282 lines
27 KiB
XML
282 lines
27 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.144.46700" ID-GBIF-Dataset="cd28da41-78ef-4362-bc21-5e114c6b2d05" ID-PMC="PMC7148385" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-144-81" ID-Pensoft-UUID="B3D8E8B6CF515155A212E307E6A41405" ID-PubMed="32296283" ModsDocID="1314-2003-144-81" checkinTime="1585985472313" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="McPartland, John M. & Small, Ernest" docDate="2020" docId="0B09E283146C54FF9C943025BA620455" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 144: 81-112" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 144" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.144.46700" docTitle="Cannabis sativa subsp. var. var. afghanica McPartl. & E. Small 2020, stat. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="B3D8E8B6CF515155A212E307E6A41405" lastPageNumber="81" masterDocId="B3D8E8B6CF515155A212E307E6A41405" masterDocTitle="A classification of endangered high-THC cannabis (Cannabis sativa subsp. indica) domesticates and their wild relatives" masterLastPageNumber="112" masterPageNumber="81" pageNumber="81" updateTime="1668139750943" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A classification of endangered high-THC cannabis (Cannabis sativa subsp. indica) domesticates and their wild relatives</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>McPartland, John M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, 05405 USA & GW Pharmaceuticals, Sovereign House, Histon, Cambridge, CB 24 9 BZ, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3385-2827</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">mcpruitt@myfairpoint.net</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Small, Ernest</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Science and Technology Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saunders Building, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ontario K 1 A 0 C 6, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>144</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>81</mods:start>
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<mods:end>112</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.144.46700</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.144.46700</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-144-81</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">B3D8E8B6CF515155A212E307E6A41405</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="163433678" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0B09E283146C54FF9C943025BA620455" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0B09E283146C54FF9C943025BA620455" lastPageNumber="81" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="81" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
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<taxonomicName LSID="0B09E283-146C-54FF-9C94-3025BA620455" authority="(Vavilov) McPartl. & E. Small" authorityName="McPartl. & E. Small" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Vavilov" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Cannabis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cannabis sativa subsp. var. var. afghanica" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="sativa" status="stat. nov." subSpecies="var." variety="afghanica">Cannabis sativa subsp. indica var. afghanica (Vavilov) McPartl. & E.Small</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="81">stat. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Type specimens of C. sativa subsp. indica var. afghanica. Neotype on left (a), epitype on right (b)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.144.46700.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/390915" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Figure 5</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="81" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="McPartl. & E. Small" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Vavilov" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" form="afghanica" genus="Cannabis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cannabis sativa subsp. f." order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="form" species="sativa" subSpecies="f.">Cannabis sativa f. afghanica</taxonomicName>
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Vavilov,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Trudy po Prikladnoi Botanike</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Genetike i Selektsii</emphasis>
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16(2): 227, 1926 (Basionym).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
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≡
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<taxonomicName family="Cannabaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. indica subsp. var. var. afghanica" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rank="variety" species="indica" subSpecies="var." variety="afghanica">C. indica var. afghanica</taxonomicName>
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Vavilov in Vavilov & Bukinich,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Trudy Po Prikladnoi Botanike</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Genetike i Selektsii</emphasis>
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33 (Suppl.): 380, 1929, orthographic variant.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
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≡
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<taxonomicName family="Cannabaceae" form="afghanica" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. indica subsp. f. var. kafiristanica" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rank="form" species="indica" subSpecies="f." variety="kafiristanica">C. indica var. kafiristanica f. afghanica</taxonomicName>
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Vavilov in Vavilov & Bukinich,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Trudy Po Prikladnoi Botanike</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Genetike i Selektsii</emphasis>
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33: 381, 1929.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
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=
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<taxonomicName family="Cannabaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. sativa subsp. culta" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rank="subSpecies" species="sativa" subSpecies="culta">C. sativa subsp. culta</taxonomicName>
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prol.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">asiatica</emphasis>
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var.
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<taxonomicName family="Cannabaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="var. narcotica" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rank="variety" species="sativa" variety="narcotica">narcotica</taxonomicName>
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Serebriakova in Serebriakova & Sizov,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kul’turnaya">Kul'turnaya</normalizedToken>
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Flora SSSR
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</emphasis>
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5: 36, 1940 (no Latin diagnosis and not typified).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
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=
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<taxonomicName family="Cannabaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. afghanica subsp. var. var. turkistanica" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rank="variety" species="afghanica" subSpecies="var." variety="turkistanica">C. afghanica var. turkistanica</taxonomicName>
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Clarke,
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Cannabis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cannabis" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cannabis</taxonomicName>
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Evolution p. 225, 1987,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">nomen invalidum</emphasis>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
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=
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<taxonomicName family="Cannabaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. sativa subsp. var. var. afghanica" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rank="variety" species="sativa" subSpecies="var." variety="afghanica">C. sativa var. afghanica</taxonomicName>
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McPartland,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Hemp Diseases & Pests</emphasis>
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p. 4, 2000, nomen nudum.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
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=
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<taxonomicName family="Cannabaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. sativa subsp. var. var. afghan" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rank="variety" species="sativa" subSpecies="var." variety="afghan">C. sativa var. afghan</taxonomicName>
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, Sands, U.S. patent 6,403,530, 2002, nomen nudum.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="81" type="neotype">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Neotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
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Designated herein: Afghanistan: Ghazni Province (formerly Kandahar Province), Gui-Akhen (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Гуй-Ахен">Gui-Akhen</normalizedToken>
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) village near Qala-i Murvardar (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Кала-и">Kala-i</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Мурвардар">Murvardar</normalizedToken>
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), on the Ghazni-Kandahar road,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Vavilov</emphasis>
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, 1924, from seed sown by Serebriakova in 1926 at North Caucasus Experiment Station, Maikop, Krasnodar Krai (labeled
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Cannabis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cannabis sativa" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Cannabis sativa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, WIR 609, 3945). Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Type specimens of C. sativa subsp. indica var. afghanica. Neotype on left (a), epitype on right (b)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.144.46700.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/390915" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">5a</figureCitation>
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. No specimen labeled
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Cannabis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="afghanica" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="afghanica">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">afghanica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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exists at WIR (McPartl., pers. observation, WIR 2010). The achene illustration in
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<bibRefCitation author="Vavilov, NI" journalOrPublisher="Trudy po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" refId="B97" refString="Vavilov, NI, Bukinich, DD, 1929. Konopli. Trudy po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii 33 (Suppl.): 380-382." title="Konopli. Trudy po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii 33 (Suppl.): 380 - 382." year="1929">Vavilov and Bukinich (1929)</bibRefCitation>
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cannot serve as lectotype because it is not part of the protologue, which appears in
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<bibRefCitation author="Vavilov, NI" journalOrPublisher="Trudy po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" pagination="107 - 121" refId="B94" refString="Vavilov, NI, 1926. Proiskhozhdenie kulturnoi konopli i voeniknovenie kultury gruppy "pervichnykh" rastenii. Trudy po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii 16 (2): 107 - 121" title="Proiskhozhdenie kulturnoi konopli i voeniknovenie kultury gruppy " pervichnykh " rastenii." volume="16" year="1926">Vavilov (1926)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="81" type="epitype">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Epitype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
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Designated herein, explicitly supporting the neotype: Afghanistan: Kandahar Province, near Kandahar,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Schultes</emphasis>
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, XII.13-20.1971 (ECON 26505). Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Type specimens of C. sativa subsp. indica var. afghanica. Neotype on left (a), epitype on right (b)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.144.46700.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/390915" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">5b</figureCitation>
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. The ICN defines an epitype as a specimen selected as an interpretive type when the holo-/lecto-/neotype is suboptimal for critical identification (
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<bibRefCitation author="Turland, NJ" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" refId="B88" refString="Turland, NJ, 2018. International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (Shenzhen Code). Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigstein, Germany." title="International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (Shenzhen Code). Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigstein, Germany." year="2018">Turland 2018</bibRefCitation>
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). ECON 26505 serves as an epitype because its morphology unambiguously agrees with the widespread concept of
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“Indica”">"Indica"</normalizedToken>
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. ECON 26505 also serves as a typotype - a photograph of the specimen, when alive and in the ground, which appears in
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<bibRefCitation author="Schultes, RE" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Botanical Museum Leaflets" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" pagination="337 - 367" refId="B72" refString="Schultes, RE, Klein, WM, Plowman, T, Lockwood, TE, 1974. Cannabis: An example of taxonomic neglect. Harvard University Botanical Museum Leaflets 23: 337 - 367" title="Cannabis: An example of taxonomic neglect." volume="23" year="1974">Schultes et al. (1974)</bibRefCitation>
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, and is reproduced in Suppl. material 1: SF.8.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="81" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Plants with THC% ≥0.3% in inflorescence and a THC/CBD ratio <7 (almost always>1); central leaflet length:width ratio <6 in fan leaves near the base of inflorescences; mature achenes usually ≥ 3.6 mm long, the perianth mostly sloughed off, lacking a prominent protuberant base, and lacking a well-developed abscission zone that allows easy disarticulation.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="81" type="morphology">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Morphology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
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Plants usually <2 m tall, often <1 m. Central stem (stalk) internodes short (often 5-11 cm), mostly solid, central hollow usually less than 20% of stalk diameter. Branches in well-developed plants begin close to ground level, at an angle sometimes nearly 90° from the stalk axis, producing a menorah-shaped habitus. Leaf palmately compound, largest leaves typically with 7-11 leaflets, leaflet edges often overlapping, color dark green ("black hemp"
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<bibRefCitation author="Vavilov, NI" journalOrPublisher="Trudy po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" refId="B96" refString="Vavilov, NI, 1992. In: Dorofeyev VF (Ed.) Origin and Geography of Cultivated Plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK." title="In: Dorofeyev VF (Ed.) Origin and Geography of Cultivated Plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK." year="1992">Vavilov 1992</bibRefCitation>
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). Central leaflet long and broad, often oblanceolate in shape; margins with coarse serrations, secondary serrations rarely seen. Female inflorescence (and infructescence) compact, often agglutinated with trichome exudate, with prominent sugar leaves (a low perigonal bract-to-leaf index); short internode length causes axillary racemes become confluent and coalesce into collective congested colas. Sugar leaves with dense CSGTs on the proximal half, often present beyond the midpoint of the leaflet. Perigonal bract densely covered with CSGTs. Perianth membranous, usually sloughed off, with a fringe of striped or irregularly mottled pigmentation near the base of the fruit. Achene usually ≥ 3.6 mm long, exocarp green to gray; base blunt and lacking well-developed abscission zone.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="81" type="phytochemistry">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Phytochemistry.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
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Dried female inflorescences: THC ≥0.3, in late 20th century accessions nearly always>1.0%; literature weighted x¯ = 5.69%, up to 14.5%. This variety expresses the highest total THC%+CBD% (a measure of relative resin content of the plants, since these two cannabinoids usually dominate the resin) of all varieties, which correlates with its dense covering of glandular trichomes. Its THCV%+CBDV% content is lower than South Asian populations;
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.91.6.966" author="Hillig, KW" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" pagination="966 - 975" refId="B44" refString="Hillig, KW, Mahlberg, PG, 2004. A chemotaxonomic analysis of cannabinoid variation in Cannabis (Cannabaceae). American Journal of Botany 91 (6): 966 - 975, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.91.6.966" title="A chemotaxonomic analysis of cannabinoid variation in Cannabis (Cannabaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.91.6.966" volume="91" year="2004">Hillig and Mahlberg (2004)</bibRefCitation>
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report a mean of 0.14%. Terpenoid profile imparts an acrid or
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“skunky”">"skunky"</normalizedToken>
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aroma, and uniquely expresses sesquiterpene alcohols, such as guaiol,
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||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
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||
<normalizedToken originalValue="γ">γ</normalizedToken>
|
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</emphasis>
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-eudesmol,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="β">β</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
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||
-eudesmol, and the monoterpene alcohol nerolidol, as well as hydroxylated terpenoids, such as
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
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||
<normalizedToken originalValue="γ">γ</normalizedToken>
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</emphasis>
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||
-elemene,
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||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">a</emphasis>
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-terpineol, and
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="β">β</normalizedToken>
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</emphasis>
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-fenchol.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="81" type="genetics">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Genetics.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
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Allozyme and DNA studies that segregated Central Asian and South Asian domesticates are detailed in the genetics section of Variety 1.
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.03.006" author="Onofri, C" journalOrPublisher="Phytochemistry" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" pagination="57 - 68" refId="B65" refString="Onofri, C, de Meijer, EPM, Mandolino, G, 2015. Sequence heterogeneity of cannabidiolic- and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid-synthase in Cannabis sativa L. and its relationship with chemical phenotype. Phytochemistry 116: 57 - 68, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.03.006" title="Sequence heterogeneity of cannabidiolic- and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid-synthase in Cannabis sativa L. and its relationship with chemical phenotype." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.03.006" volume="116" year="2015">Onofri et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
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identified a SNP in the gene that encodes THCA synthase that was unique in two Afghani accessions and a Moroccan "
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="hashīsh">hashīsh</normalizedToken>
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</emphasis>
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landrace" (their SNP accession code no. 1179, A→T transversion). It was not present in 16 other accessions of fiber- and drug-type plants.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="81" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Other characters.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
|
||
Generally early maturing, with greater late-season frost tolerance than South Asian domesticates. Late-season cold triggers anthocyanin production in leaves and inflorescences - the sought-after "purple weed." Achenes are mostly retained on plants, trapped by surrounding parts of the dense infructescence. Plants are more susceptible to gray mold (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Leotiomycetes" family="Sclerotiniaceae" genus="Botrytis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Botrytis cinerea" order="Helotiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="cinerea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Botrytis cinerea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and powdery mildew (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Leotiomycetes" family="Erysiphaceae" genus="Golovinomyces" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Golovinomyces cichoracearum" order="Erysiphales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="cichoracearum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Golovinomyces cichoracearum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) than South Asian domesticates.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="81" type="provenance and uses">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Provenance and uses.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
|
||
Herbarium specimens from the 19th-early 20th centuries come from Afghanistan, northwest Pakistan, Turkestan (Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Xīnjiāng">Xīnjiang</normalizedToken>
|
||
Region in China), and Iran. These plant were cultivated for sieved
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="hashīsh">hashīsh</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">nasha</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">charas</emphasis>
|
||
) and sometimes for seed oil.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="81" type="comments">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Comments.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vavilov, NI" journalOrPublisher="Trudy po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" pagination="107 - 121" refId="B94" refString="Vavilov, NI, 1926. Proiskhozhdenie kulturnoi konopli i voeniknovenie kultury gruppy "pervichnykh" rastenii. Trudy po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii 16 (2): 107 - 121" title="Proiskhozhdenie kulturnoi konopli i voeniknovenie kultury gruppy " pervichnykh " rastenii." volume="16" year="1926">Vavilov (1926)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
characterized
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Leotiomycetes" family="Erysiphaceae" genus="Golovinomyces" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="afghanica" order="Erysiphales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="afghanica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">afghanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as "a morphological link between the wild and the cultivated races of hemp." However, evidence in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vavilov, NI" journalOrPublisher="Trudy po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" refId="B97" refString="Vavilov, NI, Bukinich, DD, 1929. Konopli. Trudy po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii 33 (Suppl.): 380-382." title="Konopli. Trudy po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii 33 (Suppl.): 380 - 382." year="1929">Vavilov and Bukinich (1929)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggests a domesticated phenotype (argued in Suppl. material 1: SF.6).
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/1220524" author="Small, E" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" pagination="405 - 435" refId="B84" refString="Small, E, Cronquist, A, 1976. A practical and natural taxonomy for Cannabis. Taxon 25 (4): 405 - 435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1220524" title="A practical and natural taxonomy for Cannabis." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/1220524" volume="25" year="1976">Small and Cronquist (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
treated
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Leotiomycetes" family="Erysiphaceae" genus="Golovinomyces" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="afghanica" order="Erysiphales" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="afghanica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">afghanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a domesticate, synonymized under
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="var. indica" lsidName="C. sativa subsp. var. var. indica" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rank="variety" species="sativa" subSpecies="var." variety="indica">C. sativa subsp. indica var. indica</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-017-0597-y" author="Small, E" journalOrPublisher="Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" pagination="1071 - 1107" refId="B82" refString="Small, E, 2018. Dwarf germplasm: The key to giant Cannabis hempseed and cannabinoid crops. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 65 (4): 1071 - 1107, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-017-0597-y" title="Dwarf germplasm: The key to giant Cannabis hempseed and cannabinoid crops." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-017-0597-y" volume="65" year="2018">Small (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
commented, "The characteristics of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="indica" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rank="species" species="indica">indica</taxonomicName>
|
||
type marijuana are highly consistent with those of an advanced cultigen. Like modern oilseed cultivars, they are short and compact, an architecture reducing diversion of energy into stem production and increasing harvest index for the desired product (inflorescence). Even the foliage (with very large, wide leaflets) is consistent with the trend described earlier of advanced cultigens often manifesting larger leaves than their wild and more primitive cultivated relatives. When
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="indica" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rank="species" species="indica">indica</taxonomicName>
|
||
type strains are allowed to set seed (they are normally harvested for flowering material) the infructescences are very dense, preventing most of the seeds from falling away and being distributed naturally - another indication of considerable domestication." The prominent sugar leaves in the inflorescence may be another indication of domestication, as these likely increase photosynthate production very close to the developing flowers and their perigonal bracts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.144.46700.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/390915" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="81">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Type specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. sativa subsp. var. var. afghanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="81" rank="variety" species="sativa" subSpecies="var." variety="afghanica">C. sativa subsp. indica var. afghanica</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Neotype on left (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">a</emphasis>
|
||
), epitype on right (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="81">b</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |