266 lines
31 KiB
XML
266 lines
31 KiB
XML
<document id="BACAC784A08AEEA9B7A7DE1A4179A68F" ID-CLB-Dataset="31138" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.723.21817" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6bc1be25-3e21-4155-923d-17cdd4da91ef" ID-PMC="PMC5769721" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-723-11" ID-PubMed="29362525" ID-ZooBank="E225ABBA0A1041A6A72B48EC74013CC6" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2017" ModsDocID="1313-2970-723-11" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 723" ModsDocTitle="New species and records of terrestrial slugs from East Africa (Gastropoda, Urocyclidae, Veronicellidae, Agriolimacidae)" checkinTime="1513622325647" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Rowson, Ben, Paustian, Megan & Goethem, Jackie Van" docDate="2017" docId="0B0130D27427A98907B0F0F845695E01" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 723: 11-42" docOrigin="ZooKeys 723" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.723.21817" docTitle="Deroceras laeve Mueller 1774" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="17" masterDocId="5202FFF2FFB7FFADFFBC2E48CD4BFFAE" masterDocTitle="New species and records of terrestrial slugs from East Africa (Gastropoda, Urocyclidae, Veronicellidae, Agriolimacidae)" masterLastPageNumber="42" masterPageNumber="11" pageNumber="17" updateTime="1701383715142" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="489103A0394D49179651035FE9B6231D">New species and records of terrestrial slugs from East Africa (Gastropoda, Urocyclidae, Veronicellidae, Agriolimacidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FCDE6FE79B4893F9CF97F20A4DA687ED">Rowson, Ben</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="722423FB41D57F24377E339D2016D54A">Paustian, Megan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D59DD726B06208108D1B0673EB5F166A">Goethem, Jackie Van</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="911E1604BBA9B9DF7BD11DF50CC3B762">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="9BBD3708297430395F3AF75AF80D8E33">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="C12298269CCC55D5F31077891A640E9F">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="EA37E7465D811D7301A6F9B06DD739FA" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="2398EB242C6AD4BA34ED53C0A4BF2E78">723</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="6C0338480E2FE678FA46AE7915F4CEAD">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.723.21817</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="33835BC819EAEDD99016C522924C2E08">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="E759DBC0302E022A3BCA973D5AF0A69E" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.723.21817</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="0B0130D27427A98907B0F0F845695E01" ID-GBIF-Taxon="139337037" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0B0130D27427A98907B0F0F845695E01" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0B0130D27427A98907B0F0F845695E01" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">
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<subSubSection id="DCE03313EF7AA58DD428CB278CE6646C" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="48A63529503174177884E2CD3D313BDD" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">
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<taxonomicName id="11A57FB30C7B3B61EE8CD349E0AE0F77" ID-CoL="34Y2R" authority="Mueller, 1774" authorityName="Mueller" authorityYear="1774" class="Gastropoda" family="Agriolimacidae" genus="Deroceras" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Deroceras laeve" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="laeve">
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Deroceras cf. laeve (
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<normalizedToken id="50BC96CB688D7EFB5DF7D05331C04CB0" originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
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, 1774)
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="028AA1C78CCF39BA518065B256B122E4" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="71D9736096C18F1C89015E131DF1CC67" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">Material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="99E9F9C791DFBC54792CFD6FB5A48248" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">
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TANZANIA: NMW.Z.2001.040.00001: 2 ads., central Mbeya (
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<geoCoordinate id="42A0DD3CB21B4FD903C4F9950AFCCEA7" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="-8.91">8.91°S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="AB6953A5940782E858566597F182CF7B" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="33.46">33.46°E</geoCoordinate>
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), Mbeya District, in a cabbage from town market, approx. 1600-1800 m alt., leg. MBS, PT & AR, 25 Jun. 2001. The cabbage, probably locally grown, also harboured a juvenile
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<taxonomicName id="01D41FCC882693379026849F37EDE6CE" class="Gastropoda" family="Urocyclidae" genus="Elisolimax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elisolimax" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Elisolimax</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName id="E4CE2D8FDEEC1D75404C2D9EA156439C" class="Gastropoda" family="Urocyclidae" genus="Bukobia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bukobia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Bukobia</taxonomicName>
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sp. (NMW.Z.2001.040.00002). Comparative material of non-African
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<taxonomicName id="02FEE5581FB556D538C6C944FFB5FEEA" class="Gastropoda" family="Agriolimacidae" genus="Deroceras" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Deroceras" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Deroceras</taxonomicName>
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spp.: specimens cited in
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<bibRefCitation id="79B26D93E46973171CD49BBE7C5BFA78" author="Rowson, B" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="7" pageNumber="18" url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091907" year="2014 a">Rowson et al. 2014a</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="0A7BBE67D490EDFF13CDF69828C09223" author="Rowson, B" journalOrPublisher="Field Studies Council, Shropshire" pageId="7" pageNumber="18" title="Slugs of Britain and Ireland: identification, understanding and control." year="2014 b">b</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="97F2E16D2A849E239F92A6662A7A610C" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" type="remarks">
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<paragraph id="76DB2F146F8A39836211EC54CEFAAC1F" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BFFF366E833A614D4CC9E6A05292B8E9" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">
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The genus
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<taxonomicName id="3EEC420A521A6F13A77EAEFAF4A802F8" class="Gastropoda" family="Agriolimacidae" genus="Deroceras" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Deroceras" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Deroceras</taxonomicName>
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is primarily Palaearctic, but nonetheless is represented by a few species in Ethiopia. It includes several species spread widely by humans. These include the pest
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<taxonomicName id="0C234BC8EFCA89D9CEC482C388143EC2" lsidName="D. reticulatum" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="reticulatum">D. reticulatum</taxonomicName>
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(
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<normalizedToken id="3744041A9D07535E92C3EDDD81F5F3C9" originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
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, 1774) and the "tramp slug"
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<taxonomicName id="56AA008670656B7ADF88870276DB132C" lsidName="D. invadens" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="invadens">D. invadens</taxonomicName>
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Reise, Hutchinson, Schunack & Schlitt, 2011 (see
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<bibRefCitation id="F008DDBEE332A79B99EFF5D1F4CA76CD" author="Reise, H" journalOrPublisher="Folia Malacologica" pageId="7" pageNumber="18" pagination="201 - 233" title="Deroceraspanormitanum and congeners from Malta and Sicily, with a redescription of the widespread pest slug as Derocerasinvadens n. sp." url="https://doi.org/10.2478/v10125-011-0028-1" volume="19" year="2011">Reise et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
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for synonymy). Although both species and
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<taxonomicName id="79CE1294939B97CD43EBC3946533A506" lsidName="D. laeve" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="laeve">D. laeve</taxonomicName>
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(
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<normalizedToken id="DF01FDC7C55925FD516BBA6834D79189" originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
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, 1774) are well-established in South Africa (
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<bibRefCitation id="EA7D6171D320696E56CE42D024355A59" author="Herbert, DG" journalOrPublisher="South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, South Africa" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" title="The introduced terrestrial Mollusca of South Africa. SANBI Biodiversity Series 15." year="2010">Herbert 2010</bibRefCitation>
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), records of
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<taxonomicName id="E5FAFFC164E042E50F6921548A81031F" class="Gastropoda" family="Agriolimacidae" genus="Deroceras" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Deroceras" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Deroceras</taxonomicName>
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in tropical Africa are few.
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<bibRefCitation id="27742FADCB37D3AC543ED1289EE6F2DF" author="Verdcourt, B" journalOrPublisher="Journal of East African Natural History" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" pagination="200 - 209" title="East African slugs of the family Urocyclidae." volume="23" year="1960 a">Verdcourt (1960a)</bibRefCitation>
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recorded
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<taxonomicName id="9492F79C668EAA68E31D3C36FE3F398F" lsidName="D. laeve" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" rank="subSpecies" species="laeve" subSpecies="andecolum">D. laeve andecolum</taxonomicName>
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(
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<normalizedToken id="721EB0115350B91EDA994096EFA0B4E8" originalValue="D’Orbigny">D'Orbigny</normalizedToken>
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, 1837) from a Nairobi garden. He later listed
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<taxonomicName id="3ECABD2B650D5966092C04A9D9C5CAE6" lsidName="D. laeve" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="laeve">D. laeve</taxonomicName>
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from Muguga and Ruiru, both near Nairobi, and from Thika where it was damaging orchids, later listing it from the "Nairobi area" generally (
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<bibRefCitation id="AF9EF60241E70E03C9A5FECD5D6C11AB" author="Verdcourt, B" journalOrPublisher="Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines" pageId="8" pageNumber="19" pagination="274 - 296" title="Report on a further collection of East African slugs (Urocyclidae)." volume="71" year="1965">Verdcourt 1965</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="662707BBC35FEFC798766466F5FEA2C4" author="Verdcourt, B" journalOrPublisher="Verdcourt, Maidenhead" pageId="9" pageNumber="20" title="A revised list of the non-marine Mollusca of East Africa (Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania, excluding Lake Malawi). B." year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
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). Nairobi and Mbeya have relatively similar, cool climates when compared to
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<normalizedToken id="A437B2B1D65AFECC45E15949CEAA12D9" originalValue="“Zanzibar”">"Zanzibar"</normalizedToken>
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, from which two
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<taxonomicName id="275505E320A461BA9C1BEEEED96637E7" class="Gastropoda" family="Agriolimacidae" genus="Deroceras" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Deroceras" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Deroceras</taxonomicName>
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have been reported:
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<taxonomicName id="2745701D92188A49B1528878B6A7148C" lsidName="D. laeve" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="laeve">D. laeve</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="6551F7AC1194A41035C1D86C14AF91C6" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">Simroth 1895</bibRefCitation>
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) and
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<taxonomicName id="E24353947EB8A93582DDC9BE0FA56B7C" lsidName="D. reticulatum" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="reticulatum">D. reticulatum</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="8E20020A4B8B4D6D48B5C8CF1524F5EB" author="Ellis, AE" journalOrPublisher="Clarendon Press, Oxford" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" title="British snails: the non-marine Gastropoda of Great Britain and Ireland." year="1969">Ellis 1969</bibRefCitation>
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). The
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<taxonomicName id="7068CCAEA66745F9509DA346B46CEC4E" lsidName="D. laeve" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="laeve">D. laeve</taxonomicName>
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record seems plausible, given that
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<normalizedToken id="14E4471C983CD3FF10AA4F8B19897928" originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
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apparently very broad ecological tolerance (
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<bibRefCitation id="CA921EEDA13F380AEBAA6A55762B034E" author="Wiktor, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici" pageId="9" pageNumber="20" pagination="347 - 590" title="Agriolimacidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) - a systematic monograph." volume="49" year="2000">Wiktor 2000</bibRefCitation>
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), although there is some evidence
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<taxonomicName id="A8B81290EAAC8B7DF2C0837EF50B85F4" lsidName="D. laeve" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="laeve">D. laeve</taxonomicName>
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may comprise more than one species (
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<bibRefCitation id="3D5FA9478FD27E5699C283A5F08FE5B9" author="Rowson, B" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="7" pageNumber="18" url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091907" year="2014 a">Rowson et al. 2014a</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<bibRefCitation id="8AA24A86252FCB9CD08B71DC42DEBFB9" author="Rowson, B" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Conchology" pageId="7" pageNumber="18" pagination="425 - 466" title="Land molluscs of Zanzibar island (Unguja), Tanzania with the description of a new species of Gulella (Pulmonata: Streptaxidae)." volume="39" year="2007">Rowson (2007)</bibRefCitation>
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considered the
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<taxonomicName id="FFC4B5FAA08638D7C307B23240BCF613" lsidName="D. reticulatum" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="reticulatum">D. reticulatum</taxonomicName>
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record doubtful and to require confirmation.
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<taxonomicName id="5F47AB371CFB9669E99A5A218DCA788A" class="Gastropoda" family="Agriolimacidae" genus="Deroceras" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Deroceras invadens" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="invadens">Deroceras invadens</taxonomicName>
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has now been intercepted on Kenyan flowers arriving in the USA (
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<bibRefCitation id="6300FA43DBBBD2FE2545D4DF7FFDF905" author="Hutchinson, JMC" journalOrPublisher="Neobiota" pageId="7" pageNumber="18" pagination="17 - 64" title="A biography of an invasive terrestrial slug: the spread, distribution and habitat of Derocerasinvadens." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.23.7745" volume="23" year="2014">Hutchinson et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
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). These authors reported
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<taxonomicName id="1AB6DFF0BBBF11691F229797E183E62E" lsidName="D. laeve" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="laeve">D. laeve</taxonomicName>
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from
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<normalizedToken id="79D3EF8DE48A6FF54A2AAF00E678ED9F" originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken id="344BCD0726AEF21432A8B30B4AD41870" originalValue="Tomé">Tome</normalizedToken>
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, where it had been identified as
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<taxonomicName id="611F789F52B4B735C617287619C4EF7A" lsidName="D. invadens" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="invadens">D. invadens</taxonomicName>
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, but also suggest that some records of "
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<taxonomicName id="92537A68D97A8FD2D3D4A3165430F483" lsidName="D. laeve" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="laeve">D. laeve</taxonomicName>
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" outside Europe may refer to
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<taxonomicName id="7D477B6AF8E64C1A41B15B9F17CB4C74" lsidName="D. invadens" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="invadens">D. invadens</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="3C9C20E90882050870ABD54E0D908D15" class="Gastropoda" family="Agriolimacidae" genus="Deroceras" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Deroceras laeve" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="laeve">Deroceras laeve</taxonomicName>
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was also reported from Ethiopia by
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<bibRefCitation id="C202F4376BDC81A4289222D98069D617" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">Simroth (1895)</bibRefCitation>
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along with
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<taxonomicName id="C23D0508607D530787AAB8E4A50B96DF" class="Gastropoda" family="Agriolimacidae" genus="Agriolimax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Agriolimax jickelii" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="jickelii">Agriolimax jickelii</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken id="A4E6F0E74FC4CAB6AEEC50A7AA65EE5F" originalValue="“Heynemann”">"Heynemann"</normalizedToken>
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, a species
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<bibRefCitation id="560DE0813C03E8D86C274A412F694E70" author="Wiktor, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici" pageId="9" pageNumber="20" pagination="347 - 590" title="Agriolimacidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) - a systematic monograph." volume="49" year="2000">Wiktor (2000)</bibRefCitation>
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considers a nomen dubium. Simroth later (1904) described 14 other
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<taxonomicName id="C2B9FCD9BF2B3C7CDCBFCCE62074DF1C" class="Gastropoda" family="Agriolimacidae" genus="Deroceras" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Deroceras" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Deroceras</taxonomicName>
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species from Ethiopia. Some could potentially be confused with introduced species, but others are highly distinctive and doubtless endemic.
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||
<bibRefCitation id="4BD29C96B71808D06D97D830FA0D1FA4" author="Wiktor, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici" pageId="9" pageNumber="20" pagination="347 - 590" title="Agriolimacidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) - a systematic monograph." volume="49" year="2000">Wiktor (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
maintained ten of them in his revision. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="988F5F4391CA1681FDF0CCB7A36D5BEF" author="Wiktor, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici" pageId="9" pageNumber="20" pagination="347 - 590" title="Agriolimacidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) - a systematic monograph." volume="49" year="2000">Wiktor (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
the most southerly native occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2DFC93AF3C4F8FEC9CEC761818809502" family="Agriolimacidae" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" rank="family">Agriolimacidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3E89209BB55AB69893CD7D88BDF5355C" lsidName="D. uataderensis" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="uataderensis">D. uataderensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Simroth, 1904), described from Lake Gandjule in the southern Ethiopian Rift (Lake Abaya or Lake Chamo, approx. 6°N, approx. 1200 m alt.). Terrestrial molluscs with apparently Ethiopian or Palaeartic links are known from the archipelago-like Afroalpine and Afromontane regions isolated on the highest East African mountains (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5BAD45A0926F0B596E4946FBFB5C999D" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">Tattersfield et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7EB4F07C29B3444E4761FAFD6039BBDC" author="Verdcourt, B" journalOrPublisher="Verdcourt, Maidenhead" pageId="9" pageNumber="20" title="A revised list of the non-marine Mollusca of East Africa (Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania, excluding Lake Malawi). B." year="2006">Verdcourt 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, on a broader scale, and at more moderate altitudes, the Ethiopian biota is biogeographically very distinct from that of southern Tanzania (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6FDBC835D2C914DC18EC37362E804D68" author="Linder, HP" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Biogeography" pageId="7" pageNumber="18" pagination="1189 - 1205" title="The partitioning of Africa: statistically defined biogeographical regions in sub-Saharan Africa." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2012.02728.x" volume="39" year="2012">Linder et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="082A07DA1B31DF23C77ADDB9894E9DFC" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<paragraph id="5455AC861AA6313FE9D4F8E397ADE9B0" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Figures 66-70.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07CAE2152E36949518825A2029C330FD" class="Gastropoda" family="Urocyclidae" genus="Tanzalimax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tanzalimax seddonae" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="seddonae">Tanzalimax seddonae</taxonomicName>
|
||
gen. & sp. n., holotype. 66 genitalia 67 interior of penis and vagina 68 spermatophore 69-70 details of head and tail serration on spermatophore. All scale bars 2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="39E36C620E19876BFF009B5514A9489D" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">
|
||
The Mbeya slugs are 17.5 and 16.8 mm long, larger than most of the preserved
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3414C6C611793465C8DB96EBED273A55" lsidName="D. laeve" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="laeve">D. laeve</taxonomicName>
|
||
examined but smaller than most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6D0A3FD605322F576C207EFBEAD8E4C9" lsidName="D. invadens" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="invadens">D. invadens</taxonomicName>
|
||
, so in fact within the range of overlap. They resemble
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7CE7760AC19D97CCB4DEC63C1B242B0A" lsidName="D. reticulatum" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="reticulatum">D. reticulatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(and some Ethiopian species) in being pale cream with black-brown tentacle retractors, and a dusting of light brown pigment along the centre of the mantle and forming a network between the tubercles at the top of the tail. The skin is thin, with the part of the mantle underlain by the shell relatively obvious. The pneumostome is surrounded by a contrastingly pale ring. The tail tip is steeply truncate. The skin, pneumostome and tail features are often considered diagnostic of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="50849FCEBA9F6D6383E5CFB09D96AC7F" lsidName="D. invadens" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="invadens">D. invadens</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FB6195F4D78AF603EE025768A385EBD4" lsidName="D. laeve" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="laeve">D. laeve</taxonomicName>
|
||
as compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="53AD0D7F438ECF39B8CDECD1A0326AAC" lsidName="D. reticulatum" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="reticulatum">D. reticulatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as is the length of the tail, although none may be infallible (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E3607EA95087CBF83B190CB501C32C4F" author="Rowson, B" journalOrPublisher="Field Studies Council, Shropshire" pageId="7" pageNumber="18" title="Slugs of Britain and Ireland: identification, understanding and control." year="2014 b">Rowson et al. 2014b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and references therein). Indeed,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A309FA43F6295E1BD8D796AE4052B91B" author="Herbert, DG" journalOrPublisher="South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, South Africa" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" title="The introduced terrestrial Mollusca of South Africa. SANBI Biodiversity Series 15." year="2010">Herbert (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
notes that some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="839C7B7B9EDE87541CF7C926F686FAF9" lsidName="D. invadens" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="invadens">D. invadens</taxonomicName>
|
||
in South Africa closely resemble
|
||
<taxonomicName id="097F80ACBEFEFA727045A7907421742C" lsidName="D. reticulatum" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="reticulatum">D. reticulatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
externally. Internally, no rectal caecum was found in the Mbeya slugs, ruling out
|
||
<taxonomicName id="201F7C7D9CFCF25B3648BA78556E0023" lsidName="D. reticulatum" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="reticulatum">D. reticulatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
which has a large one (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="94A2D1CB6C03A6C649B4EFBE79D8D23F" author="Wiktor, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici" pageId="9" pageNumber="20" pagination="347 - 590" title="Agriolimacidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) - a systematic monograph." volume="49" year="2000">Wiktor 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This also would seem to rule out a group of taxa including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7F63E3E23EDCD805D730815C4886E14" lsidName="D. invadens" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="invadens">D. invadens</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which Wiktor treats as having a shallow, pocket-like caecum. However, it is clear that the caecum can be so shallow as to be undetectable in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B15AA3D211133A6A434A050829B55BE6" lsidName="D. invadens" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="invadens">D. invadens</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BED3A429FB9087C9D0A0C0CA0FAC474A" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">Quick 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3D622F440722C361454C9D39B501E735" author="Reise, H" journalOrPublisher="Folia Malacologica" pageId="7" pageNumber="18" pagination="201 - 233" title="Deroceraspanormitanum and congeners from Malta and Sicily, with a redescription of the widespread pest slug as Derocerasinvadens n. sp." url="https://doi.org/10.2478/v10125-011-0028-1" volume="19" year="2011">Reise et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The ovotestis lies relatively far forward, anterior of the rectum, and is scarcely exposed.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="44FD3E967F0BD889621EED7ABB3426B2" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">Quick (1960)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
showed an anterior ovotestis for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7C371568B36C24B70AB622ED3F5C5F6A" lsidName="D. invadens" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="invadens">D. invadens</taxonomicName>
|
||
and described a "less exposed" ovotestis for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="60BE2C542174EC5854114DBDCA206CA4" lsidName="D. laeve" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="laeve">D. laeve</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The female genitalia are well developed but the penis is reduced to a tiny nub without a retractor muscle (an aphallic condition). The combination of aphally and no rectal caecum makes the Mbeya slugs key to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="08DBAD2EB9F396C2681BE892DD29B4C8" lsidName="D. laeve" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="laeve">D. laeve</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3B13BFB9E7C04C480051BFDDC3BC5C46" author="Wiktor, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici" pageId="9" pageNumber="20" pagination="347 - 590" title="Agriolimacidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) - a systematic monograph." volume="49" year="2000">Wiktor (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; indeed, aphally has often been used to attribute putative
|
||
<taxonomicName id="61778D768BC0E9E4C5C1EB8BCEBABE8C" lsidName="D. invadens" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="invadens">D. invadens</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2E03872672409B050B54240434699509" lsidName="D. laeve" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="laeve">D. laeve</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A177901284CF8C282EE903044AF98C5F" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">Quick 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="531CF8E02D86A7DD12B036A6964E18D5" author="Wiktor, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici" pageId="9" pageNumber="20" pagination="347 - 590" title="Agriolimacidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) - a systematic monograph." volume="49" year="2000">Wiktor 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DFC29E947D740CF2D8F775CEEAFB8668" author="Reise, H" journalOrPublisher="Veliger" pageId="7" pageNumber="18" pagination="110 - 115" title="Two introduced pest slugs: Tandoniabudapestensis new to the Americas, and Deroceraspanormitanum new to the Eastern USA." volume="48" year="2006">Reise et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1CF035F536A4169726B79B427936527C" author="Hutchinson, JMC" journalOrPublisher="Neobiota" pageId="7" pageNumber="18" pagination="17 - 64" title="A biography of an invasive terrestrial slug: the spread, distribution and habitat of Derocerasinvadens." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.23.7745" volume="23" year="2014">Hutchinson et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although it has been suggested that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6EEC590D1DAFEE6A7CB67FC823EFE3C8" lsidName="D. invadens" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="invadens">D. invadens</taxonomicName>
|
||
could potentially be aphallic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="22E4FC0247AA235AE9877A32C098F16B" author="de Winter, AJ" journalOrPublisher="Basteria" pageId="9" pageNumber="20" pagination="105 - 109" title="Remarks on the non-marine molluscan fauna of the Azores." volume="52" year="1988">de Winter 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), there is as yet no substantiated report of aphally in any
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58474034A0748F13FBC91F9618C73F9F" class="Gastropoda" family="Agriolimacidae" genus="Deroceras" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Deroceras" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Deroceras</taxonomicName>
|
||
species other than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="085C9C034A51269B036AA10EC30620A7" lsidName="D. laeve" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="laeve">D. laeve</taxonomicName>
|
||
(J.M.C. Hutchinson pers. comm. 2017). Genetic data also suggest that worldwide
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9EDF841DF6899D9F3FDF0E2AF50F4D1B" lsidName="D. laeve" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="laeve">D. laeve</taxonomicName>
|
||
might consist of more than one species (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="104F7F12A9DBEBDA688A2D6671E815EA" author="Rowson, B" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="7" pageNumber="18" url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091907" year="2014 a">Rowson et al. 2014a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We therefore attribute the Mbeya slugs to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BF3011CE2706B22425FA9082B6ED2B6C" lsidName="D. laeve" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="laeve">D. cf. laeve</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a matter that could be settled with molecular data from this population. Until then any evidence of the spreading of non-native slugs in tropical Africa seems worth reporting, given the potential economic and conservation implications.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="5261E9132B4AC26F0FD180A8B7470109" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<paragraph id="5AA3B443D9E432AC07A7459402119B6B" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Figures 71-75.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AD55B726D6D57085DE7F5B3F52F04CD8" class="Gastropoda" family="Urocyclidae" genus="Udzungwalimax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Udzungwalimax suminis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="suminis">Udzungwalimax suminis</taxonomicName>
|
||
gen. & sp. n., Paratype 1. 71 genitalia 72 interior of penis and vagina 73-74 schematics of penis and genitalia 75 spermatophore. All scale bars 2 mm
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |