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<mods:title id="4237D1AA6EF35ADE2BA385FA22AE0D48">Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E94E89BFE479FDC23CEEDE8A74AE657D">Squires, Richard L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:identifier id="BBF87F7BEC5ACAE57D5EA24FC116E5E0" type="DOI">10.5070/P9361043434</mods:identifier>
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<subSubSection id="EBD26518FFF5EC75FE8EC7FEFDED9078" box="[286,626,1513,1537]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="A3773693FFF5EC75FE8EC7FEFDED9078" blockId="13.[286,626,1481,1537]" box="[286,626,1513,1537]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<heading id="F83F81FFFFF5EC75FE8EC7FEFDED9078" box="[286,626,1513,1537]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="64C84D10FFF5EC75FE8EC7FEFDED9078" ID-CoL="7P396" authority="SAcco, 1890" authorityName="Sacco" authorityYear="1890" box="[286,626,1513,1537]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cassidae" genus="Echinophoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="13" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="91BCEA81FFF5EC75FE8EC7FEFE7D9078" box="[286,482,1514,1537]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">ECHINOPHORIA</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C7594B62FFF5EC75FE78C7FDFDED9078" author="Sacco, F." box="[488,626,1513,1537]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref16175" refString="Sacco, F. 1890. I molluschi dei terreni terziarii del Piemonte e della Liguria. Parte 7: (Harpidae e Cassididae). Bolletino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della R. Universita di Torino 5: 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="1890">SAcco, 1890</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBD26518FFF5EC75FF00C40CFE129151" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="A3773693FFF5EC75FF00C40CFDE89001" blockId="13.[112,801,1559,1938]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="91BCEA81FFF5EC75FF00C40CFEFA9048" bold="true" box="[144,357,1559,1586]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<typeStatus id="7C738831FFF5EC75FF00C40CFF4A904B" box="[144,213,1560,1586]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Type</typeStatus>
species—
</emphasis>
By subsequent designation (
<bibRefCitation id="C7594B62FFF5EC75FD75C403FF2E902C" author="Dall, W. H." pageId="13" pageNumber="12" refId="ref13586" refString="Dall, W. H. 1909. Contributions to Tertiary paleontology of the Pacific Coast. 1. The Miocene of Astoria and Coos Bay, Oregon. U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 59, 278 pp." type="book" year="1909">Dall, 1909</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="64C84D10FFF5EC75FF58C428FD06902C" authority="Brocchi, 1814" authorityName="Brocchi" authorityYear="1814" box="[200,665,1595,1621]" class="Gastropoda" family="Buccinidae" genus="Buccinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="intermedium">
<emphasis id="91BCEA81FFF5EC75FF58C428FE79902C" box="[200,486,1595,1621]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Buccinum intermedium</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C7594B62FFF5EC75FE7CC42FFD06902C" author="Brocchi, G. B." box="[492,665,1595,1621]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" refId="ref12833" refString="Brocchi, G. B. 1814. Conchiologia fossile subappenine con osser- vazioni geologiche sugli Appennini. Stamperia Reale, Milano. 712 pp." type="book" year="1814">Brocchi, 1814</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Oligocene and Miocene of
<collectingCountry id="DBDF7603FFF5EC75FEA4C44AFEF39001" box="[308,364,1630,1656]" name="Italy" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Italy</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C7594B62FFF5EC75FEEEC44AFD849001" author="Abbott, R. T." box="[382,539,1630,1656]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="15 - 202" refId="ref12189" refString="Abbott, R. T. 1968. The helmet shells of the world (Cassidae). Part 1. Indo-Pacific Mollusca, Vol. 2, pp. 15 - 202." type="journal article" year="1968">Abbott 1968</bibRefCitation>
: p. 96).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A3773693FFF5EC75FF00C495FE129151" blockId="13.[112,801,1559,1938]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="91BCEA81FFF5EC75FF00C495FEE890E2" bold="true" box="[144,375,1665,1691]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Geologic range—</emphasis>
Middle Eocene to Recent.
<taxonomicName id="64C84D10FFF5EC75FD54C495FF5E90C7" ID-CoL="7P396" authorityName="Sacco" authorityYear="1890" class="Gastropoda" family="Cassidae" genus="Echinophoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="91BCEA81FFF5EC75FD54C495FF5E90C7" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Echinophoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is present in middle Miocene to early Pliocene strata, as well as uncommonly in the modern record, in
<collectingCountry id="DBDF7603FFF5EC75FFE0C4FFFEBA917C" box="[112,293,1771,1797]" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">the Dominican</collectingCountry>
Republic and elsewhere in the Caribbean Sea region (
<bibRefCitation id="C7594B62FFF5EC75FE94C51AFEE39151" author="Beu, A. G." box="[260,380,1806,1832]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 499" refId="ref12719" refString="Beu, A. G. 2010. Neogene tonnoidean gastropods of tropical and South America: Contributions to the Dominican Republic and Panama paleontology projects and uplift of the Central American Isthmus. Bulletins of American Paleontology 377: 1 - 499." type="journal article" year="2010">Beu 2010</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBD26518FFF5EC75FF00C525FAE49447" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="A3773693FFF5EC75FF00C525FAE49447" blockId="13.[112,801,1559,1938]" lastBlockId="13.[832,1520,196,1736]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="91BCEA81FFF5EC75FF00C525FE579132" bold="true" box="[144,456,1841,1867]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Differential diagnosis—</emphasis>
Spire height moderately low. Inner lip callus thin or absent and columellar callus absent; no false umbilici created by calluses. Aperture wide. Columella long, anterior siphonal canal strongly twisted, slightly to moderately notched, and fasciolate. Siphonal fasciole very distinct, with posterior edge of anterior canal noticeably producing two long “plica-like” spiral structures extending across ventral surface of siphonal canal and reaching notch area; siphonal fasciole separated from base of last whorl by distinct groove. Previous varices rare (on fossils), absent (on modern specimens). Episodic varices rare on fossils and very rare to absent on modern specimens. Terminal varix on outer lip thin to thickened and reflected (
<bibRefCitation id="C7594B62FFF5EC75FB07C031FA909447" author="Beu, A. G." box="[1175,1295,548,575]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 499" refId="ref12719" refString="Beu, A. G. 2010. Neogene tonnoidean gastropods of tropical and South America: Contributions to the Dominican Republic and Panama paleontology projects and uplift of the Central American Isthmus. Bulletins of American Paleontology 377: 1 - 499." type="journal article" year="2010">Beu 2010</bibRefCitation>
: p. 231).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBD26518FFF5EC75FCF0C05CFA3E90B1" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="A3773693FFF5EC75FCF0C05CFB259521" blockId="13.[832,1520,196,1736]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="91BCEA81FFF5EC75FCF0C05CFC69941B" bold="true" box="[864,1014,584,610]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Remarks—</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C7594B62FFF5EC75FC66C05CFBE8941B" author="Beu, A. G." box="[1014,1143,584,610]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 499" refId="ref12719" refString="Beu, A. G. 2010. Neogene tonnoidean gastropods of tropical and South America: Contributions to the Dominican Republic and Panama paleontology projects and uplift of the Central American Isthmus. Bulletins of American Paleontology 377: 1 - 499." type="journal article" year="2010">Beu (2010</bibRefCitation>
: p. 242) gave six genus-groups names of
<taxonomicName id="64C84D10FFF5EC75FC25C07FFBC694FC" authorityName="Sacco" authorityYear="1890" box="[949,1113,619,645]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cassidae" genus="Echinophoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="91BCEA81FFF5EC75FC25C07FFBC694FC" box="[949,1113,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Echinophoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The protoconch of
<taxonomicName id="64C84D10FFF5EC75FADCC07FFA6F94FC" authorityName="Sacco" authorityYear="1890" box="[1356,1520,619,645]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cassidae" genus="Echinophoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="91BCEA81FFF5EC75FADCC07FFA6F94FC" box="[1356,1520,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Echinophoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is low-turbiniform, with a well-impressed suture and about three strongly inflated, smooth whorls.
<bibRefCitation id="C7594B62FFF5EC75FAFAC0A6FA7394B2" author="Beu, A. G." box="[1386,1516,689,716]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="269 - 387" refId="ref12642" refString="Beu, A. G. 2008. Recent deep-water Cassidae of the world. A revision of Galeodea, Oocorys, Sconsia, Echinoporia and related taxa, with new genera and species (Mollusca, Gastropoda). In V. Heros, R. H. Cowie, and P. Bouchet [eds.]. Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos 25. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire nautrelle 196: 269 - 387." type="journal article" year="2008">Beu (2008</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7594B62FFF5EC75FCD0C0C0FC1C9497" author="Beu, A. G." box="[832,899,724,750]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 499" refId="ref12719" refString="Beu, A. G. 2010. Neogene tonnoidean gastropods of tropical and South America: Contributions to the Dominican Republic and Panama paleontology projects and uplift of the Central American Isthmus. Bulletins of American Paleontology 377: 1 - 499." type="journal article" year="2010">2010</bibRefCitation>
) opined that
<taxonomicName id="64C84D10FFF5EC75FBACC0C0FB799497" authorityName="Sacco" authorityYear="1890" box="[1084,1254,724,750]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cassidae" genus="Echinophoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="91BCEA81FFF5EC75FBACC0C0FB799497" box="[1084,1254,724,750]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Echinophoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with its prominent sculpture resembling that of
<taxonomicName id="64C84D10FFF5EC75FB3DC0E3FA819568" authorityName="Link" authorityYear="1807" box="[1197,1310,759,785]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cassidae" genus="Galeodea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="91BCEA81FFF5EC75FB3DC0E3FA819568" box="[1197,1310,759,785]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Galeodea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is likely to have been the stem group of the
<taxonomicName id="64C84D10FFF5EC75FB03C10FFA96954C" authorityName="BEU" authorityYear="1981" box="[1171,1289,795,821]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cassidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Phaliinae">Phaliinae</taxonomicName>
, evolving from
<taxonomicName id="64C84D10FFF5EC75FA56C10FFC0F9521" authorityName="Link" authorityYear="1807" class="Gastropoda" family="Cassidae" genus="Galeodea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="91BCEA81FFF5EC75FA56C10FFC0F9521" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Galeodea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
late in Cretaceous time.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A3773693FFF5EC75FCF0C175FA3E90B1" blockId="13.[832,1520,196,1736]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<bibRefCitation id="C7594B62FFF5EC75FCF0C175FB809502" author="Durham, J. W." box="[864,1055,865,891]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="183 - 191" refId="ref13888" refString="Durham, J. W. 1942. Notes on Pacific coast galeodeas. Journal of Paleontology 16: 183 - 191." type="journal article" year="1942">Durham (1942)</bibRefCitation>
was the first to recognize the presence of
<taxonomicName id="64C84D10FFF5EC75FCCCC190FC6395E7" authorityName="Sacco" authorityYear="1890" box="[860,1020,900,926]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cassidae" genus="Echinophoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="91BCEA81FFF5EC75FCCCC190FC6395E7" box="[860,1020,900,926]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Echinophoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the CSWNA region, and he used
<taxonomicName id="64C84D10FFF5EC75FA06C190FC6F95B8" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="91BCEA81FFF5EC75FA06C190FC0E95B8" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Echinophoria</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
to help establish a cassid-biostratigraphic zonation scheme for the Pacific Northwest (PNW). This zonation was developed further and expanded by
<bibRefCitation id="C7594B62FFF5EC75FCF7C605FBCE9255" author="Armentrout, J. M." box="[871,1105,1041,1068]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" refId="ref12391" refString="Armentrout, J. M. 1975. Molluscan biostratigraphy of the Lincoln Creek Formation, southwest Washington. Pp. 14 - 48 in D. W. Weaver, G. R. Hornaday, and A. Tipton [eds.]. Future energy horizons of the Pacific Coast. Paleogene symposium and se- lected technical papers. Pacific Sections, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, and Society of Exploration Geologists. Long Beach, California." type="proceedings" year="1975">Armentrout (1975</bibRefCitation>
: pp. 18–25).
<bibRefCitation id="C7594B62FFF5EC75FB6BC606FA339252" author="Moore, E. J." box="[1275,1452,1041,1068]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="718 - 737" refId="ref15130" refString="Moore, E. J. 1984. Middle Tertiary molluscan zones of the Pacific northwest. Journal of Paleontology 58: 718 - 737." type="journal article" year="1984">Moore (1984)</bibRefCitation>
used the phylogeny of the phaliine genera
<taxonomicName id="64C84D10FFF5EC75FA85C620FA269237" authorityName="Sacco" authorityYear="1890" box="[1301,1465,1076,1102]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cassidae" genus="Echinophoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="91BCEA81FFF5EC75FA85C620FA269237" box="[1301,1465,1076,1102]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Echinophoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and especially
<taxonomicName id="64C84D10FFF5EC75FC54C64CFBA39208" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1963" box="[964,1084,1112,1137]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cassidae" genus="Liracassis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="91BCEA81FFF5EC75FC54C64CFBA39208" box="[964,1084,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Liracassis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for the purpose of also furthering the PNW cassid-biostratigraphic zones.
<bibRefCitation id="C7594B62FFF5EC75FAD5C66FFBDD92C1" author="Prothero, D. R. &amp; J. M. Armentrout" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="208 - 211" refId="ref15878" refString="Prothero, D. R., and J. M. Armentrout. 1985. Magneostratigraphic correlation of the Lincoln Creek Formation, Washington: implications for the age of the Eocene / Oligocene boundary. Geology 13: 208 - 211." type="journal article" year="1985">Prothero and Armentrout (1985)</bibRefCitation>
used high-resolution, magnetostratigraphy for refining these zones, and this technique was utilized further by Prothero (2001: fig. 2),
<bibRefCitation id="C7594B62FFF5EC75FA10C6F0FC13935B" author="Prothero, D." pageId="13" pageNumber="12" refId="ref15812" refString="Prothero, D. R .. 2003. Pacific Coast Eocene-Oligocene marine chronostratigraphy: a review and an update. Pp. 1 - 13 in D. R. Prothero, L. C. Ivany, and E. A. Nesbitt [eds.]. From Greenhouse to Icehouse, the Marine Eocene-Oligocene Transition. Columbia University Press, New York." type="book" year="2003">Prothero (2003</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 1.3),
<bibRefCitation id="C7594B62FFF5EC75FB9CC713FB23935B" author="Nesbitt, E. A." box="[1036,1212,1287,1314]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" refId="ref15251" refString="Nesbitt, E. A. 2003. Changes in shallow-marine faunas from the northeastern Pacific margin across the Eocene / Oligocene boundary. Pp. 57 - 70 in D. R. Prothero, L. C. Ivany, and E. A. Nesbitt [eds.]. From Greenhouse to Icehouse, the Marine Eocene-Oligocene Transition. Columbia University Press, New York." type="book" year="2003">Nesbitt (2003</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 4.1), and
<bibRefCitation id="C7594B62FFF5EC75FAE4C713FC23933C" author="Nesbitt, E. A. &amp; R. A. Martin &amp; N. P. Carroll &amp; J. Grieff" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 17" refId="ref15348" refString="Nesbitt, E. A., R. A. Martin, N. P. Carroll, and J. Grieff. 2010. Reassess- ment of the Zemorrian foraminiferal Stage and Juanian molluscan Stage north of the Olympic Mountains, Washington Stage and Vancouver Island. Newsletter on Stratigraphy 43: 1 - 17." type="journal article" year="2010">Nesbitt et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
to update the cassid zonation. The
<taxonomicName id="64C84D10FFF5EC75FAEFC73FFC729311" baseAuthorityName="Weaver" baseAuthorityYear="1912" class="Gastropoda" family="Cassidae" genus="Galeodea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="trituberculata">
<emphasis id="91BCEA81FFF5EC75FAEFC73FFC729311" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Galeodea trituberculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
zone, which includes the Cowlitz Formation and the tropical-Eocene fauna, is followed, in vertical stratigraphic succession, by the cooler water
<taxonomicName id="64C84D10FFF5EC75FAF6C780FC0093A8" baseAuthorityName="Dickerson" baseAuthorityYear="1917" class="Gastropoda" family="Cassidae" genus="Echinophoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="dalli">
<emphasis id="91BCEA81FFF5EC75FAF6C780FC0093A8" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Echinophoria dalli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="64C84D10FFF5EC75FC3BC7ACFC7293A8" box="[939,1005,1463,1489]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cassidae" genus="Echinophoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="fax">
<emphasis id="91BCEA81FFF5EC75FC3BC7ACFC7293A8" box="[939,1005,1463,1489]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">E. fax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="64C84D10FFF5EC75FBBDC7ACFB3A93A8" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1963" box="[1069,1189,1464,1489]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cassidae" genus="Liracassis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="91BCEA81FFF5EC75FBBDC7ACFB3A93A8" box="[1069,1189,1464,1489]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Liracassis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
zones (
<figureCitation id="3BF32A16FFF5EC75FA92C7A3FAD793AB" box="[1282,1352,1463,1490]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[112,187,1390,1414]" captionText="Figure 2. Chronostratigraphic diagram showing CSWNA Eocene cassid species and their geologic ranges. Geologic time scale, stage ages, chrons/polarity, nannofossil zones, and timing of global climate events from Gradstein et al. (2012: fig. 28.11). Provincial molluscan stages from Squires, (2003: fig. 2.1)." pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="64C84D10FFF5EC75FACEC7ACFA4993A8" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1963" box="[1374,1494,1464,1489]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cassidae" genus="Liracassis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="91BCEA81FFF5EC75FACEC7ACFA4993A8" box="[1374,1494,1464,1489]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Liracassis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is one of several genera that diverged from
<taxonomicName id="64C84D10FFF5EC75FADCC7CFFA6F938C" authorityName="Sacco" authorityYear="1890" box="[1356,1520,1499,1525]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cassidae" genus="Echinophoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="91BCEA81FFF5EC75FADCC7CFFA6F938C" box="[1356,1520,1499,1525]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Echinophoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
during the Cenozoic but is now extinct (
<bibRefCitation id="C7594B62FFF5EC75FADCC7EAFA589061" author="Beu, A. G." box="[1356,1479,1534,1560]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="269 - 387" refId="ref12642" refString="Beu, A. G. 2008. Recent deep-water Cassidae of the world. A revision of Galeodea, Oocorys, Sconsia, Echinoporia and related taxa, with new genera and species (Mollusca, Gastropoda). In V. Heros, R. H. Cowie, and P. Bouchet [eds.]. Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos 25. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire nautrelle 196: 269 - 387." type="journal article" year="2008">Beu 2008</bibRefCitation>
: p. 362).
<taxonomicName id="64C84D10FFF5EC75FC1CC435FBAF9042" authorityName="Sacco" authorityYear="1890" box="[908,1072,1569,1595]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cassidae" genus="Echinophoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="91BCEA81FFF5EC75FC1CC435FBAF9042" box="[908,1072,1569,1595]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Echinophoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="64C84D10FFF5EC75FB4AC436FACD9042" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1963" box="[1242,1362,1570,1595]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cassidae" genus="Liracassis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="91BCEA81FFF5EC75FB4AC436FACD9042" box="[1242,1362,1570,1595]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Liracassis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having a smaller shell size, absence of strap-like spiral ribs, spiral ribbing never as dominant, nodes never as weak, longer and straighter anterior canal, and weaker development of longitudinal spiral cords on the anterior canal.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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