212 lines
26 KiB
XML
212 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document id="94CEA34D2C6AF58DB9198026D260C3F2" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3631.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5261853" ID-ZooBank="A355AA9D-3644-4F29-84AA-5D398D2EE6D0" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629849563415" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Kawahara, Akito Y." docDate="2013" docId="03FF87C7FFD0437776E7FDA9FC10D117" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03631p074.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3631 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3631.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Libytheana vagabunda" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="58" masterDocId="FFC6FFBFFFE9434E7670FFC7FFF3D758" masterDocTitle="<strong> Systematic revision and review of the extant and fossil snout butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Libytheinae) </ strong>" masterLastPageNumber="74" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="58" updateTime="1699120693277" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="40C8E3F6D48CB297A86549572F24A31C"><strong> Systematic revision and review of the extant and fossil snout butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Libytheinae) </ strong></mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9CC635B8E327B79021C8B22C803CF7CA">Kawahara, Akito Y.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="CFBB339A7881F127A0164BB0C514B2CB">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="6661B1E69F9EEB8F6E956DC2E3F14C6C">
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<mods:date id="172D0A367C93C806CD7E101BBA65A7C5">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="FF50A9C26B0BEEB1E1072911B284EE55">2013-03-22</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="51FC4EB2ED4387D398338D3A479526D1">3631</mods:number>
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<subSubSection id="C34C655AFFD0437776E7FDA9FD82D5D0" box="[151,625,622,648]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE936D1FFD0437776E7FDA9FD82D5D0" blockId="57.[151,625,622,681]" box="[151,625,622,648]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<heading id="D0A181BDFFD0437776E7FDA9FD82D5D0" bold="true" box="[151,625,622,648]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C564D52FFD0437776E7FDA9FD82D5D0" authority="(Scudder 1889)" baseAuthorityName="Scudder" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[151,625,622,648]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Libytheana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vagabunda">
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<emphasis id="B922EAC3FFD0437776E7FDA9FD82D5D0" bold="true" box="[151,625,622,648]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<emphasis id="B922EAC3FFD0437776E7FDA9FE5ED5D0" bold="true" box="[151,429,622,648]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Libytheana vagabunda</emphasis>
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(Scudder 1889)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34C655AFFD0437776E7FD56FF0BD5F1" box="[151,248,657,681]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE936D1FFD0437776E7FD56FF0BD5F1" blockId="57.[151,625,622,681]" box="[151,248,657,681]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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(
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<figureCitation id="136D2A54FFD0437776EFFD56FF02D5F1" box="[159,241,657,681]" captionStart="FIGURES 63−68" captionStartId="45.[151,264,1537,1560]" captionTargetBox="[164,1421,184,1497]" captionTargetId="figure-471@45.[151,1436,157,1516]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURES 63−68. Wing venation of Libytheana. 63. Libytheana vagabunda; 64. Libytheana carinenta carinenta; 65. Libytheana carinenta bachmanii; 66. Libytheana fulvescens; 67. Libytheana motya; 68. Libytheana terena." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261881/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 63</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34C655AFFD0437776E7FD1EFCCCD4BA" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE936D1FFD0437776E7FD1EFCFED5B7" blockId="57.[151,781,729,782]" box="[151,781,729,751]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4611FFFFD0437776E7FD1EFCFED5B7" box="[151,781,729,751]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF710C0FFD0437776E7FD1EFDA4D5B7" author="Scudder, S. H." box="[151,599,729,751]" page="465" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" year="1889">
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<taxonomicName id="4C564D52FFD0437776E7FD1EFDA4D5B7" authority="Scudder 1889 a: 465" authorityName="Scudder" authorityPageNumber="465" authorityYear="1889" box="[151,599,729,751]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Prolibythea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vagabunda">
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<emphasis id="B922EAC3FFD0437776E7FD1EFE77D5B7" box="[151,388,729,751]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Prolibythea vagabunda</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B20FFD0437777FBFD1EFDA4D5B7" author="Scudder, S. H." box="[395,599,729,751]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="433 - 474" refId="ref75251" refString="Scudder, S. H. (1889 a) Fossil butterflies of Florissant. In U. S. Geological survey eighth annual report, 1. The Survey, Washington. pp. 433 - 474, 2 pls." type="book chapter" year="1889">Scudder 1889a: 465</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, pl. 53,
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<figureCitation id="136D2A54FFD0437774D8FD1EFCF9D5B7" box="[680,778,729,751]" captionStart="FIGURES 2−13" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1307,1330]" captionTargetBox="[223,1363,180,1278]" captionTargetId="figure-373@11.[223,1363,180,1286]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 2−13. Lateral view of the male eighth abdominal tergum of Libythea and Libytheana with scales and hairs removed. 2. Libythea celtis; 3. Libythea collenettei; 4. Libythea geoffroyi; 5. Libythea labdaca; 6. Libythea laius; 7. Libythea lepita; 8. Libythea myrrha; 9. Libythea narina; 10. Libytheana carinenta; 11. Libytheana fulvescens; 12. Libytheana motya; 13. Libytheana terena." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261859" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261859/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Figs. 4–9</figureCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE936D1FFD0437776E7FD3FFDDBD456" blockId="57.[151,781,729,782]" box="[151,552,760,782]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4611FFFFD0437776E7FD3FFDDBD456" box="[151,552,760,782]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF710C0FFD0437776E7FD3FFDD6D456" author="Shields, O." box="[151,549,760,782]" page="13" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" year="1985">
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<taxonomicName id="4C564D52FFD0437776E7FD3FFDD6D456" authority="Shields 1985 a: 13" authorityName="Shields" authorityPageNumber="13" authorityYear="1985" box="[151,549,760,782]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Libythea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vagabunda">
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<emphasis id="B922EAC3FFD0437776E7FD3FFE95D456" box="[151,358,760,782]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Libythea vagabunda</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B20FFD04377771CFD3FFDD6D456" author="Shields, O." box="[364,549,760,782]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="13 - 24" refId="ref75683" refString="Shields, O. (1985 a) Southeast Asian affinities in Colorado Oligocene Libytheidae. Tokurana (Acta Rhopalocera) Special, 1, 13 - 24." type="journal article" year="1985">Shields 1985a: 13</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE936D1FFD0437776E7FCFDFCCCD4BA" blockId="57.[151,1437,826,1615]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<emphasis id="B922EAC3FFD0437776E7FCFDFEC5D40B" bold="true" box="[151,310,826,851]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Preservation.</emphasis>
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This compression fossil is preserved lying on its dorsum, and is missing the left antenna, forewing and hindwing. Three carinae are visible on the right antenna, verifying its identification as a nymphalid. The right forewing and hindwing overlap, obscuring most of the wing pattern. The foreleg has 3 to 4 rows of short spines on the mesothoracic tibia, and small tarsi with slightly curved claws. These characteristics led both
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B20FFD043777291FC60FA6FD4E7" author="Scudder, S. H." box="[1249,1436,935,959]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="433 - 474" refId="ref75251" refString="Scudder, S. H. (1889 a) Fossil butterflies of Florissant. In U. S. Geological survey eighth annual report, 1. The Survey, Washington. pp. 433 - 474, 2 pls." type="book chapter" year="1889">Scudder (1889a)</bibRefCitation>
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||
and
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B20FFD0437776B6FC0DFE85D4BA" author="Shields, O." box="[198,374,970,994]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="13 - 24" refId="ref75683" refString="Shields, O. (1985 a) Southeast Asian affinities in Colorado Oligocene Libytheidae. Tokurana (Acta Rhopalocera) Special, 1, 13 - 24." type="journal article" year="1985">Shields (1985a)</bibRefCitation>
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to conclude that the specimen is female.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C34C655AFFD0437776B7FC29FC3DD3CF" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="biology_ecology">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE936D1FFD0437776B7FC29FA7BD372" blockId="57.[151,1437,826,1615]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<emphasis id="B922EAC3FFD0437776B7FC29FED4D35F" bold="true" box="[199,295,1006,1031]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Biology.</emphasis>
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Unknown, but
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B20FFD0437777ABFC28FD7ED35F" author="Shields, O." box="[475,653,1007,1031]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="13 - 24" refId="ref75683" refString="Shields, O. (1985 a) Southeast Asian affinities in Colorado Oligocene Libytheidae. Tokurana (Acta Rhopalocera) Special, 1, 13 - 24." type="journal article" year="1985">Shields (1985a)</bibRefCitation>
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noted that
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<taxonomicName id="4C564D52FFD043777560FC37FC5AD35F" authorityName="Shields" authorityYear="1985" box="[784,937,1007,1031]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Libythea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vagabunda">
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<emphasis id="B922EAC3FFD043777560FC37FC5AD35F" box="[784,937,1007,1031]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">P. vagabunda</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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may have fed on
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<taxonomicName id="4C564D52FFD04377720BFC28FAFBD35F" box="[1147,1288,1007,1031]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maccoshi">
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<emphasis id="B922EAC3FFD04377720BFC28FAFBD35F" box="[1147,1288,1007,1031]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">C. maccoshi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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because two well-preserved leaves of
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<emphasis id="B922EAC3FFD0437777DFFBD4FE03D373" box="[431,496,1043,1067]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Celtis</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C564D52FFD043777788FBD4FD54D372" authority="Lesq." authorityName="Lesq." box="[504,679,1043,1067]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maccoshi">
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<emphasis id="B922EAC3FFD043777788FBD4FD91D373" box="[504,610,1043,1067]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">maccoshi</emphasis>
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Lesq.
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</taxonomicName>
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were found in the same beds from which the butterfly was found.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE936D1FFD0437776B7FBF1FC3DD3CF" blockId="57.[151,1437,826,1615]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<emphasis id="B922EAC3FFD0437776B7FBF1FEBDD317" bold="true" box="[199,334,1078,1103]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Deposition.</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="3B3E3C8CFFD043777725FBF0FC3DD3CF" location="Museum of Comparative Zoology" municipality="The" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Massachusetts">
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<collectingMunicipality id="6B8DACABFFD043777725FBF0FE73D317" box="[341,384,1079,1103]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">The</collectingMunicipality>
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specimen is currently stored in the
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<location id="8E89600AFFD043777568FBF0FB6BD317" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FF87C7FFD0437776E7FDA9FC10D117:8E89600AFFD043777568FBF0FB6BD317" box="[792,1176,1079,1103]" municipality="The" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" stateProvince="Massachusetts">Museum of Comparative Zoology</location>
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at Harvard University. Data on the specimen read: “Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge,
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<collectingRegion id="4992F833FFD043777589FB9DFB6CD32A" box="[1017,1183,1114,1138]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
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. No. 5, Field #16,353,
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<emphasis id="B922EAC3FFD0437776E7FBB8FE57D3CF" box="[151,420,1151,1175]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C564D52FFD0437776E7FBB8FE53D3CF" authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1889" box="[151,416,1151,1175]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Prolibythea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vagabunda">Prolibythea vagabunda</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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<typeStatus id="54ED8873FFD0437777DBFBB8FE15D3CF" box="[427,486,1151,1175]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Type</typeStatus>
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, Scudder Collection, Florissant,
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<collectingRegion id="4992F833FFD043777523FBB8FC32D3CF" box="[851,961,1151,1175]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Colorado</collectingRegion>
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.”
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</materialsCitation>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C34C655AFFD0437776B7FB64FC10D117" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE936D1FFD0437776B7FB64FEE6D229" blockId="57.[151,1437,826,1615]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<emphasis id="B922EAC3FFD0437776B7FB64FEC8D3E3" bold="true" box="[199,315,1187,1211]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Remarks.</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B20FFD043777734FB65FDF2D3E2" author="Scudder, S. H." box="[324,513,1186,1210]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="433 - 474" refId="ref75251" refString="Scudder, S. H. (1889 a) Fossil butterflies of Florissant. In U. S. Geological survey eighth annual report, 1. The Survey, Washington. pp. 433 - 474, 2 pls." type="book chapter" year="1889">Scudder (1889a)</bibRefCitation>
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recognized the overall similarity in forewing shape to modern
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<taxonomicName id="4C564D52FFD043777291FB65FA99D3E2" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1861" box="[1249,1386,1186,1210]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Libytheinae">Libytheinae</taxonomicName>
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, but erected
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<taxonomicName id="4C564D52FFD04377769FFB00FE81D387" authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1889" box="[239,370,1223,1247]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Prolibythea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B922EAC3FFD04377769FFB00FE81D387" box="[239,370,1223,1247]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Prolibythea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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because the fossil possesses several unusual characteristics (e.g., unique wing venation, and a lobe at the hindwing margin of CuA
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<subScript id="17D23494FFD043777446FB3DFDCDD250" attach="left" box="[566,574,1274,1288]" fontSize="6" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">2</subScript>
|
||
). After restudying this specimen,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B20FFD0437775B4FB2DFB86D25A" author="Shields, O." box="[964,1141,1258,1282]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="13 - 24" refId="ref75683" refString="Shields, O. (1985 a) Southeast Asian affinities in Colorado Oligocene Libytheidae. Tokurana (Acta Rhopalocera) Special, 1, 13 - 24." type="journal article" year="1985">Shields (1985a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
concluded that Scudder’s description was incorrect, and suggested that the specimen would best be placed within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C564D52FFD0437772C2FAD6FAE7D271" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1807" box="[1202,1300,1297,1321]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Libythea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922EAC3FFD0437772C2FAD6FAE7D271" box="[1202,1300,1297,1321]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Libythea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because of similarities in wing morphology, tibia and tarsi. He believed that the specimen most closely resembled
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C564D52FFD04377734CFAF1FEFCD229" authorityName="Fruhstorfer" authorityYear="1914" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Libythea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="lepita" subSpecies="formosana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922EAC3FFD04377734CFAF1FEFCD229" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">L. lepita formosana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE936D1FFD0437776B7FABAFC10D117" blockId="57.[151,1437,826,1615]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
Kawahara (2009) scored the visible morphological features of this fossil and included the fossil in a cladistic analysis. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C564D52FFD043777741FA66FE5DD2E1" authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1889" box="[305,430,1441,1465]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Prolibythea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vagabunda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922EAC3FFD043777741FA66FE5DD2E1" box="[305,430,1441,1465]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">vagabunda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fossil has two characters that clearly place it in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C564D52FFD0437775B7FA66FBB6D2E1" authorityName="Michener. Fifteen" authorityYear="1943" box="[967,1093,1441,1465]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Libytheana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922EAC3FFD0437775B7FA66FBB6D2E1" box="[967,1093,1441,1465]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Libytheana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: 1) a forewing Rs
|
||
<subScript id="17D23494FFD04377737FFA77FAE4D2E6" attach="left" box="[1295,1303,1456,1470]" fontSize="6" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">2</subScript>
|
||
with a base closer to fork of Rs
|
||
<subScript id="17D23494FFD043777704FA10FE8FD2BD" attach="left" box="[372,380,1495,1509]" fontSize="6" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">3</subScript>
|
||
+ Rs
|
||
<subScript id="17D23494FFD0437777CAFA10FE31D2BD" attach="left" box="[442,450,1495,1509]" fontSize="6" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">4</subScript>
|
||
than discal cell apex; and 2) a discontinuous band from forewing costal margin to M
|
||
<subScript id="17D23494FFD0437773FDFA10FA66D2BD" attach="left" box="[1421,1429,1495,1509]" fontSize="6" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">3</subScript>
|
||
. Kawahara (2009) transferred
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C564D52FFD043777782FA28FD9DD15F" authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1889" box="[498,622,1519,1543]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Prolibythea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vagabunda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922EAC3FFD043777782FA28FD9DD15F" box="[498,622,1519,1543]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">vagabunda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C564D52FFD0437774EDFA28FCE8D15F" authorityName="Michener. Fifteen" authorityYear="1943" box="[669,795,1519,1543]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Libytheana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922EAC3FFD0437774EDFA28FCE8D15F" box="[669,795,1519,1543]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Libytheana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, along with
|
||
<emphasis id="B922EAC3FFD0437775C8FA28FBC2D15F" box="[952,1073,1519,1543]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C564D52FFD0437775C8FA28FBDED15F" baseAuthorityName="Scudder" baseAuthorityYear="1892" box="[952,1069,1519,1543]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Libytheana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="florissanti">florissanti</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B20FFD04377724DFA28FAC8D15F" author="Carpenter, F. M." box="[1085,1339,1519,1543]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="279 - 655" refId="ref67440" refString="Carpenter, F. M. (1992) Part R: Arthropoda 4. Vol. 4. [i] - ii, pp. 279 - 655. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. The Geological Society of America, Boulder." type="journal article" year="1992">Carpenter (1992: 379</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136D2A54FFD04377733BFA28FA63D15F" box="[1355,1424,1519,1543]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,903,926]" captionTargetBox="[348,1230,195,882]" captionTargetId="figure-391@5.[348,1240,195,882]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Phylogeny of snout butterflies based on morphology (after Kawahara 2009). Numbers above and below each rectangle refer to the characters and states in Kawahara (2009). A dark rectangle indicates a unique character state change (synapomorphy), a white rectangle indicates homoplasy. Large numbers indicate branch support (Bremer Support/jackknife). Due to limited space, outgroups are not shown in this figure." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261857" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261857/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
) incorrectly illustrated the wing venation of
|
||
<emphasis id="B922EAC3FFD043777409F9D4FD0FD173" box="[633,764,1555,1579]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C564D52FFD043777409F9D4FD0BD173" authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1889" box="[633,760,1555,1579]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Prolibythea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vagabunda">vagabunda</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and published a wing of a Parnassinae (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C564D52FFD0437772C9F9D4FABFD173" box="[1209,1356,1555,1579]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Papilionidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Refer to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC74B20FFD0437776C3F9F0FE9ED117" author="Scudder, S. H." box="[179,365,1591,1615]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="433 - 474" refId="ref75251" refString="Scudder, S. H. (1889 a) Fossil butterflies of Florissant. In U. S. Geological survey eighth annual report, 1. The Survey, Washington. pp. 433 - 474, 2 pls." type="book chapter" year="1889">Scudder (1889a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for additional illustrations and images of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C564D52FFD043777532F9FFFC2FD117" authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1889" box="[834,988,1591,1615]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Prolibythea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vagabunda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B922EAC3FFD043777532F9FFFC2FD117" box="[834,988,1591,1615]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">L. vagabunda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |