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<mods:title id="FF02B3B3933D2EFB5CB6771DE40C8A0D">Revision of the Japanese species of Epicephala Meyrick with descriptions of seven new species (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="41763CE03FA4C692C883A86ECDCB9609">Kawakita, Atsushi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A04007082BB605AF31CB20E79FFFF302">Kato, Makoto</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="67E0BD90B2D37C95F7586D52FF09EA0D">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="D2EC8C2F7E6F2E6449A33EB8A0B1B693" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.568.6721</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="218D697FBBD1388D4C8B8B9B317AC8B5" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127877454" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:218D697FBBD1388D4C8B8B9B317AC8B5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/218D697FBBD1388D4C8B8B9B317AC8B5" lastPageNumber="102" pageId="15" pageNumber="102">
<subSubSection id="6523FC29D0121EC0B46D8DD0E0B0D936" pageId="15" pageNumber="102" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="5253B4D92BFAD240AB54441612A5ACDF" pageId="15" pageNumber="102">Taxon classification Animalia Lepidoptera Gracillariidae</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="17FA3BF95A0B84D7F738B405B01FF88B" pageId="15" pageNumber="102" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="E34716CD3474B82F46ADE12EA62F0213" pageId="15" pageNumber="102">
<taxonomicName id="1C7AAA4A187674813A1E4468D1C47285" ID-CoL="8VM2T" authority="Li, Wang &amp; Zhang, 2012" authorityName="Li, Wang &amp; Zhang" authorityYear="2012" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala vitisidaea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vitisidaea">Epicephala vitisidaea Li, Wang &amp; Zhang, 2012</taxonomicName>
Figs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="52B89ADC630D36D233F95B877ABE5B4B" pageId="15" pageNumber="102" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="50F43A93353DFCD6E357D7BEF20F9FAA" pageId="15" pageNumber="102">
<taxonomicName id="E429D6FAEFB2EECD0C47240F5E45E338" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epicephala</taxonomicName>
sp. ex
<taxonomicName id="F54A0C89BA545981CC6ACF864278EBF0" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Breynia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Breynia vitis-idaea" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="102" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vitis-idaea">Breynia vitis-idaea</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EDB7AD296E462CD44AA9CF455EB38F54" author="Kawakita, A" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B" pageId="23" pageNumber="110" pagination="417 - 426" title="Repeated independent evolution of obligate pollination mutualism in the Phyllantheae-Epicephala association." url="10.1098/rspb.2008.1226" volume="276" year="2009">Kawakita and Kato 2009</bibRefCitation>
);
<taxonomicName id="32438FB09A3F102BA1F4CA628ADD0974" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epicephala</taxonomicName>
sp. 10 (
<taxonomicName id="C231EA8E7DCB24E9E8D2DEF4EFDAA33C" class="Echinoidea" family="Loveniidae" genus="Breynia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Breynia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="15" pageNumber="102" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Breynia</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="DB7F609091A15358E871A875215B65AD" author="Kawakita, A" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B" pageId="23" pageNumber="110" pagination="417 - 426" title="Mutualism favours higher host specificity than does antagonism in plant-herbivore interaction." url="10.1098/rspb.2010.0355" volume="276" year="2010">Kawakita et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EFE61E9DF5A34A99E1D86F51C9476BF0" pageId="15" pageNumber="102" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="19A3A5987F8685FECB6710099C6EF069" pageId="15" pageNumber="102">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7D2C91FB78995343AB8DFBC64A2339FF" pageId="15" pageNumber="102">
Lamella antevaginalis of this species forms a sclerotized complete circle around ostium, a character that cannot be found in any other species of
<taxonomicName id="2FE704C2B700BA30FC524A3B471D7055" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epicephala</taxonomicName>
. Cornuti of short thick spines occurring dorsally and ventrally on distal portion of aedeagus are also distinctive of this species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="89AFAF768FB8EE41CC63364FBD14620C" pageId="15" pageNumber="102" type="description">
<paragraph id="85608CCFA7C2878519DE80BC1D13458B" pageId="15" pageNumber="102">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="33B3FD7844D710B682DCCE919545754D" pageId="15" pageNumber="102">
Description as in
<bibRefCitation id="6455FE135D61DA35291CFC2B4AB1B1A5" author="Zhang, J" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="24" pageNumber="111" pagination="43 - 54" title="Six new species of the genus Epicephala Meyrick, 1880 (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) associated with Euphorbiaceae plants." volume="3275" year="2012 a">Zhang et al. (2012a)</bibRefCitation>
, except the following.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8E4C1DFC496D707A559029AB20851170" pageId="15" pageNumber="102">
Head: Female proboscis with a large number of trichoid sensilla; sensilla 1.5
<normalizedToken id="7EE1C6DFE8145AD3C39FFA7F2D4252D0" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as width of proboscis, denser toward base.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D38C95F935299DA3B7D7DBF8F3A83010" pageId="15" pageNumber="102">
Male genitalia: Cornuti on aedeagus occurring dorsally and ventrally; dorsal cornuti consisting of 4-6 short spines, shorter than 0.7
<normalizedToken id="498B2307B592BC6EED06F9A281E82C7A" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
width of aedeagus; ventral cornuti a pair of thick and long spines, longer than width of aedeagus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48AAB9B875D02E0BCA6B8CF32132FAD8" pageId="15" pageNumber="102" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="D1B0FD0E21E940DCCC640400D8C6070E" pageId="15" pageNumber="102">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="251F05F68E002DAF01ED0FC1FBD39963" pageId="15" pageNumber="102">50♂, 31♀. JAPAN: Kagoshima Prefecture: Amami Island, Setsuko, 29.ix.2002, 9♂, 1♀; Amami Island, Akakina, 15.v.2003, 5♂, 5♀; Amami Island, Kasari, 18.v.2015, 3♂; Tokuno Island, Amagi, 2.xi.2004, 1♂, 1♀; Okinoerabu Island, Uchijiro, 4.xi.2004, 1♂; Okinawa Prefecture: Okinawa Island, Oura, 9.ix.2002, 2♂, 3♀; Okinawa Island, Yona, 15.vi.2015, 1♂, 6♀; Miyako Island, Mt. Nobaru, 24.ix.2004, 18♂, 6♀; Irabu Island, Makiyama, 23.ix.2004, 1♂, 1♀; Ishigaki Island, Mt. Banna, 15.x.2002, 3♂, 1♀; Iriomote Island, 13.x.2002, 6♂, 7♀.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C60A845C8EAA482C2C517A288AB4C7F7" pageId="15" pageNumber="102" type="dna barcodes">
<paragraph id="065EC8A5A1070AA86AB24FBEE0BB5FDD" pageId="15" pageNumber="102">DNA barcodes.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="624751FD5A9270D4F466D33340187729" pageId="15" pageNumber="102">FJ235380.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C5BCCD6BC15F8B625DF0B6366EABD475" pageId="15" pageNumber="102" type="known host and adult behavior">
<paragraph id="8D343EA86DC295B959A7708D64B694FC" pageId="15" pageNumber="102">Known host and adult behavior.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="52744BB8964E16A724FACE6E4E74BA29" pageId="15" pageNumber="102">
Known only from
<taxonomicName id="D688E4496740D51713590F23619387B4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Breynia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Breynia vitis-idaea" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="102" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vitis-idaea">Breynia vitis-idaea</taxonomicName>
. The adult is the pollinator of the host plant (
<bibRefCitation id="B8DBA9023A66CFFB046267E04DE8F4AC" author="Kawakita, A" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="23" pageNumber="110" pagination="410 - 415" title="Evolution of obligate pollination mutualism in New Caledonian Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae)." url="10.3732/ajb.91.3.410" volume="91" year="2004 b">Kawakita and Kato 2004b</bibRefCitation>
). Eggs are placed in the interspace between the tepal and ovary (Fig. 8H), so the ovipositor does not penetrate floral tissue. Larva feeds on seeds.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C5443684DDDD160B075D9D20BA2B2523" pageId="15" pageNumber="102" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="F5C9D6703A9A1A364F8DA05108344296" pageId="15" pageNumber="102">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="66650E14A656860C3380433D0165217B" pageId="15" pageNumber="102">
In Japan occurs widely in the Ryukyu Archipelago (Fig. 9E). Known also from China (
<bibRefCitation id="04137D6D634298B5BE201C924FDE2DB9" author="Zhang, J" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="24" pageNumber="111" pagination="43 - 54" title="Six new species of the genus Epicephala Meyrick, 1880 (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) associated with Euphorbiaceae plants." volume="3275" year="2012 a">Zhang et al. 2012a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>