164 lines
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164 lines
16 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d0c4a9a9-e329-4d43-9472-ed77cf56ba95" ID-ISBN="978-84-941892-3-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6840226" approvalRequired="1" approvalRequired_for_document="1" checkinTime="1657558513838" checkinUser="diego" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2016" docId="064D0660FF83ED7EFF6DF633F6E8FF59" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_6_Sciuridae_0648.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Tamias townsendii Bachman 1839" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="786" masterDocId="FA747E18FFCDED30FFAAFFF7FF95F71E" masterDocTitle="Sciuridae" masterLastPageNumber="837" masterPageNumber="648" pageNumber="786" updateTime="1657894136362" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Sciuridae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:dateIssued>2016</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2016-07-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>648</mods:start>
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<mods:end>837</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">d0c4a9a9-e329-4d43-9472-ed77cf56ba95</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-941892-3-4</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6840226</mods:identifier>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:064D0660FF83ED7EFF6DF633F6E8FF59" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/064D0660FF83ED7EFF6DF633F6E8FF59" lastPageNumber="786" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">
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<heading pageId="78" pageNumber="786">
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<subSubSection box="[199,278,2500,2550]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="78.[194,1255,2500,2592]" box="[199,278,2500,2550]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">
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<figureCitation box="[199,278,2500,2550]" captionStart="Plate 51: Sciuridae" captionStartId="73.[112,142,3363,3384]" captionTargetBox="[13,2733,12,3644]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="148. Spotted Giant Flying Squirrel (Petaurisia elegans), 149. Yunnan Giant Flying Squirrel (Petaurista yunanensis), 150. Taiwan Giant Flying Squirrel (Petaurista lena), 151. Hainan Giant Flying Squirrel (Petaurista hainana), 152. Japanese Giant Flying Squirrel (Petaurista leucogenys), 153. Siberian Flying Squirrel (Pteromys volans), 154. Japanese Flying Squirrel (Pteromys momonga), 155. Woolly Flying Squirrel (Eupetaurus cinereus), 156. Black Flying Squirrel (Aeromys tephromelas), 157. Thomas's Flying Squirrel (Aeromys thomasi), 158. Smoky Flying Squirrel (Pteromyscus pulverulentus), 159. Hairy-footed Flying Squirrel (Belomys pearsonii), 160. Northern Chinese Flying Squirrel (Aeretes melanoplerus), 161. Complex-toothed Flying Squirrel (Trogopterus xanthipes), 162. Long-clawed Ground Squirrel (Spermophilopsis leptodactyla), 163. Barbary Ground Squirrel (Atlantoxerus getulus), 164. Striped Ground Squirrel (Euxerus erythropus), 165. Unstriped Ground Squirrel (Xerus rutilus), 166. Damara Ground Squirrel (Geosciurus princeps), 167. South African Ground Squirrel (Geosciurus inauris), 168. Pere David’s Rock Squirrel (Sciurotamias davidianus), 169. Forrest's Rock Squirrel (Sciurotamias forresti), 170. Siberian Chipmunk (Tamias sibiricus), 171. Least Chipmunk (Tamias minimus), 172. Yellow-pine Chipmunk (Tamas amoenus), 173. Townsend’s Chipmunk (Tamias townsendii), 174. Red-tailed Chipmunk (Tamias ruficaudus), 175. Shadow Chipmunk (Tamias senex), 176. Uinta Chipmunk (Tamias umbrinus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840411" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6840411/files/figure.png" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">173.</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[295,777,2500,2550]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="78.[194,1255,2500,2592]" box="[295,777,2500,2550]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">
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<vernacularName box="[295,777,2500,2550]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">Townsend’s Chipmunk</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[852,1181,2500,2550]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="78.[194,1255,2500,2592]" box="[852,1181,2500,2550]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bachman" authorityYear="1839" box="[852,1181,2500,2550]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Tamias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="78" pageNumber="786" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="townsendii">
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<emphasis box="[852,1181,2500,2550]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">Tamias townsendii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[195,1255,2568,2589]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="78.[194,1255,2500,2592]" box="[195,1255,2568,2589]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[195,271,2568,2589]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[276,471,2568,2589]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">Tamia de Townsend</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[493,584,2568,2589]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[589,863,2568,2589]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">Townsend-Backenhornchen</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[885,976,2568,2589]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[984,1255,2568,2589]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">Ardilla listada de Townsend</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection pageId="78" pageNumber="786" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="78.[805,1398,2635,3062]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[805,960,2635,2668]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Bachman, 1839" authorityName="Bachman" authorityYear="1839" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Tamias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="78" pageNumber="786" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="townsendii">Tamias townsendii Bachman, 1839</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="78" pageNumber="786" type="materials_examined">
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<materialsCitation pageId="78" pageNumber="786">
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<paragraph blockId="78.[805,1398,2635,3062]" box="[892,1396,2683,2708]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">“lower Columbia River, near mouth</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="78.[805,1398,2635,3062]" box="[806,1212,2722,2747]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">of Willamette River, Oreg.,”</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="78.[805,1398,2635,3062]" box="[1232,1396,2722,2747]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">Multnomah</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="78.[805,1398,2635,3062]" box="[806,1119,2753,2786]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">County, Oregon, USA.</paragraph>
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</materialsCitation>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="78" pageNumber="786" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="78.[805,1398,2635,3062]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">This species is part of the townsendii complex, which includes 7. senex, T. siskiyou, and 7. ochrogenys. Two subspecies recognized.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="78" pageNumber="786" type="synonymic_list">
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<caption inLine="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="786" targetBox="[2425,2429,2094,2119]" targetPageId="78">
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<paragraph blockId="78.[805,1398,2635,3062]" box="[805,1204,2954,2983]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[805,1204,2954,2983]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="78.[805,1398,2635,3062]" lastBlockId="78.[193,1399,3068,3454]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">
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<taxonomicName authority="Bachman, 1839" authorityName="Bachman" authorityYear="1839" box="[809,1239,2983,3021]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Tamias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="78" pageNumber="786" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="townsendii" subSpecies="townsendii">T.t.townsendiiBachman,1839—extremeSWofBritishColumbia(Canada)alongthecoastandupto100kminland,throughWashingtonandOregon,totheRogueRiverinSOregon(USA).</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="78.[193,1399,3068,3454]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">
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<taxonomicName authority="Baird, 1855" authorityName="Baird" authorityYear="1855" box="[198,504,3150,3179]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Tamias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="78" pageNumber="786" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="townsendii" subSpecies="cooperi">T: t. cooperi Baird, 1855</taxonomicName>
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— SW of British Columbia (Canada) E of the range of townsendii up to 200 km inland through Washington and Oregon, to the Rogue River in S Oregon (USA).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="78" pageNumber="786" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="78.[193,1399,3068,3454]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[193,442,3264,3297]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body 139-146-3 mm,tail 110-5-115-9 mm; weight 70-76-1 g. Townsend’s Chipmunk has dark pelage in anterior part of body and grayish in posterior part. Ventral pelage is white to cream and tail has dark hairs with white to gray tips. Nominate fownsendii has a yellowish olive gray to rich yellow brown dorsum, and dark dorsal stripes, which are black to brownish black. Subspecies cooperi is smaller
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="78.[1471,2681,274,2122]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">than townsendii, and has a grayer and lighter pelage and grayer dark dorsal stripes. Chromosome number of Townsend’s Chipmunk is 2n = 38. The karyotype is type B for Tamias and consists offive pairs of metacentric autosomes,six pairs of submetacentric autosomes, seven pairs of acrocentric autosomes, a submetacentric X chromosome, and an acrocentric Y chromosome.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="78" pageNumber="786" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="78.[1471,2681,274,2122]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1475,1586,471,504]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Areas of dense underbrush in mesic closed-canopy forests. Townsend’s Chipmunk is more abundant in upland areas, but reproductive individuals are more common in riparian forests, and juveniles are more common in upland habitat. Presence of woody debris appears to be important and affects movement, and possibly survival, of individuals. Population density also increases when herbaceous plants and shrubs dominate after a forest clear-cut; it is known to use riparian buffersafter clear cutting.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="78" pageNumber="786" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="78.[1471,2681,274,2122]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1475,1747,715,740]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Diet of Townsend’s Chipmunk consists of seeds, fruits, tubers, leaves, and epigeous and hypogeous fungi, usually from the genus Melanogaster and Rhizopogon based on spore content of feces. The larder usually contains hazelnuts, acorns, and conifer seeds. In South Vancouver Island, it is known to sometimes consume or hoard seeds of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta, Pinaceae) and white spruce (Picea glauca, Pinaceae) infected with Caloscyphafulgens, which is a fungus that appears to arrest seed germination and may facilitate overwinter storage of seeds. Townsend's Chipmunk may be a disperser of this fungus, but further research is needed to elucidate the relationship between these species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="78" pageNumber="786" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="78.[1471,2681,274,2122]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1474,1608,1061,1094]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Breeding season of Townsend’s Chipmunk occurs between late April and early May in colder temperate areas, and young emerge from nest during early July, however, some adults can be sexually active through entire summer, with some lactating females being found in early August. Gestation lasts 28 days and average littersize is 3-8 young, each weighing 3-2-3-9 g at birth. At ¢.3 months old, young have an adult appearance, but only reach sexual maturity after the first winter.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="78" pageNumber="786" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="78.[1471,2681,274,2122]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1472,1712,1298,1331]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Townsend’s Chipmunk is terrestrial and diurnal, with an activity peak at midday. It can be active year-round on the Pacific coast, but will hibernate in colder regions. In the eastern Cascade Mountains, USA,it can hibernate for up to 4-5 months.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="78" pageNumber="786" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="78.[1471,2681,274,2122]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1472,2179,1455,1488]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Average home range size is 0-8 ha and average population density is 0-6-2-6 ind/ha; however, because Townsend’s Chipmunk appears to be a trap prone species, these estimations should be viewed with caution. The Yellow-pine Chipmunk (7. amoenus) is a common sympatric species, but Townsend’s Chipmunk appears to be the dominant of the two.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="78" pageNumber="786" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="78.[1471,2681,274,2122]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1472,1814,1652,1685]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The current population trend is stable. Townsend’s Chipmunk is considered common in its area of distribution and population densities may actually increase 3-10 yearsafter clear cutting. There are no major threats to Townsend’s Chipmunk at this time, but population numbers of coastal British Columbia declined temporarily after an herbicide treatment of Douglasfir plantations. In the north Pacific coast, Townsend’s Chipmunk, together with the Northern Flying Squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus) and species of Tamiasciurus, compose a sciurid community that collectively serve as indicators of forest health, with Townsend's Chipmunk being more abundant in mature or primary forests.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="78" pageNumber="786" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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<paragraph blockId="78.[1471,2681,274,2122]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1472,1624,2016,2041]" pageId="78" pageNumber="786">Bibliography.</emphasis>
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Carey (2001), Carey & Wilson (2001), Carey et al. (2002), Cole et al. (1998), Colgan & Claridge (2002), Hammond & Anthony (2006), Hayes et al. (1995), Lidicker (1999), Linzey & NatureServe (Hammerson) (2008z), North et al. (1997), Sutton (1993), Thorington et al. (2012), Waldien et al. (2006).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |