quaternary climatic cycling. High diversity and endemism in the Andean area are further explained by climatic stability due to orographic rain barriers and lower extinction rates during periods of drastic climatic changes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F8E6503CC3C1346E34FF2B2D8DBB9952" author="Fjeldsa, J" journalOrPublisher="Ecography" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="63 - 78" title="Correlation between endemism and local ecoclimatic stability documented by comparing Andean bird distributions and remotely sensed land surface data." url="10.1111/j.1600-0587.1999.tb00455.x" volume="22" year="1999">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B7096C9C551415AB2307F5005001E525" originalValue="Fjeldså">Fjeldsa</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The collection locations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="33DBD67417F3ECEED1624BEFDAFB4AD2" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oryctophileurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oryctophileurus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Oryctophileurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
species along the eastern slope of the tropical Andes correspond with peak concentrations of endemics (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5B3823E1E872C98EDB04B4CF47D3E3B1" author="Swenson, JJ" journalOrPublisher="BMC Ecology" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 18" title="Plant and animal endemism in the eastern Andean slope: Challenges to conservation." url="10.1186/1472-6785-12-1" volume="12" year="2012">Swenson et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6CC2A4CAA16044E727EA18E7206DDBBD" author="World Wildlife Fund," editor="Cleveland, CJ" journalOrPublisher="Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington, D. C." pageId="14" pageNumber="15" title="Cauca Valley montane forests." url="http://www.eoearth.org/article/Cauca_Valley_montane_forests" volumeTitle="Encyclopedia of Earth" year="2012">WWF 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), suggesting that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="717FB11D79D8E5C2844167BE2E80E8F0" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oryctophileurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oryctophileurus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Oryctophileurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
species represent biogeographic relicts that persisted during periods of ecological change.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="9B943D4D74F432B374EF5269B0B881ED" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="oryctophileurus in the southern bolivian andes">
|
||
<paragraph id="CAC8B2FE00D4F6C0035B9F053A914017" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8CCA8E83989044204767878081A62E39" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oryctophileurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oryctophileurus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Oryctophileurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Southern Bolivian Andes
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE289E370E24E20AA49EA0B65D7650BE" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
The discovery of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B0EF00A2614B129FEF9706E77E9AF486" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oryctophileurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oryctophileurus guerrai" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guerrai">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="BE0F3E794851DDE2F089CC7CA2709146" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" start="start">Oryctophileurus</pageBreakToken>
|
||
guerrai
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
extends the known distributional range of the genus more than 600 km southwards. In view of the mainly tropical Andes distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E6661D6CCFDA4EC3F818E82248394C80" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oryctophileurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oryctophileurus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Oryctophileurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, the presence of this genus in the southern Bolivian Andes, close to the Argentinean border, is surprising. Because of a change in orientation of the mountain ranges at the elbow of the Andes and local topographic features, the TBF is distinguished from Bolivian Yungas forest (BYF) by a more pronounced and prolonged dry season, occasionally accompanied by frost periods (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="488A08CCB6984F487B531F392CB06A12" author="Fjeldsa, J" journalOrPublisher="Ecography" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="63 - 78" title="Correlation between endemism and local ecoclimatic stability documented by comparing Andean bird distributions and remotely sensed land surface data." url="10.1111/j.1600-0587.1999.tb00455.x" volume="22" year="1999">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="844E72BEB979A90233D5B3523B9D5937" originalValue="Fjeldså">Fjeldsa</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and less annual precipitation and humidity (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F03B2D0669FC10B9EBE4A99711103753" author="Ibisch, PL" editor="Ibisch, PL" journalOrPublisher="Editorial Fundacion Amigos de la Naturaleza (FAN), Santa Cruz, Bolivia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="47 - 88" title="La diversidad biologica: ecorregiones y ecosistemas." year="2003 a">Ibisch et al. 2003a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8494A2EAC8D42CF341798B9F928C3DC5" author="Killeen, TJ" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Biogeography" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1357 - 1373" title="Dry and wet spots in the Andean hotspot." url="10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01682.x" volume="34" year="2007">Killeen et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Corresponding with a general decrease in biodiversity (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="19E847D310E2EDC0E95EE3AA1744CA64" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Schulenberg and Awbrey 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7C591F979C65674B1149A7C915A31678" author="Ibisch, PL" editor="Ibisch, PL" journalOrPublisher="Editorial Fundacion Amigos de la Naturaleza (FAN), Santa Cruz, Bolivia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="148 - 161" title="Consideraciones comparativas de patrones interecoregionales de diversidad de especies y de endemismo." year="2003 b">Ibisch et al. 2003b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="88205D51549952A6825D90D63B399F0E" author="Churchill, SP" journalOrPublisher="Tropical Bryology" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="19 - 42" title="Bryophytes of the Tucuman-Bolivian Montane forest." volume="30" year="2009">Churchill and Lozano 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), several scarabaeoid genera such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64866FFFFE21D56281652FDA380777F5" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dynastes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynastes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dynastes</taxonomicName>
|
||
Kirby,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B69AAFEFC475A34069386AC7333BA759" class="Insecta" family="Dryophthoridae" genus="Sphaenognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphaenognathus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphaenognathus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Buquet,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="208F8A0BA93626F0F458DD8D2E68D6F0" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Scortizus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scortizus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scortizus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Westwood, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A2DA45E9BC7C9EE76ACADC75DC2AE7B7" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Cantharolethrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cantharolethrus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cantharolethrus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Thomson, meet their southern distributional limit at the elbow of the Andes (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B3FBC3BF431A5B4B291614DBAF403547" author="Paulsen, MJ" journalOrPublisher="RUMBOL SRL-The Nature Conservancy (TNC), Bolivia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" title="Annotated checklist of the New World Lucanidae, version 3.0." url="http://www-museum.unl.edu/research/entomology/Guide/Scarabaeoidea/Lucanidae/Lucanidae-Catalog/LucanidaeC.htm" year="2010">Paulsen 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for distributional maps).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="23FDCF212FCE89EE3584093A272295BB" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Nevertheless, the discovery of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="20ACE39494703D62D88BE58B9EFB6332" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oryctophileurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oryctophileurus guerrai" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guerrai">Oryctophileurus guerrai</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other endemic TBF representatives of butterfly genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF7F7FFAF00E9C1D6D7168F324281BD5" author="Gareca, Y" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="30 - 56" title="Morpho (Morpho) helenor (Cramer) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Morphinae) in Bolivia: Geographical distribution and ecological plasticity, with a description of a new subspecies." volume="3130" year="2011">Gareca and Blandin 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="322E65CD7EF964B6E023E1D119206585" author="Blandin, P" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="291 - 300" title="A new subspecies of Morpho (Grasseia) godartii Guerin-Meneville, [1844], discovered in sub-humid forests from southern Bolivian Andes (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)." volume="116" year="2011">Blandin and Gareca 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and tiger beetle genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CB096131F1D0342E8D417914A9D2820A" author="Perger, R" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="49 - 58" title="Two new tiger beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Cicindelitae) species from the Tucuman-Bolivian forest in the National Tariquia Reserve, Bolivia." volume="3434" year="2012">Perger and Guerra 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) with diversity center in the northern tropical Andes suggests that the assumed decrease in species richness in some groups is the result of sampling bias and the TBF belongs to the important areas of insect endemism along the eastern slope of the Andes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B5FA76D830763B57795849E9567C80E7" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
This hypothesis should be tested in further studies because human impact and low protection status of such ecoregion (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6B3A94BA0E005044145702C419EFBBB2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Schulenberg and Awbrey 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A0C422A3129788D9FE350CADF04D6A0C" author="Ibisch, PL" editor="Ibisch, PL" journalOrPublisher="Editorial Fundacion Amigos de la Naturaleza (FAN), Santa Cruz, Bolivia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="47 - 88" title="La diversidad biologica: ecorregiones y ecosistemas." year="2003 a">Ibisch et al. 2003a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) might not only threat already known but also many undiscovered endemics with extinction.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |