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<document id="6C5D4C9729B5A56F8A521E4C2DEA82FD" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.157307" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e6c4e0d6-b459-4639-8e10-a3bde98fee6f" ID-ISSN="1175­5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="157307" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461023963913" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Burghardt, Ingo &amp; Wägele, Heike" docDate="2004" docId="24644335527BFF890269FD9D3972FD52" docLanguage="en" docName="zt00596.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 596" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Phyllodesmium jakobsenae" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="10" masterDocId="D85D3B4D5278FF800361FFC13A31FFA2" masterDocTitle="A new solar powered species of the genus Phyllodesmium Ehrenberg, 1831 (Mollusca: Nudibranchia: Aeolidoidea) from Indonesia with analysis of its photosynthetic activity and notes on biology" masterLastPageNumber="18" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="4" updateTime="1698571297810" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="C35F1D270E746ECAA1A49AC015F54739">A new solar powered species of the genus Phyllodesmium Ehrenberg, 1831 (Mollusca: Nudibranchia: Aeolidoidea) from Indonesia with analysis of its photosynthetic activity and notes on biology</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2753DA5249EA567B2A93909BF254AF41">Burghardt, Ingo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F5E6BE6976E644C92618688040EBA4DD">Wägele, Heike</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="24644335527BFF890269FD9D3972FD52" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5622830" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119605813" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5622830" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:24644335527BFF890269FD9D3972FD52" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/24644335527BFF890269FD9D3972FD52" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<subSubSection id="E4D7A1A8527BFF830269FD9D3BA3FD3B" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="AC72F223527BFF830269FD9D388FFDD7" blockId="3.[264,702,603,665]" box="[264,702,603,630]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<heading id="F73A454F527BFF830269FD9D388FFDD7" bold="true" box="[264,702,603,630]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="1">
<emphasis id="9EB92E31527BFF830269FD9D388FFDD7" bold="true" box="[264,702,603,630]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="6BCD89A0527BFF830269FD9D3860FDD4" box="[264,593,604,630]" class="Gastropoda" family="Facelinidae" genus="Phyllodesmium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="jakobsenae">
<emphasis id="9EB92E31527BFF830269FD9D3860FDD4" bold="true" box="[264,593,604,630]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Phyllodesmium jakobsenae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
nov. sp.
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC72F223527BFF830269FDBE3BA3FD3B" blockId="3.[264,702,603,665]" box="[264,402,639,665]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA6527BFF830269FDBE3BA3FD3B" box="[264,402,639,665]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStart-4="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="6.[264,367,1692,1716]" captionStartId-1="7.[264,367,1633,1657]" captionStartId-2="12.[264,367,1721,1745]" captionStartId-3="13.[264,367,1558,1582]" captionStartId-4="14.[264,367,1646,1670]" captionTargetBox-0="[419,1158,515,1677]" captionTargetBox-1="[361,1222,316,1605]" captionTargetBox-2="[364,1222,390,1713]" captionTargetBox-3="[366,1223,315,1540]" captionTargetId-0="figure@6.[419,1160,515,1677]" captionTargetId-1="figure@7.[357,1265,296,1614]" captionTargetId-2="figure@12.[364,1222,390,1716]" captionTargetId-3="figure@13.[366,1224,315,1540]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="12" captionTargetPageId-3="13" captionText-0="FIGURE 1: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, living animals from North Sulawesi: A: Specimen laying eggs in an aquarium. B: Two specimens sitting in their food coral Xenia: on the right side a specimen with more brownish cerata and to the left a bigger specimen with more whitish cerata. Polyps of Xenia surround both individuals. C: Bigger specimen from B; please note the smaller cerata in the anterior part of body and the oral tentacles stretched to the lateral sides. D: Animal sitting inactive and mimicking Xenia polyps. E: Specimen starting to crawl." captionText-1="FIGURE 2: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, morphology: A: General outline of organs in situ. B: Digestive tract (oral glands omitted). C: Right jaw seen from the interior side. D: Distal genital system. E: Schematic cross section of apical part of ceras. The upper side represents the part which is exposed to light, when resting on the food coral. F: Central nervous system. Abbreviations: a anus, am ampulla, au auricle, bg buccal ganglion, ca capsule gland, cplg cerebropleural ganglion, dgl digestive gland, e eye, i intestine, mu mucous gland, og oral glands, ot oral tentacles, pg pedal ganglion, ph pharynx, pr prostate, rec receptaculum seminis, rh rhinophore, rhg rhinophoral ganglion, sy syrinx, ve ventricle." captionText-2="FIGURE 3: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, hard structures in digestive system: A: Right jaw seen from the outside. B: Left jaw from the inside, denticles at the masticatory border seen from the inside. C: Distal part of radula of specimen No. 5. D: Close­up of distal part of radula of specimen No. 5; note the worn denticles on the edge of the rhachidian teeth .. E: Distal part of radula of specimen No. 3. F: Different angle of view of rhachidian cusps from No. 3. G: Part of the radula of specimen No. 3." captionText-3="FIGURE 4: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, histology: A: View of ceras from side orientated to light. Note the dense branches along the whole ceras. B: View of ceras from side orientated away from light. Note the main branch of digestive gland and the fewer ramifications. C: Cnidosac of large ceras with no nematocysts. D: Digestive glandular branches beneath epidermis in large ceras. Note the many zooxanthellae especially in the digestive glandular tissue. E: Longitudinal section of small ceras with cnidosac. The digestive glandular duct is not branching, and shows glandular cells. The cnidosac is filled with many tiny nematocysts. The epidermis shows many glandular cells, beneath the epidermis a layer of “ cellules spéciales ” can be seen. F: Section trough eye and statocyst with one statolith. G: Small part of the oral gland with outleading duct. Abbreviations: cn cnidosac, cs “ cellules spéciales ”, e eye, mc mucous cells, st statocyst." captionText-4="FIGURE 5: Measurements of photosynthetic activity of zooxanthellae in situ: A: Yield values measured against irradiance (light intensity) of Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, P. crypticum and Xenia sp. Note the higher values for Xenia at same irradiances. B: Yield values of P. jakobsenae measured over time during starvation period. High values are maintained during the whole time, indicating healthy zooxanthellae. C: Groundfluorescence of P. jakobsenae during starvation. Decline of values indicates the decrease of numbers of zooxanthellae." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/169289/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/157309/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/169290/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/169291/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figures 1–5</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E4D7A1A8527BFF890269FD0E3972FD52" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
<paragraph id="AC72F223527BFF830269FD0E3BB6FD4A" blockId="3.[264,1323,719,865]" box="[264,391,719,744]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="9EB92E31527BFF830269FD0E3BB6FD4A" box="[264,391,719,744]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Repository</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC72F223527BFF830259FD363B47FC9B" blockId="3.[264,1323,719,865]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
ZSM ñ Zoologische Staatssammlung München,
<collectingCountry id="D4DAB2B3527BFF83000DFD3639E8FCB3" box="[876,985,759,785]" name="Germany" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Germany</collectingCountry>
(Zoological State Collection Munich):
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC72F223527BFF830259FC863E1CFCC3" blockId="3.[264,1323,719,865]" box="[312,1069,839,865]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<typeStatus id="73764C81527BFF830259FC863B9BFCC3" box="[312,426,839,865]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
: ZSM Moll 20040189,
<typeStatus id="73764C81527BFF8301DCFC863919FCC3" box="[701,808,839,865]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
: ZSM Moll 20040190
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC72F223527BFF830269FC563B4AFC12" blockId="3.[264,1323,919,1145]" box="[264,379,919,944]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="9EB92E31527BFF830269FC563B4AFC12" box="[264,379,919,944]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Localities</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC72F223527BFF830259FC7E3E92FBDB" blockId="3.[264,1323,919,1145]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<collectingCountry id="D4DAB2B3527BFF830259FC7E3B4BFC7B" box="[312,378,959,985]" name="Iceland" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pulau</collectingCountry>
Bunaken (Bunaken Island, Bunaken Islands National Park), North Sulawesi (
<collectingCountry id="D4DAB2B3527BFF830271FC263BB9FBA3" box="[272,392,999,1025]" name="Indonesia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
). Seven specimens (including the
<typeStatus id="73764C81527BFF83004FFC2639A7FBA3" box="[814,918,999,1025]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
) found in the lagoon in front of “Papa Boa Bungalows” on the southern side of Bunaken Island (
<date id="D873D4E3527BFF830760FBCE3EBAFB8B" box="[1025,1163,1039,1065]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="2003-12-07">07/12/2003</date>
; Western end of Liang Beach, GPS:
<geoCoordinate id="C9F994E4527BFF83016FFBF63890FBF3" box="[526,673,1079,1105]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" precision="1" value="1.6175278">01°37'3.1''N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="C9F994E4527BFF8301CDFBF6396BFBF3" box="[684,858,1079,1105]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" precision="1" value="124.76419">124°45'51.1''E</geoCoordinate>
; 0.3–0.5 m depth). One specimen found in front of the South West cape of Bunaken Island (
<date id="D873D4E3527BFF830011FB9E39CBFBDB" box="[880,1018,1119,1145]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="2003-07-20">07/20/2003</date>
; 0.5 m depth).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC72F223527BFF830269FB6E3BA5FB6A" blockId="3.[264,1320,1199,1305]" box="[264,404,1199,1224]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="9EB92E31527BFF830269FB6E3BA5FB6A" box="[264,404,1199,1224]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Ethymology</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC72F223527BFF830259FB163EDFFABB" blockId="3.[264,1320,1199,1305]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
This species is dedicated to Mrs.
<collectingCountry id="D4DAB2B3527BFF8301AFFB16393AFB53" box="[718,779,1239,1265]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Wera</collectingCountry>
Jakobsen, a passionate diver, who supported alpha­taxonomy of marine slugs by a donation to BIOPAT (Patrons for Biodiversity).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC72F223527BFF830269FA8E3BA3FACA" blockId="3.[264,1324,1359,1905]" box="[264,402,1359,1384]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="9EB92E31527BFF830269FA8E3BA3FACA" box="[264,402,1359,1384]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC72F223527BFF830259FAB63E46FA43" blockId="3.[264,1324,1359,1905]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Color and external morphology of living animal: Body of living animals, including oral tentacles, rhinophores and foot translucent white (
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA6527BFF8300E1FA5E39F1FA1B" box="[896,960,1439,1465]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1692,1716]" captionTargetBox="[419,1158,515,1677]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[419,1160,515,1677]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, living animals from North Sulawesi: A: Specimen laying eggs in an aquarium. B: Two specimens sitting in their food coral Xenia: on the right side a specimen with more brownish cerata and to the left a bigger specimen with more whitish cerata. Polyps of Xenia surround both individuals. C: Bigger specimen from B; please note the smaller cerata in the anterior part of body and the oral tentacles stretched to the lateral sides. D: Animal sitting inactive and mimicking Xenia polyps. E: Specimen starting to crawl." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169289/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A –E). Gonads shining through translucent epidermis in pale yellow (
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA6527BFF8301A3FA063932FA43" box="[706,771,1479,1505]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1692,1716]" captionTargetBox="[419,1158,515,1677]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[419,1160,515,1677]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, living animals from North Sulawesi: A: Specimen laying eggs in an aquarium. B: Two specimens sitting in their food coral Xenia: on the right side a specimen with more brownish cerata and to the left a bigger specimen with more whitish cerata. Polyps of Xenia surround both individuals. C: Bigger specimen from B; please note the smaller cerata in the anterior part of body and the oral tentacles stretched to the lateral sides. D: Animal sitting inactive and mimicking Xenia polyps. E: Specimen starting to crawl." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169289/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A), buccal bulb in light orange.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC72F223527BFF830259FA2E3858F95B" blockId="3.[264,1324,1359,1905]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Animals elongate, up to approximately
<quantity id="6B355FC6527BFF830071FA2E3952F9AB" box="[784,867,1519,1545]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
in length (without cerata), with a few short and several very long cerata (longer than rhinophores and oral tentacles), covering whole notum (
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA6527BFF8302D2F9FE3BC7F9FB" box="[435,502,1599,1625]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1692,1716]" captionTargetBox="[419,1158,515,1677]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[419,1160,515,1677]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, living animals from North Sulawesi: A: Specimen laying eggs in an aquarium. B: Two specimens sitting in their food coral Xenia: on the right side a specimen with more brownish cerata and to the left a bigger specimen with more whitish cerata. Polyps of Xenia surround both individuals. C: Bigger specimen from B; please note the smaller cerata in the anterior part of body and the oral tentacles stretched to the lateral sides. D: Animal sitting inactive and mimicking Xenia polyps. E: Specimen starting to crawl." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169289/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
C–E). Smooth oral tentacles slightly longer than rhinophores, usually directed laterally (
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA6527BFF8302BFF9A63810F923" box="[478,545,1639,1665]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1692,1716]" captionTargetBox="[419,1158,515,1677]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[419,1160,515,1677]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, living animals from North Sulawesi: A: Specimen laying eggs in an aquarium. B: Two specimens sitting in their food coral Xenia: on the right side a specimen with more brownish cerata and to the left a bigger specimen with more whitish cerata. Polyps of Xenia surround both individuals. C: Bigger specimen from B; please note the smaller cerata in the anterior part of body and the oral tentacles stretched to the lateral sides. D: Animal sitting inactive and mimicking Xenia polyps. E: Specimen starting to crawl." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169289/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
C). Rhinophores similar in shape and surface texture to oral tentacles, standing close together. Both rhinophores and oral tentacles tapering. Anterior foot angular, slightly extended and with some white pigmentation mainly along anterior edge. Posterior end of foot tapering.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC72F223527BFF840259F8C639FAFD4C" blockId="3.[264,1324,1359,1905]" lastBlockId="4.[264,1323,284,750]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Cerata (25–35) arranged in clusters of up to 7 on each pad. Compared to more dorsal ones, lateral cerata in most specimens very small and short. Posterior cerata appearing longer than more anterior ones (
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA6527BFF83011DF896388EF8D3" box="[636,703,1879,1905]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1692,1716]" captionTargetBox="[419,1158,515,1677]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[419,1160,515,1677]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, living animals from North Sulawesi: A: Specimen laying eggs in an aquarium. B: Two specimens sitting in their food coral Xenia: on the right side a specimen with more brownish cerata and to the left a bigger specimen with more whitish cerata. Polyps of Xenia surround both individuals. C: Bigger specimen from B; please note the smaller cerata in the anterior part of body and the oral tentacles stretched to the lateral sides. D: Animal sitting inactive and mimicking Xenia polyps. E: Specimen starting to crawl." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169289/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
C). Upper third of elongate, dorso­ventrally flattened ceras spatulate or rather arrowhead­shaped. In middle of broadened part white longitudinal stripe present, extending from base of ceras to tip and running parallel to main digestive glandular duct. Lateral of this central whitish stripe one broad brownish longitudinal stripe on each side (
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA6527CFF8402C8FE553BDAFE0C" box="[425,491,404,430]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1692,1716]" captionTargetBox="[419,1158,515,1677]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[419,1160,515,1677]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, living animals from North Sulawesi: A: Specimen laying eggs in an aquarium. B: Two specimens sitting in their food coral Xenia: on the right side a specimen with more brownish cerata and to the left a bigger specimen with more whitish cerata. Polyps of Xenia surround both individuals. C: Bigger specimen from B; please note the smaller cerata in the anterior part of body and the oral tentacles stretched to the lateral sides. D: Animal sitting inactive and mimicking Xenia polyps. E: Specimen starting to crawl." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169289/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
C–E), composed of very small singular brownish dots, probably representing clusters of zooxanthellae within digestive gland. In some specimens brownish stripes riddled with nodulose white markings (dots or longitudinal lines). Edge of ceras appearing whitish and slightly nodulose, tips blunt and rounded. Cerata usually partly curled distally. Basal whitish part of ceras more or less circular in cross­section, smooth with distinct raised ridge on ventral midline of proximal third of each ceras. Ridge continuing into white line of upper part of ceras. Basal end of ceras appearing clubbed, tapering slightly more distally before broadening abruptly into arrowhead­shaped apical part. Thin longitudinal, creamy colored lines on this part of ceras.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC72F223527CFF840269FCE538BFFC9F" blockId="4.[264,1324,804,1870]" box="[264,654,804,829]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="9EB92E31527CFF840269FCE538BFFC9F" box="[264,654,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Description of preserved animals</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC72F223527CFF840259FC8D3B94FB54" blockId="4.[264,1324,804,1870]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="9EB92E31527CFF840259FC8D3800FCC7" box="[312,561,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">External morphology</emphasis>
: Due to starving condition, many animals have shrunken considerably. Nearly all cerata repelled, only small ones still attached to body. No distinct notal rim present. Foot anteriorly without propodial tentacles, posterior part pointed. Oral tentacles wrinkled, slightly longer than rhinophores, with tiny groove on dorsal side. Rhinophores heavily wrinkled, giving the appearance of being lamellate, and standing close to each other (
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA6527CFF8402F2FBD53BEAFB8C" box="[403,475,1044,1070]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[264,367,1633,1657]" captionTargetBox="[361,1222,316,1605]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[357,1265,296,1614]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, morphology: A: General outline of organs in situ. B: Digestive tract (oral glands omitted). C: Right jaw seen from the interior side. D: Distal genital system. E: Schematic cross section of apical part of ceras. The upper side represents the part which is exposed to light, when resting on the food coral. F: Central nervous system. Abbreviations: a anus, am ampulla, au auricle, bg buccal ganglion, ca capsule gland, cplg cerebropleural ganglion, dgl digestive gland, e eye, i intestine, mu mucous gland, og oral glands, ot oral tentacles, pg pedal ganglion, ph pharynx, pr prostate, rec receptaculum seminis, rh rhinophore, rhg rhinophoral ganglion, sy syrinx, ve ventricle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/157309/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A). Larger cerata of preserved animals nearly as long as body. Insertion of cerata difficult to see in preserved specimens, probably arranged in arches, but lying on distinct pads. Four pads on each side, lying opposite to each other. First cerata lateral of rhinophores. Anal papilla dorsally on right side behind second pad (
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA6527CFF840734FB4D3E90FB04" box="[1109,1185,1164,1190]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[264,367,1633,1657]" captionTargetBox="[361,1222,316,1605]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[357,1265,296,1614]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, morphology: A: General outline of organs in situ. B: Digestive tract (oral glands omitted). C: Right jaw seen from the interior side. D: Distal genital system. E: Schematic cross section of apical part of ceras. The upper side represents the part which is exposed to light, when resting on the food coral. F: Central nervous system. Abbreviations: a anus, am ampulla, au auricle, bg buccal ganglion, ca capsule gland, cplg cerebropleural ganglion, dgl digestive gland, e eye, i intestine, mu mucous gland, og oral glands, ot oral tentacles, pg pedal ganglion, ph pharynx, pr prostate, rec receptaculum seminis, rh rhinophore, rhg rhinophoral ganglion, sy syrinx, ve ventricle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/157309/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A). Genital opening below first cerata pad. Whole epidermis composed of specialized vacuolated cells (
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA6527CFF840270FB1D3B53FB54" box="[273,354,1244,1270]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[264,367,1558,1582]" captionTargetBox="[366,1223,315,1540]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[366,1224,315,1540]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 4: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, histology: A: View of ceras from side orientated to light. Note the dense branches along the whole ceras. B: View of ceras from side orientated away from light. Note the main branch of digestive gland and the fewer ramifications. C: Cnidosac of large ceras with no nematocysts. D: Digestive glandular branches beneath epidermis in large ceras. Note the many zooxanthellae especially in the digestive glandular tissue. E: Longitudinal section of small ceras with cnidosac. The digestive glandular duct is not branching, and shows glandular cells. The cnidosac is filled with many tiny nematocysts. The epidermis shows many glandular cells, beneath the epidermis a layer of “ cellules spéciales ” can be seen. F: Section trough eye and statocyst with one statolith. G: Small part of the oral gland with outleading duct. Abbreviations: cn cnidosac, cs “ cellules spéciales ”, e eye, mc mucous cells, st statocyst." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169291/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
C–E).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC72F223527CFF840259FAC53B01F9AC" blockId="4.[264,1324,804,1870]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="9EB92E31527CFF840259FAC53862FABF" box="[312,595,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Central nervous system</emphasis>
: Central nervous system located behind pharynx (
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA6527CFF8407DCFAC53F39FABC" box="[1213,1288,1284,1310]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[264,367,1633,1657]" captionTargetBox="[361,1222,316,1605]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[357,1265,296,1614]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, morphology: A: General outline of organs in situ. B: Digestive tract (oral glands omitted). C: Right jaw seen from the interior side. D: Distal genital system. E: Schematic cross section of apical part of ceras. The upper side represents the part which is exposed to light, when resting on the food coral. F: Central nervous system. Abbreviations: a anus, am ampulla, au auricle, bg buccal ganglion, ca capsule gland, cplg cerebropleural ganglion, dgl digestive gland, e eye, i intestine, mu mucous gland, og oral glands, ot oral tentacles, pg pedal ganglion, ph pharynx, pr prostate, rec receptaculum seminis, rh rhinophore, rhg rhinophoral ganglion, sy syrinx, ve ventricle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/157309/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
B). Cerebral and pleural ganglia completely fused (
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA6527CFF840030FAED39ADFAE4" box="[849,924,1324,1350]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[264,367,1633,1657]" captionTargetBox="[361,1222,316,1605]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[357,1265,296,1614]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, morphology: A: General outline of organs in situ. B: Digestive tract (oral glands omitted). C: Right jaw seen from the interior side. D: Distal genital system. E: Schematic cross section of apical part of ceras. The upper side represents the part which is exposed to light, when resting on the food coral. F: Central nervous system. Abbreviations: a anus, am ampulla, au auricle, bg buccal ganglion, ca capsule gland, cplg cerebropleural ganglion, dgl digestive gland, e eye, i intestine, mu mucous gland, og oral glands, ot oral tentacles, pg pedal ganglion, ph pharynx, pr prostate, rec receptaculum seminis, rh rhinophore, rhg rhinophoral ganglion, sy syrinx, ve ventricle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/157309/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
F). Buccal ganglia lying beneath oesophagus at junction with pharynx. Large rhinophoral ganglion at base of each rhinophore, connected to cerebral ganglion by short connective. Eyes situated directly at cerebral ganglia (
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA6527CFF8402C5FA653BDDFA1C" box="[420,492,1444,1470]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[264,367,1633,1657]" captionTargetBox="[361,1222,316,1605]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[357,1265,296,1614]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, morphology: A: General outline of organs in situ. B: Digestive tract (oral glands omitted). C: Right jaw seen from the interior side. D: Distal genital system. E: Schematic cross section of apical part of ceras. The upper side represents the part which is exposed to light, when resting on the food coral. F: Central nervous system. Abbreviations: a anus, am ampulla, au auricle, bg buccal ganglion, ca capsule gland, cplg cerebropleural ganglion, dgl digestive gland, e eye, i intestine, mu mucous gland, og oral glands, ot oral tentacles, pg pedal ganglion, ph pharynx, pr prostate, rec receptaculum seminis, rh rhinophore, rhg rhinophoral ganglion, sy syrinx, ve ventricle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/157309/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
F), of usual nudibranch arrangement with pigment and lense (
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA6527CFF8407A2FA653F3AFA1C" box="[1219,1291,1444,1470]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[264,367,1558,1582]" captionTargetBox="[366,1223,315,1540]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[366,1224,315,1540]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 4: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, histology: A: View of ceras from side orientated to light. Note the dense branches along the whole ceras. B: View of ceras from side orientated away from light. Note the main branch of digestive gland and the fewer ramifications. C: Cnidosac of large ceras with no nematocysts. D: Digestive glandular branches beneath epidermis in large ceras. Note the many zooxanthellae especially in the digestive glandular tissue. E: Longitudinal section of small ceras with cnidosac. The digestive glandular duct is not branching, and shows glandular cells. The cnidosac is filled with many tiny nematocysts. The epidermis shows many glandular cells, beneath the epidermis a layer of “ cellules spéciales ” can be seen. F: Section trough eye and statocyst with one statolith. G: Small part of the oral gland with outleading duct. Abbreviations: cn cnidosac, cs “ cellules spéciales ”, e eye, mc mucous cells, st statocyst." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169291/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
F). Statocysts lying between cerebropleural and pedal ganglia. Only one statolith present (
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA6527CFF84079AFA0D3B26F9AC" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[264,367,1558,1582]" captionTargetBox="[366,1223,315,1540]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[366,1224,315,1540]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 4: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, histology: A: View of ceras from side orientated to light. Note the dense branches along the whole ceras. B: View of ceras from side orientated away from light. Note the main branch of digestive gland and the fewer ramifications. C: Cnidosac of large ceras with no nematocysts. D: Digestive glandular branches beneath epidermis in large ceras. Note the many zooxanthellae especially in the digestive glandular tissue. E: Longitudinal section of small ceras with cnidosac. The digestive glandular duct is not branching, and shows glandular cells. The cnidosac is filled with many tiny nematocysts. The epidermis shows many glandular cells, beneath the epidermis a layer of “ cellules spéciales ” can be seen. F: Section trough eye and statocyst with one statolith. G: Small part of the oral gland with outleading duct. Abbreviations: cn cnidosac, cs “ cellules spéciales ”, e eye, mc mucous cells, st statocyst." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169291/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
F)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC72F223527CFF850259F9DD3830FCC4" blockId="4.[264,1324,804,1870]" lastBlockId="5.[264,1325,284,1870]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="9EB92E31527CFF840259F9DD3BCCF997" box="[312,509,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Digestive system</emphasis>
: Oral tube short, leading into bulbous pharynx (
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA6527CFF840720F9DD3EBBF994" box="[1089,1162,1564,1590]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[264,367,1633,1657]" captionTargetBox="[361,1222,316,1605]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[357,1265,296,1614]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, morphology: A: General outline of organs in situ. B: Digestive tract (oral glands omitted). C: Right jaw seen from the interior side. D: Distal genital system. E: Schematic cross section of apical part of ceras. The upper side represents the part which is exposed to light, when resting on the food coral. F: Central nervous system. Abbreviations: a anus, am ampulla, au auricle, bg buccal ganglion, ca capsule gland, cplg cerebropleural ganglion, dgl digestive gland, e eye, i intestine, mu mucous gland, og oral glands, ot oral tentacles, pg pedal ganglion, ph pharynx, pr prostate, rec receptaculum seminis, rh rhinophore, rhg rhinophoral ganglion, sy syrinx, ve ventricle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/157309/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
B). Huge oral glands present (
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA6527CFF8402A1F9853836F9FC" box="[448,519,1604,1630]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[264,367,1558,1582]" captionTargetBox="[366,1223,315,1540]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[366,1224,315,1540]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 4: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, histology: A: View of ceras from side orientated to light. Note the dense branches along the whole ceras. B: View of ceras from side orientated away from light. Note the main branch of digestive gland and the fewer ramifications. C: Cnidosac of large ceras with no nematocysts. D: Digestive glandular branches beneath epidermis in large ceras. Note the many zooxanthellae especially in the digestive glandular tissue. E: Longitudinal section of small ceras with cnidosac. The digestive glandular duct is not branching, and shows glandular cells. The cnidosac is filled with many tiny nematocysts. The epidermis shows many glandular cells, beneath the epidermis a layer of “ cellules spéciales ” can be seen. F: Section trough eye and statocyst with one statolith. G: Small part of the oral gland with outleading duct. Abbreviations: cn cnidosac, cs “ cellules spéciales ”, e eye, mc mucous cells, st statocyst." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169291/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
G), forming many lobes around pharynx. Glandular tissue composed of cells with blue to violet staining contents, indicating acid and neutral mucopolysaccharides. Paired outleading ducts from each side uniting beneath pharynx and opening into very short oral tube. Labial cuticle without any armature. Two jaw plates oval shaped (
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA6527CFF840270F9253B57F95C" box="[273,358,1764,1790]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[264,367,1633,1657]" captionTargetBox="[361,1222,316,1605]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[357,1265,296,1614]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, morphology: A: General outline of organs in situ. B: Digestive tract (oral glands omitted). C: Right jaw seen from the interior side. D: Distal genital system. E: Schematic cross section of apical part of ceras. The upper side represents the part which is exposed to light, when resting on the food coral. F: Central nervous system. Abbreviations: a anus, am ampulla, au auricle, bg buccal ganglion, ca capsule gland, cplg cerebropleural ganglion, dgl digestive gland, e eye, i intestine, mu mucous gland, og oral glands, ot oral tentacles, pg pedal ganglion, ph pharynx, pr prostate, rec receptaculum seminis, rh rhinophore, rhg rhinophoral ganglion, sy syrinx, ve ventricle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/157309/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
C, 3A). Along cutting edge of jaw plates up to 9 somewhat hollowed and clogshaped denticles present, getting progressively longer in size (
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA6527CFF840081F8CD3E01F884" box="[992,1072,1804,1830]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="12.[264,367,1721,1745]" captionTargetBox="[364,1222,390,1713]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[364,1222,390,1716]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 3: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, hard structures in digestive system: A: Right jaw seen from the outside. B: Left jaw from the inside, denticles at the masticatory border seen from the inside. C: Distal part of radula of specimen No. 5. D: Close­up of distal part of radula of specimen No. 5; note the worn denticles on the edge of the rhachidian teeth .. E: Distal part of radula of specimen No. 3. F: Different angle of view of rhachidian cusps from No. 3. G: Part of the radula of specimen No. 3." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169290/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
A, B). Longest denticles about 300µm in length. Radular formula of two specimens
<date id="D873D4E3527CFF840094F8F53E18F8EC" box="[1013,1065,1844,1870]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1939-10">39 x</date>
0.1.0 (No.3) and
<date id="D873D4E3527CFF840798F8F53F1DF8EC" box="[1273,1324,1844,1870]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1940-10">40 x</date>
0.1.0. (No.5). Each rhachidian tooth with large (50µm long) median pointed cusp (
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA6527DFF85078EFEDD3B24FEFC" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="12.[264,367,1721,1745]" captionTargetBox="[364,1222,390,1713]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[364,1222,390,1716]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 3: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, hard structures in digestive system: A: Right jaw seen from the outside. B: Left jaw from the inside, denticles at the masticatory border seen from the inside. C: Distal part of radula of specimen No. 5. D: Close­up of distal part of radula of specimen No. 5; note the worn denticles on the edge of the rhachidian teeth .. E: Distal part of radula of specimen No. 3. F: Different angle of view of rhachidian cusps from No. 3. G: Part of the radula of specimen No. 3." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169290/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
C–G), claw­shaped in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA6527DFF8501D8FE85393BFEFC" box="[697,778,324,350]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="12.[264,367,1721,1745]" captionTargetBox="[364,1222,390,1713]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[364,1222,390,1716]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 3: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, hard structures in digestive system: A: Right jaw seen from the outside. B: Left jaw from the inside, denticles at the masticatory border seen from the inside. C: Distal part of radula of specimen No. 5. D: Close­up of distal part of radula of specimen No. 5; note the worn denticles on the edge of the rhachidian teeth .. E: Distal part of radula of specimen No. 3. F: Different angle of view of rhachidian cusps from No. 3. G: Part of the radula of specimen No. 3." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169290/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
C, D). Margin of rhachidians with about 38 to 43 relatively short (5 to 10µm long) denticles (
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA6527DFF850058FEAD39BDFE24" box="[825,908,364,390]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="12.[264,367,1721,1745]" captionTargetBox="[364,1222,390,1713]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[364,1222,390,1716]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 3: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, hard structures in digestive system: A: Right jaw seen from the outside. B: Left jaw from the inside, denticles at the masticatory border seen from the inside. C: Distal part of radula of specimen No. 5. D: Close­up of distal part of radula of specimen No. 5; note the worn denticles on the edge of the rhachidian teeth .. E: Distal part of radula of specimen No. 3. F: Different angle of view of rhachidian cusps from No. 3. G: Part of the radula of specimen No. 3." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169290/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
E–G). In anterior part of radula of specimen No. 5 denticles flattened, showing attrition (
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA6527DFF8500E8FE5539EAFE0C" box="[905,987,404,430]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="12.[264,367,1721,1745]" captionTargetBox="[364,1222,390,1713]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[364,1222,390,1716]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 3: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, hard structures in digestive system: A: Right jaw seen from the outside. B: Left jaw from the inside, denticles at the masticatory border seen from the inside. C: Distal part of radula of specimen No. 5. D: Close­up of distal part of radula of specimen No. 5; note the worn denticles on the edge of the rhachidian teeth .. E: Distal part of radula of specimen No. 3. F: Different angle of view of rhachidian cusps from No. 3. G: Part of the radula of specimen No. 3." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169290/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
C, D). Salivary glands could not be found either by dissection or in histological slides. Oesophagus short, entering stomach on ventral side (
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA6527DFF850153FE25384AFE5C" box="[562,635,484,510]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[264,367,1633,1657]" captionTargetBox="[361,1222,316,1605]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[357,1265,296,1614]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, morphology: A: General outline of organs in situ. B: Digestive tract (oral glands omitted). C: Right jaw seen from the interior side. D: Distal genital system. E: Schematic cross section of apical part of ceras. The upper side represents the part which is exposed to light, when resting on the food coral. F: Central nervous system. Abbreviations: a anus, am ampulla, au auricle, bg buccal ganglion, ca capsule gland, cplg cerebropleural ganglion, dgl digestive gland, e eye, i intestine, mu mucous gland, og oral glands, ot oral tentacles, pg pedal ganglion, ph pharynx, pr prostate, rec receptaculum seminis, rh rhinophore, rhg rhinophoral ganglion, sy syrinx, ve ventricle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/157309/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
B). Interior of oesophagus completely covered by specialized vacuolated cells. Stomach and posterior part of digestive gland not separated, characterized by many longitudinal folds. Two anterior digestive glandular branches starting above entrance of oesophagus and leading to first cerata pads on both sides. Right duct orange to brown and therefore differing in color compared to all other main digestive glandular ducts, which are translucent to whitish. One main duct leading to posterior part of body with opposite lying ducts leading into posterior cerata pads. Intestine starting next to oesophagus and anterior digestive glandular branches, leading on the right side to anus (
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA6527DFF850270FCE53B69FC9C" box="[273,344,804,830]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[264,367,1633,1657]" captionTargetBox="[361,1222,316,1605]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[357,1265,296,1614]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, morphology: A: General outline of organs in situ. B: Digestive tract (oral glands omitted). C: Right jaw seen from the interior side. D: Distal genital system. E: Schematic cross section of apical part of ceras. The upper side represents the part which is exposed to light, when resting on the food coral. F: Central nervous system. Abbreviations: a anus, am ampulla, au auricle, bg buccal ganglion, ca capsule gland, cplg cerebropleural ganglion, dgl digestive gland, e eye, i intestine, mu mucous gland, og oral glands, ot oral tentacles, pg pedal ganglion, ph pharynx, pr prostate, rec receptaculum seminis, rh rhinophore, rhg rhinophoral ganglion, sy syrinx, ve ventricle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/157309/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
B). No typhlosolis in intestine observed in dissected animals, but small one present in histological slides.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC72F223527DFF850259FCB539B9FAE4" blockId="5.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="9EB92E31527DFF850259FCB53853FC2F" box="[312,610,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Digestive gland in cerata</emphasis>
: One central narrow digestive gland duct extending through each ceras. Especially in apical, broadened part, central duct ramifying in primary and secondary branches, the latter radiating towards ceratal wall (
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA6527DFF8500DEFC053E23FC7C" box="[959,1042,964,990]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[264,367,1633,1657]" captionTargetBox="[361,1222,316,1605]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[357,1265,296,1614]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, morphology: A: General outline of organs in situ. B: Digestive tract (oral glands omitted). C: Right jaw seen from the interior side. D: Distal genital system. E: Schematic cross section of apical part of ceras. The upper side represents the part which is exposed to light, when resting on the food coral. F: Central nervous system. Abbreviations: a anus, am ampulla, au auricle, bg buccal ganglion, ca capsule gland, cplg cerebropleural ganglion, dgl digestive gland, e eye, i intestine, mu mucous gland, og oral glands, ot oral tentacles, pg pedal ganglion, ph pharynx, pr prostate, rec receptaculum seminis, rh rhinophore, rhg rhinophoral ganglion, sy syrinx, ve ventricle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/157309/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
E, 4B). Each secondary branch terminating in sac­like structure. On side of flattened part of ceras not exposed to light, sacs concentrated only at margin of each ceras (lower area in
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA6527DFF850756FBD53E4FFB8C" box="[1079,1150,1044,1070]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[264,367,1633,1657]" captionTargetBox="[361,1222,316,1605]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[357,1265,296,1614]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, morphology: A: General outline of organs in situ. B: Digestive tract (oral glands omitted). C: Right jaw seen from the interior side. D: Distal genital system. E: Schematic cross section of apical part of ceras. The upper side represents the part which is exposed to light, when resting on the food coral. F: Central nervous system. Abbreviations: a anus, am ampulla, au auricle, bg buccal ganglion, ca capsule gland, cplg cerebropleural ganglion, dgl digestive gland, e eye, i intestine, mu mucous gland, og oral glands, ot oral tentacles, pg pedal ganglion, ph pharynx, pr prostate, rec receptaculum seminis, rh rhinophore, rhg rhinophoral ganglion, sy syrinx, ve ventricle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/157309/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
E,
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA6527DFF8507C0FBD53EDBFB8C" box="[1185,1258,1044,1070]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[264,367,1558,1582]" captionTargetBox="[366,1223,315,1540]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[366,1224,315,1540]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 4: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, histology: A: View of ceras from side orientated to light. Note the dense branches along the whole ceras. B: View of ceras from side orientated away from light. Note the main branch of digestive gland and the fewer ramifications. C: Cnidosac of large ceras with no nematocysts. D: Digestive glandular branches beneath epidermis in large ceras. Note the many zooxanthellae especially in the digestive glandular tissue. E: Longitudinal section of small ceras with cnidosac. The digestive glandular duct is not branching, and shows glandular cells. The cnidosac is filled with many tiny nematocysts. The epidermis shows many glandular cells, beneath the epidermis a layer of “ cellules spéciales ” can be seen. F: Section trough eye and statocyst with one statolith. G: Small part of the oral gland with outleading duct. Abbreviations: cn cnidosac, cs “ cellules spéciales ”, e eye, mc mucous cells, st statocyst." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169291/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
B). A stripe free of these sacs parallel to central duct, with white pigmentation. Light orientated side of each ceras (
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA6527DFF85028BFBA5381EFBDC" box="[490,559,1124,1150]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[264,367,1633,1657]" captionTargetBox="[361,1222,316,1605]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[357,1265,296,1614]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, morphology: A: General outline of organs in situ. B: Digestive tract (oral glands omitted). C: Right jaw seen from the interior side. D: Distal genital system. E: Schematic cross section of apical part of ceras. The upper side represents the part which is exposed to light, when resting on the food coral. F: Central nervous system. Abbreviations: a anus, am ampulla, au auricle, bg buccal ganglion, ca capsule gland, cplg cerebropleural ganglion, dgl digestive gland, e eye, i intestine, mu mucous gland, og oral glands, ot oral tentacles, pg pedal ganglion, ph pharynx, pr prostate, rec receptaculum seminis, rh rhinophore, rhg rhinophoral ganglion, sy syrinx, ve ventricle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/157309/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
E upper part,
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA6527DFF8501B0FBA53927FBDC" box="[721,790,1124,1150]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[264,367,1558,1582]" captionTargetBox="[366,1223,315,1540]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[366,1224,315,1540]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 4: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, histology: A: View of ceras from side orientated to light. Note the dense branches along the whole ceras. B: View of ceras from side orientated away from light. Note the main branch of digestive gland and the fewer ramifications. C: Cnidosac of large ceras with no nematocysts. D: Digestive glandular branches beneath epidermis in large ceras. Note the many zooxanthellae especially in the digestive glandular tissue. E: Longitudinal section of small ceras with cnidosac. The digestive glandular duct is not branching, and shows glandular cells. The cnidosac is filled with many tiny nematocysts. The epidermis shows many glandular cells, beneath the epidermis a layer of “ cellules spéciales ” can be seen. F: Section trough eye and statocyst with one statolith. G: Small part of the oral gland with outleading duct. Abbreviations: cn cnidosac, cs “ cellules spéciales ”, e eye, mc mucous cells, st statocyst." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169291/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A) densely packed with sacs directly beneath ceratal wall. Central stripe with secondary branchings not ending in sacs but in thickened terminations also present, but much smaller. Zooxanthellae present in digestive glandular cells of these sacs, in lumen of sacs, and in epithelium of branches (
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA6527DFF85077FFB1D3E41FB54" box="[1054,1136,1244,1270]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[264,367,1558,1582]" captionTargetBox="[366,1223,315,1540]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[366,1224,315,1540]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 4: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, histology: A: View of ceras from side orientated to light. Note the dense branches along the whole ceras. B: View of ceras from side orientated away from light. Note the main branch of digestive gland and the fewer ramifications. C: Cnidosac of large ceras with no nematocysts. D: Digestive glandular branches beneath epidermis in large ceras. Note the many zooxanthellae especially in the digestive glandular tissue. E: Longitudinal section of small ceras with cnidosac. The digestive glandular duct is not branching, and shows glandular cells. The cnidosac is filled with many tiny nematocysts. The epidermis shows many glandular cells, beneath the epidermis a layer of “ cellules spéciales ” can be seen. F: Section trough eye and statocyst with one statolith. G: Small part of the oral gland with outleading duct. Abbreviations: cn cnidosac, cs “ cellules spéciales ”, e eye, mc mucous cells, st statocyst." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169291/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
C, D). Cnidosac of these large cerata with cells containing one large vacuole. No contents observed in these cells. Distinct muscular layer around cnidosac present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC72F223527DFF850259FA9538A6F994" blockId="5.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Small cerata, which did not autotomize, showing different morphology and histology: central digestive glandular branch not ramifying, occupied by many glandular cells. Cnidosac cells filled with tiny nematocyst like structures, arranged around central lumen. Beneath ceras epithelium small glandular cells (“cellules spéciales” see
<bibRefCitation id="C85C8FD2527DFF85070EFA0D3F16FA44" author="Edmunds" box="[1135,1319,1484,1510]" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" refString="Edmunds, M. (1966) Protective mechanisms in the Eolidacea (Mollusca, Nudibranchia). Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 46, 27 - 71." type="journal article" year="1966">Edmunds 1966</bibRefCitation>
: 34) present (
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA6527DFF8502C9FA353BC7F9AC" box="[424,502,1524,1550]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[264,367,1558,1582]" captionTargetBox="[366,1223,315,1540]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[366,1224,315,1540]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 4: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, histology: A: View of ceras from side orientated to light. Note the dense branches along the whole ceras. B: View of ceras from side orientated away from light. Note the main branch of digestive gland and the fewer ramifications. C: Cnidosac of large ceras with no nematocysts. D: Digestive glandular branches beneath epidermis in large ceras. Note the many zooxanthellae especially in the digestive glandular tissue. E: Longitudinal section of small ceras with cnidosac. The digestive glandular duct is not branching, and shows glandular cells. The cnidosac is filled with many tiny nematocysts. The epidermis shows many glandular cells, beneath the epidermis a layer of “ cellules spéciales ” can be seen. F: Section trough eye and statocyst with one statolith. G: Small part of the oral gland with outleading duct. Abbreviations: cn cnidosac, cs “ cellules spéciales ”, e eye, mc mucous cells, st statocyst." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169291/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
E), lacking in the larger cerata. Epithelial glandular mucous cells present in smaller cerata (
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA6527DFF850157F9DD3847F994" box="[566,630,1564,1590]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[264,367,1558,1582]" captionTargetBox="[366,1223,315,1540]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[366,1224,315,1540]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 4: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, histology: A: View of ceras from side orientated to light. Note the dense branches along the whole ceras. B: View of ceras from side orientated away from light. Note the main branch of digestive gland and the fewer ramifications. C: Cnidosac of large ceras with no nematocysts. D: Digestive glandular branches beneath epidermis in large ceras. Note the many zooxanthellae especially in the digestive glandular tissue. E: Longitudinal section of small ceras with cnidosac. The digestive glandular duct is not branching, and shows glandular cells. The cnidosac is filled with many tiny nematocysts. The epidermis shows many glandular cells, beneath the epidermis a layer of “ cellules spéciales ” can be seen. F: Section trough eye and statocyst with one statolith. G: Small part of the oral gland with outleading duct. Abbreviations: cn cnidosac, cs “ cellules spéciales ”, e eye, mc mucous cells, st statocyst." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169291/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig.4</figureCitation>
E).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC72F223527DFF850259F9853848F924" blockId="5.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="9EB92E31527DFF850259F9853833F9FF" box="[312,514,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Excretory system</emphasis>
: Syrinx large, inside highly folded, opening ventrally into pericard on anterior right side (
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA6527DFF85016CF9AD3862F924" box="[525,595,1644,1670]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[264,367,1633,1657]" captionTargetBox="[361,1222,316,1605]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[357,1265,296,1614]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, morphology: A: General outline of organs in situ. B: Digestive tract (oral glands omitted). C: Right jaw seen from the interior side. D: Distal genital system. E: Schematic cross section of apical part of ceras. The upper side represents the part which is exposed to light, when resting on the food coral. F: Central nervous system. Abbreviations: a anus, am ampulla, au auricle, bg buccal ganglion, ca capsule gland, cplg cerebropleural ganglion, dgl digestive gland, e eye, i intestine, mu mucous gland, og oral glands, ot oral tentacles, pg pedal ganglion, ph pharynx, pr prostate, rec receptaculum seminis, rh rhinophore, rhg rhinophoral ganglion, sy syrinx, ve ventricle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/157309/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC72F223527DFF850259F9553E85F974" blockId="5.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="9EB92E31527DFF850259F955382CF90F" box="[312,541,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Circulatory system</emphasis>
: Ventricle medio­dorsal between first and second cerata pad. Atrium lying behind ventricle, both arranged in longitudinal direction (
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA6527DFF850729F97D3EBEF974" box="[1096,1167,1724,1750]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[264,367,1633,1657]" captionTargetBox="[361,1222,316,1605]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[357,1265,296,1614]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, morphology: A: General outline of organs in situ. B: Digestive tract (oral glands omitted). C: Right jaw seen from the interior side. D: Distal genital system. E: Schematic cross section of apical part of ceras. The upper side represents the part which is exposed to light, when resting on the food coral. F: Central nervous system. Abbreviations: a anus, am ampulla, au auricle, bg buccal ganglion, ca capsule gland, cplg cerebropleural ganglion, dgl digestive gland, e eye, i intestine, mu mucous gland, og oral glands, ot oral tentacles, pg pedal ganglion, ph pharynx, pr prostate, rec receptaculum seminis, rh rhinophore, rhg rhinophoral ganglion, sy syrinx, ve ventricle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/157309/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC72F223527DFF860259F925384BFE74" blockId="5.[264,1325,284,1870]" lastBlockId="6.[264,1323,284,470]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="9EB92E31527DFF850259F925381BF95F" box="[312,554,1764,1789]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Reproductive system</emphasis>
: Gonad follicles not arranged into lobes but forming rather uniform layer lying beneath digestive gland. Gonad reaching into anterior third of ventral visceral cavity. Male and female follicles separate. Distal genital system occupying whole anterior part of visceral cavity. Gonoduct, with sausage­shaped ampulla, dividing into vas deferens and oviduct next to atrium, separation lying inside of nidamental glands (
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA6527EFF86079AFE853B29FE24" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[264,367,1633,1657]" captionTargetBox="[361,1222,316,1605]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[357,1265,296,1614]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, morphology: A: General outline of organs in situ. B: Digestive tract (oral glands omitted). C: Right jaw seen from the interior side. D: Distal genital system. E: Schematic cross section of apical part of ceras. The upper side represents the part which is exposed to light, when resting on the food coral. F: Central nervous system. Abbreviations: a anus, am ampulla, au auricle, bg buccal ganglion, ca capsule gland, cplg cerebropleural ganglion, dgl digestive gland, e eye, i intestine, mu mucous gland, og oral glands, ot oral tentacles, pg pedal ganglion, ph pharynx, pr prostate, rec receptaculum seminis, rh rhinophore, rhg rhinophoral ganglion, sy syrinx, ve ventricle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/157309/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
D). Vas deferens soon widening into sausage­shaped prostate, forming one large coil, ending in one small papilliform penis. Receptaculum seminis slightly enlongate, entering atrium next to oviduct opening.
</paragraph>
<caption id="F8B2A2AB527EFF860269F95D398AF8C3" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169289/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[419,1158,515,1677]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="AC72F223527EFF860269F95D398AF8C3" blockId="6.[264,1324,1692,1889]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="9EB92E31527EFF860269F95D3BB5F916" bold="true" box="[264,388,1692,1716]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURE 1</emphasis>
:
<taxonomicName id="6BCD89A0527EFF8602F5F95C3886F916" box="[404,695,1693,1716]" class="Gastropoda" family="Facelinidae" genus="Phyllodesmium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="jakobsenae">
<emphasis id="9EB92E31527EFF8602F5F95C3886F916" box="[404,695,1693,1716]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Phyllodesmium jakobsenae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, living animals from North Sulawesi: A: Specimen laying eggs in an aquarium. B: Two specimens sitting in their food coral
<taxonomicName id="6BCD89A0527EFF8600B2F9013E20F975" box="[979,1041,1728,1751]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9EB92E31527EFF8600B2F9013E20F975" box="[979,1041,1728,1751]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Xenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: on the right side a specimen with more brownish cerata and to the left a bigger specimen with more whitish cerata. Polyps of
<taxonomicName id="6BCD89A0527EFF860247F8C43B55F8BE" box="[294,356,1797,1820]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9EB92E31527EFF860247F8C43B55F8BE" box="[294,356,1797,1820]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Xenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
surround both individuals. C: Bigger specimen from B; please note the smaller cerata in the anterior part of body and the oral tentacles stretched to the lateral sides. D: Animal sitting inactive and mimicking
<taxonomicName id="6BCD89A0527EFF8602BFF88B382DF8C3" box="[478,540,1866,1889]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9EB92E31527EFF8602BFF88B382DF8C3" box="[478,540,1866,1889]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Xenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
polyps. E: Specimen starting to crawl.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="F8B2A2AB527FFF870269F9A03BCAF8C9" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/157309/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[361,1222,316,1605]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="AC72F223527FFF870269F9A03BCAF8C9" blockId="7.[264,1324,1633,1899]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="9EB92E31527FFF870269F9A03BB9F9DB" bold="true" box="[264,392,1633,1657]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURE 2</emphasis>
:
<taxonomicName id="6BCD89A0527FFF8702FAF9A338F2F9DB" box="[411,707,1634,1657]" class="Gastropoda" family="Facelinidae" genus="Phyllodesmium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="jakobsenae">
<emphasis id="9EB92E31527FFF8702FAF9A338F2F9DB" box="[411,707,1634,1657]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Phyllodesmium jakobsenae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, morphology: A: General outline of organs
<emphasis id="9EB92E31527FFF8707D8F9A33F31F9DB" box="[1209,1280,1634,1657]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">in situ</emphasis>
. B: Digestive tract (oral glands omitted). C: Right jaw seen from the interior side. D: Distal genital system. E: Schematic cross section of apical part of ceras. The upper side represents the part which is exposed to light, when resting on the food coral. F: Central nervous system. Abbreviations: a anus, am ampulla, au auricle, bg buccal ganglion, ca capsule gland, cplg cerebropleural ganglion, dgl digestive gland, e eye, i intestine, mu mucous gland, og oral glands, ot oral tentacles, pg pedal ganglion, ph pharynx, pr prostate, rec receptaculum seminis, rh rhinophore, rhg rhinophoral ganglion, sy syrinx, ve ventricle.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="AC72F2235270FF880269FEDD3BF6FE97" blockId="8.[264,1324,284,1670]" box="[264,455,284,309]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="9EB92E315270FF880269FEDD3BF6FE97" box="[264,455,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Biological notes</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC72F2235270FF880259FE8538C9FDEC" blockId="8.[264,1324,284,1670]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
All specimens were found nestled into coral colonies of an unknown species of
<taxonomicName id="6BCD89A05270FF880787FE853F1BFEFF" box="[1254,1322,324,349]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9EB92E315270FF880787FE853F1BFEFF" box="[1254,1322,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Xenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Ehrenberg, 1831;
<taxonomicName id="6BCD89A05270FF880289FEAD39BAFE24" authority="Alcyonaria, Octocorallia" authorityName="Alcyonaria, Octocorallia" box="[488,907,364,390]" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Xeniidae, Alcyonaria, Octocorallia</taxonomicName>
). The bodies of the slugs were not visible, only the cerata were slightly surpassing the coral’s tentacles. The animals are very well camouflaged, the cerata mimicking parts of the tentacles of
<taxonomicName id="6BCD89A05270FF880760FE7D3E74FE77" box="[1025,1093,444,469]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9EB92E315270FF880760FE7D3E74FE77" box="[1025,1093,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Xenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in color and shape. One to three specimens were found in each
<taxonomicName id="6BCD89A05270FF880068FE25397CFE5F" box="[777,845,484,509]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9EB92E315270FF880068FE25397CFE5F" box="[777,845,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Xenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
colony.
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA65270FF8800D3FE253E20FE5C" box="[946,1041,484,510]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1692,1716]" captionTargetBox="[419,1158,515,1677]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[419,1160,515,1677]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, living animals from North Sulawesi: A: Specimen laying eggs in an aquarium. B: Two specimens sitting in their food coral Xenia: on the right side a specimen with more brownish cerata and to the left a bigger specimen with more whitish cerata. Polyps of Xenia surround both individuals. C: Bigger specimen from B; please note the smaller cerata in the anterior part of body and the oral tentacles stretched to the lateral sides. D: Animal sitting inactive and mimicking Xenia polyps. E: Specimen starting to crawl." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169289/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 1</figureCitation>
B shows one
<taxonomicName id="6BCD89A05270FF8807D0FE253EC7FE5F" box="[1201,1270,484,509]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9EB92E315270FF8807D0FE253EC7FE5F" box="[1201,1270,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Xenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
colony with two slugs sitting in the middle. Part of the colony is preserved in formalin/ seawater and kept together with the
<typeStatus id="73764C815270FF8801EBFDF538C5FDEC" box="[650,756,564,590]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC72F2235270FF880259FD9D3BC9FC9C" blockId="8.[264,1324,284,1670]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
The locality in front of “Papa Boa Bungalows” is a shallow lagoon fringed by mangroves. All specimens were found in the intertidal zone between 0.3 and 0.5 m depth. The substrate was a mixture of sand, mud, coral rubble and some living hard corals. On the coral rubble there were single colonies of
<taxonomicName id="6BCD89A05270FF88006AFD15397EFD4F" box="[779,847,724,749]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9EB92E315270FF88006AFD15397EFD4F" box="[779,847,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Xenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Most of the sandy patches around the
<taxonomicName id="6BCD89A05270FF880269FD3D3B7DFCB7" box="[264,332,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9EB92E315270FF880269FD3D3B7DFCB7" box="[264,332,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Xenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
colonies were covered with seagrass. Water temperature at locality was 31°C on average (
<date id="D873D4E35270FF880213FCE53BDDFC9C" box="[370,492,804,830]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2003-07">July 2003</date>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC72F2235270FF880259FC8D3812FC14" blockId="8.[264,1324,284,1670]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
The second locality close the South West cape of Bunaken Island is a coral reef with sandy patches in between. On these sandy patches the slugs were also sitting in
<taxonomicName id="6BCD89A05270FF880787FCB53F1AFC2F" box="[1254,1323,884,909]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9EB92E315270FF880787FCB53F1AFC2F" box="[1254,1323,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Xenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
attached to coral rubble.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC72F2235270FF880259FC0538CDFA44" blockId="8.[264,1324,284,1670]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
With the exception of the
<typeStatus id="73764C815270FF880105FC0538FCFC7C" box="[612,717,964,990]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, all specimens were immediately put into aquaria in order to perform long­term starvation experiments. All specimens shrunk considerably after some days and autotomized most of their cerata. Especially the arrowhead­shaped and broadened apical parts of the remaining cerata shrunk after some days. Observations in the aquarium showed an interesting diurnal behaviour: During daytime, the specimens mainly remained inactive. The long narrowed base of the cerata was often extremely contracted and shortened in most of the specimens. Additionally the apical, arrowhead­shaped part of the cerata was extremely broadened. During nighttime the slugs became more active and moved through the aquarium. The bases of the cerata were prolonged again and the upper part of the cerata was less broad than before. The cerata easily autotomized when the animals were disturbed. Detached cerata exuded a sticky secretion and moved for some minutes. This secretion may have come from the few mucous cells found in the epidermis and probably not from the “cellules spéciales” (
<bibRefCitation id="C85C8FD25270FF8800DCFA653E93FA1C" author="Edmunds" box="[957,1186,1444,1470]" pageId="8" pageNumber="18" refString="Edmunds, M. (1966) Protective mechanisms in the Eolidacea (Mollusca, Nudibranchia). Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 46, 27 - 71." type="journal article" year="1966">Edmunds 1966: 34</bibRefCitation>
) since they have not been observed in the large cerata.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC72F2235270FF880259FA353ED2F924" blockId="8.[264,1324,284,1670]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Some specimens laid spawn masses after one or two days of capture. The spawn mass is a whitish ribbon­like cord, with egg capsules arranged in a line. It is attached to the substrate in form of a spiral (
<quantity id="6B355FC65270FF88015EF9853882F9FC" box="[575,691,1604,1630]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="cm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3 to 4 cm</quantity>
in diameter) (
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA65270FF88003FF9853993F9FC" box="[862,930,1604,1630]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1692,1716]" captionTargetBox="[419,1158,515,1677]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[419,1160,515,1677]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1: Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, living animals from North Sulawesi: A: Specimen laying eggs in an aquarium. B: Two specimens sitting in their food coral Xenia: on the right side a specimen with more brownish cerata and to the left a bigger specimen with more whitish cerata. Polyps of Xenia surround both individuals. C: Bigger specimen from B; please note the smaller cerata in the anterior part of body and the oral tentacles stretched to the lateral sides. D: Animal sitting inactive and mimicking Xenia polyps. E: Specimen starting to crawl." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169289/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A). After 5 to 6 days kept in the aquarium (average temperature 29–31°C) the free swimming veliger larvae hatched.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC72F2235270FF880269F97D3902F977" blockId="8.[264,1322,1724,1870]" box="[264,819,1724,1749]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="9EB92E315270FF880269F97D3902F977" box="[264,819,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Measurements of photosynthetic activity (PAM)</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC72F2235270FF880259F9253F19F8EF" blockId="8.[264,1322,1724,1870]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA65270FF880259F9253BAAF95C" box="[312,411,1764,1790]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="14.[264,367,1646,1670]" captionText="FIGURE 5: Measurements of photosynthetic activity of zooxanthellae in situ: A: Yield values measured against irradiance (light intensity) of Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, P. crypticum and Xenia sp. Note the higher values for Xenia at same irradiances. B: Yield values of P. jakobsenae measured over time during starvation period. High values are maintained during the whole time, indicating healthy zooxanthellae. C: Groundfluorescence of P. jakobsenae during starvation. Decline of values indicates the decrease of numbers of zooxanthellae." pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 5</figureCitation>
A shows the yield values of
<taxonomicName id="6BCD89A05270FF88019DF9253E0EF95F" box="[764,1087,1764,1789]" class="Gastropoda" family="Facelinidae" genus="Phyllodesmium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="jakobsenae">
<emphasis id="9EB92E315270FF88019DF9253E0EF95F" box="[764,1087,1764,1789]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Phyllodesmium jakobsenae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="6BCD89A05270FF880731F9253BB4F884" authority="Rudman, 1981" authorityName="Rudman" authorityYear="1981" class="Gastropoda" family="Facelinidae" genus="Phyllodesmium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crypticum">
<emphasis id="9EB92E315270FF880731F9253ED4F95F" box="[1104,1253,1764,1789]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. crypticum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C85C8FD25270FF880791F9253BB4F884" author="Rudman" pageId="8" pageNumber="18" refString="Rudman, W. B. (1981) The anatomy and biology of alcyonarian-feeding on aeolid opisthobranch molluscs and their development of a symbiosis with zooxanthellae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, London, 72, 219 - 262." type="journal article" year="1981">Rudman, 1981</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and the octocoral
<taxonomicName id="6BCD89A05270FF880100F8CD3894F887" box="[609,677,1804,1829]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9EB92E315270FF880100F8CD3894F887" box="[609,677,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Xenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. plotted versus the irradiance. Both
<taxonomicName id="6BCD89A05270FF880717F8CD3F1BF887" box="[1142,1322,1804,1829]" class="Gastropoda" family="Facelinidae" genus="Phyllodesmium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9EB92E315270FF880717F8CD3F1BF887" box="[1142,1322,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Phyllodesmium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species were feeding on probably the same species of
<taxonomicName id="6BCD89A05270FF8800F0F8F539E4F8EF" box="[913,981,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9EB92E315270FF8800F0F8F539E4F8EF" box="[913,981,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Xenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but in different localities:
<emphasis id="9EB92E315270FF880674F8F53F19F8EF" box="[1301,1320,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC72F2235271FF890269FEDD3972FD52" blockId="9.[264,1323,284,752]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="6BCD89A05271FF890269FEDD3BBDFE97" box="[264,396,284,309]" class="Gastropoda" family="Facelinidae" genus="Phyllodesmium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="jakobsenae">
<emphasis id="9EB92E315271FF890269FEDD3BBDFE97" box="[264,396,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">jakobsenae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found close to Bunaken Island, whereas
<taxonomicName id="6BCD89A05271FF8900CCFEDD3E71FE97" box="[941,1088,284,309]" class="Gastropoda" family="Facelinidae" genus="Phyllodesmium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crypticum">
<emphasis id="9EB92E315271FF8900CCFEDD3E71FE97" box="[941,1088,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. crypticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found in Lembeh Strait, North Sulawesi. The yield values of both
<taxonomicName id="6BCD89A05271FF8900C3FE853E67FEFF" box="[930,1110,324,349]" class="Gastropoda" family="Facelinidae" genus="Phyllodesmium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9EB92E315271FF8900C3FE853E67FEFF" box="[930,1110,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Phyllodesmium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species decrease exponentially with increase of irradiance, and the values of
<taxonomicName id="6BCD89A05271FF8900A6FEAD3E6BFE27" box="[967,1114,364,389]" class="Gastropoda" family="Facelinidae" genus="Phyllodesmium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crypticum">
<emphasis id="9EB92E315271FF8900A6FEAD3E6BFE27" box="[967,1114,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. crypticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are nearly identical to the ones of
<taxonomicName id="6BCD89A05271FF890295FE5538A9FE0F" box="[500,664,404,429]" class="Gastropoda" family="Facelinidae" genus="Phyllodesmium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="jakobsenae">
<emphasis id="9EB92E315271FF890295FE5538A9FE0F" box="[500,664,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. jakobsenae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In lower irradiances the values of
<taxonomicName id="6BCD89A05271FF89072DFE553EA1FE0F" box="[1100,1168,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9EB92E315271FF89072DFE553EA1FE0F" box="[1100,1168,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Xenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. are only slightly higher than those of the slugs, but around 500 µmol and higher, values for the soft coral are significantly higher. In
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA65271FF8901E5FE2538D7FE5C" box="[644,742,484,510]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="14.[264,367,1646,1670]" captionText="FIGURE 5: Measurements of photosynthetic activity of zooxanthellae in situ: A: Yield values measured against irradiance (light intensity) of Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, P. crypticum and Xenia sp. Note the higher values for Xenia at same irradiances. B: Yield values of P. jakobsenae measured over time during starvation period. High values are maintained during the whole time, indicating healthy zooxanthellae. C: Groundfluorescence of P. jakobsenae during starvation. Decline of values indicates the decrease of numbers of zooxanthellae." pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 5</figureCitation>
B, the yield values of one specimen of
<taxonomicName id="6BCD89A05271FF8907CAFE253B03FD87" class="Gastropoda" family="Facelinidae" genus="Phyllodesmium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="jakobsenae">
<emphasis id="9EB92E315271FF8907CAFE253B03FD87" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. jakobsenae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(No.8) are plotted versus the number of cultivation days under starving conditions in the aquarium. The yield values stay on a high level between 0.5 and 0.7 for the whole ten days of the experiments. In
<figureCitation id="34F6EEA65271FF890136FD9D388DFDD4" box="[599,700,604,630]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="14.[264,367,1646,1670]" captionText="FIGURE 5: Measurements of photosynthetic activity of zooxanthellae in situ: A: Yield values measured against irradiance (light intensity) of Phyllodesmium jakobsenae, P. crypticum and Xenia sp. Note the higher values for Xenia at same irradiances. B: Yield values of P. jakobsenae measured over time during starvation period. High values are maintained during the whole time, indicating healthy zooxanthellae. C: Groundfluorescence of P. jakobsenae during starvation. Decline of values indicates the decrease of numbers of zooxanthellae." pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 5</figureCitation>
C, the ground fluorescence (F0) values of one specimen of
<taxonomicName id="6BCD89A05271FF890200FD443833FD3C" box="[353,514,645,670]" class="Gastropoda" family="Facelinidae" genus="Phyllodesmium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="jakobsenae">
<emphasis id="9EB92E315271FF890200FD443833FD3C" box="[353,514,645,670]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. jakobsenae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(No.1) are plotted versus the number of cultivation days under starving conditions in the aquarium. The F0 values decrease quickly from an average of
<quantity id="6B355FC65271FF8907BEFD6C3F1AFD65" box="[1247,1323,685,711]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.89" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="in" value="350.0">350 in</quantity>
the beginning to approximately 100 after 8 days.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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