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<document id="E7AC3C8050E716A38B63160B78392A1B" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.213531" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4b5f6a99-b251-45b1-b4f7-6e98248e6e29" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="213531" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460503667462" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Oliver, Michael K." docDate="2012" docId="0B478787BE4B0E1063B6FF23FB904C93" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03410p050.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3410" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Hemitaeniochromis brachyrhynchus Oliver, 2012, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="49" masterDocId="F77EFFFFBE490E1E6321FFB4FFE94D14" masterDocTitle="Hemitaeniochromis brachyrhynchus, a new species of cichlid fish from Lake Malaŵi, with comments on some other supposed members of the genus (Teleostei: Cichlidae)" masterLastPageNumber="50" masterPageNumber="35" pageNumber="37" updateTime="1698312430714" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="0668C0BB61A92BB2CE7BE1ACE39A9682">Hemitaeniochromis brachyrhynchus, a new species of cichlid fish from Lake Malaŵi, with comments on some other supposed members of the genus (Teleostei: Cichlidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="645B9C7EC84F00E68CEED4F04FCFCAB5">Oliver, Michael K.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="08485ED418E55A9AD03157CBBD609FA5">2012</mods:date>
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<treatment id="0B478787BE4B0E1063B6FF23FB904C93" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5612544" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119522282" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5612544" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C324E01D-3C51-4185-9AA6-B8292029E734" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0B478787BE4B0E1063B6FF23FB904C93" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<subSubSection id="CBF4651ABE4B0E1C63B6FF23FC094C00" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="83513691BE4B0E1C63B6FF23FD3C4DA4" blockId="2.[151,725,151,212]" box="[151,725,151,176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<heading id="D81981FDBE4B0E1C63B6FF23FD3C4DA4" bold="true" box="[151,725,151,176]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4B0E1C63B6FF23FD3C4DA4" bold="true" box="[151,725,151,176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE4B0E1C63B6FF23FDD74DA4" ID-CoL="3KT4J" box="[151,574,151,176]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyrhynchus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4B0E1C63B6FF23FDD74DA4" bold="true" box="[151,574,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Hemitaeniochromis brachyrhynchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="AAA957F8BE4B0E1C616DFF2CFD3C4DA4" box="[588,725,151,176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="83513691BE4B0E1C63B6FF08FE504DC0" blockId="2.[151,725,151,212]" box="[151,441,188,212]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<figureCitation id="1BD52A14BE4B0E1C63B6FF08FEF74DC0" box="[151,286,188,212]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStartId-0="5.[151,250,1937,1960]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,250,1059,1082]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,250,1031,1054]" captionStartId-3="8.[151,250,1953,1976]" captionTargetBox-0="[179,1415,193,1924]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1435,193,1038]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1435,265,1010]" captionTargetBox-3="[499,1087,205,1920]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[179,1416,193,1925]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1038]" captionTargetId-2="figure@7.[151,1436,265,1010]" captionTargetId-3="figure@8.[499,1088,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionTargetPageId-3="8" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Left and right sides of Hemitaeniochromis brachyrhynchus specimens. Not to same scale. a, YPM 25201, holotype, 123.6 mm SL, Lake MalaŴi, Thumbi Island West; b, MRAC 99 - 41 - P- 1746, paratype, 81.5 mm SL, Lake MalaŴi, Nkhata Bay." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Hemitaeniochromis brachyrhynchus, details of YPM 25201, holotype. All scale bars = 2 mm. a, Snout region in left lateral view to show lacrimal and upper jaw. b, Lower pharyngeal bone (rostral tip at bottom of image). c, Anterior part of premaxillary dental arcade in occlusal view, after lip tissue has been pushed back and allowed to dry and shrink to reveal tooth shafts. d, Median premaxillary teeth of outer row in anterior view, after lip tissue has been pushed back and allowed to dry and shrink to reveal tooth shafts. s: Location of premaxillary symphysis. Arrow points to a tooth retaining a lateral shoulder, as seen more frequently in the smaller paratype." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Hemitaeniochromis brachyrhynchus. All scale bars = 2 mm. a, MRAC 99 - 41 - P- 1746, paratype, 81.5 mm SL, in left and slightly anterolateral view, showing jaws, dentition, and most of lacrimal bone. b, Same, showing exposed crowns of unequally bicuspid anterior teeth, the nearly conical major cusps angled forward and slightly outward. c, YPM 25201, holotype, 123.6 mm SL, in left and slightly dorsolateral view, showing anterior part of lower jaw. d, Same, showing exposed tips of nearly conical crowns angled forward and slightly outward, largely buried in thickened mucosa." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Lake MalaŴi with arrows pointing to the localities where specimens of Hemitaeniochromis brachyrhynchus were collected. Thumbi Island West: YPM 25201, holotype; Nkhata Bay: MRAC 99 - 41 - P- 1746, paratype. Scale bar = 100 km." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/213532/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/213533/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/213535/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/213536/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Figures 14</figureCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="CE6C032ABE4B0E1C620BFF08FE614DC0" box="[298,392,188,212]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,235,152,173]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,314,2019]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Morphometric characters of Hemitaeniochromis brachyrhynchus. Measurements preceded by a tilde (~) have large uncertainty because of the specimens having been fixed with the mouth open." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D7916619BE4A0E1D63B6FF2CFC434DD8" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" tableUuid="D7916619BE4A0E1D63B6FF2CFC434DD8">Tables 1</tableCitation>
&amp;
<tableCitation id="CE6C032ABE4B0E1C628AFF08FE504DC0" box="[427,441,188,212]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,235,154,175]" captionTargetBox="[151,1307,328,1383]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 2. Meristic characters of Hemitaeniochromis brachyrhynchus." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D7916619BE4D0E1A63B6FF2EFC8A4DBB" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" tableUuid="D7916619BE4D0E1A63B6FF2EFC8A4DBB">2</tableCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="83513691BE4B0E1C63B6FF4BFC094C00" blockId="2.[151,992,254,277]" box="[151,992,254,277]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
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<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE4B0E1C63B6FF4BFEB74C01" ID-CoL="4VF7" box="[151,350,255,277]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4B0E1C63B6FF4BFEB74C01" box="[151,350,255,277]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Hemitaeniochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. '
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE4B0E1C62A8FF4AFE334C00" box="[393,474,254,276]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insignis">insignis</taxonomicName>
big eye',
<treatmentCitation id="024F1080BE4B0E1C611DFF4AFC984C00" author="Snoeks" box="[572,881,254,276]" page="284" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" year="2004">
<bibRefCitation id="E77F4B60BE4B0E1C611DFF4AFCAB4C00" author="Snoeks" box="[572,834,254,276]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" refString="Snoeks, J. &amp; Hanssens, M. (2004) Identification guidelines to other non-mbuna. In: Snoeks, J. (Ed.), The cichlid diversity of Lake Malawi / Nyasa / Niassa: identification, distribution and taxonomy. Cichlid Press, El Paso, Texas, pp. 266 - 310." type="book chapter" year="2004">Snoeks &amp; Hanssens 2004</bibRefCitation>
: 284
</treatmentCitation>
&amp; Fig. 52.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CBF4651ABE4B0E1C63B6FE88FF354F33" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="83513691BE4B0E1C63B6FE88FEC44CA9" blockId="2.[151,1437,316,2029]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4B0E1C63B6FE88FEE24C40" bold="true" box="[151,267,316,340]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<typeStatus id="5C558833BE4B0E1C63B6FE88FEEF4C40" box="[151,262,316,340]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="E5FFAE54BE4B0E1C6232FE89FEB94C40" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34880" box="[275,336,317,340]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34880" name="Peabody Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">YPM</collectionCode>
25201, adult male,
<quantity id="44169B74BE4B0E1C6114FE88FD404C40" box="[565,681,316,340]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.236" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="123.6">123.6 mm</quantity>
SL.
<collectingCountry id="FBF97601BE4B0E1C61C0FE88FCD24C40" box="[737,827,316,340]" name="Malawi" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Malaŵi</collectingCountry>
: Lake
<collectingCountry id="FBF97601BE4B0E1C60A9FE88FC0B4C40" box="[904,994,316,340]" name="Malawi" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Malaŵi</collectingCountry>
: Thumbi Island West, N side, approximately 14° 0 0 57″S, 34° 48 34″ E, trammel nets and experimental gillnets set in series perpendicular to shore over rocks possibly with sand in
<quantity id="44169B74BE4B0E1C62F1FE36FDDA4C8E" box="[464,563,386,410]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="3.8" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" unit="m" value="27.5" valueMax="38.0" valueMin="17.0">1738 m</quantity>
depth,
<date id="F7501051BE4B0E1C61A6FE36FCCB4C8E" box="[647,802,386,410]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" value="1980-07-03" valueMax="1980-07-04" valueMin="1980-07-03">34 Jul. 1980</date>
; M.K. Oliver, K.R. McKaye, and T.D. Kocher. Field no.
<collectingCountry id="FBF97601BE4B0E1C63B6FE11FF314CA9" box="[151,216,421,445]" name="Macao" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">MKO</collectingCountry>
8049.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="83513691BE4B0E1C63E8FE7DFF354F33" blockId="2.[151,1437,316,2029]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4B0E1C63E8FE7DFED44CF5" bold="true" box="[201,317,457,481]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<typeStatus id="5C558833BE4B0E1C63E8FE7DFED14CF5" box="[201,312,457,481]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="E5FFAE54BE4B0E1C6264FE7CFE7E4CF4" box="[325,407,456,480]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/z14b-bb31" name="Musée Royal de lAfrique Centrale" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">MRAC</collectionCode>
99-41-P-1746, sex undetermined,
<quantity id="44169B74BE4B0E1C6003FE7CFC6E4CF4" box="[802,903,456,480]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.15" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="81.5">81.5 mm</quantity>
SL.
<collectingCountry id="FBF97601BE4B0E1C609EFE7DFBF04CF5" box="[959,1049,457,481]" name="Malawi" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Malaŵi</collectingCountry>
: Lake
<collectingCountry id="FBF97601BE4B0E1C6744FE7DFB564CF5" box="[1125,1215,457,481]" name="Malawi" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Malaŵi</collectingCountry>
: Nkhata Bay, south bay, 11° 36. 22 S,
<geoCoordinate id="E6DA5056BE4B0E1C6247FE58FE1A4F10" box="[358,499,491,517]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" precision="9" value="34.302666">34° 18.16 E</geoCoordinate>
, purchased from indigenous fishermen,
<date id="F7501051BE4B0E1C6090FE58FBA74F10" box="[945,1102,492,516]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" value="1997-09-27">27 Sept. 1997</date>
;
<collectionCode id="E5FFAE54BE4B0E1C6778FE58FB4D4F10" box="[1113,1188,492,516]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">SADC</collectionCode>
/GEF. Field no. 97/20/ 114/7.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CBF4651ABE4B0E1C63E8FD86FB024E70" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="83513691BE4B0E1C63E8FD86FB024E70" blockId="2.[151,1437,316,2029]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4B0E1C63E8FD86FEAA4F5F" bold="true" box="[201,323,562,587]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
A species of
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE4B0E1C62FBFD86FD5F4F5E" box="[474,694,562,586]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4B0E1C62FBFD86FD5F4F5E" box="[474,694,562,586]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Hemitaeniochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
readily distinguished from its only formal congener,
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE4B0E1C6626FD87FA7C4F5E" box="[1287,1429,563,586]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Haplochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="urotaenia">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4B0E1C6626FD87FA7C4F5E" box="[1287,1429,563,586]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">H. urotaenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, by its narrow lacrimal bone whose width, at the midpoint of the bone, is one-third (33.534.5%) of the orbit length (vs. nearly equal to the orbit length in
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE4B0E1C616BFDCEFD334F85" box="[586,730,634,657]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Haplochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="urotaenia">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4B0E1C616BFDCEFD334F85" box="[586,730,634,657]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">H. urotaenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); by its snout being shorter than the orbit length (vs. longer in
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE4B0E1C63B6FD29FECF4FA0" box="[151,294,669,692]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Haplochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="urotaenia">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4B0E1C63B6FD29FECF4FA0" box="[151,294,669,692]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">H. urotaenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); by its much larger eyes, the orbit length being about 3638% of head length (vs. ~ 2228% in
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE4B0E1C66A0FD29FEEA4FC3" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Haplochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="urotaenia">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4B0E1C66A0FD29FEEA4FC3" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">H. urotaenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); by its shorter lower jaw which is about 3941% of head length (vs. ~ 4551% in
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE4B0E1C678BFD74FAD14FC3" box="[1194,1336,704,727]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Haplochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="urotaenia">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4B0E1C678BFD74FAD14FC3" box="[1194,1336,704,727]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">H. urotaenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); and by its melanin pattern, which is composed of spots and line segments that are less well-defined than those of
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE4B0E1C666BFD57FF344E0A" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Haplochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="urotaenia">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4B0E1C666BFD57FF344E0A" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">H. urotaenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(compare
<figureCitation id="1BD52A14BE4B0E1C6279FCB1FE4E4E09" box="[344,423,773,797]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1937,1960]" captionTargetBox="[179,1415,193,1924]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[179,1416,193,1925]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Left and right sides of Hemitaeniochromis brachyrhynchus specimens. Not to same scale. a, YPM 25201, holotype, 123.6 mm SL, Lake MalaŴi, Thumbi Island West; b, MRAC 99 - 41 - P- 1746, paratype, 81.5 mm SL, Lake MalaŴi, Nkhata Bay." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213532/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation id="1BD52A14BE4B0E1C62C0FCB1FE184E09" box="[481,497,773,797]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,631,654]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,193,591]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,592]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Hemitaeniochromis urotaenia, USNM 266842, living; MalaŴi: Lake MalaŴi: Nankumba Peninsula between Otter Island and Chembe, off sand beach, depth 9 11 m, 3 Jul. 1980; M. K. Oliver, K. R. McKaye, &amp; T. D. Kocher. Note the wide lacrimal bone, about equal to eye length. This specimen has an atypical midlateral stripe, usually continuous on its caudal half." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213537/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">5</figureCitation>
). The narrow lacrimal and large eyes also distinguish
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE4B0E1C6741FCB3FAD14E0A" box="[1120,1336,774,798]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyrhynchus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4B0E1C6741FCB3FAD14E0A" box="[1120,1336,774,798]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">H. brachyrhynchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from all other species that have sometimes been placed in
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE4B0E1C61EBFC9DFC4C4E55" box="[714,933,809,833]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4B0E1C61EBFC9DFC4C4E55" box="[714,933,809,833]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Hemitaeniochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see Discussion). Indeed, these two features in combination are probably unique to
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE4B0E1C616BFCF9FCC84E70" box="[586,801,844,868]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyrhynchus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4B0E1C616BFCF9FCC84E70" box="[586,801,844,868]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">H. brachyrhynchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
among all known Lake
<collectingCountry id="FBF97601BE4B0E1C6711FCF8FB6F4E70" box="[1072,1158,844,868]" name="Malawi" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Malaŵi</collectingCountry>
cichlids.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CBF4651ABE4B0E1963E8FCDAFBF54831" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="description">
<paragraph id="83513691BE4B0E1C63E8FCDAFBED4E93" blockId="2.[151,1437,316,2029]" box="[201,1028,878,903]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4B0E1C63E8FCDAFEB34E93" bold="true" box="[201,346,878,903]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Description.</emphasis>
Morphometric and meristic data are given in
<tableCitation id="CE6C032ABE4B0E1C607AFCDBFC504E93" box="[859,953,879,903]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,235,152,173]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,314,2019]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Morphometric characters of Hemitaeniochromis brachyrhynchus. Measurements preceded by a tilde (~) have large uncertainty because of the specimens having been fixed with the mouth open." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D7916619BE4A0E1D63B6FF2CFC434DD8" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" tableUuid="D7916619BE4A0E1D63B6FF2CFC434DD8">Tables 1</tableCitation>
and
<tableCitation id="CE6C032ABE4B0E1C60CEFCDBFBE94E93" box="[1007,1024,879,903]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,235,154,175]" captionTargetBox="[151,1307,328,1383]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 2. Meristic characters of Hemitaeniochromis brachyrhynchus." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D7916619BE4D0E1A63B6FF2EFC8A4DBB" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" tableUuid="D7916619BE4D0E1A63B6FF2EFC8A4DBB">2</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="83513691BE4B0E1C63E8FC26FD7949B4" blockId="2.[151,1437,316,2029]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
Body moderately elongate, dorsal profile evenly rounded from nuchal region of head to end of spinous dorsal fin, more convex than ventral body profile (
<figureCitation id="1BD52A14BE4B0E1C61B6FC01FD324ED9" box="[663,731,949,973]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1937,1960]" captionTargetBox="[179,1415,193,1924]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[179,1416,193,1925]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Left and right sides of Hemitaeniochromis brachyrhynchus specimens. Not to same scale. a, YPM 25201, holotype, 123.6 mm SL, Lake MalaŴi, Thumbi Island West; b, MRAC 99 - 41 - P- 1746, paratype, 81.5 mm SL, Lake MalaŴi, Nkhata Bay." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213532/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). Head profile concave above snout. Jaws rather short, gape steeply inclined, premaxilla nearly vertical when mouth widely opened (
<figureCitation id="1BD52A14BE4B0E1C609DFC6CFBE94EE4" box="[956,1024,984,1008]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1059,1082]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1038]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1038]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Hemitaeniochromis brachyrhynchus, details of YPM 25201, holotype. All scale bars = 2 mm. a, Snout region in left lateral view to show lacrimal and upper jaw. b, Lower pharyngeal bone (rostral tip at bottom of image). c, Anterior part of premaxillary dental arcade in occlusal view, after lip tissue has been pushed back and allowed to dry and shrink to reveal tooth shafts. d, Median premaxillary teeth of outer row in anterior view, after lip tissue has been pushed back and allowed to dry and shrink to reveal tooth shafts. s: Location of premaxillary symphysis. Arrow points to a tooth retaining a lateral shoulder, as seen more frequently in the smaller paratype." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213533/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
a); lower jaw apparently slightly projecting and inclined at ~50° to lateral midline when mouth is closed (in
<typeStatus id="5C558833BE4B0E1C6093FC49FBFF4901" box="[946,1046,1021,1045]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
; mouth of
<typeStatus id="5C558833BE4B0E1C67ACFC48FB064900" box="[1165,1263,1020,1044]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
cannot be fully closed due to stiffness of preservation). Lips slightly thickened but not lobate. Snout distinctly shorter than orbit,
<quantity id="44169B74BE4B0E1C63B6FBF6FECD494E" box="[151,292,1090,1114]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3147" metricValueMax="3.3782" metricValueMin="3.2512" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" unit="in" value="1.305" valueMax="1.33" valueMin="1.28">1.281.33 in</quantity>
orbit length. Eyes large, orbit length ~3638% HL. Lacrimal bone narrow, its width at mid-bone only about one-third orbit length, its orbital and labial margins nonparallel, converging nearer each other ventrally than at dorsal end of bone. Caudal fin emarginate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="83513691BE4B0E1C63E8FB18FF264B5C" blockId="2.[151,1437,316,2029]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
Dental arcade of each jaw broad, semicircular in outline anteriorly (
<figureCitation id="1BD52A14BE4B0E1C60EAFB18FBF949D0" box="[971,1040,1196,1220]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1059,1082]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1038]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1038]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Hemitaeniochromis brachyrhynchus, details of YPM 25201, holotype. All scale bars = 2 mm. a, Snout region in left lateral view to show lacrimal and upper jaw. b, Lower pharyngeal bone (rostral tip at bottom of image). c, Anterior part of premaxillary dental arcade in occlusal view, after lip tissue has been pushed back and allowed to dry and shrink to reveal tooth shafts. d, Median premaxillary teeth of outer row in anterior view, after lip tissue has been pushed back and allowed to dry and shrink to reveal tooth shafts. s: Location of premaxillary symphysis. Arrow points to a tooth retaining a lateral shoulder, as seen more frequently in the smaller paratype." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213533/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
c). Outer jaw teeth stout, the shafts conical; those of both jaws implanted with interspaces about as wide as the teeth in
<typeStatus id="5C558833BE4B0E1C671FFB7BFB4949F3" box="[1086,1184,1231,1255]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(upper jaw,
<figureCitation id="1BD52A14BE4B0E1C660AFB7BFA8449F3" box="[1323,1389,1231,1255]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1059,1082]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1038]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1038]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Hemitaeniochromis brachyrhynchus, details of YPM 25201, holotype. All scale bars = 2 mm. a, Snout region in left lateral view to show lacrimal and upper jaw. b, Lower pharyngeal bone (rostral tip at bottom of image). c, Anterior part of premaxillary dental arcade in occlusal view, after lip tissue has been pushed back and allowed to dry and shrink to reveal tooth shafts. d, Median premaxillary teeth of outer row in anterior view, after lip tissue has been pushed back and allowed to dry and shrink to reveal tooth shafts. s: Location of premaxillary symphysis. Arrow points to a tooth retaining a lateral shoulder, as seen more frequently in the smaller paratype." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213533/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
c, d; lower jaw,
<figureCitation id="1BD52A14BE4B0E1C6230FB46FEBB481E" box="[273,338,1266,1290]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1031,1054]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,265,1010]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,265,1010]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Hemitaeniochromis brachyrhynchus. All scale bars = 2 mm. a, MRAC 99 - 41 - P- 1746, paratype, 81.5 mm SL, in left and slightly anterolateral view, showing jaws, dentition, and most of lacrimal bone. b, Same, showing exposed crowns of unequally bicuspid anterior teeth, the nearly conical major cusps angled forward and slightly outward. c, YPM 25201, holotype, 123.6 mm SL, in left and slightly dorsolateral view, showing anterior part of lower jaw. d, Same, showing exposed tips of nearly conical crowns angled forward and slightly outward, largely buried in thickened mucosa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213535/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
d), spaced more closely with interspaces about half as wide as teeth in
<typeStatus id="5C558833BE4B0E1C6745FB47FB2D481F" box="[1124,1220,1267,1291]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
(
<figureCitation id="1BD52A14BE4B0E1C67F5FB46FAFC481E" box="[1236,1301,1266,1290]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1031,1054]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,265,1010]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,265,1010]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Hemitaeniochromis brachyrhynchus. All scale bars = 2 mm. a, MRAC 99 - 41 - P- 1746, paratype, 81.5 mm SL, in left and slightly anterolateral view, showing jaws, dentition, and most of lacrimal bone. b, Same, showing exposed crowns of unequally bicuspid anterior teeth, the nearly conical major cusps angled forward and slightly outward. c, YPM 25201, holotype, 123.6 mm SL, in left and slightly dorsolateral view, showing anterior part of lower jaw. d, Same, showing exposed tips of nearly conical crowns angled forward and slightly outward, largely buried in thickened mucosa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213535/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
b).
<typeStatus id="5C558833BE4B0E1C661BFB47FA75481F" box="[1338,1436,1267,1291]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
and
<typeStatus id="5C558833BE4B0E1C63E7FAA1FEC14839" box="[198,296,1301,1325]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
display what may be ontogenetic changes in crown morphology.
<typeStatus id="5C558833BE4B0E1C6722FAA2FB8C483A" box="[1027,1125,1302,1326]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
anteriorly has 7 or 8 (upper jaw) and 912 (lower jaw) very unequally bicuspid teeth on each hemijaw, the cusps nearly conical and acute (
<figureCitation id="1BD52A14BE4B0E1C664EFA8CFF4C4860" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1031,1054]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,265,1010]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,265,1010]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Hemitaeniochromis brachyrhynchus. All scale bars = 2 mm. a, MRAC 99 - 41 - P- 1746, paratype, 81.5 mm SL, in left and slightly anterolateral view, showing jaws, dentition, and most of lacrimal bone. b, Same, showing exposed crowns of unequally bicuspid anterior teeth, the nearly conical major cusps angled forward and slightly outward. c, YPM 25201, holotype, 123.6 mm SL, in left and slightly dorsolateral view, showing anterior part of lower jaw. d, Same, showing exposed tips of nearly conical crowns angled forward and slightly outward, largely buried in thickened mucosa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213535/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
b); and smaller, unicuspid teeth, buried to the crowns in thickened mucosa, on posterior half of dental arcade. In contrast,
<typeStatus id="5C558833BE4B0E1C6221FACBFE8B4883" box="[256,354,1407,1431]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
has uniformly unicuspid teeth with nearly conical crowns, although a few have crowns with a lateral “shoulder” (
<figureCitation id="1BD52A14BE4B0E1C6252FA16FE5048AE" box="[371,441,1442,1466]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1059,1082]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1038]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1038]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Hemitaeniochromis brachyrhynchus, details of YPM 25201, holotype. All scale bars = 2 mm. a, Snout region in left lateral view to show lacrimal and upper jaw. b, Lower pharyngeal bone (rostral tip at bottom of image). c, Anterior part of premaxillary dental arcade in occlusal view, after lip tissue has been pushed back and allowed to dry and shrink to reveal tooth shafts. d, Median premaxillary teeth of outer row in anterior view, after lip tissue has been pushed back and allowed to dry and shrink to reveal tooth shafts. s: Location of premaxillary symphysis. Arrow points to a tooth retaining a lateral shoulder, as seen more frequently in the smaller paratype." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213533/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
d) in location of minor cusp of paratypes teeth. Crowns of outer upper jaw teeth are slightly incurved in both specimens, as is usual in Lake
<collectingCountry id="FBF97601BE4B0E1C602FFA71FC8A48C9" box="[782,867,1477,1501]" name="Malawi" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Malaŵi</collectingCountry>
haplochromines. However, in both specimens, the anterior teeth of the lower jaw have the crowns angled slightly forward and outward relative to their shafts (
<figureCitation id="1BD52A14BE4B0E1C6664FA5CFA6E4B14" box="[1349,1415,1512,1536]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1031,1054]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,265,1010]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,265,1010]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Hemitaeniochromis brachyrhynchus. All scale bars = 2 mm. a, MRAC 99 - 41 - P- 1746, paratype, 81.5 mm SL, in left and slightly anterolateral view, showing jaws, dentition, and most of lacrimal bone. b, Same, showing exposed crowns of unequally bicuspid anterior teeth, the nearly conical major cusps angled forward and slightly outward. c, YPM 25201, holotype, 123.6 mm SL, in left and slightly dorsolateral view, showing anterior part of lower jaw. d, Same, showing exposed tips of nearly conical crowns angled forward and slightly outward, largely buried in thickened mucosa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213535/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
b, d), an unusual condition. Inner teeth are tricuspid with acute median cusp in
<typeStatus id="5C558833BE4B0E1C6725F9B9FB8E4B31" box="[1028,1127,1549,1573]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
, acutely unicuspid in
<typeStatus id="5C558833BE4B0E1C6640F9B8FF224B5C" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="83513691BE4B0E1C63E8F9E7FE684BA4" blockId="2.[151,1437,316,2029]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
Lower pharyngeal bone (examined only in
<typeStatus id="5C558833BE4B0E1C61EAF9E6FCD94B7E" box="[715,816,1618,1642]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
;
<figureCitation id="1BD52A14BE4B0E1C6061F9E6FC6E4B7E" box="[832,903,1618,1642]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1059,1082]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1038]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1038]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Hemitaeniochromis brachyrhynchus, details of YPM 25201, holotype. All scale bars = 2 mm. a, Snout region in left lateral view to show lacrimal and upper jaw. b, Lower pharyngeal bone (rostral tip at bottom of image). c, Anterior part of premaxillary dental arcade in occlusal view, after lip tissue has been pushed back and allowed to dry and shrink to reveal tooth shafts. d, Median premaxillary teeth of outer row in anterior view, after lip tissue has been pushed back and allowed to dry and shrink to reveal tooth shafts. s: Location of premaxillary symphysis. Arrow points to a tooth retaining a lateral shoulder, as seen more frequently in the smaller paratype." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213533/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
b) Y-shaped, delicate; all teeth laterally compressed, cuspidate, none enlarged (except those of posterior row near midline) nor submolariform. Median suture straight, not sinuous.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="83513691BE4B0E1C63E8F908FCC14BE3" blockId="2.[151,1437,316,2029]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Gill rakers 1012 on ceratobranchial, simple, unbranched, grading in length from longer posteriorly to short anteriorly; lightly pigmented with scattered melanophores.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="83513691BE4B0E1C63E8F8B6FECC4AF9" blockId="2.[151,1437,316,2029]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
Scales ctenoid. Lateral line discontinuous, the upper section kinked downward caudally so that the two sections are separated by a single scale without a canal or pore (
<typeStatus id="5C558833BE4B0E1C606EF891FC5C4A29" box="[847,949,1829,1853]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, bilaterally) or by two scales, of which the upper has a pore but no canal and is situated below and behind the last true lateral line scale (with canal) of the upper segment, and the lower has neither pore nor canal (
<typeStatus id="5C558833BE4B0E1C603CF8D8FC6B4A90" box="[797,898,1900,1924]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
, bilaterally). Squamation extending onto caudal fin between fin rays, in
<typeStatus id="5C558833BE4B0E1C6281F824FDE94ABC" box="[416,512,1936,1960]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
covering basal 60% of upper and lower lobes and basal 40% along middle rays, in
<typeStatus id="5C558833BE4B0E1C63B6F806FF104ADE" box="[151,249,1970,1994]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
covering 90% of entire fin. Bases of soft dorsal and anal fins partly covered by 13 irregular rows of small scales.
</paragraph>
<caption id="D7916619BE4A0E1D63B6FF2CFC434DD8" ID-Table-UUID="D7916619BE4A0E1D63B6FF2CFC434DD8" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D7916619BE4A0E1D63B6FF2CFC434DD8" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" targetBox="[151,1436,314,2019]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="83513691BE4A0E1D63B6FF2CFC434DD8" blockId="3.[151,1436,152,294]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4A0E1D63B6FF2CFEEC4DB9" bold="true" box="[151,261,152,173]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Morphometric characters of
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE4A0E1D610FFF2CFC774DBA" box="[558,926,152,174]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyrhynchus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4A0E1D610FFF2CFC774DBA" box="[558,926,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Hemitaeniochromis brachyrhynchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Measurements preceded by a tilde (~) have large uncertainty because of the specimens having been fixed with the mouth open.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="83513691BE4A0E1A6028FF53FAF24C1F" blockId="3.[151,1436,152,294]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1307,153,308]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<typeStatus id="5C558833BE4A0E1D6028FF53FC8E4DE9" box="[777,871,231,253]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
<typeStatus id="5C558833BE4A0E1D670AFF5CFB6A4DE9" box="[1067,1155,232,253]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
YPM 25201 MRAC 99-41-P-1746
<typeStatus id="5C558833BE4D0E1A6045FF7FFC2B4DF5" box="[868,962,203,225]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
<typeStatus id="5C558833BE4D0E1A671FFF79FB7E4DF6" box="[1086,1175,205,226]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
YPM 25201 MRAC 99-41-P-1746
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="83513691BE4A0E1D63BEFE8EFBBB4AF7" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<table id="F1EEC431BE4AF1E163B6FE8EFA754AF7" box="[151,1436,314,2019]" gridcols="3" gridrows="42" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6FE8EFA754C44" box="[151,1436,314,336]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6FE8EFDE64C44" box="[151,527,314,336]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Standard length (mm)</th>
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E16028FE8EFCAD4C44" box="[777,836,314,336]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">123.6</th>
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E1670AFE8EFA754C44" box="[1067,1436,314,336]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">81.5</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6FED6FA754C6D" box="[151,1436,354,377]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6FED6FDE64C6D" box="[151,527,354,377]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Head length (mm)</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E16028FED6FCAD4C6D" box="[777,836,354,377]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">42.1</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E1670AFED6FA754C6D" box="[1067,1436,354,377]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">28.7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6FE3FFA754CB5" box="[151,1436,395,417]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6FE3FFDE64CB5" box="[151,527,395,417]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">% of standard length:</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6FE01FA754CDF" box="[151,1436,437,459]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6FE01FDE64CDF" box="[151,527,437,459]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Head length</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E16028FE01FCAD4CDF" box="[777,836,437,459]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">34.1</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E1670AFE01FA754CDF" box="[1067,1436,437,459]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">35.2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6FE6AFA754CE0" box="[151,1436,478,500]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6FE6AFDE64CE0" box="[151,527,478,500]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Body depth</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E16028FE6AFCAD4CE0" box="[777,836,478,500]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">35.4</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E1670AFE6AFA754CE0" box="[1067,1436,478,500]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">37.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6FDB3FA754F09" box="[151,1436,519,541]" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6FDB3FDE64F09" box="[151,527,519,541]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Dorsal-fin base length</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E16028FDB3FCAD4F09" box="[777,836,519,541]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">53.3</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E1670AFDB3FA754F09" box="[1067,1436,519,541]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">54.6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6FD84FA754F52" box="[151,1436,560,582]" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6FD84FDE64F52" box="[151,527,560,582]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Predorsal length</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E16028FD84FCAD4F52" box="[777,836,560,582]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">35.0</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E1670AFD84FA754F52" box="[1067,1436,560,582]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">37.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6FDEDFA754F7B" box="[151,1436,601,623]" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6FDEDFDE64F7B" box="[151,527,601,623]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Prepectoral length</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E16028FDEDFCAD4F7B" box="[777,836,601,623]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">37.6</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E1670AFDEDFA754F7B" box="[1067,1436,601,623]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">36.2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6FD36FA754F8C" box="[151,1436,642,664]" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6FD36FDE64F8C" box="[151,527,642,664]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Prepelvic length</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E16028FD36FCAD4F8C" box="[777,836,642,664]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">49.1</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E1670AFD36FA754F8C" box="[1067,1436,642,664]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">46.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6FD1FFA754FD5" box="[151,1436,683,705]" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6FD1FFDE64FD5" box="[151,527,683,705]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Preanal length</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E16028FD1FFCAD4FD5" box="[777,836,683,705]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">72.4</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E1670AFD1FFA754FD5" box="[1067,1436,683,705]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">72.9</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6FD60FA754FFE" box="[151,1436,724,746]" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6FD60FDE64FFE" box="[151,527,724,746]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Belly length</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E16028FD60FCAD4FFE" box="[777,836,724,746]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">25.9</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E1670AFD60FA754FFE" box="[1067,1436,724,746]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">30.3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6FD49FA754E07" box="[151,1436,765,787]" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6FD49FDE64E07" box="[151,527,765,787]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Anal-fin base length</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E16028FD49FCAD4E07" box="[777,836,765,787]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">19.0</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E1670AFD49FA754E07" box="[1067,1436,765,787]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">19.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6FC92FA754E28" box="[151,1436,806,828]" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6FC92FDE64E28" box="[151,527,806,828]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Caudal peduncle length</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E16028FC92FCAD4E28" box="[777,836,806,828]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">17.1</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E1670AFC92FA754E28" box="[1067,1436,806,828]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">13.6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6FCFBFA754E71" box="[151,1436,847,869]" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6FCFBFDE64E71" box="[151,527,847,869]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Caudal peduncle depth</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E16028FCFBFCAD4E71" box="[777,836,847,869]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">12.4</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E1670AFCFBFA754E71" box="[1067,1436,847,869]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">13.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6FCCCFA754E9A" box="[151,1436,888,910]" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6FCCCFDE64E9A" box="[151,527,888,910]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Pectoral-fin length</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E16028FCCCFCAD4E9A" box="[777,836,888,910]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">33.6</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E1670AFCCCFA754E9A" box="[1067,1436,888,910]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">35.8</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6FC16FA754EAC" box="[151,1436,930,952]" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6FC16FDE64EAC" box="[151,527,930,952]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Pelvic-fin length</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E16028FC16FCAD4EAC" box="[777,836,930,952]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">28.3</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E1670AFC16FA754EAC" box="[1067,1436,930,952]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">25.6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6FC7EFA754EF4" box="[151,1436,970,992]" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6FC7EFDE64EF4" box="[151,527,970,992]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">% of head length:</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6FC47FA75491D" box="[151,1436,1011,1033]" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6FC47FDE6491D" box="[151,527,1011,1033]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Head width</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E16028FC47FCAD491D" box="[777,836,1011,1033]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">49.4</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E1670AFC47FA75491D" box="[1067,1436,1011,1033]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">46.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6FBA9FA754927" box="[151,1436,1053,1075]" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6FBA9FDE64927" box="[151,527,1053,1075]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Interorbital width</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E16028FBA9FCAD4927" box="[777,836,1053,1075]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">25.9</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E1670AFBA9FA754927" box="[1067,1436,1053,1075]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">22.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6FBF2FA754948" box="[151,1436,1094,1116]" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6FBF2FDE64948" box="[151,527,1094,1116]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Snout length</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E16028FBF2FCAD4948" box="[777,836,1094,1116]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">28.7</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E1670AFBF2FA754948" box="[1067,1436,1094,1116]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">28.2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6FBDBFA754991" box="[151,1436,1135,1157]" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6FBDBFDE64991" box="[151,527,1135,1157]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Snout width</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E16028FBDBFCAD4991" box="[777,836,1135,1157]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">~35.6</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E1670AFBDBFA754991" box="[1067,1436,1135,1157]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">~29.3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6FB2CFA7549BA" box="[151,1436,1176,1198]" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6FB2CFDE649BA" box="[151,527,1176,1198]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Lower jaw length</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E16028FB2CFCAD49BA" box="[777,836,1176,1198]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">40.9</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E1670AFB2CFA7549BA" box="[1067,1436,1176,1198]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">39.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6FB75FA7549C3" box="[151,1436,1217,1239]" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6FB75FDE649C3" box="[151,527,1217,1239]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Lower jaw width</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E16028FB75FCAD49C3" box="[777,836,1217,1239]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">~38.4</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E1670AFB75FA7549C3" box="[1067,1436,1217,1239]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">~25.8</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6FB5EFA754814" box="[151,1436,1258,1280]" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6FB5EFDE64814" box="[151,527,1258,1280]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Premaxillary pedicel length</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E16028FB5EFCAD4814" box="[777,836,1258,1280]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">25.4</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E1670AFB5EFA754814" box="[1067,1436,1258,1280]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">27.9</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6FAA7FA75483D" box="[151,1436,1299,1321]" gridrow="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6FAA7FDE6483D" box="[151,527,1299,1321]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Upper jaw length</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E16028FAA7FCAD483D" box="[777,836,1299,1321]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">~39.0</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E1670AFAA7FA75483D" box="[1067,1436,1299,1321]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">~34.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6FA88FA754846" box="[151,1436,1340,1362]" gridrow="25" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6FA88FDE64846" box="[151,527,1340,1362]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Cheek depth</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E16028FA88FCAD4846" box="[777,836,1340,1362]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">21.1</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E1670AFA88FA754846" box="[1067,1436,1340,1362]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">16.7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6FAD1FA75486F" box="[151,1436,1381,1403]" gridrow="26" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6FAD1FDE6486F" box="[151,527,1381,1403]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Orbit length</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E16028FAD1FCAD486F" box="[777,836,1381,1403]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">38.2</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E1670AFAD1FA75486F" box="[1067,1436,1381,1403]" gridcol="2" gridrow="26" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">36.2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6FA3AFA7548B0" box="[151,1436,1422,1444]" gridrow="27" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6FA3AFDE648B0" box="[151,527,1422,1444]" gridcol="0" gridrow="27" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Vertical eye diameter</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E16028FA3AFCAD48B0" box="[777,836,1422,1444]" gridcol="1" gridrow="27" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">33.3</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E1670AFA3AFA7548B0" box="[1067,1436,1422,1444]" gridcol="2" gridrow="27" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">32.8</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6FA03FA7548D9" box="[151,1436,1463,1485]" gridrow="28" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6FA03FDE648D9" box="[151,527,1463,1485]" gridcol="0" gridrow="28" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Lacrimal (preorbital) depth</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E16028FA03FCAD48D9" box="[777,836,1463,1485]" gridcol="1" gridrow="28" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">12.8</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E1670AFA03FA7548D9" box="[1067,1436,1463,1485]" gridcol="2" gridrow="28" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">12.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6FA54FA7548E2" box="[151,1436,1504,1526]" gridrow="29" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6FA54FDE648E2" box="[151,527,1504,1526]" gridcol="0" gridrow="29" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Postorbital head length</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E16028FA54FCAD48E2" box="[777,836,1504,1526]" gridcol="1" gridrow="29" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">34.7</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E1670AFA54FA7548E2" box="[1067,1436,1504,1526]" gridcol="2" gridrow="29" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">35.9</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6F9BEFA754B34" box="[151,1436,1546,1568]" gridrow="30" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6F9BEFDE64B34" box="[151,527,1546,1568]" gridcol="0" gridrow="30" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Pharyngeal bone overall length</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E16028F9BEFCAD4B34" box="[777,836,1546,1568]" gridcol="1" gridrow="30" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">25.9</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E1670AF9BEFA754B34" box="[1067,1436,1546,1568]" gridcol="2" gridrow="30" pageId="3" pageNumber="38"></td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6F986FA754B5D" box="[151,1436,1586,1609]" gridrow="31" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6F986FDE64B5D" box="[151,527,1586,1609]" gridcol="0" gridrow="31" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Pharyngeal bone fork length</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E16028F986FCAD4B5D" box="[777,836,1586,1609]" gridcol="1" gridrow="31" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">19.7</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E1670AF986FA754B5D" box="[1067,1436,1586,1609]" gridcol="2" gridrow="31" pageId="3" pageNumber="38"></td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6F9EFFA754B66" box="[151,1436,1627,1650]" gridrow="32" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6F9EFFDE64B66" box="[151,527,1627,1650]" gridcol="0" gridrow="32" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Pharyngeal bone width</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E16028F9EFFCAD4B66" box="[777,836,1627,1650]" gridcol="1" gridrow="32" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">25.4</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E1670AF9EFFA754B66" box="[1067,1436,1627,1650]" gridcol="2" gridrow="32" pageId="3" pageNumber="38"></td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6F931FA754B8F" box="[151,1436,1669,1691]" gridrow="33" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6F931FDE64B8F" box="[151,527,1669,1691]" gridcol="0" gridrow="33" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Pharyngeal toothplate overall length</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E16028F931FCAD4B8F" box="[777,836,1669,1691]" gridcol="1" gridrow="33" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">14.3</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E1670AF931FA754B8F" box="[1067,1436,1669,1691]" gridcol="2" gridrow="33" pageId="3" pageNumber="38"></td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6F91AFA754BD0" box="[151,1436,1710,1732]" gridrow="34" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6F91AFDE64BD0" box="[151,527,1710,1732]" gridcol="0" gridrow="34" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Pharyngeal toothplate fork length</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E16028F91AFCAD4BD0" box="[777,836,1710,1732]" gridcol="1" gridrow="34" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">11.6</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E1670AF91AFA754BD0" box="[1067,1436,1710,1732]" gridcol="2" gridrow="34" pageId="3" pageNumber="38"></td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6F963FA754BF9" box="[151,1436,1751,1773]" gridrow="35" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6F963FDE64BF9" box="[151,527,1751,1773]" gridcol="0" gridrow="35" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Pharyngeal toothplate width</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E16028F963FCAD4BF9" box="[777,836,1751,1773]" gridcol="1" gridrow="35" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">18.1</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E1670AF963FA754BF9" box="[1067,1436,1751,1773]" gridcol="2" gridrow="35" pageId="3" pageNumber="38"></td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6F8B4FA754A02" box="[151,1436,1792,1814]" gridrow="36" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6F8B4FDE64A02" box="[151,527,1792,1814]" gridcol="0" gridrow="36" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Angular measurements in degrees:</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6F89DFA754A2B" box="[151,1436,1833,1855]" gridrow="37" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6F89DFDE64A2B" box="[151,527,1833,1855]" gridcol="0" gridrow="37" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Premaxillary pedicel</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E16028F89DFCAD4A2B" box="[777,836,1833,1855]" gridcol="1" gridrow="37" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">5</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E1670AF89DFA754A2B" box="[1067,1436,1833,1855]" gridcol="2" gridrow="37" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">10</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6F8E6FA754A7C" box="[151,1436,1874,1896]" gridrow="38" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6F8E6FDE64A7C" box="[151,527,1874,1896]" gridcol="0" gridrow="38" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Interorbital</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E16028F8E6FCAD4A7C" box="[777,836,1874,1896]" gridcol="1" gridrow="38" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">30</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E1670AF8E6FA754A7C" box="[1067,1436,1874,1896]" gridcol="2" gridrow="38" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">30</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6F8CFFA754A85" box="[151,1436,1915,1937]" gridrow="39" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6F8CFFDE64A85" box="[151,527,1915,1937]" gridcol="0" gridrow="39" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Nuchal region</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E16028F8CFFCAD4A85" box="[777,836,1915,1937]" gridcol="1" gridrow="39" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">5</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E1670AF8CFFA754A85" box="[1067,1436,1915,1937]" gridcol="2" gridrow="39" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">15</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6F810FA754AAE" box="[151,1436,1956,1978]" gridrow="40" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6F810FDE64AAE" box="[151,527,1956,1978]" gridcol="0" gridrow="40" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Lower jaw underside</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E16028F810FCAD4AAE" box="[777,836,1956,1978]" gridcol="1" gridrow="40" pageId="3" pageNumber="38"></td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E1670AF810FA754AAE" box="[1067,1436,1956,1978]" gridcol="2" gridrow="40" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">~50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4AF1E163B6F879FA754AF7" box="[151,1436,1997,2019]" gridrow="41" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E163B6F879FDE64AF7" box="[151,527,1997,2019]" gridcol="0" gridrow="41" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Gape inclination</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E16028F879FCAD4AF7" box="[777,836,1997,2019]" gridcol="1" gridrow="41" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">~60</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4AF1E1670AF879FA754AF7" box="[1067,1436,1997,2019]" gridcol="2" gridrow="41" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">~60</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="D7916619BE4D0E1A63B6FF2EFC8A4DBB" ID-Table-UUID="D7916619BE4D0E1A63B6FF2EFC8A4DBB" box="[151,867,153,175]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D7916619BE4D0E1A63B6FF2EFC8A4DBB" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" targetBox="[151,1307,328,1383]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="83513691BE4D0E1A63B6FF2EFC8A4DBB" blockId="4.[151,1307,153,308]" box="[151,867,153,175]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4D0E1A63B6FF2EFEED4DBB" bold="true" box="[151,260,154,175]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
Meristic characters of
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE4D0E1A62CCFF2DFCB74DBB" box="[493,862,153,175]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyrhynchus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4D0E1A62CCFF2DFCB74DBB" box="[493,862,153,175]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Hemitaeniochromis brachyrhynchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="83513691BE4D0E1A63BEFEAAFF0E4C20" blockId="4.[151,1307,153,308]" box="[159,231,286,308]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Scales:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="83513691BE4D0E1A63BEFEFCFBBE4873" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<table id="F1EEC431BE4DF1E163B6FEFCFAF24873" box="[151,1307,328,1383]" gridcols="3" gridrows="26" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4DF1E163B6FEFCFAF24C4A" box="[151,1307,328,350]" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E163B6FEFCFD854C4A" box="[151,620,328,350]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Lateral line scales</th>
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E16042FEFCFC574C4A" box="[867,958,328,350]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">33</th>
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E1671CFEFCFAF24C4A" box="[1085,1307,328,350]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">33</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4DF1E163B6FEC5FAF24C93" box="[151,1307,369,391]" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E163B6FEC5FD854C93" box="[151,620,369,391]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Upper lateral line scales</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E16042FEC5FC574C93" box="[867,958,369,391]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">27</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E1671CFEC5FAF24C93" box="[1085,1307,369,391]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">22</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4DF1E163B6FE2EFAF24CA4" box="[151,1307,410,432]" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E163B6FE2EFD854CA4" box="[151,620,410,432]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Lower lateral line scales</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E16042FE2EFC574CA4" box="[867,958,410,432]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">17</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E1671CFE2EFAF24CA4" box="[1085,1307,410,432]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">13</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4DF1E163B6FE77FAF24CCE" box="[151,1307,451,474]" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E163B6FE77FD854CCE" box="[151,620,451,474]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Lateral line scales on caudal fin</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E16042FE77FC574CCE" box="[867,958,451,474]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">2</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E1671CFE77FAF24CCE" box="[1085,1307,451,474]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4DF1E163B6FE59FAF24F17" box="[151,1307,493,515]" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E163B6FE59FD854F17" box="[151,620,493,515]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Upper transverse line scales</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E16042FE59FC574F17" box="[867,958,493,515]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">5</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E1671CFE59FAF24F17" box="[1085,1307,493,515]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4DF1E163B6FDA2FAF24F38" box="[151,1307,534,556]" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E163B6FDA2FD854F38" box="[151,620,534,556]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Lower transverse line scales</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E16042FDA2FC574F38" box="[867,958,534,556]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">12</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E1671CFDA2FAF24F38" box="[1085,1307,534,556]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">11</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4DF1E163B6FDF4FAF24F42" box="[151,1307,576,598]" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E163B6FDF4FD854F42" box="[151,620,576,598]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Predorsal scales</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E16042FDF4FC574F42" box="[867,958,576,598]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">~16</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E1671CFDF4FAF24F42" box="[1085,1307,576,598]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">~13</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4DF1E163B6FDDDFAF24F6B" box="[151,1307,617,639]" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E163B6FDDDFD854F6B" box="[151,620,617,639]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Prepelvic scales</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E16042FDDDFC574F6B" box="[867,958,617,639]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">~22</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E1671CFDDDFAF24F6B" box="[1085,1307,617,639]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">~17</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4DF1E163B6FD26FAF24FBC" box="[151,1307,658,680]" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E163B6FD26FD854FBC" box="[151,620,658,680]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Belly scales</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E16042FD26FC574FBC" box="[867,958,658,680]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">~25</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E1671CFD26FAF24FBC" box="[1085,1307,658,680]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">~23</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4DF1E163B6FD0FFAF24FC6" box="[151,1307,699,722]" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E163B6FD0FFD854FC6" box="[151,620,699,722]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Cheek scale rows</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E16042FD0FFC574FC6" box="[867,958,699,722]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">3</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E1671CFD0FFAF24FC6" box="[1085,1307,699,722]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4DF1E163B6FD51FAF24FEF" box="[151,1307,741,763]" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E163B6FD51FD854FEF" box="[151,620,741,763]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Scales between pectoral- and pelvic-fin bases</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E16042FD51FC574FEF" box="[867,958,741,763]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">7</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E1671CFD51FAF24FEF" box="[1085,1307,741,763]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">8</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4DF1E163B6FCBAFAF24E30" box="[151,1307,782,804]" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E163B6FCBAFD854E30" box="[151,620,782,804]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Scales around caudal peduncle</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E16042FCBAFC574E30" box="[867,958,782,804]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">16</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E1671CFCBAFAF24E30" box="[1085,1307,782,804]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">16</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4DF1E163B6FC8CFAF24E5A" box="[151,1307,824,846]" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E163B6FC8CFD854E5A" box="[151,620,824,846]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Fins:</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4DF1E163B6FCD5FAF24E63" box="[151,1307,865,887]" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E163B6FCD5FD854E63" box="[151,620,865,887]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Dorsal-fin spines, segmented rays</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E16042FCD5FC574E63" box="[867,958,865,887]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">XVII, 10</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E1671CFCD5FAF24E63" box="[1085,1307,865,887]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">XVII, 10</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4DF1E163B6FC3EFAF24EB4" box="[151,1307,906,928]" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E163B6FC3EFD854EB4" box="[151,620,906,928]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Anal-fin spines, segmented rays</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E16042FC3EFC574EB4" box="[867,958,906,928]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">III, 9</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E1671CFC3EFAF24EB4" box="[1085,1307,906,928]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">III, 9</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4DF1E163B6FC07FAF24EDE" box="[151,1307,947,970]" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E163B6FC07FD854EDE" box="[151,620,947,970]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Pectoral-fin rays</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E16042FC07FC574EDE" box="[867,958,947,970]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">14</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E1671CFC07FAF24EDE" box="[1085,1307,947,970]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">14</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4DF1E163B6FC69FAF24EE7" box="[151,1307,989,1011]" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E163B6FC69FD854EE7" box="[151,620,989,1011]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Gill rakers:</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4DF1E163B6FBB2FAF24908" box="[151,1307,1030,1052]" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E163B6FBB2FD854908" box="[151,620,1030,1052]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Epibranchial/angle/ceratobranchial</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E16042FBB2FC574908" box="[867,958,1030,1052]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">3/1/12</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E1671CFBB2FAF24908" box="[1085,1307,1030,1052]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">4/1/10</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4DF1E163B6FB84FAF24952" box="[151,1307,1072,1094]" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E163B6FB84FD854952" box="[151,620,1072,1094]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Teeth:</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4DF1E163B6FBEDFAF2497B" box="[151,1307,1113,1135]" gridrow="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E163B6FBEDFD85497B" box="[151,620,1113,1135]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Outer upper jaw teeth left/right</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E16042FBEDFC57497B" box="[867,958,1113,1135]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">~22/~22</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E1671CFBEDFAF2497B" box="[1085,1307,1113,1135]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">19/18</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4DF1E163B6FB36FAF2498C" box="[151,1307,1154,1176]" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E163B6FB36FD85498C" box="[151,620,1154,1176]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Inner rows upper jaw</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E16042FB36FC57498C" box="[867,958,1154,1176]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">1</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E1671CFB36FAF2498C" box="[1085,1307,1154,1176]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4DF1E163B6FB1FFAF249D5" box="[151,1307,1195,1217]" gridrow="21" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E163B6FB1FFD8549D5" box="[151,620,1195,1217]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Outer lower jaw teeth left/right</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E16042FB1FFC5749D5" box="[867,958,1195,1217]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">15/13</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E1671CFB1FFAF249D5" box="[1085,1307,1195,1217]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">16/15</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4DF1E163B6FB61FAF249FF" box="[151,1307,1237,1259]" gridrow="22" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E163B6FB61FD8549FF" box="[151,620,1237,1259]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Inner rows lower jaw</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E16042FB61FC5749FF" box="[867,958,1237,1259]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">2</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E1671CFB61FAF249FF" box="[1085,1307,1237,1259]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4DF1E163B6FB4AFAF24800" box="[151,1307,1278,1300]" gridrow="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E163B6FB4AFD854800" box="[151,620,1278,1300]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Lower pharyngeal teeth, posterior edge</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E16042FB4AFC574800" box="[867,958,1278,1300]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">28</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E1671CFB4AFAF24800" box="[1085,1307,1278,1300]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="39"></td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4DF1E163B6FA9CFAF2482A" box="[151,1307,1320,1342]" gridrow="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E163B6FA9CFD85482A" box="[151,620,1320,1342]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Lower pharyngeal teeth, median column</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E16042FA9CFC57482A" box="[867,958,1320,1342]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">89</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E1671CFA9CFAF2482A" box="[1085,1307,1320,1342]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="39"></td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE4DF1E163B6FAE5FAF24873" box="[151,1307,1361,1383]" gridrow="25" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E163B6FAE5FD854873" box="[151,620,1361,1383]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Lower pharyngeal teeth, oblique count</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E16042FAE5FC574873" box="[867,958,1361,1383]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">6</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE4DF1E1671CFAE5FAF24873" box="[1085,1307,1361,1383]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="4" pageNumber="39"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="83513691BE4D0E1A63E8FA66FDF048FE" blockId="4.[151,1437,1490,1983]" box="[201,537,1490,1515]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4D0E1A63E8FA66FE7548FF" bold="true" box="[201,412,1490,1515]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Coloration in life.</emphasis>
Unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="83513691BE4D0E1A63E8FA42FD3D4AAB" blockId="4.[151,1437,1490,1983]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4D0E1A63E8FA42FDEA4B1B" bold="true" box="[201,515,1526,1551]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Coloration in preservative</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="1BD52A14BE4D0E1A6132FA42FDBD4B1A" box="[531,596,1526,1550]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1937,1960]" captionTargetBox="[179,1415,193,1924]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[179,1416,193,1925]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Left and right sides of Hemitaeniochromis brachyrhynchus specimens. Not to same scale. a, YPM 25201, holotype, 123.6 mm SL, Lake MalaŴi, Thumbi Island West; b, MRAC 99 - 41 - P- 1746, paratype, 81.5 mm SL, Lake MalaŴi, Nkhata Bay." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213532/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). Dorsum, nuchal region, head above eye, and upper surface of snout dark brown; remainder of head and body with nearly uniform tan or light brown ground color, becoming paler on hyoid area and branchiostegal membrane and silvery tan on belly. Lacrimal brown, lacking distinct stripe; operculum with dark spot; no other distinct head markings. Seven faint vertical bars below dorsal-fin base, darkest on upper body; traces of two further bars on caudal peduncle. Four to five indistinct dorsal midline spots below dorsal-fin base. Supralateral stripe situated just above upper lateral line, extending discontinuously between subdorsal bars 14, darkest at bar intersections and between bars 2 and 3. Midlateral stripe just above level of lower lateral line, partly discontinuous, originating at subdorsal bar 2 and extending to end of caudal peduncle where it forms a more or less discrete small precaudal spot; this stripe darkest at bar intersections and most nearly continuous above anal fin. Dorsal fin lacking a submarginal stripe; soft dorsal marbled with darker and lighter brown markings. Caudalfin membrane light to medium brown, without evident maculae. Anal fin nearly uniform brownish;
<typeStatus id="5C558833BE4D0E1A6620F8EAFA8A4A62" box="[1281,1379,1886,1910]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
with hints of ~3 elongate paler spots with darker margins on posterior half of fin. Pectoral hyaline; pelvic brownish on anterior half, unpigmented on posterior 2 or 3 rays.
</paragraph>
<caption id="D7916619BE4C0E1B63B6F825FF2C4AF1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213532/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" targetBox="[179,1415,193,1924]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="83513691BE4C0E1B63B6F825FF2C4AF1" blockId="5.[151,1436,1937,2021]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4C0E1B63B6F825FEFD4AB3" bold="true" box="[151,276,1937,1960]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
Left and right sides of
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE4C0E1B6128F825FC934AB3" box="[521,890,1937,1959]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyrhynchus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4C0E1B6128F825FC934AB3" box="[521,890,1937,1959]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Hemitaeniochromis brachyrhynchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens. Not to same scale.
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4C0E1B679EF826FB254AB3" bold="true" box="[1215,1228,1938,1959]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">a</emphasis>
, YPM 25201, holotype, 123.6 mm SL, Lake MalaŴi, Thumbi Island West;
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4C0E1B61F1F805FD374AD2" bold="true" box="[720,734,1969,1990]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">b</emphasis>
, MRAC 99-41-P-1746, paratype, 81.5 mm SL, Lake MalaŴi, Nkhata Bay.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="D7916619BE4F0E1863B6FB97FDC749C7" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213533/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" targetBox="[151,1435,193,1038]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="83513691BE4F0E1863B6FB97FDC749C7" blockId="6.[151,1437,1059,1235]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4F0E1863B6FB97FEFD492D" bold="true" box="[151,276,1059,1082]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE4F0E18623AFB90FD65492E" box="[283,652,1060,1082]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyrhynchus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4F0E18623AFB90FD65492E" box="[283,652,1060,1082]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Hemitaeniochromis brachyrhynchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, details of YPM 25201, holotype. All scale bars = 2 mm.
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4F0E1867C2FB90FB19492D" bold="true" box="[1251,1264,1060,1081]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">a</emphasis>
, Snout region in left lateral view to show lacrimal and upper jaw.
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4F0E1861A8FBF7FD7E494C" bold="true" box="[649,663,1091,1112]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">b</emphasis>
, Lower pharyngeal bone (rostral tip at bottom of image).
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4F0E1867C5FBF7FB06494C" bold="true" box="[1252,1263,1091,1112]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">c</emphasis>
, Anterior part of premaxillary dental arcade in occlusal view, after lip tissue has been pushed back and allowed to dry and shrink to reveal tooth shafts.
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4F0E1863FFFB34FF054981" bold="true" box="[222,236,1152,1173]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">d</emphasis>
, Median premaxillary teeth of outer row in anterior view, after lip tissue has been pushed back and allowed to dry and shrink to reveal tooth shafts.
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4F0E18629AFB2BFE2C49A0" bold="true" box="[443,453,1183,1204]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">s</emphasis>
: Location of premaxillary symphysis. Arrow points to a tooth retaining a lateral shoulder, as seen more frequently in the smaller paratype.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="83513691BE4F0E1963E8FB4EFD974DC0" blockId="6.[151,1437,1274,2018]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,151,212]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4F0E1863E8FB4EFE174807" bold="true" box="[201,510,1274,1299]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Habitat and distribution.</emphasis>
Almost nothing is known. Two large collecting efforts (
<collectingCountry id="FBF97601BE4F0E1867BAFB4EFB374806" box="[1179,1246,1274,1298]" name="Macao" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">MKO</collectingCountry>
and colleagues,
<date id="F7501051BE4F0E1863B6FAABFEA54823" box="[151,332,1311,1335]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" value="1980-06" valueMax="1980-08-31" valueMin="1980-06-00">Jun.Aug. 1980</date>
, 133 stations; SADC/GEF, 1990s, see
<bibRefCitation id="E77F4B60BE4F0E1861DCFAABFBA74823" author="Duponchelle" box="[765,1102,1311,1335]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" refString="Duponchelle, F. &amp; Ribbink, A. J., Eds. (2000) Fish ecology report. Lake Malawi / Nyasa / Niassa Biodiversity Conservation Project. SADC / GEF (Southern African Development Community, Gaborone, Botswana / Global Environmental Facility, Washington, D. C.), 325 pp. (many unnumbered)." type="book" year="2000">Duponchelle &amp; Ribbink 2000</bibRefCitation>
), each obtaining thousands of fishes from varied habitats, localities, and depths with a range of techniques, collected only a single
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE4F0E186601FAF0FF14486B" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyrhynchus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4F0E186601FAF0FF14486B" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">H. brachyrhynchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimen apiece. The two specimens are from localities
<quantity id="44169B74BE4F0E18605CFAD3FC3B486B" box="[893,978,1383,1407]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" unit="km" value="270.0">270 km</quantity>
apart (
<figureCitation id="1BD52A14BE4F0E186701FAD3FB8C486B" box="[1056,1125,1383,1407]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1953,1976]" captionTargetBox="[499,1087,205,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[499,1088,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Lake MalaŴi with arrows pointing to the localities where specimens of Hemitaeniochromis brachyrhynchus were collected. Thumbi Island West: YPM 25201, holotype; Nkhata Bay: MRAC 99 - 41 - P- 1746, paratype. Scale bar = 100 km." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213536/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
), indicating that
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE4F0E186602FADCFF1448B7" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyrhynchus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4F0E186602FADCFF1448B7" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">H. brachyrhynchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is widely distributed. The depths of capture of the two specimens are uncertain. The
<typeStatus id="5C558833BE4F0E186797FA3EFAF148B6" box="[1206,1304,1418,1442]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
was caught in an unspecified part of a set of demersal trammel nets and experimental gillnets, of various mesh sizes, totaling
<quantity id="44169B74BE4F0E1863B6FA66FF0948FE" box="[151,224,1490,1514]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.83" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" unit="m" value="183.0">183 m</quantity>
in length, which had been set in series overnight on the bottom (over rocks possibly with areas of sand) where the depth extended from
<quantity id="44169B74BE4F0E1862D6FA43FDB44B1B" box="[503,605,1527,1551]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="3.8" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" unit="m" value="27.5" valueMax="38.0" valueMin="17.0">
17
<specimenCount id="95E8FD18BE4F0E186100FA43FDB44B1B" box="[545,605,1527,1551]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" type="generic">38 m</specimenCount>
</quantity>
. The stomach of the
<typeStatus id="5C558833BE4F0E186062FA43FC4C4B1B" box="[835,933,1527,1551]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
was everted when the specimen was brought to the surface, suggesting that it came from relatively deep water. The
<typeStatus id="5C558833BE4F0E18608AF9AFFBE54B27" box="[939,1036,1563,1587]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
was purchased at Nkhata Bay from artisanal fishermen; its labels do not record the method of capture, but I speculate that it might have been angled on a longline from a dugout canoe as this is a popular indigenous fishing technique at Nkhata Bay. This species does not seem to be represented in the most complete photographic atlas of
<collectingCountry id="FBF97601BE4F0E186097F933FBE54B8B" box="[950,1036,1671,1695]" name="Malawi" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Malaŵi</collectingCountry>
cichlids from all habitats (
<bibRefCitation id="E77F4B60BE4F0E18661AF933FF3D4BD6" author="Konings" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" refString="Konings, A. (2007) Mala w i cichlids in their natural habitat. 4 th edition. Cichlid Press, El Paso, Texas, 424 pp." type="book" year="2007">Konings 2007</bibRefCitation>
). [An entity labeled
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE4F0E186298F91FFD7C4BD7" box="[441,661,1707,1731]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4F0E186298F91FFD7C4BD7" box="[441,661,1707,1731]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Hemitaeniochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE4F0E1861E9F91EFCA14BD6" box="[712,840,1706,1730]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spilopterus">spilopterus</taxonomicName>
blue by Konings is, to judge by the single male and female he illustrates, reminiscent of
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE4F0E186118F964FCFB4BF3" box="[569,786,1743,1767]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyrhynchus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4F0E186118F964FCFB4BF3" box="[569,786,1743,1767]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">H. brachyrhynchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but appears to have a distinctly wider lacrimal ~55% of orbit length (vs. 33.534.5% in
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE4F0E1862D9F940FD244A1F" box="[504,717,1779,1803]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyrhynchus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4F0E1862D9F940FD244A1F" box="[504,717,1779,1803]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">H. brachyrhynchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and has the midlateral stripe (clearly visible in the female) continuously pigmented, not broken into spots, although it is slightly darker where crossed by the vertical bars as in other striped species. I would consider it a
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE4F0E1861B4F88FFCFC4A47" box="[661,789,1851,1875]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4F0E1861B4F88FFCFC4A47" box="[661,789,1851,1875]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Protomelas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.] I am not aware of any
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE4F0E186762F888FAF44A47" box="[1091,1309,1851,1875]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyrhynchus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4F0E186762F888FAF44A47" box="[1091,1309,1851,1875]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">H. brachyrhynchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens resulting from the extensive experimental trawling program in the southern lake; no specimens were illustrated or described in Turners (1996) book on offshore cichlids. The scant available information thus suggests that
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE4F0E1866A0F830FEA24AAB" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyrhynchus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4F0E1866A0F830FEA24AAB" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">H. brachyrhynchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a widely distributed but rare species, apparently occurring around rocks in rather deep water. Although it has not been possible to examine stomach contents, the distinctive lower-jaw teeth, with their outwardly and anteriorly angled crowns, are similar to those of other haplochromine cichlids, of several lineages, that have a paedophagous diet (see Discussion).
</paragraph>
<caption id="D7916619BE4E0E1963B6FBB3FB8A498C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213535/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" targetBox="[151,1435,265,1010]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="83513691BE4E0E1963B6FBB3FB8A498C" blockId="7.[151,1436,1031,1176]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4E0E1963B6FBB3FEFD4909" bold="true" box="[151,276,1031,1054]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE4E0E19623DFBB3FD644909" box="[284,653,1031,1053]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyrhynchus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4E0E19623DFBB3FD644909" box="[284,653,1031,1053]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Hemitaeniochromis brachyrhynchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. All scale bars = 2 mm.
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4E0E1960ACFBBCFC734909" bold="true" box="[909,922,1032,1053]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">a</emphasis>
, MRAC 99-41-P-1746, paratype, 81.5 mm SL, in left and slightly anterolateral view, showing jaws, dentition, and most of lacrimal bone.
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4E0E19673CFB92FBC2492F" bold="true" box="[1053,1067,1062,1083]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">b</emphasis>
, Same, showing exposed crowns of unequally bicuspid anterior teeth, the nearly conical major cusps angled forward and slightly outward.
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4E0E1967E1FBF1FB22494E" bold="true" box="[1216,1227,1093,1114]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">c</emphasis>
, YPM 25201, holotype, 123.6 mm SL, in left and slightly dorsolateral view, showing anterior part of lower jaw.
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4E0E196766FBD0FBBC496D" bold="true" box="[1095,1109,1124,1145]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">d</emphasis>
, Same, showing exposed tips of nearly conical crowns angled forward and slightly outward, largely buried in thickened mucosa.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="83513691BE4E0E1963E8FB70FBF54831" blockId="7.[151,1436,1220,2037]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4E0E1963E8FB70FE5449C9" bold="true" box="[201,445,1220,1245]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Conservation status.</emphasis>
Unknown.
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE4E0E196161FB71FC3E49C9" box="[576,983,1221,1245]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyrhynchus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4E0E196161FB71FC3E49C9" box="[576,983,1221,1245]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Hemitaeniochromis brachyrhynchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may normally inhabit deeper water than has generally been sampled over rocky substrates. The widely separated localities of the two
<typeStatus id="5C558833BE4E0E1967EEFB5DFB164815" box="[1231,1279,1257,1281]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">type</typeStatus>
specimens at least demonstrate that the species is not restricted to a single circumscribed area.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CBF4651ABE4E0E1963E8FA85FEE94884" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="83513691BE4E0E1963E8FA85FEE94884" blockId="7.[151,1436,1220,2037]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4E0E1963E8FA85FEB9485D" bold="true" box="[201,336,1329,1353]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Etymology.</emphasis>
Latinized from the Greek adjective βραχύσ, short, and noun ρύγχοσ, snout, in reference to the abbreviated preocular region of the head;
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE4E0E19614AFAE1FCF64879" box="[619,799,1365,1389]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyrhynchus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4E0E19614AFAE1FCF64879" box="[619,799,1365,1389]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">brachyrhynchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a noun in apposition. No indigenous names have been recorded.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CBF4651ABE4E0E1063E8FA28FB904C93" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="83513691BE4E0E1963E8FA28FB424A71" blockId="7.[151,1436,1220,2037]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4E0E1963E8FA28FEA748A1" bold="true" box="[201,334,1436,1461]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Discussion.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE4E0E196274FA29FDD848A1" box="[341,561,1437,1461]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4E0E196274FA29FDD848A1" box="[341,561,1437,1461]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Hemitaeniochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was proposed for a single species,
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE4E0E19609CFA2AFBA248A1" box="[957,1099,1438,1461]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Haplochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="urotaenia">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4E0E19609CFA2AFBA248A1" box="[957,1099,1438,1461]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">H. urotaenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="1BD52A14BE4E0E19677AFA29FB7648A1" box="[1115,1183,1437,1461]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,631,654]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,193,591]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,592]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Hemitaeniochromis urotaenia, USNM 266842, living; MalaŴi: Lake MalaŴi: Nankumba Peninsula between Otter Island and Chembe, off sand beach, depth 9 11 m, 3 Jul. 1980; M. K. Oliver, K. R. McKaye, &amp; T. D. Kocher. Note the wide lacrimal bone, about equal to eye length. This specimen has an atypical midlateral stripe, usually continuous on its caudal half." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213537/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). The genus was diagnosed “…by having a boldly marked melanin pattern consisting of a mid-lateral band confined to the posterior half of the flank but continued forwards as a series of spots and a supralateral band broken into a series of spots. Mouth large, lower jaw 2.0 to
<quantity id="44169B74BE4E0E19628FF9BCFE1B4B34" box="[430,498,1544,1568]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.588" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="in" value="2.2">2.2 in</quantity>
head length, with well developed mental region. Outer teeth unicuspid, slightly recurved, separated by spaces approximately equal to tooth diameter” (
<bibRefCitation id="E77F4B60BE4E0E19608EF999FB1C4B51" author="Eccles" box="[943,1269,1581,1605]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" refString="Eccles, D. H. &amp; Trewavas, E. (1989) Mala w ian cichlid fishes. The classification of some Haplochromine genera. Lake Fish Movies, Herten, West Germany, 334 + [i] pp." type="book chapter" year="1989">Eccles &amp; Trewavas 1989: 71</bibRefCitation>
). In couplet 57 of their key to genera, these authors noted further that
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE4E0E196027F9E5FC0B4B7D" box="[774,994,1617,1641]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4E0E196027F9E5FC0B4B7D" box="[774,994,1617,1641]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Hemitaeniochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(together with
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE4E0E1967B3F9E5FAA14B7D" box="[1170,1352,1617,1641]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Tyrannochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4E0E1967B3F9E5FAA14B7D" box="[1170,1352,1617,1641]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Tyrannochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which has a very similar melanic pattern but, because of its beaklike jaws and laterally compressed head, is not likely to be confused with
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE4E0E19627DF92DFDD14BA5" box="[348,568,1689,1713]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4E0E19627DF92DFDD14BA5" box="[348,568,1689,1713]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Hemitaeniochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) are “[l]arge-mouthed predators” with “… teeth all unicuspid in fish over
<quantity id="44169B74BE4E0E196653F92CFF2A4BC1" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="100.0">100 mm</quantity>
SL, sometimes very unequally bicuspid in smaller individuals.” Although not mentioned in the diagnosis, it is also noteworthy that the interrupted midlateral stripe begins about 5 scales behind the operculum, instead of immediately behind it as in the plesiomorphic haplochromine pattern. However, this apomorphic condition is not unique to
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE4E0E196399F89DFE7D4A55" box="[184,404,1833,1857]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4E0E196399F89DFE7D4A55" box="[184,404,1833,1857]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Hemitaeniochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, being found also in some species currently assigned to
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE4E0E196712F89DFB5A4A55" box="[1075,1203,1833,1857]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4E0E196712F89DFB5A4A55" box="[1075,1203,1833,1857]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Protomelas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE4E0E1967C7F89DFE204A71" authority="Regan, 1922" authorityName="Regan" authorityYear="1922" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Tyrannochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrostoma">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4E0E1967C7F89DFEC84A71" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Tyrannochromis macrostoma</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="E77F4B60BE4E0E19620EF8F9FE2B4A71" author="Regan" box="[303,450,1869,1893]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" refString="Regan, C. T. (1922) The cichlid fishes of Lake Nyassa. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1921, 675 - 727, pls. I - VI." type="proceedings paper" year="1922">Regan, 1922</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and in some individuals of
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE4E0E196024F8F9FB4E4A71" authority="Gunther, 1894" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1894" box="[773,1191,1869,1893]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Lethrinops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lethrinus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4E0E196024F8F9FC034A71" box="[773,1002,1869,1893]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Lethrinops lethrinus</emphasis>
(Günther, 1894)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="83513691BE4E0E1463E8F8C5FE5148DB" blockId="7.[151,1436,1220,2037]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1436,1319,2029]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE4E0E1963E8F8C5FD8F4A9D" box="[201,614,1905,1929]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyrhynchus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4E0E1963E8F8C5FD8F4A9D" box="[201,614,1905,1929]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Hemitaeniochromis brachyrhynchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
fits into this original diagnosis of
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE4E0E196737F8C5FB184A9D" box="[1046,1265,1905,1929]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE4E0E196737F8C5FB184A9D" box="[1046,1265,1905,1929]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Hemitaeniochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
well in some respects, including the apomorphic discontinuous midlateral stripe beginning well behind the operculum and the spaced, unicuspid adult jaw teeth. The exceptional characters are the smaller mouth (lower jaw
<quantity id="44169B74BE4E0E1967E5F80CFAB94AC4" box="[1220,1360,1976,2000]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3373" metricValueMax="6.4516" metricValueMin="6.223" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="in" value="2.495" valueMax="2.54" valueMin="2.45">2.452.54 in</quantity>
head), the less well-defined midlateral stripe (compare
<figureCitation id="1BD52A14BE4E0E196195F869FCE94AE1" box="[692,768,2013,2037]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1937,1960]" captionTargetBox="[179,1415,193,1924]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[179,1416,193,1925]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Left and right sides of Hemitaeniochromis brachyrhynchus specimens. Not to same scale. a, YPM 25201, holotype, 123.6 mm SL, Lake MalaŴi, Thumbi Island West; b, MRAC 99 - 41 - P- 1746, paratype, 81.5 mm SL, Lake MalaŴi, Nkhata Bay." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213532/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation id="1BD52A14BE4E0E196016F869FCAF4AE1" box="[823,838,2013,2037]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,631,654]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,193,591]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,592]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Hemitaeniochromis urotaenia, USNM 266842, living; MalaŴi: Lake MalaŴi: Nankumba Peninsula between Otter Island and Chembe, off sand beach, depth 9 11 m, 3 Jul. 1980; M. K. Oliver, K. R. McKaye, &amp; T. D. Kocher. Note the wide lacrimal bone, about equal to eye length. This specimen has an atypical midlateral stripe, usually continuous on its caudal half." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213537/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">5</figureCitation>
), the outwardly curved crowns of the anterior lower jaw teeth, and the more closely spaced jaw teeth of the
<typeStatus id="5C558833BE430E146025FA9CFC8D4854" box="[772,868,1320,1344]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
(but not the
<typeStatus id="5C558833BE430E1460D5FA93FBB0482B" box="[1012,1113,1319,1343]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, a larger specimen). At present, without stronger phylogenetic evidence,
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE430E1461B2FAF8FC874870" box="[659,878,1356,1380]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE430E1461B2FAF8FC874870" box="[659,878,1356,1380]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Hemitaeniochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to be the most appropriate genus for this new species, as also indicated by
<bibRefCitation id="E77F4B60BE430E14612DFADBFCD74893" author="Snoeks" box="[524,830,1391,1415]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" refString="Snoeks, J. &amp; Hanssens, M. (2004) Identification guidelines to other non-mbuna. In: Snoeks, J. (Ed.), The cichlid diversity of Lake Malawi / Nyasa / Niassa: identification, distribution and taxonomy. Cichlid Press, El Paso, Texas, pp. 266 - 310." type="book chapter" year="2004">Snoeks &amp; Hanssens (2004)</bibRefCitation>
. However, except for the specialized midlateral stripe, no convincing synapomorphy shared with
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE430E1461A2FA21FCFC48B8" box="[643,789,1429,1452]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Haplochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="urotaenia">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE430E1461A2FA21FCFC48B8" box="[643,789,1429,1452]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">H. urotaenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is evident from external examination of the
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE430E14663EFA21FF1448C4" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyrhynchus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE430E14663EFA21FF1448C4" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">H. brachyrhynchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="5C558833BE430E146225FA0CFEDD48C4" box="[260,308,1464,1488]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">type</typeStatus>
specimens.
</paragraph>
<caption id="D7916619BE410E1663B6F815FA8E4AC2" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213536/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" targetBox="[499,1087,205,1920]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="83513691BE410E1663B6F815FA8E4AC2" blockId="8.[151,1437,1953,2006]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE410E1663B6F815FEFA4AA3" bold="true" box="[151,275,1953,1976]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Lake MalaŴi with arrows pointing to the localities where specimens of
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE410E1660D5F815FA8D4AA3" box="[1012,1380,1953,1975]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyrhynchus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE410E1660D5F815FA8D4AA3" box="[1012,1380,1953,1975]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Hemitaeniochromis brachyrhynchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were collected. Thumbi Island West: YPM 25201, holotype; Nkhata Bay: MRAC 99-41-P-1746, paratype. Scale bar = 100 km.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="D7916619BE400E1763B6FDC3FA944FDE" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213537/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" targetBox="[151,1434,193,591]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="83513691BE400E1763B6FDC3FA944FDE" blockId="9.[151,1436,631,714]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE400E1763B6FDC3FEFB4F99" bold="true" box="[151,274,631,654]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE400E176239FDC3FDAF4F99" box="[280,582,631,653]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="urotaenia">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE400E176239FDC3FDAF4F99" box="[280,582,631,653]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Hemitaeniochromis urotaenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, USNM 266842, living; MalaŴi: Lake MalaŴi: Nankumba Peninsula between Otter Island and Chembe, off sand beach, depth 911 m, 3 Jul. 1980; M.K. Oliver, K.R. McKaye, &amp; T.D. Kocher. Note the wide lacrimal bone, about equal to eye length. This specimen has an atypical midlateral stripe, usually continuous on its caudal half.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="D7916619BE400E1763B6F96EFBCD4A9E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213538/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" targetBox="[158,1428,764,1711]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="83513691BE400E1763B6F96EFBCD4A9E" blockId="9.[151,1437,1754,1930]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE400E1763B6F96EFEFD4BE4" bold="true" box="[151,276,1754,1777]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE400E17623CF96FFE274BE5" box="[285,462,1755,1777]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kirkii">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE400E17623CF96FFE274BE5" box="[285,462,1755,1777]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Protomelas kirkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, type species of
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE400E1761A1F96FFD1D4BE5" box="[640,756,1755,1777]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE400E1761A1F96FFD1D4BE5" box="[640,756,1755,1777]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Protomelas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, living adult specimens.
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE400E1760D8F96FFBEF4BE4" bold="true" box="[1017,1030,1755,1776]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">a</emphasis>
, Apparent male, YPM 14519, MalaŴi: Lake MalaŴi: Nankumba Peninsula, off beach between Otter Point and Chembe, sand with
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE400E17671AF94FFB2B4A04" box="[1083,1218,1787,1808]" class="Liliopsida" family="Potamogetonaceae" genus="Potamogeton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE400E17671AF94FFB2B4A04" box="[1083,1218,1787,1808]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Potamogeton</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE400E1767D2F94EFA884A04" box="[1267,1377,1786,1808]" class="Liliopsida" family="Hydrocharitaceae" genus="Vallisneria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE400E1767D2F94EFA884A04" box="[1267,1377,1786,1808]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Vallisneria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
beds, 45 m depth, 7 Aug. 1980; M.K. Oliver, K.R. McKaye, &amp; T.D. Kocher.
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE400E1760A6F8ADFC7C4A3A" bold="true" box="[903,917,1817,1838]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">b</emphasis>
, Another individual, MKO 80-126, MalaŴi: Lake MalaŴi: Nankumba Peninsula, off swamp at NE end Chembe village, sand, 3 m depth, experimental gillnets &amp; trammel nets set in series parallel to shore, 1718 Aug. 1980; M.K. Oliver, K.R. McKaye, &amp; T.D. Kocher. Note midlateral stripe with origin close behind operculum, and small, narrow mouth. Note images are not to the same scale.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="D7916619BE430E1463B6FB13FD1849EF" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213539/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" targetBox="[152,1435,193,1188]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="83513691BE430E1463B6FB13FD1849EF" blockId="10.[151,1436,1191,1275]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE430E1463B6FB13FEFA49A9" bold="true" box="[151,275,1191,1214]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE430E146238FB13FDED49A9" box="[281,516,1191,1213]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spilopterus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE430E146238FB13FDED49A9" box="[281,516,1191,1213]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Protomelas spilopterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, living adult individuals; MKO 80-62, MalaŴi: Lake MalaŴi: Nankumba Peninsula, ~300 m S of Otter Island, trammel nets, 910 Jul. 1980; M.K. Oliver, K.R. McKaye, &amp; T.D. Kocher.
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE430E14674AFB73FB9E49C8" bold="true" box="[1131,1143,1223,1244]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">a</emphasis>
, Breeding male;
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE430E146609FB73FADF49C8" bold="true" box="[1320,1334,1223,1244]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">b</emphasis>
, Subordinate male or female. Note images are not to the same scale.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="83513691BE430E1463E8FA68FAA84A48" blockId="10.[151,1436,1319,2029]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
The unusual forward and outward curvature of the anterior tooth crowns in the lower jaw of
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE430E14663FFA69FF144B0C" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyrhynchus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE430E14663FFA69FF144B0C" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">H. brachyrhynchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also seen in a few other haplochromine cichlids. Similar dentition characterizes the known paedophages (specialist feeders on eggs and larvae, usually of other cichlids) of the genus
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE430E146781F990FAD24B28" box="[1184,1339,1572,1596]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Caprichromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE430E146781F990FAD24B28" box="[1184,1339,1572,1596]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Caprichromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the suspected paedophage
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE430E1462BAF9FCFB3E4B4B" authority="(Trewavas, 1935) (Eccles &amp; Trewavas 1989: 69)" authorityName="(Trewavas, 1935) (Eccles &amp; Trewavas" authorityPageNumber="69" authorityYear="1989" box="[411,1239,1607,1632]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spilopterus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE430E1462BAF9FCFD494B74" box="[411,672,1608,1632]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Protomelas spilopterus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="E77F4B60BE430E146190F9F3FC8E4B4B" author="Trewavas" box="[689,871,1607,1631]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" refString="Trewavas, E. (1935) A synopsis of the cichlid fishes of Lake Nyasa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (10) 16, 65 - 118." type="journal article" year="1935">Trewavas, 1935</bibRefCitation>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="E77F4B60BE430E1460A1F9F3FB274B4B" author="Eccles" box="[896,1230,1607,1631]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" refString="Eccles, D. H. &amp; Trewavas, E. (1989) Mala w ian cichlid fishes. The classification of some Haplochromine genera. Lake Fish Movies, Herten, West Germany, 334 + [i] pp." type="book chapter" year="1989">Eccles &amp; Trewavas 1989: 69</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, both endemic to Lake
<collectingCountry id="FBF97601BE430E1463FBF9D8FEDB4B90" box="[218,306,1644,1668]" name="Malawi" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Malaŵi</collectingCountry>
, as well as
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE430E1462E3F9D8FC7A4B90" authority="Boulenger, 1906" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1906" box="[450,915,1644,1668]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Haplochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obesus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE430E1462E3F9D8FD514B90" box="[450,696,1644,1668]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Haplochromis obesus</emphasis>
(Boulenger, 1906)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE430E146084F9D9FAE94B90" authority="Trewavas, 1928" authorityName="Trewavas" authorityYear="1928" box="[933,1280,1644,1668]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Haplochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maxillaris">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE430E146084F9D9FBD44B90" box="[933,1085,1644,1668]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">H. maxillaris</emphasis>
Trewavas, 1928
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE430E146665F9D9FE2B4BB3" authority="Trewavas, 1928" authorityName="Trewavas" authorityYear="1928" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Haplochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanopterus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE430E146665F9D9FEEE4BBC" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">H. melanopterus</emphasis>
Trewavas, 1928
</taxonomicName>
of Lake Victoria, which are also known or suspected paedophages (
<bibRefCitation id="E77F4B60BE430E1467E6F93BFA794BB3" author="Greenwood" box="[1223,1424,1679,1703]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" refString="Greenwood, P. H. (1959) A revision of the Lake Victoria Haplochromis species (Pisces, Cichlidae), Part III. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 5 (7), 179 - 218." type="journal article" year="1959">Greenwood 1959</bibRefCitation>
). A heavily built lower jaw, and teeth partly buried in thickened mucosa are also features common to
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE430E146601F901FF144BE4" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyrhynchus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE430E146601F901FF144BE4" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">H. brachyrhynchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and all these fishes. It seems reasonable to hypothesize that
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE430E146092F96DFB634BE4" box="[947,1162,1752,1776]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyrhynchus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE430E146092F96DFB634BE4" box="[947,1162,1752,1776]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">H. brachyrhynchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is another convergently specialized paedophage, which may explain why its jaws, dentition, and snout anatomy differ so strikingly from those of its congener,
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE430E1462B3F895FDC84A2C" box="[402,545,1825,1848]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="urotaenia">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE430E1462B3F895FDC84A2C" box="[402,545,1825,1848]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">H. urotaenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Stomach contents were not examined in the two known specimens, the
<typeStatus id="5C558833BE430E146641F8ABFF2E4A49" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
having had its stomach everted upon capture, as noted above; the belly of the
<typeStatus id="5C558833BE430E146715F8F1FB7D4A49" box="[1076,1172,1861,1885]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
remains unslit.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="83513691BE430E1563E8F8D3FC314CE0" blockId="10.[151,1436,1319,2029]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,151,2012]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
The nominal genus most similar to
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE430E14617DF8DCFCD14A94" box="[604,824,1896,1920]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE430E14617DF8DCFCD14A94" box="[604,824,1896,1920]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Hemitaeniochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in melanin pattern and general habitus is
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE430E146634F8DCFA7C4A94" box="[1301,1429,1896,1920]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE430E146634F8DCFA7C4A94" box="[1301,1429,1896,1920]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Protomelas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="E77F4B60BE430E1463B6F838FE3A4AB0" author="Eccles" box="[151,467,1932,1956]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" refString="Eccles, D. H. &amp; Trewavas, E. (1989) Mala w ian cichlid fishes. The classification of some Haplochromine genera. Lake Fish Movies, Herten, West Germany, 334 + [i] pp." type="book chapter" year="1989">Eccles and Trewavas (1989)</bibRefCitation>
provide no actual diagnostic characters in their diagnosis of the latter genus, even stating “No synapomorphies have been recognised separating
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE430E14600DF804FC454ADC" box="[812,940,1968,1992]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE430E14600DF804FC454ADC" box="[812,940,1968,1992]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Protomelas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the other Malaŵian genera, which are distinguished by their own synapomorphies.” Thus,
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE430E1461C7F860FC8F4AF8" box="[742,870,2004,2028]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE430E1461C7F860FC8F4AF8" box="[742,870,2004,2028]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Protomelas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a genus of convenience rather than a lineage, a catch-all for numerous more or less similarly marked, relatively plesiomorphic Lake
<collectingCountry id="FBF97601BE420E1567A0FF2CFB3F4DA4" box="[1153,1238,152,176]" name="Malawi" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Malaŵi</collectingCountry>
haplochromines. Included in
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E15623CFF08FE744DC0" box="[285,413,188,212]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E15623CFF08FE744DC0" box="[285,413,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Protomelas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Eccles and Trewavas were species “with moderate sized mouths” and a “[m]elanin pattern based on the plesiomorphic, with the longitudinal bands usually predominating.” Some species, including the
<typeStatus id="5C558833BE420E1563B6FEB1FF2E4C09" box="[151,199,261,285]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">type</typeStatus>
species
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E156206FEB1FE934C08" box="[295,378,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">P. k i r k i i</emphasis>
(Günther, 1894) (
<figureCitation id="1BD52A14BE420E156168FEB0FD674C08" box="[585,654,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1754,1777]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,764,1711]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[158,1429,764,1711]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Protomelas kirkii, type species of Protomelas, living adult specimens. a, Apparent male, YPM 14519, MalaŴi: Lake MalaŴi: Nankumba Peninsula, off beach between Otter Point and Chembe, sand with Potamogeton and Vallisneria beds, 4 5 m depth, 7 Aug. 1980; M. K. Oliver, K. R. McKaye, &amp; T. D. Kocher. b, Another individual, MKO 80 - 126, MalaŴi: Lake MalaŴi: Nankumba Peninsula, off swamp at NE end Chembe village, sand, 3 m depth, experimental gillnets &amp; trammel nets set in series parallel to shore, 17 18 Aug. 1980; M. K. Oliver, K. R. McKaye, &amp; T. D. Kocher. Note midlateral stripe with origin close behind operculum, and small, narrow mouth. Note images are not to the same scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213538/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
), have a complete midlateral stripe originating close behind the operculum. In others [e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E156280FE9DFD004C2B" authority="Trewavas, 1935" authorityName="Trewavas" authorityYear="1935" box="[417,745,295,320]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insignis">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E156280FE9DFDFE4C54" box="[417,535,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">P. insignis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="E77F4B60BE420E156108FE93FD084C2B" author="Trewavas" box="[553,737,295,319]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" refString="Trewavas, E. (1935) A synopsis of the cichlid fishes of Lake Nyasa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (10) 16, 65 - 118." type="journal article" year="1935">Trewavas, 1935</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E156007FE9DFB624C2B" authority="Trewavas, 1935" authorityName="Trewavas" authorityYear="1935" box="[806,1163,295,320]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spilonotus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E156007FE9DFC5E4C54" box="[806,951,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">P. spilonotus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="E77F4B60BE420E1560EBFE93FB6A4C2B" author="Trewavas" box="[970,1155,295,319]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" refString="Trewavas, E. (1935) A synopsis of the cichlid fishes of Lake Nyasa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (10) 16, 65 - 118." type="journal article" year="1935">Trewavas, 1935</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
] this stripe begins well behind the operculum as in
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E1562EBFEF8FD4F4C70" box="[458,678,332,356]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E1562EBFEF8FD4F4C70" box="[458,678,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Hemitaeniochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; some other
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E156014FEF8FC5C4C70" box="[821,949,332,356]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E156014FEF8FC5C4C70" box="[821,949,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Protomelas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are variable in this feature. The jaw dentition of included species is “…usually bicuspid, at least in young, but may be replaced in adults by unicuspids which, however, are not widely spaced” (
<bibRefCitation id="E77F4B60BE420E156156FE20FC774CB8" author="Eccles" box="[631,926,404,428]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" refString="Eccles, D. H. &amp; Trewavas, E. (1989) Mala w ian cichlid fishes. The classification of some Haplochromine genera. Lake Fish Movies, Herten, West Germany, 334 + [i] pp." type="book chapter" year="1989">Eccles &amp; Trewavas 1989</bibRefCitation>
). The chief characters excluding
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E15663EFE21FF144CC4" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyrhynchus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E15663EFE21FF144CC4" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">H. brachyrhynchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from this broadly defined
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E15610DFE0CFD454CC4" box="[556,684,440,464]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E15610DFE0CFD454CC4" box="[556,684,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Protomelas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and instead aligning it with
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E1560D1FE0DFB964CC4" box="[1008,1151,441,464]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="urotaenia">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E1560D1FE0DFB964CC4" box="[1008,1151,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">H. urotaenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are the interrupted, spotted midlateral stripe and the widely spaced jaw teeth in the adult
<typeStatus id="5C558833BE420E15604EFE68FC3C4CE0" box="[879,981,476,500]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="83513691BE420E1563E8FDB4FCD54F4B" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">
Two of the species that
<bibRefCitation id="E77F4B60BE420E1562C5FDB4FD4D4F03" author="Trewavas" box="[484,676,511,535]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" refString="Trewavas, E. (1935) A synopsis of the cichlid fishes of Lake Nyasa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (10) 16, 65 - 118." type="journal article" year="1935">Trewavas (1935)</bibRefCitation>
had originally described in
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E1560D1FDB4FB664F0C" box="[1008,1167,512,536]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Haplochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E1560D1FDB4FB664F0C" box="[1008,1167,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Haplochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E156780FDB5FAAA4F0C" box="[1185,1347,512,536]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spilopterus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E156780FDB5FAAA4F0C" box="[1185,1347,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">H. spilopterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E1566A0FDB5FF074F28" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insignis">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E1566A0FDB5FF074F28" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">H. insignis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, were among the forms assigned by
<bibRefCitation id="E77F4B60BE420E1561A7FD90FC2B4F28" author="Eccles" box="[646,962,548,572]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" refString="Eccles, D. H. &amp; Trewavas, E. (1989) Mala w ian cichlid fishes. The classification of some Haplochromine genera. Lake Fish Movies, Herten, West Germany, 334 + [i] pp." type="book chapter" year="1989">Eccles and Trewavas (1989)</bibRefCitation>
to their new genus
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E1567BDFD90FAF54F28" box="[1180,1308,548,572]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E1567BDFD90FAF54F28" box="[1180,1308,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Protomelas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Both have been referred to
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E15626EFDFCFDC24F74" box="[335,555,584,608]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E15626EFDFCFDC24F74" box="[335,555,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Hemitaeniochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by some recent authors.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="83513691BE420E1563E8FDD8FE694EB0" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">
The first of these,
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E1562B7FDD9FDC74F90" box="[406,558,620,644]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spilopterus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E1562B7FDD9FDC74F90" box="[406,558,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">P. spilopterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is a moderately common large-eyed cichlid of sandy shores and intermediate (sand/rock) areas, recognizable in the field by its obliquely inclined mouth, heavy lower jaw with dentary more than twice as deep as the premaxilla, and continuous midlateral stripe (exceptionally broken into separate spots) originating close behind the operculum (
<figureCitation id="1BD52A14BE420E156141FD63FD4C4FFB" box="[608,677,727,751]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1191,1214]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,193,1188]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[152,1436,193,1188]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Protomelas spilopterus, living adult individuals; MKO 80 - 62, MalaŴi: Lake MalaŴi: Nankumba Peninsula, ~ 300 m S of Otter Island, trammel nets, 9 10 Jul. 1980; M. K. Oliver, K. R. McKaye, &amp; T. D. Kocher. a, Breeding male; b, Subordinate male or female. Note images are not to the same scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213539/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). Its jaw teeth are unequally bicuspid in young individuals, becoming mostly unicuspid in adults, the lower-jaw teeth having the crowns angled slightly forward. Although this species has not been observed to feed, it is strongly suspected of being a paedophage (
<bibRefCitation id="E77F4B60BE420E15674EFCABFA714E23" author="Eccles" box="[1135,1432,799,824]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" refString="Eccles, D. H. &amp; Trewavas, E. (1989) Mala w ian cichlid fishes. The classification of some Haplochromine genera. Lake Fish Movies, Herten, West Germany, 334 + [i] pp." type="book chapter" year="1989">Eccles &amp; Trewavas 1989</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E77F4B60BE420E1563B6FCF0FED34E48" author="Konings" box="[151,314,836,860]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" refString="Konings, A. (2007) Mala w i cichlids in their natural habitat. 4 th edition. Cichlid Press, El Paso, Texas, 424 pp." type="book" year="2007">Konings 2007</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="E77F4B60BE420E15626DFCF0FDDC4E48" author="Konings" box="[332,565,836,860]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" refString="Konings, A. (2007) Mala w i cichlids in their natural habitat. 4 th edition. Cichlid Press, El Paso, Texas, 424 pp." type="book" year="2007">Konings (2007: 344)</bibRefCitation>
remarks, “…in my opinion
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E15604EFCF1FBE74E48" box="[879,1038,836,860]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spilopterus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E15604EFCF1FBE74E48" box="[879,1038,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">H. spilopterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
belongs to [
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E1567B8FCF0FA9C4E48" box="[1177,1397,836,860]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E1567B8FCF0FA9C4E48" box="[1177,1397,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Hemitaeniochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
] as it shares all its morphological characteristics. The only discrepancy is that the mid-lateral stripe is continuous in most individuals….”
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="83513691BE420E1563E8FC1BFC304AC8" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">
The other species,
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E1562BBFC05FDE54EDC" box="[410,524,945,968]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insignis">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E1562BBFC05FDE54EDC" box="[410,524,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">P. insignis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is a rather uncommon intermediate-zone inhabitant with a midlateral stripe originating at least an eye diameter behind the operculum. This stripe is most often continuous, but may be divided into semi-discrete spots (
<figureCitation id="1BD52A14BE420E15625FFC43FE38491B" box="[382,465,1015,1039]" captionStart="FIGURE 8. a" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1296,1319]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,193,1275]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1275]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 8. a, Protomelas insignis, USNM 266835, large breeding male, immediately postmortem; MalaŴi: Lake MalaŴi: Thumbi Island West, off S-facing bay 200 m E of islands W end, rock / sand interface, demersal trammel and experimental gillnets, depth 41 48 m, 24 26 Jun. 1980; M. K. Oliver, K. R. McKaye, &amp; T. D. Kocher. b, Otopharynx ovatus, MKO 80 - 62, adult, apparently male, immediately postmortem; MalaŴi: Lake MalaŴi: Nankumba Peninsula 300 m S of Otter Island, rock / sand interface, demersal trammel nets, depth 30 55 m, 9 10 Jul. 1980; M. K. Oliver, K. R. McKaye, &amp; T. D. Kocher. Note images are not to the same scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213540/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Fig. 8a</figureCitation>
). The outer jaw teeth are predominantly unicuspid in adults, but occasional teeth with bicuspid crowns are retained.
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E1562D0FBA8FD3B4920" box="[497,722,1052,1076]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insignis">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E1562D0FBA8FD3B4920" box="[497,722,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Protomelas insignis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been observed to feed by stealing eggs from the nests of other sandy-shore cichlids in nesting arenas, especially where multiple species are nesting (
<bibRefCitation id="E77F4B60BE420E1567BAFB8BFA8D4943" author="Lewis" box="[1179,1380,1087,1112]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" refString="Lewis, D. S. C., Reinthal, P. N. &amp; Trendall, J. (1986) A guide to the fishes of Lake Mala w i National Park. World Wildlife Fund, Gland, Switzerland, 71 pp." type="book" year="1986">
Lewis
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E1567C9FBF5FAF3494C" box="[1256,1306,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">et al</emphasis>
. 1986
</bibRefCitation>
: 39). These authors, and
<bibRefCitation id="E77F4B60BE420E156257FBD0FDC34968" author="Konings" box="[374,554,1124,1148]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" refString="Konings, A. (2007) Mala w i cichlids in their natural habitat. 4 th edition. Cichlid Press, El Paso, Texas, 424 pp." type="book" year="2007">Konings (2007)</bibRefCitation>
, report the same unusual behavior in
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E1560F9FBD0FB594968" box="[984,1200,1124,1148]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Otopharynx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ovatus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E1560F9FBD0FB594968" box="[984,1200,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Otopharynx ovatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a cichlid with three lateral spots (
<figureCitation id="1BD52A14BE420E15620CFB3CFE8649B4" box="[301,367,1160,1184]" captionStart="FIGURE 8. a" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1296,1319]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,193,1275]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1275]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 8. a, Protomelas insignis, USNM 266835, large breeding male, immediately postmortem; MalaŴi: Lake MalaŴi: Thumbi Island West, off S-facing bay 200 m E of islands W end, rock / sand interface, demersal trammel and experimental gillnets, depth 41 48 m, 24 26 Jun. 1980; M. K. Oliver, K. R. McKaye, &amp; T. D. Kocher. b, Otopharynx ovatus, MKO 80 - 62, adult, apparently male, immediately postmortem; MalaŴi: Lake MalaŴi: Nankumba Peninsula 300 m S of Otter Island, rock / sand interface, demersal trammel nets, depth 30 55 m, 9 10 Jul. 1980; M. K. Oliver, K. R. McKaye, &amp; T. D. Kocher. Note images are not to the same scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213540/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
b). Is this mere coincidence? While re-examining one lot with five
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E156741FB3DFB3A49B4" box="[1120,1235,1161,1184]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insignis">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E156741FB3DFB3A49B4" box="[1120,1235,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">P. insignis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens (YPM 14291) in preparing this paper, I was intrigued to find in it a note I had written many years ago (
<date id="F7501051BE420E1567D3FB18FA7949D0" box="[1266,1424,1196,1220]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" value="1981-02-26">26 Feb. 1981</date>
): “NB—are
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E156230FB65FE8049FC" box="[273,361,1233,1256]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insignis">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E156230FB65FE8049FC" box="[273,361,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">insignis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E156283FB65FE0249FC" box="[418,491,1233,1256]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Otopharynx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ovatus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E156283FB65FE0249FC" box="[418,491,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">ovatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a single sp.?—similar behavior; color pattern of latter suggested in that of former. Similar phar[yngeal]s, dentition. Do they differ in anything but color pattern?” Interestingly,
<bibRefCitation id="E77F4B60BE420E1567E3FB41FA754818" author="Turner" box="[1218,1436,1268,1292]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" refString="Turner, G. F. (1996) Offshore cichlids of Lake Malawi. Cichlid Press, Lauenau, Germany, 240 pp." type="book" year="1996">Turner (1996: 196)</bibRefCitation>
independently developed a similar suspicion that
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E1561E0FAACFCC54824" box="[705,812,1304,1328]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Otopharynx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ovatus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E1561E0FAACFCC54824" box="[705,812,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">O. ovatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is conspecific with what he discussed and illustrated as
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E1563B6FA88FE9A4840" box="[151,371,1340,1364]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E1563B6FA88FE9A4840" box="[151,371,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Hemitaeniochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
insignis, a cichlid with midlateral and supralateral stripes (although he referred to the latter species as an “oblique-striped paedophage,” apparently a lapsus since both his text and his photo depict a cichlid with two horizontal stripes, not an oblique stripe). Turner remarks that “In the confusion of an attack on a spawning pair of
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E1563C8FA1CFE7C48D4" box="[233,405,1448,1472]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Copadichromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E1563C8FA1CFE7C48D4" box="[233,405,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Copadichromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, one [of] these fishes appeared to change between the spotted and striped pattern.” Thus, if Turners observations are correct, what were originally thought to be two separate and differently marked species, not closely related to each other, may be phases of a single species, which may even be capable of rapidly altering its melanin pattern to facilitate aggressive mimicry of various cichlid prey species with either striped or spotted melanic patterns. However, well before both my observations and Turners, it was David Eccles who first suspected that
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E156237F9E9FE614B60" box="[278,392,1629,1652]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insignis">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E156237F9E9FE614B60" box="[278,392,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">P. insignis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E15629CF9E9FDC14B60" box="[445,552,1629,1652]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Otopharynx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ovatus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E15629CF9E9FDC14B60" box="[445,552,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">O. ovatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
might be the same species. This is documented by his note in the jar containing (in 1972, when I examined them) the
<typeStatus id="5C558833BE420E156165F934FD4F4B8C" box="[580,678,1664,1688]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E1561ECF934FB934B83" authority="Trewavas, 1935" authorityName="Trewavas" authorityYear="1935" box="[717,1146,1663,1688]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Haplochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ovatus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E1561ECF934FC574B8C" box="[717,958,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Haplochromis ovatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E77F4B60BE420E1560E4F934FB934B83" author="Trewavas" box="[965,1146,1663,1687]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" refString="Trewavas, E. (1935) A synopsis of the cichlid fishes of Lake Nyasa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (10) 16, 65 - 118." type="journal article" year="1935">Trewavas, 1935</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, BMNH 1935.6.14.1487- 1489. Eccles note reads: “
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E1562E8F911FDAD4BA8" box="[457,580,1701,1724]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insignis">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E1562E8F911FDAD4BA8" box="[457,580,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">H. insignis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E156175F911FD294BA8" box="[596,704,1701,1724]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Haplochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ovatus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E156175F911FD294BA8" box="[596,704,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">H. ovatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E1561F1F911FCA04BA8" box="[720,841,1700,1724]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Haplochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obtusus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E1561F1F911FCA04BA8" box="[720,841,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">H. obtusus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appear to be conspecific. D.H. Eccles
<date id="F7501051BE420E156625F910FA9B4BA8" box="[1284,1394,1700,1724]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" value="1969-10">Oct 1969</date>
.” (I had seen this notation, but did not consciously remember having read it, when I made my own note of the possible synonymy of
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E156211F959FE404A10" box="[304,425,1773,1796]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insignis">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E156211F959FE404A10" box="[304,425,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">H. insignis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E1562FEF959FDA34A10" box="[479,586,1773,1796]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Haplochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ovatus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E1562FEF959FDA34A10" box="[479,586,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">H. ovatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
9 years later in 1981.) Eccles same note was repeated in the lot of
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E15661BF959FF514A3C" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insignis">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E15661BF959FF514A3C" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">H. insignis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="5C558833BE420E1563E1F8A5FF174A3D" box="[192,254,1809,1833]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">types</typeStatus>
, BMNH 1935.6.14.839-843; and in that of the
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E15603DF8A5FC7F4A3C" box="[796,918,1808,1832]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Haplochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obtusus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E15603DF8A5FC7F4A3C" box="[796,918,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">H. obtusus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="5C558833BE420E1560BFF8BBFBEA4A33" box="[926,1027,1807,1831]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, BMNH 1935.6.14.1453. Nevertheless,
<bibRefCitation id="E77F4B60BE420E1563F2F880FDE24A58" author="Eccles" box="[211,523,1844,1868]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" refString="Eccles, D. H. &amp; Trewavas, E. (1989) Mala w ian cichlid fishes. The classification of some Haplochromine genera. Lake Fish Movies, Herten, West Germany, 334 + [i] pp." type="book chapter" year="1989">Eccles &amp; Trewavas (1989)</bibRefCitation>
later treated all three as valid species, even assigning them to three different genera:
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E1563CEF8ECFE244A64" box="[239,461,1880,1904]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insignis">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E1563CEF8ECFE244A64" box="[239,461,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Protomelas insignis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E1562FBF8ECFD464A64" box="[474,687,1880,1904]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Otopharynx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ovatus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E1562FBF8ECFD464A64" box="[474,687,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Otopharynx ovatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E1561CDF8ECFC1A4A64" box="[748,1011,1880,1904]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Maravichromis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obtusus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E1561CDF8ECFC1A4A64" box="[748,1011,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Maravichromis obtusus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(the last of these genera synonymized with
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E1563F0F8C8FE124A80" authority="Regan, 1920" authorityName="Regan" authorityYear="1920" box="[209,507,1916,1941]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Mylochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E1563F0F8C8FE8D4A80" box="[209,356,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Mylochromis</emphasis>
Regan, 1920
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="E77F4B60BE420E156106F8C8FCC74A80" author="Derijst" box="[551,814,1916,1940]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" refString="Derijst, E. &amp; Snoeks, J. (1992) Maravichromis Eccles &amp; Trewavas 1989, a junior synonym of Mylochromis Regan 1920 (Teleostei, Cichlidae). Cybium, 16 (2), 173." type="journal article" year="1992">Derijst &amp; Snoeks 1992</bibRefCitation>
). The question of the possible synonymy of
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E156609F8C9FA754A80" box="[1320,1436,1917,1940]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insignis">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E156609F8C9FA754A80" box="[1320,1436,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">P. insignis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE420E1563E4F815FED94AAC" box="[197,304,1953,1976]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Otopharynx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ovatus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE420E1563E4F815FED94AAC" box="[197,304,1953,1976]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">O. ovatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, species with different color patterns and currently classified in different genera, remains of considerable biological interest, but its resolution is outside the scope of this study.
</paragraph>
<caption id="D7916619BE450E1263B6FAA4FE9848D4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213540/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" targetBox="[151,1433,193,1275]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="83513691BE450E1263B6FAA4FE9848D4" blockId="12.[151,1437,1296,1472]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE450E1263B6FAA4FEC24832" bold="true" box="[151,299,1296,1319]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">FIGURE 8. a</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE450E12621BFAA5FDEC4833" box="[314,517,1297,1319]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insignis">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE450E12621BFAA5FDEC4833" box="[314,517,1297,1319]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">Protomelas insignis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, USNM 266835, large breeding male, immediately postmortem; MalaŴi: Lake MalaŴi: Thumbi Island West, off S-facing bay 200 m E of islands W end, rock/sand interface, demersal trammel and experimental gillnets, depth 4148 m, 2426 Jun. 1980; M.K. Oliver, K.R. McKaye, &amp; T.D. Kocher.
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE450E1260CEFAFAFC144877" bold="true" box="[1007,1021,1358,1379]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">b</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE450E12672AFAFAFB254870" box="[1035,1228,1358,1380]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Otopharynx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ovatus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE450E12672AFAFAFB254870" box="[1035,1228,1358,1380]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">Otopharynx ovatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, MKO 80-62, adult, apparently male, immediately postmortem; MalaŴi: Lake MalaŴi: Nankumba Peninsula 300 m S of Otter Island, rock/sand interface, demersal trammel nets, depth 3055 m, 910 Jul. 1980; M.K. Oliver, K.R. McKaye, &amp; T.D. Kocher. Note images are not to the same scale.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="83513691BE450E1263E8FA5AFC134B81" blockId="12.[151,1436,1517,2009]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">
In addition to the previously described species
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE450E1261FBFA59FC364B11" box="[730,991,1517,1541]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spilopterus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE450E1261FBFA59FC364B11" box="[730,991,1517,1541]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">Protomelas spilopterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE450E126737FA5AFB604B11" box="[1046,1161,1518,1541]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insignis">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE450E126737FA5AFB604B11" box="[1046,1161,1518,1541]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">P. insignis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, several presently undescribed species are also believed by a few workers to belong to
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE450E126049F9A5FBAD4B3D" box="[872,1092,1553,1577]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE450E126049F9A5FBAD4B3D" box="[872,1092,1553,1577]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">Hemitaeniochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Extensive lake-wide exploration of littoral habitats using SCUBA, notably by Adrianus Konings, has resulted in the discovery and photographic recording of at least seven additional forms that he refers to
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE450E1260DAF9EDFA714B64" authority="Konings 2007" authorityName="Konings" authorityYear="2007" box="[1019,1432,1624,1649]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE450E1260DAF9EDFB3E4B65" box="[1019,1239,1625,1649]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">Hemitaeniochromis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="E77F4B60BE450E1267C8F9ECFA784B64" author="Konings" box="[1257,1425,1624,1648]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" refString="Konings, A. (2007) Mala w i cichlids in their natural habitat. 4 th edition. Cichlid Press, El Paso, Texas, 424 pp." type="book" year="2007">Konings 2007</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Unfortunately, no museum specimens of these species are available for study.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="83513691BE450E1363E8F914FD354C08" blockId="12.[151,1436,1517,2009]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1436,151,284]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">
All eleven species that have been referred to
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE450E12619DF915FC714BAD" box="[700,920,1697,1721]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE450E12619DF915FC714BAD" box="[700,920,1697,1721]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">Hemitaeniochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are listed and briefly characterized in
<tableCitation id="CE6C032ABE450E126662F914FA7E4BAC" box="[1347,1431,1696,1720]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="13.[151,235,332,353]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,535,1522]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="TABLE 3. Species that have been referred to Hemitaeniochromis, with selected characteristics and authority for this generic" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D7916619BE440E1363B6FEF8FA754C75" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" tableUuid="D7916619BE440E1363B6FEF8FA754C75">Table 3</tableCitation>
. However, there are two problems with assigning all the species in
<tableCitation id="CE6C032ABE450E12605EF971FC3B4BC9" box="[895,978,1733,1757]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="13.[151,235,332,353]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,535,1522]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="TABLE 3. Species that have been referred to Hemitaeniochromis, with selected characteristics and authority for this generic" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D7916619BE440E1363B6FEF8FA754C75" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" tableUuid="D7916619BE440E1363B6FEF8FA754C75">Table 3</tableCitation>
to
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE450E1260D7F971FB3B4BC9" box="[1014,1234,1733,1757]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE450E1260D7F971FB3B4BC9" box="[1014,1234,1733,1757]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">Hemitaeniochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. First, the midlateral stripe, whose apomorphic configuration is a key feature in the definition of the genus, varies widely among these species, differing in its point of origin, width, degree of continuity, and even presence or absence. Second, nearly all of the tabulated species are either known to be, or suspected of being, paedophages, with evident adaptations in their jaw structure, dentition and, presumably, behavior for this specialized mode of predation. In contrast, the
<typeStatus id="5C558833BE450E1263E3F8CDFF1B4A85" box="[194,242,1913,1937]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">type</typeStatus>
species,
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE450E12627DF8CEFE054A85" box="[348,492,1914,1937]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="urotaenia">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE450E12627DF8CEFE054A85" box="[348,492,1914,1937]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">H. urotaenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, lacks these specializations and is known to be a “standard” generalized piscivore (
<bibRefCitation id="E77F4B60BE450E1263BFF829FE564AA1" author="Eccles" box="[158,447,1949,1973]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" refString="Eccles, D. H. &amp; Trewavas, E. (1989) Mala w ian cichlid fishes. The classification of some Haplochromine genera. Lake Fish Movies, Herten, West Germany, 334 + [i] pp." type="book chapter" year="1989">Eccles &amp; Trewavas 1989</bibRefCitation>
). Given these two problematic character distributions, attempting to force all the varied taxa represented in
<tableCitation id="CE6C032ABE450E126255F874FE214ACC" box="[372,456,1984,2008]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="13.[151,235,332,353]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,535,1522]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="TABLE 3. Species that have been referred to Hemitaeniochromis, with selected characteristics and authority for this generic" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D7916619BE440E1363B6FEF8FA754C75" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" tableUuid="D7916619BE440E1363B6FEF8FA754C75">Table 3</tableCitation>
into
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE450E126122F875FD374ACD" box="[515,734,1985,2009]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE450E126122F875FD374ACD" box="[515,734,1985,2009]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">Hemitaeniochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
would seem to render the genus undefinable and, very probably, polyphyletic. Perhaps some or all of the paedophagous species among them represent a single lineage (although, given their heterogeneous markings, this is open to doubt), which might even require a new genus. This, however, cannot be determined until specimens are available for detailed study. How should the various tabulated species be provisionally classified in the meantime?
</paragraph>
<caption id="D7916619BE440E1363B6FEF8FA754C75" ID-Table-UUID="D7916619BE440E1363B6FEF8FA754C75" box="[151,1436,331,354]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D7916619BE440E1363B6FEF8FA754C75" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" targetBox="[151,1436,535,1522]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="83513691BE440E1363B6FEF8FA754C75" blockId="13.[151,1436,331,515]" box="[151,1436,331,354]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE440E1363B6FEF8FEEF4C75" bold="true" box="[151,262,332,353]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">TABLE 3.</emphasis>
Species that have been referred to
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE440E136155FEF8FCD24C76" box="[628,827,332,354]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE440E136155FEF8FCD24C76" box="[628,827,332,354]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Hemitaeniochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with selected characteristics and authority for this generic
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="83513691BE440E1363B6FEDEFA754C94" blockId="13.[151,1436,331,515]" box="[151,1436,362,384]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">placement. Most data were gleaned from published text and photographs in the cited sources; the author is aware of no museum</paragraph>
<paragraph id="83513691BE440E1363B6FE3DFD2E4C8B" blockId="13.[151,1436,331,515]" box="[151,711,393,415]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">specimens representing any of the undescribed species.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="83513691BE440E1363BEFE0EFA8D4CC4" blockId="13.[151,1436,331,515]" box="[159,1380,442,464]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Species Midlateral stripe Diet Authority for placement</paragraph>
<paragraph id="83513691BE440E136751FE6DFCFF4F17" blockId="13.[151,1436,331,515]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
in
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE440E1367ABFE6DFD5E4F17" authority="Origin Modal" authorityName="Origin Modal" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE440E1367ABFE6DFAB84CFB" box="[1162,1361,473,495]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Hemitaeniochromis</emphasis>
Origin Modal
</taxonomicName>
structure
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="83513691BE440E1363BEFDA3FAE648A1" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
<table id="F1EEC431BE44F1E163B6FDA3FA7548E6" box="[151,1436,535,1522]" gridcols="5" gridrows="11" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE44F1E163B6FDA3FA754F7E" box="[151,1436,535,618]" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E163B6FDA3FE444F7E" box="[151,429,535,618]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE440E1363BEFDA3FE604F5F" authority="Oliver" authorityName="Oliver" box="[159,393,535,588]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyrhynchus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE440E1363BEFDA3FEAB4F58" box="[159,358,535,588]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Hemitaeniochromis brachyrhynchus</emphasis>
Oliver
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E162E3FDA3FDB84F7E" box="[450,593,535,618]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Far behind operculum</th>
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E16154FDA3FC8A4F7E" box="[629,867,535,618]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Spotted anteriorly, more continuous poste- riorly</th>
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E16052FDA3FBB34F7E" box="[883,1114,535,618]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Unknown (pae- dophage?)</th>
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E16751FDA3FA754F7E" box="[1136,1436,535,618]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Oliver (this paper); Snoeks &amp; Hanssens (2004)</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE44F1E163B6FDC9FA754FC5" box="[151,1436,637,721]" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E163B6FDC9FE444FC5" box="[151,429,637,721]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE440E1363BEFDCAFF544FA6" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE440E1363BEFDCAFE8F4F80" box="[159,358,638,660]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hemitaeniochromis</taxonomicName>
insig- nis
</emphasis>
(Trewavas) =
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE440E13638CFD08FF2E4FC5" box="[173,199,700,721]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">H.</emphasis>
sp. insignis
</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E162E3FDC9FDB84FC5" box="[450,593,637,721]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Far behind operculum</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E16154FDC9FC8A4FC5" box="[629,867,637,721]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">± Continuous, wide</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E16052FDC9FBB34FC5" box="[883,1114,637,721]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
Steals eggs from nests (Lewis
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE440E1360E1FD29FC1D4FA6" box="[960,1012,668,690]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">et al.</emphasis>
1986)
</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E16751FDC9FA754FC5" box="[1136,1436,637,721]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Turner (1996); Duponchelle &amp; Ribbink (2000); Snoeks &amp; Hanssens (2004)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE44F1E163B6FD50FA754E23" box="[151,1436,740,823]" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E163B6FD50FE444E23" box="[151,429,740,823]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE440E136384FD50FE854FEE" box="[165,364,740,762]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE440E136384FD50FE854FEE" box="[165,364,740,762]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Hemitaeniochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE440E136382FCB6FF1F4E0C" box="[163,246,770,792]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insignis">insignis</taxonomicName>
mumbo
</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E162E3FD50FDB84E23" box="[450,593,740,823]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Far behind operculum</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E16154FD50FC8A4E23" box="[629,867,740,823]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Discontinuous, wide</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E16052FD50FBB34E23" box="[883,1114,740,823]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Unknown; strong lower jaw as in pae- dophages</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E16751FD50FA754E23" box="[1136,1436,740,823]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Konings (2007)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE44F1E163B6FCFEFA754E6B" box="[151,1436,842,895]" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E163B6FCFEFE444E6B" box="[151,429,842,895]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE440E1363BEFCFFFE8F4E75" box="[159,358,843,865]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE440E1363BEFCFFFE8F4E75" box="[159,358,843,865]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Hemitaeniochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. paedophage
</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E162E3FCFEFDB84E6B" box="[450,593,842,895]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Far behind operculum</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E16154FCFEFC8A4E6B" box="[629,867,842,895]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Continuous, narrow</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E16052FCFEFBB34E6B" box="[883,1114,842,895]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Cichlid eggs, larvae (paedophage)</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E16751FCFEFA754E6B" box="[1136,1436,842,895]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Konings (2007)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE44F1E163B6FC26FA754EDC" box="[151,1436,914,968]" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E163B6FC26FE444EDC" box="[151,429,914,968]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE440E1363BEFC27FF1B4ED3" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE440E1363BEFC27FE8F4EBD" box="[159,358,915,937]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hemitaeniochromis</taxonomicName>
spi- lopterus
</emphasis>
(Trewavas)
</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E162E3FC26FDB84EDC" box="[450,593,914,968]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Close to oper- culum</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E16154FC26FC8A4EDC" box="[629,867,914,968]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Continuous, ± wide</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E16052FC26FBB34EDC" box="[883,1114,914,968]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Paedophage?</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E16751FC26FA754EDC" box="[1136,1436,914,968]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Konings (2007)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE44F1E163B6FC6EFA75493A" box="[151,1436,986,1070]" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E163B6FC6EFE44493A" box="[151,429,986,1070]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE440E1363BEFC6FFE8F4EE5" box="[159,358,987,1009]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE440E1363BEFC6FFE8F4EE5" box="[159,358,987,1009]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Hemitaeniochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE440E136382FC4DFEFE491B" box="[163,279,1017,1039]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spilopterus">spilopterus</taxonomicName>
blue
</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E162E3FC6EFDB8493A" box="[450,593,986,1070]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Far behind operculum</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E16154FC6EFC8A493A" box="[629,867,986,1070]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Continuous, wide</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E16052FC6EFBB3493A" box="[883,1114,986,1070]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Cichlid &amp; catfish eggs &amp; larvae (paedophage or opportunistic?)</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E16751FC6EFA75493A" box="[1136,1436,986,1070]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Konings (2007)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE44F1E163B6FBF5FA754962" box="[151,1436,1089,1142]" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E163B6FBF5FE444962" box="[151,429,1089,1142]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE440E1363BEFBF5FE8F4943" box="[159,358,1089,1111]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE440E1363BEFBF5FE8F4943" box="[159,358,1089,1111]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Hemitaeniochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE440E136382FBD4FEFE4962" box="[163,279,1120,1142]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spilopterus">spilopterus</taxonomicName>
jalo
</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E162E3FBF5FDB84962" box="[450,593,1089,1142]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="48"></td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E16154FBF5FC8A4962" box="[629,867,1089,1142]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">None?</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E16052FBF5FBB34962" box="[883,1114,1089,1142]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">“Strong jaws suggest a predatory lifestyle”</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E16751FBF5FA754962" box="[1136,1436,1089,1142]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Konings (2007)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE44F1E163B6FB3DFA7549C9" box="[151,1436,1161,1245]" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E163B6FB3DFE4449C9" box="[151,429,1161,1245]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE440E1363BEFB3DFE8F498B" box="[159,358,1161,1183]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE440E1363BEFB3DFE8F498B" box="[159,358,1161,1183]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Hemitaeniochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE440E136382FB1CFEFE49AA" box="[163,279,1192,1214]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spilopterus">spilopterus</taxonomicName>
kande
</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E162E3FB3DFDB849C9" box="[450,593,1161,1245]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Far behind operculum</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E16154FB3DFC8A49C9" box="[629,867,1161,1245]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Spotted anteriorly, more continuous poste- riorly</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E16052FB3DFBB349C9" box="[883,1114,1161,1245]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Unknown</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E16751FB3DFA7549C9" box="[1136,1436,1161,1245]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Konings (2007)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE44F1E163B6FB44FA754831" box="[151,1436,1264,1317]" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E163B6FB44FE444831" box="[151,429,1264,1317]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE440E1363BEFB44FE8F4812" box="[159,358,1264,1286]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE440E1363BEFB44FE8F4812" box="[159,358,1264,1286]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Hemitaeniochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE440E136383FABBFEFF4831" box="[162,278,1295,1317]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spilopterus">spilopterus</taxonomicName>
yellow
</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E162E3FB44FDB84831" box="[450,593,1264,1317]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Far behind operculum</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E16154FB44FC8A4831" box="[629,867,1264,1317]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Continuous, ± wide</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E16052FB44FBB34831" box="[883,1114,1264,1317]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Cichlid eggs, larvae (paedophage?)</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E16751FB44FA754831" box="[1136,1436,1264,1317]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Konings (2007)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE44F1E163B6FA8CFA75489F" box="[151,1436,1336,1419]" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E163B6FA8CFE44489F" box="[151,429,1336,1419]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE440E1363BEFA8CFF374879" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE440E1363BEFA8CFE8F485A" box="[159,358,1336,1358]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hemitaeniochromis</taxonomicName>
uro- taenia
</emphasis>
(Regan) (type of the genus)
</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E162E3FA8CFDB8489F" box="[450,593,1336,1419]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Far behind operculum</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E16154FA8CFC8A489F" box="[629,867,1336,1419]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Spotted anteriorly, more continuous poste- riorly</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E16052FA8CFBB3489F" box="[883,1114,1336,1419]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Piscivore</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E16751FA8CFA75489F" box="[1136,1436,1336,1419]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Eccles &amp; Trewavas (1989)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3DDE34D3BE44F1E163B6FA2BFA7548E6" box="[151,1436,1439,1522]" gridrow="10" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
<th id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E163B6FA2BFE4448E6" box="[151,429,1439,1522]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE440E1363BEFA2BFE8F48A1" box="[159,358,1439,1461]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE440E1363BEFA2BFE8F48A1" box="[159,358,1439,1461]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Hemitaeniochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE440E136383FA09FEEC48C7" box="[162,261,1469,1491]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="urotaenia">urotaenia</taxonomicName>
tanzania
</th>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E162E3FA2BFDB848E6" box="[450,593,1439,1522]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Far behind operculum</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E16154FA2BFC8A48E6" box="[629,867,1439,1522]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
Discontinuous, wide, with spots like those of
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE440E136154FA68FCD648E6" box="[629,831,1500,1522]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Otopharynx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brooksi">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE440E136154FA68FCD648E6" box="[629,831,1500,1522]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Otopharynx brooksi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E16052FA2BFBB348E6" box="[883,1114,1439,1522]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Seen to hunt small fishes</td>
<td id="7E0F5DAFBE44F1E16751FA2BFA7548E6" box="[1136,1436,1439,1522]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Konings (2007)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="83513691BE440E1363E8F9EEFD234ACF" blockId="13.[151,1437,1626,2011]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE440E1363E8F9EEFDDC4B67" bold="true" box="[201,565,1626,1651]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Taxonomic recommendations.</emphasis>
(1) I propose that
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE440E136005F9EFFBE14B67" box="[804,1032,1627,1651]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insignis">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE440E136005F9EFFBE14B67" box="[804,1032,1627,1651]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Protomelas insignis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE440E13676AF9E8FB004B67" box="[1099,1257,1627,1651]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spilopterus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE440E13676AF9E8FB004B67" box="[1099,1257,1627,1651]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">P. spilopterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
be retained in
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE440E1363B6F9CBFEFE4B83" box="[151,279,1663,1687]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE440E1363B6F9CBFEFE4B83" box="[151,279,1663,1687]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Protomelas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Even though that genus is not demonstrably monophyletic, transferring the two species to
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE440E1363B6F917FE9A4BAF" box="[151,371,1699,1723]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE440E1363B6F917FE9A4BAF" box="[151,371,1699,1723]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Hemitaeniochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
would only serve to render the latter genus nonmonophyletic as well, since they share no synapomorphies with
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE440E1362ACF97CFDF24BCB" box="[397,539,1736,1759]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="urotaenia">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE440E1362ACF97CFDF24BCB" box="[397,539,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">H. urotaenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the
<typeStatus id="5C558833BE440E136170F97CFD684BF4" box="[593,641,1736,1760]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">type</typeStatus>
species. (2) Until voucher specimens of those species now known only from underwater photographs become available and are taxonomically studied,
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE440E136762F95FFAF64A17" box="[1091,1311,1771,1795]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE440E136762F95FFAF64A17" box="[1091,1311,1771,1795]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Hemitaeniochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should be restricted to
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE440E13620BF8A4FE524A33" box="[298,443,1808,1831]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="urotaenia">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE440E13620BF8A4FE524A33" box="[298,443,1808,1831]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">H. urotaenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE440E1362D9F8A4FD3B4A33" box="[504,722,1807,1831]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyrhynchus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE440E1362D9F8A4FD3B4A33" box="[504,722,1807,1831]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">H. brachyrhynchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. These two species do share the putative synapomorphy of a midlateral stripe that originates well behind the operculum and that is discontinuous, composed both of spots and of line segments. (3) The “photo species” are, in effect,
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE440E136065F8ECFC0C4A7B" box="[836,997,1879,1903]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">incertae sedis</emphasis>
within the Lake
<collectingCountry id="FBF97601BE440E13679BF8E3FAE64A7B" box="[1210,1295,1879,1903]" name="Malawi" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Malaŵi</collectingCountry>
non-mbuna haplochromines and should be referred to as species of
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE440E13602EF8CFFC024A87" box="[783,1003,1915,1939]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE440E13602EF8CFFC024A87" box="[783,1003,1915,1939]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Hemitaeniochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(in single or double quotation marks) to show that they are not necessarily related closely to
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE440E136022F814FC7B4AA3" box="[771,914,1952,1975]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="urotaenia">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE440E136022F814FC7B4AA3" box="[771,914,1952,1975]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">H. urotaenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; thus,
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE440E1360C9F82BFB2D4AA3" box="[1000,1220,1951,1975]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE440E1360C9F82BFB2D4AA3" box="[1000,1220,1951,1975]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Hemitaeniochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. paedophage,
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE440E136381F877FE954ACF" box="[160,380,1987,2011]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE440E136381F877FE954ACF" box="[160,380,1987,2011]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Hemitaeniochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE440E136296F877FDDE4ACF" box="[439,567,1987,2011]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spilopterus">spilopterus</taxonomicName>
yellow, etc.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="83513691BE470E1063E8FF23FB904C93" blockId="14.[151,1436,151,392]" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">
Of the undescribed species in
<tableCitation id="CE6C032ABE470E106103FF23FD904DBB" box="[546,633,151,175]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="13.[151,235,332,353]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,535,1522]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="TABLE 3. Species that have been referred to Hemitaeniochromis, with selected characteristics and authority for this generic" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D7916619BE440E1363B6FEF8FA754C75" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" tableUuid="D7916619BE440E1363B6FEF8FA754C75">Table 3</tableCitation>
, only
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE470E1061EBFF2CFC4F4DA4" box="[714,934,152,176]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE470E1061EBFF2CFC4F4DA4" box="[714,934,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Hemitaeniochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE470E1060C4FF23FBA84DBB" box="[997,1089,151,175]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insignis">insignis</taxonomicName>
mumbo,
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE470E1067E3FF2DFB344DA4" box="[1218,1245,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">H.</emphasis>
sp.
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE470E10663DFF23FA754DBB" box="[1308,1436,151,175]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spilopterus">spilopterus</taxonomicName>
kande, and possibly
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE470E106282FF09FE574DC0" box="[419,446,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">H.</emphasis>
sp.
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE470E106126FF08FD9D4DC0" box="[519,628,188,212]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="urotaenia">urotaenia</taxonomicName>
tanzania appear to fall within
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE470E1060DAFF08FB3E4DC0" box="[1019,1239,188,212]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE470E1060DAFF08FB3E4DC0" box="[1019,1239,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Hemitaeniochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as here defined (although the form of their teeth is not known). The other species in
<tableCitation id="CE6C032ABE470E1060AFFF6BFC094DE3" box="[910,992,223,247]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="13.[151,235,332,353]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,535,1522]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="TABLE 3. Species that have been referred to Hemitaeniochromis, with selected characteristics and authority for this generic" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D7916619BE440E1363B6FEF8FA754C75" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" tableUuid="D7916619BE440E1363B6FEF8FA754C75">Table 3</tableCitation>
lack the derived states of the midlateral stripe found in
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE470E106265FEB1FE3A4C08" box="[324,467,261,284]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="urotaenia">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE470E106265FEB1FE3A4C08" box="[324,467,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">H. urotaenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE470E10612AFEB1FD0B4C08" box="[523,738,260,284]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyrhynchus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE470E10612AFEB1FD0B4C08" box="[523,738,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">H. brachyrhynchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and should be excluded from
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE470E10671AFEB0FAFE4C08" box="[1083,1303,260,284]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE470E10671AFEB0FAFE4C08" box="[1083,1303,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Hemitaeniochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
proper. For example, in
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE470E10620AFE9DFED64C54" box="[299,319,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">H</emphasis>
. sp.
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE470E1062A3FE93FDEB4C2B" box="[386,514,295,319]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spilopterus">spilopterus</taxonomicName>
blue, to judge by the female depicted by
<bibRefCitation id="E77F4B60BE470E1060FEFE93FAFD4C2B" author="Konings" box="[991,1300,295,319]" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" refString="Konings, A. (2007) Mala w i cichlids in their natural habitat. 4 th edition. Cichlid Press, El Paso, Texas, 424 pp." type="book" year="2007">
Konings (2007: 167
<figureCitation id="1BD52A14BE470E1067E6FE93FAE24C2B" box="[1223,1291,295,319]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1059,1082]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1038]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1038]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Hemitaeniochromis brachyrhynchus, details of YPM 25201, holotype. All scale bars = 2 mm. a, Snout region in left lateral view to show lacrimal and upper jaw. b, Lower pharyngeal bone (rostral tip at bottom of image). c, Anterior part of premaxillary dental arcade in occlusal view, after lip tissue has been pushed back and allowed to dry and shrink to reveal tooth shafts. d, Median premaxillary teeth of outer row in anterior view, after lip tissue has been pushed back and allowed to dry and shrink to reveal tooth shafts. s: Location of premaxillary symphysis. Arrow points to a tooth retaining a lateral shoulder, as seen more frequently in the smaller paratype." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213533/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
)
</bibRefCitation>
, the midlateral stripe originates well behind the operculum but retains the plesiomorphic unbroken configuration seen in some
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE470E1063B6FEC4FEFE4C9C" box="[151,279,368,392]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Protomelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE470E1063B6FEC4FEFE4C9C" box="[151,279,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Protomelas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as noted above, instead of being broken into spots as in
<taxonomicName id="44EE4D12BE470E1060B7FEC4FB9B4C9C" box="[918,1138,368,392]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Hemitaeniochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19AEA83BE470E1060B7FEC4FB9B4C9C" box="[918,1138,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Hemitaeniochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>