354 lines
30 KiB
XML
354 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document id="8189A23C3A7595195E8E78D7CA42D1F6" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1203.123757" ID-ZooBank="6FE93D4B-8104-45F4-850A-C1B78CA10A9D" ID-publisher-id="123757" URI-arpha="E0E2E4CE-0D0E-533C-9BD4-A1327BB57504" URI-zoobank="http://zoobank.org/6FE93D4B-8104-45F4-850A-C1B78CA10A9D" article-type="research-article" checkinTime="1716923959232" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Jordal, Bjarte H." docDate="2024" docId="14DDD684CC1B5E5EA5A70BA5EFD6D23D" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1203: 95-130" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1203" docSource="https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/123757/download/xml/" docStyle="DocumentStyle:PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.generic" docStyleName="PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.generic" docTitle="Ctonoxylon methneri Eggers 1922" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" dtd-version="3.0" lastPageNumber="130" masterDocId="E0E2E4CE0D0E533C9BD4A1327BB57504" masterDocTitle="An integrated taxonomic revision of Ctonoxylon (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) reveals new Malagasy species originating from multiple recent colonisations of the island" masterLastPageNumber="130" masterPageNumber="95" pageNumber="95" updateTime="1716924051971" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:title id="1EBD8A40D7158C5B370AC97825D4F160">An integrated taxonomic revision of Ctonoxylon (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) reveals new Malagasy species originating from multiple recent colonisations of the island</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="9B7597DE7F9CA408E7405BDFF5E7689F" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="629EEC877E884EC5082981B6207FC0E2">Jordal, Bjarte H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="068DE1625C45277FF2CDAA67DB3E0BC2" type="ORCID">0000-0001-6082-443X</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="C93CEFBA1D230BE65A448487872C337B">Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, P. O. 7800, NO- 5020 Bergen, Norway</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="8AA57BB045708D33F9C8AD9C5F82FD63">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="372BA82587E63BA1EAC78E8E07A357AF">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="56FD3D1D5B2FC48D6FF26F2FB8CD5E80">
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<mods:date id="76022BDBE8B3825B39F1B181B07AC0D9">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="843E9ED549E36AC2F3B5DDEF01A84C04">2024-05-28</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="8A4BBD5EF564196F5384DE056578BB2B" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="317EB2335D8F17225E3CFD53C544D63D">1203</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="F83B4FDBB0BE880CD65A850A688DECA1">95</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="CF8D1A2BFF1BB06A92ACA2C1B970825F">130</mods:end>
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<mods:identifier id="28DEF773EFB50E2A290C8ABE33D1EA1A" type="DOI">10.3897/zookeys.1203.123757</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="703D22CAF9A3AAD4203E85B50C8A7CC1" type="ZooBank">6FE93D4B-8104-45F4-850A-C1B78CA10A9D</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="14DDD684CC1B5E5EA5A70BA5EFD6D23D" ID-arpha="14DDD684-CC1B-5E5E-A5A7-0BA5EFD6D23D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:14DDD684CC1B5E5EA5A70BA5EFD6D23D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/14DDD684CC1B5E5EA5A70BA5EFD6D23D">
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<subSubSection id="EB8DE17E9D863F210195EBF9060D881F" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="4A63F9D71CEA573400747E684C764904">
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<taxonomicName id="CD43FF223ACB7738C62D328A5F3FAC22" ID-CoL="3283T" authority="Eggers" authorityName="Eggers" authorityYear="1922" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ctonoxylon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="methneri">
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<emphasis id="8E609134C9C3523689C6425D53503B90" italics="true">Ctonoxylon methneri</emphasis>
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Eggers
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="AE8F3A637EB9C148380907039F156653" type="description">
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<paragraph id="B1CD94DF7D5BE9A43E1939A3EDC3FF82">
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<figureCitation id="7BB1DD02EAD69F7BC5286DBC9C94D99F" captionStart="Figures 66–74" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figures 66–74. Dorsal, lateral, and front views of 66, 69, 72 Ctonoxylon quadrispinum female holotype 67, 70, 73 Ctonoxylon methneri male, and 68, 71, 74 Ctonoxylon atrum female holotype." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1203.123757.figures66-74" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1057227">Figs 67</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="FB5B0C6213C22E9D33197E5B3263592A" captionStart="Figures 66–74" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figures 66–74. Dorsal, lateral, and front views of 66, 69, 72 Ctonoxylon quadrispinum female holotype 67, 70, 73 Ctonoxylon methneri male, and 68, 71, 74 Ctonoxylon atrum female holotype." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1203.123757.figures66-74" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1057227">70</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="0F7B7122094D065309D7614AAD20472D" captionStart="Figures 66–74" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figures 66–74. Dorsal, lateral, and front views of 66, 69, 72 Ctonoxylon quadrispinum female holotype 67, 70, 73 Ctonoxylon methneri male, and 68, 71, 74 Ctonoxylon atrum female holotype." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1203.123757.figures66-74" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1057227">73</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="A3513E37E1080CBF7E054B5E0D197C9F" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="DC09BCA88C6AD2DFFAFCDCBFAF888F25">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="69F3C6BBAABC33478D4C12A4FA7E094F">
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<treatmentCitation id="FB788AB93869B27FA0BEFCAAD393E6CF" author="Eggers H" page="170" year="1922">
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<taxonomicName id="B224D7E13EBFEAE11691C4352D241A24" ID-CoL="3283T" authority="Eggers, 1922: 170" authorityName="Eggers" authorityPageNumber="170" authorityYear="1922" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ctonoxylon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="methneri">
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<emphasis id="9184E82B3B11C4405DFBB4B32F8C20AB" italics="true">Ctonoxylon methneri</emphasis>
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<comment id="752C027D8DC8734FB53EEA1202BD88F6">
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<bibRefCitation id="955F604AD4EA75D668A1DCB8A8B03BAC" author="Eggers H" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Blätter" pagination="163-174" refId="B3" refString="Eggers H (1922) Neue Borkenkafer (Ipidae) aus Afrika. (Nachtrag I). Entomologische Blatter 18: 163 - 174." title="Neue Borkenkäfer (Ipidae) aus Afrika. (Nachtrag I)." volume="18" year="1922">Eggers, 1922: 170</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</comment>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3AC0095885A0F758AE886DFBB404E1D0">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="0F49C2F683C3409060FA84796FF8529D">
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||
<treatmentCitation id="B58ABA170626F5563D05069A77FF308E">
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||
<taxonomicName id="C3CA23F8E77EBEF18279BE293FCE3C44" ID-CoL="3283K" authority="Schedl, 1941: 389" authorityName="Schedl" authorityPageNumber="389" authorityYear="1941" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ctonoxylon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="griseum" status="syn. nov.">
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<emphasis id="08CF439C995EE48B5243F46B040535FF" italics="true">Ctonoxylon griseum</emphasis>
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Schedl, 1941: 389
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="40ADC42ED4BFD1D851A12D5605A5668C">syn. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="A4F82FE11ABDCB7522DF6326E5BB9492">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="75A6D1934C86A74FA1FD595C612B1ADF">
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||
<treatmentCitation id="D53458BB2C5D56665018535B371A9DFC">
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<taxonomicName id="4884E8940A8319C2F94B1DD697C40EDF" ID-CoL="3283L" authority="Schedl, 1941: 400" authorityName="Schedl" authorityPageNumber="400" authorityYear="1941" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ctonoxylon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hamatum" status="syn. nov.">
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<emphasis id="2BB3CB418A5474EFAB0AB828E5D04732" italics="true">Ctonoxylon hamatum</emphasis>
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Schedl, 1941: 400
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="9853F5C6D22849347FE278F257C754F9">syn. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="SECID0E4PCI" type="type material">
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||
<paragraph id="4E1DDAB193A349ED481E9530F90019A1">
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||
<heading id="E7D828B42E51859DBCD69AEF2DB9617B" reason="title">Type material.</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="CD6C9EC4599F3E3D1D54AB79B875D957">
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||
<materialsCitation id="3CF74B54C6532F68FFA01E7E6FCB57EC" collectingDate="1912-11-26" collectionCode="ZMHB" collectorName="Methner" country="Tanzania" elevation="1450" location="Udzungwa-Berge" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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||
<emphasis id="9CB4B6559634763A3EA149099BBC20F5" bold="true" italics="true">
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||
<typeStatus id="A70E60DC61B8455D96AE3AE9287D9E51" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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||
</emphasis>
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||
(‘ type’): [
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||
<collectingCountry id="CBB89E44FF45332DA856497E14813518" name="Tanzania">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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||
]
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||
<location id="290E4F02A2F8626FE605FBD0B65097AD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:14DDD684CC1B5E5EA5A70BA5EFD6D23D:290E4F02A2F8626FE605FBD0B65097AD" country="Tanzania" name="Udzungwa-Berge">Udzungwa-Berge</location>
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||
<quantity id="F2E5B78F0D483A3B7CB5A10B79DB9893" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.3" unit="m" value="1450.0" valueMax="1600.0" valueMin="1300.0">
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||
<elevation id="B00245E1640BB632C994044CE8A29548" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.3" unit="m" value="1450.0" valueMax="1600.0" valueMin="1300.0">1300–1600 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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.,
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<date id="1503AF245B5983EDB92DFD5ACA5FEEB4" value="1912-11-26">
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<collectingDate id="79ACCF88359DA1CA51F982C405C4AEA9" value="1912-11-26">26. XI. 1912</collectingDate>
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</date>
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,
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<collectorName id="8813DBD8F12719E6EF0DF1340485A762">Methner</collectorName>
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||
, coll. [
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||
<named-content id="D0D722F4562115F59AE029AFE226AA73" content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink_href="http://grbio.org/institution/museum-f%C3%BCr-naturkunde-2" xlink_title="Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, Germany">
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||
<collectionCode id="0BA97063C015905A19F7966FD3939FA7">ZMHB</collectionCode>
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||
</named-content>
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||
, not found]
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
.
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<materialsCitation id="4AFCD1F9051249A3AD6F28AA541A77D7" collectionCode="NHMW" country="Kenya" location="Nairobi" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="589AAB521D8121E8C7F52230953ECE85" bold="true" italics="true">
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||
<typeStatus id="68875542A7C556DD7A21A376A5AC8E25" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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||
</emphasis>
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||
of
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||
<taxonomicName id="59E2CEB12171CD29785348F45B9E75DE" authorityName="Schedl" authorityYear="1941" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ctonoxylon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hamatum">
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<emphasis id="F9FE9DD0BE916181A0C0A59CAB3FB096" italics="true">C. hamatum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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male: [
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||
<collectingCountry id="6455C2E33936DE7A7E94AFDB7627141B" name="Kenya">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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]
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||
<location id="D5E6FABD2502389AB932B92290E2E947" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:14DDD684CC1B5E5EA5A70BA5EFD6D23D:D5E6FABD2502389AB932B92290E2E947" country="Kenya" name="Nairobi">Nairobi</location>
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||
[
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||
<named-content id="5B21BB6BABB0EB6FFE373E686D4AF34F" content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink_href="http://grbio.org/institution/naturhistorisches-museum-wien-0" xlink_title="Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria">
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||
<collectionCode id="40C9BDD81B2438EF68216B8B0B3374AB" country="Austria" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/91g3-0mnw" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien" type="Museum">NHMW</collectionCode>
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||
</named-content>
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||
]
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
.
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<materialsCitation id="64E0731B9B4FDC3AD18DE5D1B6D96969" collectionCode="NHMW" collectorName="Brit. O. Africa & E. Thomas" country="Kenya" location="Kenya" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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||
<emphasis id="B5ACF65F965F088FD2B8569AA9A3CE13" bold="true" italics="true">
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||
<typeStatus id="33B0E10089E720E973A6C35FEDC3C886" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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||
</emphasis>
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||
of
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<taxonomicName id="4BCFBD690F8C8987D6B4ED8399F40B00" authorityName="Schedl" authorityYear="1941" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ctonoxylon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="griseum">
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<emphasis id="0B3C251399B466BCE59244BD2DE9FD21" italics="true">C. griseum</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, female: [
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<collectingCountry id="97A58F1CB3C36A1568FDAF5F099D6952" name="Kenya">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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||
]
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||
<collectorName id="9C63AE03C2D385E715075217D6D31051">Brit. O. Africa</collectorName>
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||
, Kikuyu [
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||
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0ERRCI" specific-use="{"type":"Point","coordinates":[36.680000,-1.270000]}">- 1.27, 36.68</named-content>
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||
],
|
||
<collectorName id="23B31728B8664316ACF8CA49BCB0AB01">E. Thomas</collectorName>
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||
[
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||
<named-content id="5B444C4CD02766BD1BEE4A604D1B980E" content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink_href="http://grbio.org/institution/naturhistorisches-museum-wien-0" xlink_title="Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria">
|
||
<collectionCode id="15D62F644D99717BF805E53BC95CF92C" country="Austria" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/91g3-0mnw" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien" type="Museum">NHMW</collectionCode>
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||
</named-content>
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||
]
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="SECID0E2RCI" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="09D5D491F41EDBEF31822EB83884B1DF">
|
||
<heading id="DBBFF795EA25E1BF83991B696C0E6396" reason="title">Diagnosis.</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D2B5CD661C3772AE04172B205295975B">
|
||
Length
|
||
<quantity id="2503846F71177464147DBFB62D3C3FEB" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" metricValueMax="4.2" metricValueMin="2.3" unit="mm" value="3.25" valueMax="4.2" valueMin="2.3">2.3–4.2 mm</quantity>
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||
. 2.1–2.3 × as long as broad; colour dark brown, dorsal setae variegated. Male frons flat, smooth, impunctate and glabrous within a triangular pattern of short setae near eyes and epistoma; female frons finely granulated with short setae; eye parts separated by almost the size of upper half; anterior lateral margin of prothorax with elongated groove near front of coxa; propleural pit present just above coxa; scutellar shield detached from elytra; elytral suture slightly buckled at midlength; apex emarginated; interstrial vestiture consisting of confused rows of variegated scale-like setae of similar length and colour as the ground vestiture.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="SECID0EASCI" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="121D04499549CA13C5A41F4D6841DCED">
|
||
<heading id="6104A89D8E67CFA9676E67F3F1606BF6" reason="title">Distribution.</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BB97B5F41F3F9029DD257AAF78485B02">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="D2B8DBA04B2CE94F1EBBCB0B109B175D" name="Kenya">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="7C82F62E9B28620C02E535DDBE07FBE4" name="Tanzania">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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||
<collectingCountry id="3594A7240149CF75DA4229ACC0CC5BF8" name="South Africa">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="SECID0EFSCI" type="New records">
|
||
<paragraph id="C2103CA5FA2CCB60DEF5C63FBF508CED">
|
||
<heading id="53EBDD23EE95311D2A068AE104246E9B" reason="title">New records.</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="91FFE2A2ECA726E944807437DD44EBBB">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78508047572A605AD41BB582DB0D3FFB" name="South Africa">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
, E.
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||
<collectingRegion id="EF3F1D473563F417BAE566BF1BF409CE" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape">Cape Prov.</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Katberg [GIS:
|
||
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0EOSCI" specific-use="{"type":"Point","coordinates":[26.673000,-32.479000]}">
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="E67D0568B08F43500535E2DB76DC6404" degrees="32.479" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="-32.479">- 32.479</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="121B74076A6418FA64C3753EA2BA987F" degrees="26.673" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="26.673">26.673</geoCoordinate>
|
||
</named-content>
|
||
],
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||
<date id="2BD2AFEBBFBBBEA0CA8CBC52AAFA69CD" value="1933-11-01">01. 11. 1933</date>
|
||
, R. E. Turner, leg. [2,
|
||
<named-content id="6800133D36614B564308CABDC587A333" content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink_href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london" xlink_title="The Natural History Museum, London, UK">
|
||
<collectionCode id="B2819BDBB15388201089F062B40D0B69" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
||
</named-content>
|
||
]; W.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FC0CE542D3A16AC8BCEDE5821E961B2E" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape">Cape province</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Knysna, Diepwalle [GIS:
|
||
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0E2SCI" specific-use="{"type":"Point","coordinates":[23.152000,-33.957000]}">
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="7AE80076E39E1A01CBE4E1099A1FE752" degrees="33.957" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="-33.957">- 33.957</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="DBF514280A0794BFCA07A863D78A0D6F" degrees="23.152" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="23.152">23.152</geoCoordinate>
|
||
</named-content>
|
||
],
|
||
<date id="29BC74A609BD051A482219DC0E33E694" value="2006-11-07">7. 11. 2006</date>
|
||
, ex
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1750E6D8261266E553FF8EAE7DE9D449" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" genus="Olea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B392BBA7F36B4533EC9A030C7B6561F7" italics="true">Olea capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
trunk, B. Jordal, leg; same data except Goudveld, Krisjan Se-Nek [GIS:
|
||
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0EOTCI" specific-use="{"type":"Point","coordinates":[22.948000,-33.913000]}">
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="82ACE2672F0BBE69E869D88F599A348A" degrees="33.913" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="-33.913">- 33.913</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="A89F283CB604847D576F1AC340736E19" degrees="22.948" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="22.948">22.948</geoCoordinate>
|
||
</named-content>
|
||
],
|
||
<date id="461F8430CE61250E12B473BDCF14B984" value="2006-11-05">5. 11. 2006</date>
|
||
; Goudveld, Woodcutters [GIS:
|
||
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0EWTCI" specific-use="{"type":"Point","coordinates":[22.976000,-33.927000]}">
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="B991C15DFE01B378CC25B1FA4BFB45CE" degrees="33.927" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="-33.927">- 33.927</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="54566C1DBBF73C7E4D25B7C6913BB94D" degrees="22.976" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="22.976">22.976</geoCoordinate>
|
||
</named-content>
|
||
],
|
||
<date id="706B7A93CB03F868BF6651CA39E3CB68" value="2006-11-04">4. 11. 2006</date>
|
||
; Gouna, Grootdrai [GIS:
|
||
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0E5TCI" specific-use="{"type":"Point","coordinates":[23.054000,-33.946000]}">
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="58278070FD47FE19742EBF727A71E7C6" degrees="33.946" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="-33.946">- 33.946</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="817697876B7B69AA0D84168BAA3DEE1C" degrees="23.054" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="23.054">23.054</geoCoordinate>
|
||
</named-content>
|
||
],
|
||
<date id="EF96D6C80ACB9FC29B950DC47680FF1A" value="2006-11-06">6. 11. 2006</date>
|
||
; Nature’s Valley [GIS:
|
||
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0EGUCI" specific-use="{"type":"Point","coordinates":[23.562000,-33.965000]}">
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="A5458B3762F39AE242CE37969F7C6399" degrees="33.965" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="-33.965">- 33.965</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="980746CAF9395D07913A087A4C630718" degrees="23.562" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="23.562">23.562</geoCoordinate>
|
||
</named-content>
|
||
],
|
||
<date id="BF752F056FEE87F60B77B14AAFE51C79" value="2006-11-08">8. 11. 2006</date>
|
||
; Tsitsikamma, Goesa walk [GIS:
|
||
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0EOUCI" specific-use="{"type":"Point","coordinates":[23.887000,-33.983000]}">
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="4065D6E115BCBD79F65DCD2C52A451ED" degrees="33.983" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="-33.983">- 33.983</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="927815D51754056BFCE6D333DD1674D7" degrees="23.887" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="23.887">23.887</geoCoordinate>
|
||
</named-content>
|
||
],
|
||
<date id="FBD731422E6275CA9E8FD474F08911A3" value="2006-11-12">12. 11. 2006</date>
|
||
; Tsitsikamma, Platboos walk [GIS:
|
||
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0EWUCI" specific-use="{"type":"Point","coordinates":[23.910000,-33.980000]}">
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="11A7036D04D1BB99375CDB21C5AF89EB" degrees="33.980" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="-33.98">- 33.980</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="D59DD282D76E26EF77ABEAEED2B9F38D" degrees="23.910" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="23.91">23.910</geoCoordinate>
|
||
</named-content>
|
||
],
|
||
<date id="F44CAC25F7693243A2B69FE6A8D7F4F8" value="2006-11-14">14. 11. 2006</date>
|
||
[all in
|
||
<named-content id="038D8FF85783161BDE283782BA731360" content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink_href="http://grbio.org/institution/museum-zoology-university-bergen-vertebrate-collections" xlink_title="University Museum of Bergen, Norway">
|
||
<collectionCode id="A8DFC9F26471937ECA48C9CF1CAC3AFC" country="Norway" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5b4j-820w" name="Museum of Zoology at the University of Bergen, Vertebrate collections" type="">ZMUB</collectionCode>
|
||
</named-content>
|
||
];
|
||
<collectingCountry id="049A7EAC8F0CFD11C521866B40F20264" name="Kenya">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Ngong Forestry [
|
||
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0EDVCI" specific-use="{"type":"Point","coordinates":[36.730000,-1.310000]}">- 1.31, 36.73</named-content>
|
||
],
|
||
<date id="C67040EAF4C95322109920EA01DAFC0C" value="1968-01-12">12. 01. 1968</date>
|
||
, Malaise trap, Krombein & Spangler leg. [1,
|
||
<named-content id="BC4C3C7EECDFCBAB941411F25E063A49" content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink_href="http://grbio.org/institution/smithsonian-institution-national-museum-natural-history-0" xlink_title="National Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C., USA">
|
||
<collectionCode id="B8C1BF207A63879103ADB243ACD8952F" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
</named-content>
|
||
].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="SECID0ENVCI" type="biology">
|
||
<paragraph id="B160E16D699881E70958CE5F3FE83D49">
|
||
<heading id="AA417E0246E395E6616E759B6FA94845" reason="title">Biology.</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="93DC16D2F2CFA22DF80B927287EA93EF">
|
||
This species is exclusively associated with black ironwood,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F694B6B7E7691E804B2D831479112807" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" genus="Olea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="59635A1C95DC34BCF1E01414C860C116" italics="true">Olea capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13F29578AC72CF8D10FA0B22A641FE81" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Oleaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) where it is usually present whenever branches and trees are down. Recent field studies in the Knysna forests in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EEDA5EB6FF05644A8FD224DA79638CA0" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape">Cape region</collectingRegion>
|
||
indicated no particular preference for breeding material size, ranging from 2 - cm thick branches to the largest tree trunks of>
|
||
<quantity id="FD308A52153DCED9D003B810EA482900" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" unit="cm" value="60.0">60 cm</quantity>
|
||
diameter. It breeds in the same host tree as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48CD44CC42D354F618CA2CC961CDE0AE" authority="Jordal, 2021" authorityName="Jordal" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Lanurgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jubatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6CD29ADF6845A0A0F7DC4CB9DBC6074A" italics="true">Lanurgus jubatus</emphasis>
|
||
Jordal, 2021
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="38FC7A5213D1257DDD70314C2CCFBDFC" authority="Schedl, 1961" authorityName="Schedl" authorityYear="1961" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Lanurgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xylographus">
|
||
<emphasis id="599B0291E6A31AC49F0BF214DB778CB2" italics="true">Lanurgus xylographus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="10C9BC3F7ADEFA11E582F8677FCCBC9F" author="Schedl KE" journalOrPublisher="Revista de Entomologia de Moçambique" pagination="335-742" refId="B15" refString="Schedl KE (1961) Scolytidae und Platypodidae Afrikas. Band I (part). Familie Scolytidae. Revista de Entomologia de Mocambique 4: 335 - 742." title="Scolytidae und Platypodidae Afrikas. Band I (part). Familie Scolytidae." volume="4" year="1961">Schedl, 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but even though it is found in the same forest localities,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="671A8E3AFB70F87F40B66314C7AF26AD" authorityName="Eggers" authorityYear="1922" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ctonoxylon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="methneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="95A10A45A605C0486B4885B922E2D142" italics="true">C. methneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
only co-occurred with these species in the same tree one out of ten collecting events. Brood size was not smaller in the thinnest branches examined and broods with larvae or older stages ranged from 17–48 (Table
|
||
<tableCitation id="78C44157C9BE6BC5786C2C86C7B4A5AA" captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="T5" captionText="Table 5. Reproductive biology observed for Ctonoxylon species (* records from Schedl 1961). All observed species form monogynous pairs at the early stage of mating and egg laying. The two last columns indicate the offspring developmental stage where parents have permanently left the nest.">5</tableCitation>
|
||
). Very few broods with larvae had a male parent present with the female, and then only at very early larval stage. In the large majority of dissected broods, the male left before all eggs were laid or hatched. The female left her offspring before pupal stage. Egg tunnels were always cut transversely to the wood grain and eggs deposited vertically in deep pits packed with frass.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="SECID0EIXCI" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="930B5B6AC3548502F87718A6721B6003">
|
||
<heading id="2EA67E22AE4F862BFB3ECBF05BC91E60" reason="title">Remarks.</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7E23C0C9D345202EC6A2F9F472B4567F">
|
||
Some specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="407E1D77D9FB432CC3C9F76D517219ED" authorityName="Eggers" authorityYear="1922" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ctonoxylon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="methneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="BE1284FD964389C237458DE45C9E9877" italics="true">C. methneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differ from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8D15F66CC049E703C0A4A039D50AFE1" authorityName="Schedl" authorityYear="1941" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ctonoxylon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hamatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="AA7278B6017CAC54836F921859981EB2" italics="true">C. hamatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having slightly shorter setae on interstriae 1 and 2 but this appears to be intraspecific variation. The differences in frons and pronotum between the
|
||
<typeStatus id="0E3084A1221A538370279F49B01ABCDE">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5112BBC440B6C0A6097F1192121F0289" authorityName="Schedl" authorityYear="1941" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ctonoxylon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hamatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="67C081D86710FFE45635ECB24BC6DC20" italics="true">C. hamatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7311825D1E2982C1055AA31268678A94" authorityName="Eggers" authorityYear="1922" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ctonoxylon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="methneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AA0B0A0456546BF9473E747E414B839" italics="true">C. methneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on one side, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3443D3B3C8E0FA98228DD7463713ADC3" authorityName="Schedl" authorityYear="1941" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ctonoxylon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="griseum">
|
||
<emphasis id="83763DC6789DCB3C3E46FA24761E497A" italics="true">C. griseum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is due to sexual dimorphism otherwise typical for the genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |