treatments-xml/data/03/E8/87/03E887DC5E7AFFAD5EC91635FE0EAF99.xml
2024-06-21 12:22:17 +02:00

533 lines
60 KiB
XML
Raw Blame History

This file contains invisible Unicode characters

This file contains invisible Unicode characters that are indistinguishable to humans but may be processed differently by a computer. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<document id="11E8A5E000C812D3C331B47E6510772B" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.183878" ID-GBIF-Dataset="810a9086-292c-4ca4-8075-91312cfac96e" ID-ISSN="1175­5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="183878" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459927247838" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Plotkin, Alexander S. &amp; Janussen, Dorte" docDate="2008" docId="03E887DC5E7AFFAD5EC91635FE0EAF99" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01866p135.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1866" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Radiella antarctica Plotkin &amp; Janussen, 2008, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="116" masterDocId="FFD1FFA45E6AFFB85E5E1447FFB3AA43" masterDocTitle="Polymastiidae and Suberitidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Hadromerida) of the deep Weddell Sea, Antarctic *" masterLastPageNumber="135" masterPageNumber="95" pageNumber="111" updateTime="1698229662645" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="9E7B3092CEBC3425C7C56A7880A3F0CD" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="6E07746E344EB295F9D9CA3E5358386C">
<mods:title id="D2DFC17BED0A0F8AA7DD1357451352B8">Polymastiidae and Suberitidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Hadromerida) of the deep Weddell Sea, Antarctic *</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="5F026C7E7AC622399C1DD32A47C54BBC" type="personal">
<mods:role id="BB0BA01D8CA1A937223640102119314A">
<mods:roleTerm id="6D7C815BA789EE4279DBA0F86EB45832">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="3792EACE66444CF617D3A7F2EFA2E507">Plotkin, Alexander S.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="3E675A18BA081F417B82426DA4AA2770" type="personal">
<mods:role id="B018CB7FD0354CC22C60460908A3754E">
<mods:roleTerm id="F62127ADA4B67C71A82B8D37F907D92A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="CF3D97E8D402B235A7BB8B1BE65115C8">Janussen, Dorte</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="DC668D65F2F3F44025C81A538AF836C2">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="45D4886F8DC06E6200074EADB7022481" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="1E11B489F2E46BAEE0645DEAB58D7815">
<mods:title id="12763ED619C1690B5957480970C4199F">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="C9B9E450483E75A0C57BC3C6C0120A65">
<mods:date id="0A5E95B295BA103C87F5184B3BAA19C0">2008</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="641E37130D0AB30AC061F93687912A6C" type="volume">
<mods:number id="A0AA719BFA614951622E2E6F47D11C01">1866</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="B16445C8E559DD04E4C1CD83D68E628D" unit="page">
<mods:start id="28DA8D2FD279E4586EBC0E67640DD49D">95</mods:start>
<mods:end id="902EE2BBAAEEB9BE743251E95FF53E2B">135</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="11B978C71457F2DA3CC4C430EA55D53C">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="03873C9395DA7D63ABD7220A923BC329" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.183878</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="D58A4700A2DBA30AF2648BEED6E093DF" type="GBIF-Dataset">810a9086-292c-4ca4-8075-91312cfac96e</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="C8970291071057CD871DFDF0B7B98288" type="ISSN">1175­5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="9C8F9F033AD58052DED8F80E1EF54974" type="Zenodo-Dep">183878</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03E887DC5E7AFFAD5EC91635FE0EAF99" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6235795" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119374488" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6235795" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E887DC5E7AFFAD5EC91635FE0EAF99" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E887DC5E7AFFAD5EC91635FE0EAF99" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="116" pageId="16" pageNumber="111">
<subSubSection id="C35B65415E7AFFA85EC91635FD66A8CF" box="[151,725,626,652]" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7AFFA85EC91635FD66A8CF" blockId="16.[151,725,626,652]" box="[151,725,626,652]" pageId="16" pageNumber="111">
<heading id="D0B681A65E7AFFA85EC91635FD66A8CF" bold="true" box="[151,725,626,652]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7AFFA85EC91635FD66A8CF" bold="true" box="[151,725,626,652]" pageId="16" pageNumber="111">
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E7AFFA85EC91635FECEA8CF" box="[151,381,626,652]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Radiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="antarctica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7AFFA85EC91635FECEA8CF" bold="true" box="[151,381,626,652]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="111">Radiella antarctica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20657A35E7AFFA85FDA1635FE52A8CF" box="[388,481,626,652]" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<figureCitation id="137A2A4F5E7AFFA85FAF1635FDD1A8CF" box="[497,610,626,652]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 7" captionStart-1="FIGURE 8" captionStart-2="FIGURE 9" captionStartId-0="17.[151,255,1950,1974]" captionStartId-1="18.[151,255,1341,1365]" captionStartId-2="19.[151,255,1603,1627]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,157,1933]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1435,786,1317]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1435,394,1579]" captionTargetId-0="figure@17.[151,1436,157,1933]" captionTargetId-1="figure@18.[151,1436,786,1317]" captionTargetId-2="figure@19.[151,1436,394,1579]" captionTargetPageId-0="17" captionTargetPageId-1="18" captionTargetPageId-2="19" captionText-0="FIGURE 7. Radiella antarctica sp. nov.: external morphology. A holotype SMF 10558. B paratype SMF 10564. C paratype SMF 10565. D paratype SMF 10562. E a paratype from series SMF 10563 on a rock piece. Scale bars: 10 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 8. Radiella antarctica sp. nov.: skeleton architecture. A—holotype SMF 10558, manual section. B—the same as A, histological section. C—a paratype from series SMF 10563, manual section. D the same as C, histological section. Scale bars: 2 mm." captionText-2="FIGURE 9. Radiella antarctica sp. nov.: spicules. A—frequency distribution of length (extra­long spicules of the fringe excluded). B—principal tylostyles. C—small tylostyles. Scale bars for B C: 0.1 mm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/183886/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/183887/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/183888/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="111">Figs. 79</figureCitation>
, Table 4)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35B65415E7AFFAA5EC916FAFC2AA8F9" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="113" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7AFFA85EC916FAFEC0A894" blockId="16.[151,1436,701,927]" box="[151,371,701,727]" pageId="16" pageNumber="111">Material examined</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7AFFA85E9816A2FDDDA8BC" blockId="16.[151,1436,701,927]" box="[198,622,741,767]" pageId="16" pageNumber="111">
<typeStatus id="54FA88685E7AFFA85E9816A2FE8BA8BC" box="[198,312,741,767]" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
<collectionCode id="ED50AE0F5E7AFFA85F1D16A2FECDA8BC" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" box="[323,382,741,767]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" name="Forschungsinstitut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg" pageId="16" pageNumber="111">SMF</collectionCode>
10558: PS67/110­2.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7AFFA85E98174AFCF2A9DC" blockId="16.[151,1436,701,927]" pageId="16" pageNumber="111">
<typeStatus id="54FA88685E7AFFA85E98174AFE8EA964" box="[198,317,781,807]" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
:
<collectionCode id="ED50AE0F5E7AFFA85F19174AFE31A964" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" box="[327,386,781,807]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" name="Forschungsinstitut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg" pageId="16" pageNumber="111">SMF</collectionCode>
10559 (
<specimenCount id="9D47FD435E7AFFA85FBC174AFDCAA964" box="[482,633,781,807]" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
): PS61/132­3;
<collectionCode id="ED50AE0F5E7AFFA85D7B174AFCD3A964" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" box="[805,864,781,807]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" name="Forschungsinstitut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg" pageId="16" pageNumber="111">SMF</collectionCode>
10560 (
<specimenCount id="9D47FD435E7AFFA85D9E174AFBD0A964" box="[960,1123,781,807]" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" type="generic">10 specimens</specimenCount>
), 10561 (
<specimenCount id="9D47FD435E7AFFA85A8E174AFAD0A964" box="[1232,1379,781,807]" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" type="generic">7 specimens</specimenCount>
) and 10562 (
<specimenCount id="9D47FD435E7AFFA85EAB1772FE33A90C" box="[245,384,821,847]" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
): PS61/135­3;
<collectionCode id="ED50AE0F5E7AFFA85C6F1772FDDFA90C" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" box="[561,620,821,847]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" name="Forschungsinstitut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg" pageId="16" pageNumber="111">SMF</collectionCode>
10563 (
<specimenCount id="9D47FD435E7AFFA85C8E1772FCC7A90C" box="[720,884,821,847]" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" type="generic">66 specimens</specimenCount>
) and 10564 (
<specimenCount id="9D47FD435E7AFFA85A491772FB11A90C" box="[1047,1186,821,847]" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
): PS67/102­11;
<collectionCode id="ED50AE0F5E7AFFA85B3F1772FA2FA90C" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" box="[1377,1436,821,847]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" name="Forschungsinstitut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg" pageId="16" pageNumber="111">SMF</collectionCode>
10566 (
<specimenCount id="9D47FD435E7AFFA85EAD171AFE28A934" box="[243,411,861,887]" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" type="generic">62 specimens</specimenCount>
), 10567 (
<specimenCount id="9D47FD435E7AFFA85C50171AFD00A934" box="[526,691,861,887]" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" type="generic">42 specimens</specimenCount>
) and 10568 (
<specimenCount id="9D47FD435E7AFFA85D09171AFC42A934" box="[855,1009,861,887]" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
): PS67/110­2; 10565 (
<specimenCount id="9D47FD435E7AFFA85B5D171AFA3EA934" box="[1283,1421,861,887]" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
), 10569 (
<specimenCount id="9D47FD435E7AFFA85EAD17C2FECBA9DC" box="[243,376,901,927]" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
) and 10570 (
<specimenCount id="9D47FD435E7AFFA85C4A17C2FD2EA9DC" box="[532,669,901,927]" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
): PS67/110­8.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7AFFA85EC91792FE93A9AC" blockId="16.[151,1437,981,1927]" box="[151,288,981,1007]" pageId="16" pageNumber="111">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7AFFA85E9817BAFDCCAF44" blockId="16.[151,1437,981,1927]" pageId="16" pageNumber="111">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7AFFA85E9817BAFE7BAE55" box="[198,456,1021,1046]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="111">External morphology.</emphasis>
The
<typeStatus id="54FA88685E7AFFA85C5617BAFDDDAE54" box="[520,622,1021,1047]" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
is a lenticular, slightly irregular sponge measuring approximately
<quantity id="4CB99B2F5E7AFFA85BD517BAFF76AE7C" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
in diameter and
<quantity id="4CB99B2F5E7AFFA85FD51062FE7CAE7C" box="[395,463,1061,1087]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
in thickness, without any substrate (fig. 7A). The central area of the upper surface is gently rough and has a pale colour in alcohol, with a single very low exhalant papilla of
<quantity id="4CB99B2F5E7AFFA85A9D100AFAB4AE24" box="[1219,1287,1101,1127]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
in diameter. The periphery of the upper surface is hispid and covered with greyish sediment particles. The basal surface is nearly smooth and pale coloured. A spicule fringe of
<quantity id="4CB99B2F5E7AFFA85D5710DAFCD0AEF4" box="[777,867,1181,1207]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.7 mm</quantity>
in width is in the margin between the upper and basal surfaces. The cortex is hardly detachable, whitish in colour and moderately firm in consistency. The choanosome is whitish, firm but crumbly.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7AFFA85E981152FEB4ACFC" blockId="16.[151,1437,981,1927]" pageId="16" pageNumber="111">
All
<typeStatus id="54FA88685E7AFFA85EAA1152FED7AF6C" box="[244,356,1301,1327]" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
share the presence of solitary exhalant papillae and the marginal fringes with the
<typeStatus id="54FA88685E7AFFA85B751152FA26AF6C" box="[1323,1429,1301,1327]" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. The colour of their upper surfaces is mainly determined by the hispidation pattern and the subsequent density of the soiling sediment particles. The basal surface, if present, is usually pale, and the papillae are of the same colour. The cortex is hardly detachable, whitish to grey in colour and moderately firm or slightly resilient in consistency. The choanosome is whitish to pale beige. Other external features of the
<typeStatus id="54FA88685E7AFFA85AFC11F2FAA1AF8C" box="[1186,1298,1461,1487]" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
vary much more. The
<typeStatus id="54FA88685E7AFFA85F47119AFECDAFB4" box="[281,382,1501,1527]" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
<collectionCode id="ED50AE0F5E7AFFA85FD8119AFE72AFB4" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" box="[390,449,1501,1527]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" name="Forschungsinstitut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg" pageId="16" pageNumber="111">SMF</collectionCode>
10564 is a lenticular, slightly irregular sponge without any substrate (fig. 7B). The
<typeStatus id="54FA88685E7AFFA85EC91242FF4FAC5C" box="[151,252,1541,1567]" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
<collectionCode id="ED50AE0F5E7AFFA85F5A1242FE8CAC5C" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" box="[260,319,1541,1567]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" name="Forschungsinstitut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg" pageId="16" pageNumber="111">SMF</collectionCode>
10565 is a discoid sponge attached to a very small sediment particle by the central area of its basal surface (fig. 7C). Both specimens
<collectionCode id="ED50AE0F5E7AFFA85C2B126AFD03AC04" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" box="[629,688,1581,1607]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" name="Forschungsinstitut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg" pageId="16" pageNumber="111">SMF</collectionCode>
10564 and 10565 possess uniformly hispid upper surface covered with sediments and a smooth basal surface. Another
<typeStatus id="54FA88685E7AFFA85D1B1212FC19AC2C" box="[837,938,1621,1647]" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
<collectionCode id="ED50AE0F5E7AFFA85DED1212FC5DAC2C" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" box="[947,1006,1621,1647]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" name="Forschungsinstitut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg" pageId="16" pageNumber="111">SMF</collectionCode>
10562 (fig. 7D) has a discoid upper surface with a smooth pale central area and a hispid periphery, and a conical, smooth basal surface without substrate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7AFFA85E98128AFCF0ADC4" blockId="16.[151,1437,981,1927]" pageId="16" pageNumber="111">
Most other studied sponges are attached by the basal surface to various hard substrata including pebbles, rock pieces and volcanic concretions (fig. 7E). The shape varies from discoid to hemispherical and cushionlike. The diameter is up to
<quantity id="4CB99B2F5E7AFFA85F8B135AFD9BAD74" box="[469,552,1821,1847]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
while the thickness may reach
<quantity id="4CB99B2F5E7AFFA85DC5135AFC50AD74" box="[923,995,1821,1847]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
. The upper surface is mainly smooth, velvet or gently rough though its peripheral area close to the marginal fringe may be hispid. The length of the papillae varies from
<quantity id="4CB99B2F5E7AFFA85FD6132AFDA9ADC4" box="[392,538,1901,1927]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" unit="mm" value="2.25" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="0.5">0.5 to 4 mm</quantity>
; the diameter is
<quantity id="4CB99B2F5E7AFFA85C84132AFC8CADC4" box="[730,831,1901,1927]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" unit="mm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">12 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF3E66425E7BFFA95EC913D9FA2FAD98" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183886/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="112" targetBox="[151,1436,157,1933]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7BFFA95EC913D9FA2FAD98" blockId="17.[151,1436,1950,2011]" pageId="17" pageNumber="112">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7BFFA95EC913D9FEA8ADF5" bold="true" box="[151,283,1950,1974]" pageId="17" pageNumber="112">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E7BFFA95F7A13D9FE46ADF6" box="[292,501,1950,1973]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Radiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="17" pageNumber="112" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="antarctica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7BFFA95F7A13D9FE46ADF6" box="[292,501,1950,1973]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="112">Radiella antarctica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20657A35E7BFFA95FA313D9FDE5ADF6" box="[509,598,1950,1973]" pageId="17" pageNumber="112" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
: external morphology. Aholotype SMF 10558. Bparatype SMF 10564. C paratype SMF 10565. Dparatype SMF 10562. Ea paratype from series SMF 10563 on a rock piece. Scale bars: 10 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E78FFAA5E9814DFFC2AA8F9" blockId="18.[151,1437,152,698]" pageId="18" pageNumber="113">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E78FFAA5E9814DFFE82AAF2" box="[198,305,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="113">Skeleton.</emphasis>
The main choanosomal skeleton is constituted by the tracts of principal tylostyles radially running from the central basal area (fig. 8). The thickness of the radial tracts is 110330 µm in the
<typeStatus id="54FA88685E78FFAA5B5D1487FAD9AA99" box="[1283,1386,192,218]" pageId="18" pageNumber="113" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and 100280 µm in other specimens. In sponges free of substrate, or with a small substrate, the radial tracts form a smooth envelope of the basal surface (figs. 8A, B). In specimens attached to larger substrata, such an enveloping is less visible (figs. 8C, D). The additional choanosomal skeleton is composed of the variously positioned principal and small tylostyles lying singly or gathered in the thin bundles. In the upper surface the main choanosomal tracts enter the cortex, diverge into bouquets and make up the surface hispidation developed mainly in the periphery. The cortical bouquets are reinforced by the palisade of small tylostyles. Ostia are located between the bouquets. The thickness of the cortex is 250680 µm in the
<typeStatus id="54FA88685E78FFAA5DA0159FFBD7ABB1" box="[1022,1124,472,498]" pageId="18" pageNumber="113" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and 210800 µm in other specimens. The thickness of the surface hispidation is 120630 µm in the
<typeStatus id="54FA88685E78FFAA5A5C1647FBDAA859" box="[1026,1129,512,538]" pageId="18" pageNumber="113" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and 260410 µm in other specimens. The marginal fringe is made of the additional extra­long tylostyles which may also reinforce the peripheral hispidation. Papilla skeleton is constituted by the ascending main tracts surrounding the exhalant canal of 540 µm in diameter The skeleton of each papilla possesses ascending main tracts surrounding the exhalant canal, the latter measuring 540 µm in diameter (fig. 8C).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF3E66425E78FFAA5EC9117AFEE4AFD9" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183887/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="113" targetBox="[151,1435,786,1317]" targetPageId="18">
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E78FFAA5EC9117AFEE4AFD9" blockId="18.[151,1437,1341,1434]" pageId="18" pageNumber="113">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E78FFAA5EC9117AFEAAAF16" bold="true" box="[151,281,1341,1365]" pageId="18" pageNumber="113">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E78FFAA5F7F1179FE5DAF16" box="[289,494,1342,1365]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Radiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="113" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="antarctica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E78FFAA5F7F1179FE5DAF16" box="[289,494,1342,1365]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="113">Radiella antarctica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20657A35E78FFAA5FA8117AFDFEAF17" box="[502,589,1341,1364]" pageId="18" pageNumber="113" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
: skeleton architecture. A—holotype SMF 10558, manual section. B—the same as A, histological section. C—a paratype from series SMF 10563, manual section. Dthe same as C, histological section. Scale bars: 2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C35B65415E78FFAB5E981189FC7DAD33" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="114" pageId="18" pageNumber="113" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E78FFAA5E981189FAC9ACF3" blockId="18.[151,1439,1486,2032]" pageId="18" pageNumber="113">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E78FFAA5E981189FE83AFA4" box="[198,304,1486,1511]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="113">Spicules.</emphasis>
Altogether 1307 spicules from
<specimenCount id="9D47FD435E78FFAA5CF91189FCF5AFAB" box="[679,838,1486,1512]" pageId="18" pageNumber="113" type="generic">15 specimens</specimenCount>
were measured. Two main size categories of tylostyles are well distinguished and no intermediary class can be marked out (fig. 9A). Extra­long tylostyles of the fringe undoubtedly constituted an additional size category. But the measurements of them were very few, because most of these spicules became broken on the slides. Summarizing results of spicule measurements are given in the main text below, indicating the total number of spicules measured for each category (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E78FFAA5B491229FA95ACC4" box="[1303,1318,1646,1671]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="113">n</emphasis>
). Particular results of spicule measurements for each specimen (extra­long tylostyles excluded) are given in table 4.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E78FFAA5E9812F9FDDBADE3" blockId="18.[151,1439,1486,2032]" pageId="18" pageNumber="113">
Principal tylostyles are usually straight or rarely slightly curved, slender (fig. 9B). Most of them possess terminally located, spherical tyles. More then 60% of principal spicules have well­developed tyles and about 35% of them have weakly­developed tyles. Very infrequently, principal spicules have slightly displaced, weakly­developed tyles or even lack any tyles. In general the principal tylostyles measure: length 957­
<date id="FFFF100A5E78FFAA5B061371FA27AD13" box="[1368,1428,1846,1872]" pageId="18" pageNumber="113" value="1599" valueMax="2686">1599</date>
­ 2686 µm, tyle diameter 8­15.0­27 µm, diameter of the shaft underneath the tyle 5­11.8­26 µm, maximal diameter of the shaft 8­17.6­27 µm (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E78FFAA5C5613C1FD99ADDC" box="[520,554,1926,1951]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="113">n=</emphasis>
412).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E78FFAB5E9813E9FC8DAB11" blockId="18.[151,1439,1486,2032]" lastBlockId="19.[151,1436,152,338]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="114" pageId="18" pageNumber="113">
Small tylostyles are mainly straight or rarely slightly curved and most of them are slightly fusiform (fig. 9C). The majority of small spicules have terminally located, well­developed spherical tyles. About 11% of small tylostyles are with weakly­developed tyles. The slight displacement of tyle and its absence are observed very rarely. In general the small tylostyles measure: length 125­636­1271 µm, tyle diameter 4­10.0­21 µm, diameter of the shaft underneath the tyle 2­6.0­19 µm, maximal diameter of the shaft 3­11.0­24 µm (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E79FFAB5B6214AFFAECAB42" box="[1340,1375,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="114">n=</emphasis>
895). It should be mentioned that in three specimens (SMF 10559 and 10564), the small spicules are significantly shorter than in other sponges—125­290­829 µm (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E79FFAB5C80157FFCB3AB12" box="[734,768,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="114">n=</emphasis>
209).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF3E66425E79FFAB5EC91204FB97ACC3" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183888/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="114" targetBox="[151,1435,394,1579]" targetPageId="19">
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E79FFAB5EC91204FB97ACC3" blockId="19.[151,1436,1603,1664]" pageId="19" pageNumber="114">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E79FFAB5EC91204FEA9AC18" bold="true" box="[151,282,1603,1627]" pageId="19" pageNumber="114">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E79FFAB5F7E1203FE5DAC18" box="[288,494,1604,1627]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Radiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="19" pageNumber="114" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="antarctica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E79FFAB5F7E1203FE5DAC18" box="[288,494,1604,1627]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="114">Radiella antarctica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20657A35E79FFAB5FAA1203FDF9AC18" box="[500,586,1604,1627]" pageId="19" pageNumber="114" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
: spicules. A—frequency distribution of length (extra­long spicules of the fringe excluded). B—principal tylostyles. C—small tylostyles. Scale bars for BC: 0.1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E79FFAB5E981299FC7DAD33" blockId="19.[151,1437,1758,1944]" pageId="19" pageNumber="114">
Extra­long tylostyles of the fringe are very slender as their diameters are similar to those of the principal tylostyles. Their minimal length is about 2500 µm while the maximal one exceeds 5600 µm. No remarkable differences in tyle location and development have been found between the fringe and principal tylostyles.
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E79FFAB5E981310FED5AD33" box="[198,358,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="114">
<typeStatus id="54FA88685E79FFAB5E981310FF4EAD33" box="[198,253,1879,1904]" pageId="19" pageNumber="114">Type</typeStatus>
locality:
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F356765A5E79FFAB5F331311FE6CAD33" box="[365,479,1878,1904]" name="Antarctica" pageId="19" pageNumber="114">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
: Northern Weddell Sea, ca.
<quantity id="4CB99B2F5E79FFAB5D7B1311FC79AD33" box="[805,970,1878,1904]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.44" metricValueMax="4.8" metricValueMin="2.08" pageId="19" pageNumber="114" unit="m" value="3440.0" valueMax="4800.0" valueMin="2080.0">20804800 m</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35B65415E79FFAC5E981338FAF5AAF7" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="115" pageId="19" pageNumber="114" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E79FFAB5E981338FCAFADDB" blockId="19.[151,1437,1758,1944]" box="[198,796,1918,1944]" pageId="19" pageNumber="114">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E79FFAB5E981338FEFEADDB" box="[198,333,1919,1944]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="114">Etymology:</emphasis>
The name arises from the
<typeStatus id="54FA88685E79FFAB5CDB1339FD04ADDB" box="[645,695,1918,1944]" pageId="19" pageNumber="114">type</typeStatus>
locality.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7EFFAC5EC914DCFAF5AAF7" blockId="20.[151,1350,154,180]" box="[151,1350,154,180]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7EFFAC5EC914DCFEBAAAF0" bold="true" box="[151,265,155,179]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">TABLE 4.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7EFFAC5F4914DCFD8FAAF1" box="[279,572,155,178]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E7EFFAC5F4914DCFE56AAF1" box="[279,485,155,178]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Radiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="20" pageNumber="115" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="antarctica" status="sp. nov.">Radiella antarctica</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20657A35E7EFFAC5FB214DCFD8FAAF1" box="[492,572,155,178]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
: Results of spicule measurements. Measurements are given as in table 2.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35B65415E7EFFAD5EF9149FFE0EAF99" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="116" pageId="20" pageNumber="115" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7EFFAC5EF9149FFBDEAAAE" blockId="20.[167,1239,216,2032]" box="[167,1133,216,237]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7EFFAC5EF9149FFBDEAAAE" bold="true" box="[167,1133,216,237]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">Specimen no. Large tylostyles Small tylostyles</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7EFFAC5EF91546FBFAAB55" blockId="20.[167,1239,216,2032]" box="[167,1097,257,278]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">
SMF 10558 (
<typeStatus id="54FA88685E7EFFAC5F7B1546FECFAB55" box="[293,380,257,278]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
)
<date id="FFFF100A5E7EFFAC5FE31546FD97AB55" box="[445,548,257,278]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115" value="1330" valueMax="1571">1330­1571</date>
­1710 490­676­810
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7EFFAC5FE3156FFB15AB7E" blockId="20.[167,1239,216,2032]" box="[445,1190,296,317]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">12.8­14.4­16 / 9.6­10.6­12 8­10.1­11.2 / 4­5.1­7.2</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7EFFAC5FE31517FBFAABCE" blockId="20.[167,1239,216,2032]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">
12.8­16­17.6 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7EFFAC5C191516FDD0AB25" box="[583,611,337,358]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">n=</emphasis>
21) 8­10.8­14.4 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7EFFAC5A151516FBD4AB25" box="[1099,1127,337,358]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">n=</emphasis>
39) SMF 10559 (specimen 1)
<date id="FFFF100A5E7EFFAC5FE3153FFD90ABCE" box="[445,547,376,397]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115" value="1014" valueMax="1690">1014­1690</date>
­2686 155­275­829
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7EFFAC5FE315E7FB65ABF6" blockId="20.[167,1239,216,2032]" box="[445,1238,416,437]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">9.6­15.4­23 / 4.8­11­16.2 4.1­10.6­18.9 / 2.4­6.2­11.2</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7EFFAC5FE3158FFB16AB9E" blockId="20.[167,1239,216,2032]" box="[445,1189,456,477]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">
8.1­19.9­27 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7EFFAC5C65158FFDE4AB9E" box="[571,599,456,477]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">n=</emphasis>
49) 4.8­10.1­16.2 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7EFFAC5A03158FFBCAAB9E" box="[1117,1145,456,477]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">n=</emphasis>
104)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7EFFAC5EF915B7FBFAA846" blockId="20.[167,1239,216,2032]" box="[167,1097,496,517]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">
SMF 10559 (specimen 2)
<date id="FFFF100A5E7EFFAC5FE315B7FD96A846" box="[445,549,496,517]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115" value="1064" valueMax="1400">1064­1400</date>
­1710 170­320­660
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7EFFAC5FE3165FFB64A86E" blockId="20.[167,1239,216,2032]" box="[445,1239,536,557]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">12.8­14.5­17.6 / 6.4­10.4­12.8 5.6­10.2­17.6 / 2.4­5.5­12.8</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7EFFAC5FE31678FBC8A817" blockId="20.[167,1239,216,2032]" box="[445,1147,575,597]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">
16­18.8­22.4 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7EFFAC5C191607FDD0A816" box="[583,611,576,597]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">n=</emphasis>
19) 4­9.7­20.8 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7EFFAC5A611607FBE8A816" box="[1087,1115,576,597]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">n=</emphasis>
48)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7EFFAC5EF91620FBE7A83F" blockId="20.[167,1239,216,2032]" box="[167,1108,615,636]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">
SMF 10561 (specimen 1)
<date id="FFFF100A5E7EFFAC5FE31620FD91A83F" box="[445,546,615,636]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115" value="1343" valueMax="1744">1343­1744</date>
­2086 557­872­1271
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7EFFAC5FE316C8FB0AA8E7" blockId="20.[167,1239,216,2032]" box="[445,1209,655,676]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">10.8­14­17.6 / 8.1­11.7­16.2 8.1­11.7­16.2 / 4.1­6­9.5</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7EFFAC5FE316F0FBFAA8B7" blockId="20.[167,1239,216,2032]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">
13.5­18.3­21.6 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7EFFAC5C0716F0FDC6A88F" box="[601,629,695,716]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">n=</emphasis>
19) 8.1­12.1­20.3 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7EFFAC5A0316F0FBCAA88F" box="[1117,1145,695,716]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">n=</emphasis>
41) SMF 10562
<date id="FFFF100A5E7EFFAC5FE31698FD97A8B7" box="[445,548,735,756]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115" value="1064" valueMax="1401">1064­1401</date>
­1710 460­702­930
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7EFFAC5FE31740FB73A95F" blockId="20.[167,1239,216,2032]" box="[445,1216,775,796]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">8.8­10.8­13.6 / 6.4­9.3­12.8 5.6­8.7­12.8 / 2.4­6.1­9.6</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7EFFAC5FE31768FBE0A92F" blockId="20.[167,1239,216,2032]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">
12.8­15.3­17.6 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7EFFAC5C071768FDC6A907" box="[601,629,815,836]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">n=</emphasis>
60) 4.8­11.4­16 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7EFFAC5A141768FBD5A907" box="[1098,1126,815,836]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">n=</emphasis>
121) SMF 10563 (specimen 1)
<date id="FFFF100A5E7EFFAC5FE31710FD97A92F" box="[445,548,855,876]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115" value="1386" valueMax="1523">1386­1523</date>
­1686 571­845­1114
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7EFFAC5FE31738FB64A9D7" blockId="20.[167,1239,216,2032]" box="[445,1239,895,916]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">13.5­16.9­21.6 / 10.8­14.1­16.2 8.1­12.3­16.2 / 4.1­7.2­13.5</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7EFFAC5FE317E0FBE7A9A0" blockId="20.[167,1239,216,2032]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">
16.2­19­21.6 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7EFFAC5C1917E0FDD0A9FF" box="[583,611,935,956]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">n=</emphasis>
28) 8.1­14.3­24.3 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7EFFAC5A0317E0FBCAA9FF" box="[1117,1145,935,956]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">n=</emphasis>
32) SMF 10563 (specimen 2)
<date id="FFFF100A5E7EFFAC5FE31789FD90A9A0" box="[445,547,974,995]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115" value="1486" valueMax="1796">1486­1796</date>
­2086 600­785­1271
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7EFFAC5FE317B1FB0CAE48" blockId="20.[167,1239,216,2032]" box="[445,1215,1014,1035]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">9.5­13­17.6 / 8.1­11­16.2 6.8­9.5­12.2 / 4.1­6.1­8.1</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7EFFAC5FE31059FBFAAE18" blockId="20.[167,1239,216,2032]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">
13.5­17.5­20.3 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7EFFAC5C071059FDC6AE70" box="[601,629,1054,1075]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">n=</emphasis>
30) 8.1­11.7­16.2 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7EFFAC5A021059FBCBAE70" box="[1116,1144,1054,1075]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">n=</emphasis>
60) SMF 10564
<date id="FFFF100A5E7EFFAC5FE31001FD97AE18" box="[445,548,1094,1115]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115" value="1543" valueMax="1864">1543­1864</date>
­2543 125­291­520
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7EFFAC5FE31029FB0CAEC0" blockId="20.[167,1239,216,2032]" box="[445,1215,1134,1155]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">10.8­15­18.9 / 8.1­12.2­14.9 6.4­9.2­13.5 / 3.2­5.2­8.1</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7EFFAC5FE310D1FBFAAE90" blockId="20.[167,1239,216,2032]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">
12.8­16.7­27 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7EFFAC5C1910D1FDD0AEE8" box="[583,611,1174,1195]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">n=</emphasis>
29) 5.4­8.3­13.5 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7EFFAC5A0F10D1FBDEAEE8" box="[1105,1133,1174,1195]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">n=</emphasis>
57) SMF 10565 957­
<date id="FFFF100A5E7EFFAC5FB710F9FDAAAE90" box="[489,537,1214,1235]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115" value="1567" valueMax="2671">1567</date>
­2671 400­591­871
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7EFFAC5FE310A2FB0AAEB9" blockId="20.[167,1239,216,2032]" box="[445,1209,1253,1274]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">12.2­15.1­18.9 / 8.1­10.8­13.5 8.1­10­13.5 / 2.7­5.8­8.1</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7EFFAC5FE3114AFBE0AF09" blockId="20.[167,1239,216,2032]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">
13.5­18.7­24.3 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7EFFAC5C07114AFDC6AF61" box="[601,629,1293,1314]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">n=</emphasis>
36) 8.1­11.4­16.2 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7EFFAC5A02114AFBCBAF61" box="[1116,1144,1293,1314]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">n=</emphasis>
54) SMF 10566 (specimen 1)
<date id="FFFF100A5E7EFFAC5FE31172FD90AF09" box="[445,547,1333,1354]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115" value="1286" valueMax="1712">1286­1712</date>
­2057 510­796­1178
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7EFFAC5FE3111AFB78AF31" blockId="20.[167,1239,216,2032]" box="[445,1227,1373,1394]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">8­13.6­27 / 6.8­11.8­25.7 6.4­8.7­20.3 / 3.2­5.5­18.9</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7EFFAC5FE311C2FBFAAF81" blockId="20.[167,1239,216,2032]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">
12.8­16.9­25.7 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7EFFAC5C0711C2FDC6AFD9" box="[601,629,1413,1434]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">n=</emphasis>
43) 5.4­11.1­21.6 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7EFFAC5A0211C2FBCBAFD9" box="[1116,1144,1413,1434]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">n=</emphasis>
84) SMF 10567 (specimen 1)
<date id="FFFF100A5E7EFFAC5FE311EAFD90AF81" box="[445,547,1453,1474]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115" value="1102" valueMax="1606">1102­1606</date>
­2090 480­684­940
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7EFFAC5FE31192FB0CAFA9" blockId="20.[167,1239,216,2032]" box="[445,1215,1493,1514]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">11.2­14.4­17.6 / 6.4­10.4­14.4 6.4­9.9­12.8 / 2.4­5.7­8.8</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7EFFAC5FE311BBFBFAAC7A" blockId="20.[167,1239,216,2032]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">
12.8­15.3­18.4 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7EFFAC5C0711BBFDC6AC52" box="[601,629,1532,1553]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">n=</emphasis>
20) 8­11.6­17.6 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7EFFAC5A1411BBFBD5AC52" box="[1098,1126,1532,1553]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">n=</emphasis>
40) SMF 10568 (specimen 1)
<date id="FFFF100A5E7EFFAC5FE31263FD97AC7A" box="[445,548,1572,1593]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115" value="1216" valueMax="1525">1216­1525</date>
­1748 470­663­870
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7EFFAC5FE3120BFB1BAC22" blockId="20.[167,1239,216,2032]" box="[445,1192,1612,1633]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">12.8­15.2­22.4 / 9.6­12.8­16 8­10.8­12.8 / 4.8­5.9­8</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7EFFAC5FE31233FBC6ACCA" blockId="20.[167,1239,216,2032]" box="[445,1141,1652,1673]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">
12.8­17.6­22.4 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7EFFAC5C071233FDC6ACCA" box="[601,629,1652,1673]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">n=</emphasis>
21) 8­10­12.8 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7EFFAC5A671233FBE6ACCA" box="[1081,1109,1652,1673]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">n=</emphasis>
43)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7EFFAC5EF912DBFBFAACF2" blockId="20.[167,1239,216,2032]" box="[167,1097,1692,1713]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">
SMF 10568 (specimen 2)
<date id="FFFF100A5E7EFFAC5FE312DBFD90ACF2" box="[445,547,1692,1713]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115" value="1330" valueMax="1594">1330­1594</date>
­2014 490­707­900
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7EFFAC5FE31283FB14AC9A" blockId="20.[167,1239,216,2032]" box="[445,1191,1732,1753]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">13.6­15.8­17.6 / 10.4­12.2­14.4 8­10.2­12.8 / 4.8­6.1­8</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7EFFAC5FE312ABFBFAAD6B" blockId="20.[167,1239,216,2032]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">
14.4­16.6­19.2 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7EFFAC5C0712ABFDC6AD42" box="[601,629,1772,1793]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">n=</emphasis>
20) 7.2­10­12.8 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7EFFAC5A1512ABFBD4AD42" box="[1099,1127,1772,1793]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">n=</emphasis>
40) SMF 10569
<date id="FFFF100A5E7EFFAC5FE31354FD97AD6B" box="[445,548,1811,1832]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115" value="1330" valueMax="1568">1330­1568</date>
­1786 460­649­850
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7EFFAC5FE3137CFB0AAD13" blockId="20.[167,1239,216,2032]" box="[445,1209,1851,1872]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">14.4­17.7­22.4 / 12.8­14.1­17.6 6.4­10.1­14.4 / 1.6­5.4­8</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7EFFAC5FE31324FBC6AD3B" blockId="20.[167,1239,216,2032]" box="[445,1141,1891,1913]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">
16­18.4­22.4 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7EFFAC5C191323FDD0AD3A" box="[583,611,1892,1913]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">n=</emphasis>
26) 4­10.2­16 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7EFFAC5A671323FBE6AD3A" box="[1081,1109,1892,1913]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">n=</emphasis>
41)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7EFFAC5EF913CCFBFAADE3" blockId="20.[167,1239,216,2032]" box="[167,1097,1931,1952]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">
SMF 10570
<date id="FFFF100A5E7EFFAC5FE313CCFD96ADE3" box="[445,549,1931,1952]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115" value="1026" valueMax="1429">1026­1429</date>
­1634 420­641­950
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7EFFAC5FE313F4FB0CAD8B" blockId="20.[167,1239,216,2032]" box="[445,1215,1971,1992]" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">12.8­19.1­22.4 / 6.4­14.8­17.6 6.4­9.2­12.8 / 2.4­5.4­9.6</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7EFFAD5FE3139CFDA2A801" blockId="20.[167,1239,216,2032]" lastBlockId="21.[151,1439,152,1498]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="116" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">
16­19.3­20.8 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7EFFAC5C19139CFDD0ADB3" box="[583,611,2011,2032]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">n=</emphasis>
28) 3.2­9.4­16 (
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7EFFAC5A61139CFBE8ADB3" box="[1087,1115,2011,2032]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="115">n=</emphasis>
54)
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7FFFAD5E9814DFFE86AAF2" box="[198,309,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="116">Remarks.</emphasis>
No species of
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E7FFFAD5FB714DFFDFEAAF2" box="[489,589,152,177]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Radiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="21" pageNumber="116" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7FFFAD5FB714DFFDFEAAF2" box="[489,589,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="116">Radiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has previously been reported from the
<collectingCountry id="F356765A5E7FFFAD5A7B14DFFB26AAF1" box="[1061,1173,152,178]" name="Antarctica" pageId="21" pageNumber="116">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
, although two species were described from other regions of the Southern Hemisphere, namely
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E7FFFAD5A4D1487FF68AB41" authority="Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886" authorityName="Ridley &amp; Dendy" authorityYear="1886" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Radiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="21" pageNumber="116" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="irregularis">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7FFFAD5A4D1487FB05AA9A" box="[1043,1206,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="116">R. irregularis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E7FFFAD5A941487FF60AB41" author="Ridley" pageId="21" pageNumber="134" refString="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A. (1886) Preliminary Report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. &quot; Challenger &quot;. Part 1 and 2. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (5) 18, 325 - 351, 470 - 493." type="journal article" year="1886">Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
from the Chilean Coast, and
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E7FFFAD5C6D14AFFC03AB41" authority="Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886" authorityName="Ridley &amp; Dendy" authorityYear="1886" box="[563,944,232,258]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Radiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="21" pageNumber="116" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sarsi">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7FFFAD5C6D14AFFD3FAB42" box="[563,652,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="116">R. sarsi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E7FFFAD5CC514AFFC14AB41" author="Ridley" box="[667,935,232,258]" pageId="21" pageNumber="134" refString="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A. (1886) Preliminary Report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. &quot; Challenger &quot;. Part 1 and 2. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (5) 18, 325 - 351, 470 - 493." type="journal article" year="1886">Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F356765A5E7FFFAD5DA914AFFBD5AB41" box="[1015,1126,232,258]" name="Australia" pageId="21" pageNumber="116">Australia</collectingCountry>
. Both species are from the deep sea. In contrast to the
<collectingCountry id="F356765A5E7FFFAD5F8A1557FDF2AB69" box="[468,577,272,298]" name="Antarctica" pageId="21" pageNumber="116">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
sponges, the choanosomal skeleton of
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E7FFFAD5A571557FB14AB6A" box="[1033,1191,272,297]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Radiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="21" pageNumber="116" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="irregularis">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7FFFAD5A571557FB14AB6A" box="[1033,1191,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="116">R. irregularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E7FFFAD5A811557FA8BAB6A" box="[1247,1336,272,297]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Radiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="21" pageNumber="116" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sarsi">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7FFFAD5A811557FA8BAB6A" box="[1247,1336,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="116">R. sarsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
consists of a confused mass of small tylostyles, while the upper cortical skeleton is formed by intermediary spicules, and long spicules constitute the basal envelope and the marginal fringe.
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E7FFFAD5A5A1527FB5CAB3A" box="[1028,1263,352,377]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Radiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="21" pageNumber="116" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="irregularis">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7FFFAD5A5A1527FB5CAB3A" box="[1028,1263,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="116">Radiella irregularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also distinguished by the presence of several papillae. The status of
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E7FFFAD5D1D15CFFC2EABE2" box="[835,925,392,417]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Radiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="21" pageNumber="116" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sarsi">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7FFFAD5D1D15CFFC2EABE2" box="[835,925,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="116">R. sarsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is somewhat controversial because its
<typeStatus id="54FA88685E7FFFAD5B3415CFFA2FABE1" box="[1386,1436,392,418]" pageId="21" pageNumber="116">type</typeStatus>
locality simultaneously includes
<collectingCountry id="F356765A5E7FFFAD5C4615F7FD30AB89" box="[536,643,432,458]" name="Australia" pageId="21" pageNumber="116">Australia</collectingCountry>
and the Azores. Meanwhile later findings of this species have been made exclusively in the Northern Hemisphere (Boury­Esnault
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7FFFAD5DCF159FFC7CABB2" box="[913,975,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="116">et al.</emphasis>
1994;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E7FFFAD5A76159FFB7BABB1" author="Plotkin" box="[1064,1224,472,498]" pageId="21" pageNumber="134" refString="Plotkin, A. S. (2004) Biodiversity and distribution of Polymastiidae (Demospongiae, Hadromerida) in the Arctic area. In: Pansini, M., Pronzato, R., Bavestrello, G. &amp; Manconi (Eds.). &quot; Sponge Sciences in New Millennium &quot;. Bollettino dei Musei e degli Instituti Biologici dell'Universita di Genova, 68, 535 - 547." type="journal article" year="2004">Plotkin 2004</bibRefCitation>
). Another similar deep­water species,
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E7FFFAD5FD81647FD5BA859" authority="Wilson, 1925" authorityName="Wilson" authorityYear="1925" box="[390,744,512,538]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Radiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="21" pageNumber="116" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="straticulata">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7FFFAD5FD81647FD9CA85A" box="[390,559,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="116">R. straticulata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E7FFFAD5C611647FD53A859" author="Wilson" box="[575,736,512,538]" pageId="21" pageNumber="135" refString="Wilson, H. V. (1925) Siliceous and horny sponges collected by the U. S. Fisheries Steamer ' Albatross' during the Philippine Expedition, 1907 - 10. Contributions to the biology of the Philippine Archipelago and adjacent regions. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 100 (2, part 4), 273 - 532, pls 37 - 52." type="journal article" year="1925">Wilson, 1925</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
from the
<collectingCountry id="F356765A5E7FFFAD5D011647FC55A859" box="[863,998,512,538]" name="Philippines" pageId="21" pageNumber="116">Philippines</collectingCountry>
, is distinguished from other
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E7FFFAD5B671647FA2FA85A" box="[1337,1436,512,537]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Radiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="21" pageNumber="116" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7FFFAD5B671647FA2FA85A" box="[1337,1436,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="116">Radiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. by the three­layered cortex.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7FFFAD5E981617FE2EAE81" blockId="21.[151,1439,152,1498]" pageId="21" pageNumber="116">
The status of
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E7FFFAD5F2E1617FDC0A829" authority="Schmidt, 1870" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" box="[368,627,592,618]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Radiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="21" pageNumber="116" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sol">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7FFFAD5F2E1617FE05A82A" box="[368,438,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="116">R. sol</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E7FFFAD5F9F1617FDC0A829" author="Schmidt" box="[449,627,592,618]" pageId="21" pageNumber="135" refString="Schmidt, O. (1870) Grundzuge einer spongien-fauna des Atlantischen gebietes. Leipzig, 88 pp." type="book" year="1870">Schmidt, 1870</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, the
<typeStatus id="54FA88685E7FFFAD5CEC1617FD57A829" box="[690,740,592,618]" pageId="21" pageNumber="116">type</typeStatus>
species of the genus, is rather confused.
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E7FFFAD5ABF1617FA2FA829" author="Schmidt" box="[1249,1436,592,618]" pageId="21" pageNumber="135" refString="Schmidt, O. (1870) Grundzuge einer spongien-fauna des Atlantischen gebietes. Leipzig, 88 pp." type="book" year="1870">Schmidt (1870)</bibRefCitation>
described it from
<collectingCountry id="F356765A5E7FFFAD5F36163FFE19A8D1" box="[360,426,632,658]" name="Cuba" pageId="21" pageNumber="116">Cuba</collectingCountry>
. His illustration of the sponge habit resembles
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E7FFFAD5D8E163FFB99A8D2" box="[976,1066,632,657]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Radiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="21" pageNumber="116" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sarsi">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7FFFAD5D8E163FFB99A8D2" box="[976,1066,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="116">R. sarsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and also some of our
<collectingCountry id="F356765A5E7FFFAD5B71163FFA2FA8D1" box="[1327,1436,632,658]" name="Antarctica" pageId="21" pageNumber="116">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
sponges, but the description is very brief and gives no information about the skeleton architecture. Boury­
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E7FFFAD5EC9168FFEF7A8A1" author="Esnault" box="[151,324,712,738]" pageId="21" pageNumber="133" refString="Boury-Esnault, N. (2002) Family Polymastiidae Gray, 1867. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A Guide to the Classification of Sponges. Vol. 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 201 - 219." type="book chapter" year="2002">Esnault (2002)</bibRefCitation>
discovered a specimen collected by the Blake expedition
<date id="FFFF100A5E7FFFAD5A5A168FFB3BA8A1" box="[1028,1160,712,738]" pageId="21" pageNumber="116" value="1878" valueMax="1879">18781879</date>
from the Western Central Atlantic deep waters and identified by Schmidt as
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E7FFFAD5D5116B7FCE2A94A" box="[783,849,752,777]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Radiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="21" pageNumber="116" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sol">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7FFFAD5D5116B7FCE2A94A" box="[783,849,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="116">R. sol</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. She considered this specimen as the
<typeStatus id="54FA88685E7FFFAD5B5716B7FAC3A949" box="[1289,1392,752,778]" pageId="21" pageNumber="116" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
but made a question mark and emphasized that the discovered specimen differs from the original illustration of
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E7FFFAD5EC91707FEE1A919" author="Schmidt" box="[151,338,832,858]" pageId="21" pageNumber="135" refString="Schmidt, O. (1870) Grundzuge einer spongien-fauna des Atlantischen gebietes. Leipzig, 88 pp." type="book" year="1870">Schmidt (1870)</bibRefCitation>
. The differences are not listed but the comparison of Schmidts drawing and Boury­Esnaults description and photo reveals that the former sponge had a single papilla and a hispid upper surface whereas the latter specimen possessed 15 papillae and a velvety surface. Additionally, Schmidts drawing indicates a very long marginal fringe whereas Boury­Esnaults photo shows a considerably damaged or probably just weakly­developed fringe; although in her description the fringe is alleged to be very long. Meanwhile, the possession of several papillae, the smooth or velvety upper surface and the moderately­developed fringe are typical of
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E7FFFAD5F521077FDC1AE09" authority="Sars, 1872" authorityName="Sars" authorityYear="1872" box="[268,626,1072,1098]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Radiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="21" pageNumber="116" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hemisphaerica">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7FFFAD5F521077FE69AE0A" box="[268,474,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="116">R. hemisphaerica</emphasis>
(Sars, 1872)
</taxonomicName>
, widely distributed in the North Atlantic and Arctic deep and shallow waters (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E7FFFAD5EA9101FFE27AE31" author="Koltun" box="[247,404,1112,1138]" pageId="21" pageNumber="134" refString="Koltun, V. M. (1966) Four-rayed sponges (order Tetraxonida) of the Northern and Far Eastern Seas of the USSR. Identifiers of the USSR fauna issued by the Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Vo l. 9 0. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Nauka, Moscow-Leningrad, 112 pp." type="book" year="1966">Koltun 1966</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3B5E7FFFAD5FFB101FFDF6AE31" author="Plotkin" box="[421,581,1112,1138]" pageId="21" pageNumber="134" refString="Plotkin, A. S. (2004) Biodiversity and distribution of Polymastiidae (Demospongiae, Hadromerida) in the Arctic area. In: Pansini, M., Pronzato, R., Bavestrello, G. &amp; Manconi (Eds.). &quot; Sponge Sciences in New Millennium &quot;. Bollettino dei Musei e degli Instituti Biologici dell'Universita di Genova, 68, 535 - 547." type="journal article" year="2004">Plotkin 2004</bibRefCitation>
). Boury­Esnault writes (2002, p.213): “…Presently it is impossible to ascertain if this specimen from the West central Atlantic is a synonym of
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7FFFAD5A4E10C7FB61AEDA" box="[1040,1234,1152,1177]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="116">hemisphaericum</emphasis>
from the Arctic and North Atlantic…”
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CA5E7FFFAD5E981097FE0EAF99" blockId="21.[151,1439,152,1498]" pageId="21" pageNumber="116">
Albeit a detailed revision of
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E7FFFAD5C451097FDCDAEAA" box="[539,638,1232,1257]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Radiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="21" pageNumber="116" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7FFFAD5C451097FDCDAEAA" box="[539,638,1232,1257]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="116">Radiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
being necessary, it appears quite clear that the materials dealt with here belong to a new species. We should just mark out high variability of external morphology of
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E7FFFAD5B7B10BFFF70AF7A" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Radiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="21" pageNumber="116" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="antarctica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7FFFAD5B7B10BFFF70AF7A" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="116">R. antarctica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20657A35E7FFFAD5E921167FE9AAF79" box="[204,297,1312,1338]" pageId="21" pageNumber="116" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Sponges free of substrate, or attached to very small substrata, have lenticular or discoid shape with a prominent basal surface enveloped by main spicule tracts, which is typical of other
<taxonomicName id="4C414D495E7FFFAD5A8D110FFA84AF22" box="[1235,1335,1352,1377]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Radiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="21" pageNumber="116" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B935EAD85E7FFFAD5A8D110FFA84AF22" box="[1235,1335,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="116">Radiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. On the contrary, specimens attached to larger substrata are hemispherical or cushion­shaped and the enveloping of their basal surface is reduced. However, in both cases a marginal fringe of additional spicules is developed to a greater or lesser extent.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>