214 lines
23 KiB
XML
214 lines
23 KiB
XML
<document id="E1F9DA112D39592B144E4CD21B3BBD33" ID-CLB-Dataset="58516" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6512484" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67b52095-db4b-43f8-a661-4aced0511111" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512484" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1651524980884" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03F507139933FF890677FDE3FC18FDC0" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Bovidae_0444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Ovis hodgsoni Blyth 1841" docType="treatment" docVersion="15" lastPageNumber="692" masterDocId="FFCC7F6B994BFFF00316FF82FFEDFF81" masterDocTitle="Bovidae" masterLastPageNumber="779" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="691" updateTime="1699330398010" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods id="CE5784B14E40B1EF4CD8E04B8FA58447" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="5674D9BC095AF0F7078D6BDB68E4EA8D">
|
||
<mods:title id="461CE133AA67039B869E78481A7D7F31">Bovidae</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="EE67DFA487B765595C7B2F68BE48AB39" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="65EAA6B27A3FFA6E705ED6EB7AAC4FCC">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="4304E69D4AAE22A33DC15E7D70B11A10">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="E67946DAC87548EE472ACF11E63031F3">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="32F0F52010135FE99EE9A633F484886D" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="DC0C2B771E380E325AABCDADE07550FD">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="4E25E7332D98C927C101ECF9644C2172">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="8DD8ABE1856DBFAB024C472CA144CA44">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="5509B69B4F0F41DB5896356821C9390C">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="20FE773BC12945D77C5292F952349DE2" type="host">
|
||
<mods:originInfo id="DBA27E6A6F5DC517761B1DAD1A019BA8">
|
||
<mods:dateIssued id="48365088D56DF0E7F7CFE20CCB9F829A">2011</mods:dateIssued>
|
||
<mods:dateOther id="61E7B6DC453AA80091B4487F755E7397" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
|
||
<mods:publisher id="6916399737272A604A7F3D8DBA1ED200">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
|
||
<mods:place id="7246668D9CB7C3CC5B633CB5BCC2992E">
|
||
<mods:placeTerm id="E80569BB3D7508AC1388BA95558401CB">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
|
||
</mods:place>
|
||
</mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="973D45F9567D4C2630958866BCAD6296">
|
||
<mods:title id="8BC5AD61AD2F299E4C1A4FF4125F5F62">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="391F126005E35712581A34A2AF5C4850">
|
||
<mods:extent id="29B20B7077B478EB86F8FB1AF7020299" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="B5008CEC66B05B3F6581D6BF76F2F36B">444</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="0B95CD8405FAC79A5FE521067D092CA4">779</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="3DBBE33A23B829CE64CECC37F0A68A74">book chapter</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="C02647FBA8E05962DBEE5855286B883B" type="CLB-Dataset">58516</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="58297E2EA72C288FAFA36E1CA9EE5214" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6512484</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="472DFED607CDCD01BBA2095D3D09FFF9" type="GBIF-Dataset">67b52095-db4b-43f8-a661-4aced0511111</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="036E741FEDB6D1AD8CBD492180B7F666" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-77-4</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="CA46046EA6840485002791603BC21FE6" type="Zenodo-Dep">6512484</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="03F507139933FF890677FDE3FC18FDC0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6773081" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195659255" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6773081" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F507139933FF890677FDE3FC18FDC0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F507139933FF890677FDE3FC18FDC0" lastPageId="121" lastPageNumber="692" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9933FF880677FDE3FA5FFD12" box="[1377,1458,609,659]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059933FF880677FDE3FA5FFD12" blockId="120.[1374,2172,609,702]" box="[1377,1458,609,659]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">
|
||
<heading id="D0AB01699933FF880677FDE3FA5FFD12" box="[1377,1458,609,659]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">
|
||
<figureCitation id="1367AA809933FF880677FDE3FA5FFD12" box="[1377,1458,609,659]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="118.[97,127,3389,3410]" captionTargetBox="[13,2761,12,3632]" captionTargetPageId="117" captionText="On following pages: 199. Kazakhstan Argali (Ovis collium); 200. Marco Polo Argali (Ovis poli); 201. Tibetan Argali (Ovis hodgsoni); 202. Altai Argali (Ovis ammon); 203. Gobi Argali (Ovis darwini); 204. Shansi Argali (Ovis jubata); 205. Snow Sheep (Owvis nivicola); 206. Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis); 207. Dall's Sheep (Ovis dalli)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512959/files/figure.png" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">201.</figureCitation>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9933FF8806D4FDE3F903FD12" box="[1474,1774,609,659]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059933FF8806D4FDE3F903FD12" blockId="120.[1374,2172,609,702]" box="[1474,1774,609,659]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">
|
||
<heading id="D0AB01699933FF8806D4FDE3F903FD12" box="[1474,1774,609,659]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">
|
||
<vernacularName id="055FC62B9933FF8806D4FDE3F903FD12" box="[1474,1774,609,659]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Tibetan Argali</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9933FF880425FDE3F7C7FD12" box="[1843,2090,609,659]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059933FF880425FDE3F7C7FD12" blockId="120.[1374,2172,609,702]" box="[1843,2090,609,659]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">
|
||
<heading id="D0AB01699933FF880425FDE3F7C7FD12" box="[1843,2090,609,659]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869933FF880425FDE3F7C7FD12" authority="Blyth, 1841" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1841" box="[1843,2090,609,659]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hodgsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179933FF880425FDE3F7C7FD12" box="[1843,2090,609,659]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Ovis hodgsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9933FF880676FD26F791FD38" box="[1376,2172,676,697]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059933FF880676FD26F791FD38" blockId="120.[1374,2172,609,702]" box="[1376,2172,676,697]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">
|
||
<heading id="D0AB01699933FF880676FD26F791FD38" box="[1376,2172,676,697]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179933FF880676FD26FA41FD38" bold="true" box="[1376,1452,676,697]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">French:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="055FC62B9933FF8806A0FD26F9B2FD38" box="[1462,1631,676,697]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">
|
||
Mouflon du
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79933FF880539FD26F9B2FD38" box="[1583,1631,676,697]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Tibet</collectingRegion>
|
||
</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179933FF880565FD26F922FD38" bold="true" box="[1651,1743,676,697]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">German:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="055FC62B9933FF8805C1FD26F89CFD38" box="[1751,1905,676,697]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Tibet-Wildschaf</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179933FF880493FD26F80DFD38" bold="true" box="[1925,2016,676,697]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Spanish:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="055FC62B9933FF8804FEFD26F7F2FD38" box="[2024,2079,676,697]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Argali</vernacularName>
|
||
del
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79933FF880B5AFD26F791FD38" box="[2124,2172,676,697]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Tibet</collectingRegion>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9933FF8804D3FD65F637FC89" box="[1989,2522,743,776]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059933FF8804D3FD65F637FC89" blockId="120.[1989,2576,743,1168]" box="[1989,2522,743,776]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179933FF8804D3FD65F78DFC89" bold="true" box="[1989,2144,743,776]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869933FF880B65FD65F638FC89" authority="Blyth, 1841" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1841" box="[2163,2517,743,776]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ouvis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hodgson">Ouvis hodgson: Blyth, 1841</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9933FF880AFFFD65F66CFCAE" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059933FF880AFFFD65F66CFCAE" blockId="120.[1989,2576,743,1168]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B34BC589933FF880AFFFD65F66CFCAE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785198314" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">
|
||
Tibet, probably on
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959933FF880BA3FC90F6E5FCAE" box="[2229,2312,786,815]" name="Nepal" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
frontier.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9933FF8804D3FCB7F7E0FBEB" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059933FF8804D3FCB7F7E0FBEB" blockId="120.[1989,2576,743,1168]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">
|
||
This species is usually classified as a subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869933FF880B4FFCDEF732FCFC" box="[2137,2271,860,893]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ammon">O. ammon</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Some authors assign two argali forms to the Tibetan
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79933FF880AB6FC06F5E4FC24" box="[2464,2569,900,933]" country="Nigeria" name="Plateau" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Plateau</collectingRegion>
|
||
: hodgsoni (southern Tibetan
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79933FF880A41FC32F652FC4C" box="[2391,2495,944,973]" country="Nigeria" name="Plateau" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Plateau</collectingRegion>
|
||
) and dalailamae (northern Tibetan
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79933FF880A87FC55F612FC75" box="[2449,2559,983,1012]" country="Nigeria" name="Plateau" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Plateau</collectingRegion>
|
||
). These two forms cannot be distinguished phenotypically or karyologically. Monotypic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9933FF8804D3FBF1F81FFB39" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" type="distribution">
|
||
<caption id="DF23E68D9933FF8804D3FBF1F81FFB39" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512757" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512757" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512757/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" targetBox="[1372,1965,752,1169]" targetPageId="120">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059933FF8804D3FBF1F81FFB39" blockId="120.[1989,2576,743,1168]" lastBlockId="120.[1373,2578,1179,3448]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179933FF8804D3FBF1F798FB11" bold="true" box="[1989,2165,1139,1168]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
N
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959933FF880BA5FBF1F711FB11" box="[2227,2300,1139,1168]" name="India" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(including N
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79933FF880AC8FBF1FA77FB39" country="India" name="Sikkim" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Sikkim</collectingRegion>
|
||
), N
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959933FF8806C3FB19F9C7FB39" box="[1493,1578,1179,1208]" name="Nepal" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and SW
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959933FF8805B9FB19F8EEFB39" box="[1711,1795,1179,1208]" name="China" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
(mostly
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79933FF88046BFB19F808FB39" box="[1917,2021,1179,1208]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Xizang</collectingRegion>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9933FF880649FB40FA15F9E8" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059933FF880649FB40FA15F9E8" blockId="120.[1373,2578,1179,3448]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179933FF880649FB40F9B0FB5E" bold="true" box="[1375,1629,1218,1247]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09933FF880434FB40F864FB5E" box="[1826,1929,1218,1247]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.67" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" unit="cm" value="167.0">167 cm</quantity>
|
||
(males) and
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09933FF880B4DFB40F72EFB5E" box="[2139,2243,1218,1247]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.48" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" unit="cm" value="148.0">148 cm</quantity>
|
||
(females), tail 5-5 cm (males), shoulder height 115-118 cm (males) and 99-112 cm (females); weight
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09933FF880AC8FB68FA2DFAAF" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.015" metricValueMax="1.05" metricValueMin="0.98" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" unit="kg" value="101.5" valueMax="105.0" valueMin="98.0">98— 105 kg</quantity>
|
||
(males) and
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09933FF88059DFA93F934FAAF" box="[1675,1753,1297,1326]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.8" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" unit="kg" value="68.0">68 kg</quantity>
|
||
(a female older than four years). Basal horn circumference 39.4-43 cm (males) and
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09933FF880405FABAF889FAD4" box="[1811,1892,1336,1365]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" unit="cm" value="19.0">19 cm</quantity>
|
||
(females); horn length 86-145 cm (males) and 36-46 cm (females). Male skulls with horns weight 7.2-18 kg, longest recorded horn
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09933FF880674FA05FA2FFA25" box="[1378,1474,1415,1444]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" unit="cm" value="145.0">145 cm</quantity>
|
||
(males). Horns of older males are broomed (broken off at ends). This species is characterized by a white ruff that surrounds the neck and is distinctly set off from the body. The body is grayish-brown near the back and paler on the sides, with a white rump patch that surrounds the tail. The front of all four legs is dark, but the back of the legs, belly, and face are white. A dark lateral stripe divides the upperparts from the white belly.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9933FF880649F9ECF76BF7E6" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059933FF880649F9ECF76BF7E6" blockId="120.[1373,2578,1179,3448]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179933FF880649F9ECFA23F90E" bold="true" box="[1375,1486,1646,1679]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Tibetan Argali occur on undulating or broken terrain, occasionally on upper slopes of mountains but not in rugged, precipitous areas. They are usually not found on plains or low hills, except when crossing from one mountain range to another. They use high ground such as broken,jagged cliff terrain to visually scan the landscape to detect predators and have adequate warning to outrun any threat. Their principal predator is the Gray Wolf (Canis lupus). Even when running from a predator, they usually do not seek cover in precipitous terrain. In Ladakh, 64% of Tibetan Argali observations were farther than
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09933FF8805DCF804F8F2F822" box="[1738,1823,1926,1955]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" unit="m" value="250.0">250 m</quantity>
|
||
from precipitous terrain, indicating their preference for areas with gentle, open slopes and away from cliffs. Snow cover is a major limiting factor in winter ranges. They require areas with minimal or patchy snow cover; areas with more than
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09933FF880528F87AF963F798" box="[1598,1678,2040,2073]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
|
||
of snow are avoided. Snow limits their ability to forage, and they are more vulnerable to predation in areas with deep snow. They occur in scattered, low-density populations with a discontinuous distribution.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9933FF880649F7EFFA22F6FA" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059933FF880649F7EFFA22F6FA" blockId="120.[1373,2578,1179,3448]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179933FF880649F7EFF981F70F" bold="true" box="[1375,1644,2157,2190]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
They feed principally on graminoids and forbs in summer and shrubs in winter. In northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959933FF880415F71FF8B5F737" box="[1795,1880,2205,2230]" name="Nepal" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Tibetan Argali diets in summer were dominated by forbs (85:4%), followed by graminoids (11%) and browse (3%). They also selected for forb communities and avoided shrub communities. In Xizang, they fed principally on forbs, followed by graminoids. During summer in northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959933FF880BD8F691F6F5F6AD" box="[2254,2328,2323,2348]" name="India" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, males select sites with the highest percent of green forage followed by non-lactating and then lactating females.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9933FF880649F607F89DF670" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059933FF880649F607F89DF670" blockId="120.[1373,2578,1179,3448]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179933FF880649F607FA08F623" bold="true" box="[1375,1509,2437,2466]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Mating occurs in December—January. Lambs are born after a gestation period of 155-165 days in late May and early June. Lactating females are more vigilant than non-lactating females and males.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9933FF88064BF679F997F5E6" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059933FF88064BF679F997F5E6" blockId="120.[1373,2578,1179,3448]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179933FF88064BF679F9A7F599" bold="true" box="[1373,1610,2555,2584]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
There is no specific information available for this species, but like other argali,it is probably active throughout the day, with feeding periods alternating with resting periods.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9933FF880649F5F3F5E1F55D" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059933FF880649F5F3F5E1F55D" blockId="120.[1373,2578,1179,3448]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179933FF880649F5F3F7F9F50F" bold="true" box="[1375,2068,2673,2702]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Detailed studies have not been conducted. Although adult males and females form separate groups during non-mating periods, these two groups occupy the same habitats and segregation is spatio-temporal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9933FF890649F561FA9BFEFD" lastPageId="121" lastPageNumber="692" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059933FF890649F561FA9BFEFD" blockId="120.[1373,2578,1179,3448]" lastBlockId="121.[200,1402,268,582]" lastPageId="121" lastPageNumber="692" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179933FF880649F561F954F485" bold="true" box="[1375,1721,2787,2820]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix I (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869933FF880B14F561F768F485" box="[2050,2181,2787,2820]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ammon">O. ammon</taxonomicName>
|
||
hodgsoni). Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List (under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869933FF8804DCF48CF7B4F4AA" box="[1994,2137,2830,2859]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ammon">O. ammon</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Subsistence and commercial hunting has been a major mortality factor in the past, but a policy of firearms confiscation has resulted in reducing hunting by pastoralists. However, lack of enforcement of game laws and lack of personnel to patrol large areas are continuing problems. The long-term threat is displacement of Tibetan Argali populations from preferred grazing areas by domestic livestock. High domestic sheep densities result in unsustainable grazing practices; many former argali habitats are now dominated by livestock. Under these circumstances, Tibetan Argali are relegated to less productive foraging areas in higher, rugged terrain. Competition with livestock for winter ranges and associated human disturbance are factors limiting argali numbers. The small, isolated populations in highly fragmented landscapes make Tibetan Argali more vulnerable to extirpation. In a protected area in Ladakh during winter, they shifted to steeper habitats closer to cliffs and abandoned previously used plant communities with denser cover after the introduction of domestic sheep and goats. Argali also decreased foraging time by 20% when in the presence oflivestock. The disturbance caused by herders and their guard dogs is probably another factor in displacing argali. The Tibetan Argali population in Ladakh has remained at 300-360 animals despite a hunting ban since the 1980s; the failure of the population to increase is probably because of increased livestock and associated human disturbance. Only about 6500 occur in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959932FF89060AFEDDFA9FFEFD" box="[1308,1394,351,380]" name="China" pageId="121" pageNumber="692">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9932FF8903DFFE09FC18FDC0" pageId="121" pageNumber="692" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059932FF8903DFFE09FC18FDC0" blockId="121.[200,1402,268,582]" pageId="121" pageNumber="692">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179932FF8903DFFE09FE8EFE25" bold="true" box="[201,355,395,420]" pageId="121" pageNumber="692">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Bunch et al. (2000), Ellerman & Morrison-Scott (1966), Fedosenko & Blank (2005), Fox, Nurbu & Chundawat (1991a), Geist (1991a), Groves & Grubb (2011), Grubb (2005), Harris (2007), Harris & Miller (1995), Harris &
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79932FF89023CFE5BFE6DFE73" box="[298,384,473,498]" country="United Kingdom" name="Reading" pageId="121" pageNumber="692">Reading</collectingRegion>
|
||
(2008), Harris et al. (2005), Kapitanova et al. (2004), Mitchell & Punzo (1975), Namgail, Fox & Bhatnagar (2004, 2007, 2009), Schaller (1977, 1998), Shrestha et al. (2005), Singh, Bonenfant, Yoccoz &
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79932FF890650FD87FA95FD9B" box="[1350,1400,517,538]" country="Tanzania" name="Pwani" pageId="121" pageNumber="692">Coté</collectingRegion>
|
||
(2010), Singh, Yoccoz et al. (2009), Valdez (1982), Wang Sung et al. (1997).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |