treatments-xml/data/03/E7/DD/03E7DD69FF81860824297968FBC23EBE.xml
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<mods:title id="5908FA9C21A7102AA22B2367DD40536E">A new marine vertebrate assemblage from the Late Neogene Purisima Formation in Central California, part II: Pinnipeds and Cetaceans</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03E7DD69FF81860824297968FBC23EBE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4818634" ID-GBIF-Taxon="182400966" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4818634" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E7DD69FF81860824297968FBC23EBE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E7DD69FF81860824297968FBC23EBE" lastPageId="85" lastPageNumber="900" pageId="81" pageNumber="896">
<subSubSection id="C3543FF4FF81860C24297968FC6B3E1F" box="[878,1008,1293,1319]" pageId="81" pageNumber="896" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFF81860C24297968FC6B3E1F" blockId="81.[878,1008,1293,1319]" box="[878,1008,1293,1319]" pageId="81" pageNumber="896">
<heading id="D0B9DB13FF81860C24297968FC6B3E1F" box="[878,1008,1293,1319]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="81" pageNumber="896" reason="2">
cf.
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF81860C24C87968FC6B3E1F" ID-CoL="63MH5" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[911,1008,1293,1319]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="81" pageNumber="896" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF81860C24C87968FC6B3E1F" box="[911,1008,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="896">Phocoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3543FF4FF81860C25E27923FB3C3D14" pageId="81" pageNumber="896" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFF81860C25E27923FB373EF0" blockId="81.[675,1210,1350,1480]" pageId="81" pageNumber="896">
REFERRED MATERIAL. — UCMP 219123, partial skull consisting part of right maxilla and premaxilla missing the anterior portion of the rostrum, antorbital process, and most of the ascending process of the maxilla, collected by R.W. Boessenecker from UCMP locality
<accessionNumber id="941DF19CFF81860C231379D5FB333EF0" box="[1108,1192,1456,1480]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/V99833" pageId="81" pageNumber="896" type="EnaNcbi">V99833</accessionNumber>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFF81860C25E27984FB3C3D14" blockId="81.[677,1211,1503,1580]" pageId="81" pageNumber="896">
STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. — Middle part of the San Gregorio section of the Purisima Formation, Early Pliocene (
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF81860C24427A70FC8E3D14" box="[773,789,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="896">c.</emphasis>
5-3.35 Ma; Zanclean equivalent;
<figureCitation id="137570FAFF81860C23267A71FB003D14" box="[1121,1179,1556,1580]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[113,124,1221,1239]" captionTargetBox="[761,1205,215,1066]" captionTargetId="figure-149@6.[759,1205,592,972]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 2. — Stratigraphy of the Purisima Formation: A, Stratigraphic column of the San Gregorio section of the Purisima Formation (in meters), showing stratigraphic position of UCMP vertebrate localities, dated ash beds, diatom floras, and species of Carcharodon; thickness measurements start over above missing section in uppermost part due lack of overlapping strata; epoch and stage boundaries marked as &quot;?&quot; are estimated; modified from Boessenecker (2011a); Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary after Hilgen et al. (2012); B, photograph of 3-4 m thick ash within Purisima Formation at mouth of San Gregorio Creek correlated with 2.5 Ma Ishi Tuff (Powell et al.2007); C, trace fossils in pervasively bioturbated sandstone,Purisima Formation,mouth of San Gregorio Creek; D, swaley cross-stratified sandstone, mouth of San Gregorio Creek. Abbreviations: Qt, Pleistocene terrace deposits; Tp, Purisima Formation; C, claystone; St, siltstone; Ss, sandstone. Scale bars: A, 2 m; B, C, 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538204" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538204/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="896">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3543FF4FF81860825E27A2FFEFE3EFE" lastPageId="85" lastPageNumber="900" pageId="81" pageNumber="896" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFF81860C25E27A2FFCAE3D5A" blockId="81.[674,1210,1610,1700]" box="[677,821,1610,1636]" pageId="81" pageNumber="896">DESCRIPTION</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFF81860C25E27A0CFB223D9B" blockId="81.[674,1210,1610,1700]" pageId="81" pageNumber="896">
Anteriorly, the rostrum is dorsoventrally compressed with a flat dorsal surface (
<figureCitation id="137570FAFF81860C24F27AECFB9C3D9C" box="[949,1031,1673,1700]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="83.[112,123,1013,1031]" captionTargetBox="[122,1195,210,989]" captionTargetId="figure-332@83.[125,767,187,719]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIG. 46.— Partial skull of cf.Phocoena (UCMP 219123):A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, right lateral view;D, interpretive line drawing in right lateral view; E, interpretive line drawing in dorsal view,with fossil mirrored. Gray shading on line drawing represents preserved portions, and dashed line represents unknown features. Scale bars: 3 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538309" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538309/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="896">Fig. 46</figureCitation>
). Ŋe premaxilla
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF313CF7FF82860F27367889FB9E3E2D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538307" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4538307" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538307/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="897" startId="82.[113,124,1260,1278]" targetBox="[123,1199,213,1217]" targetPageId="82">
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFF82860F27367889FB9E3E2D" blockId="82.[113,1210,1260,1301]" pageId="82" pageNumber="897">
FIG. 45. — Reconstruction of skull (UCMP 219503) and mandible (UCMP 219076) of
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF82860F247C7889FC323FC6" authorityName="Boessenecker" authorityYear="2013" box="[827,937,1260,1278]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="82" pageNumber="897" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Phocoenidae</taxonomicName>
unnamed genus 2:
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF82860F23157889FBEF3FC6" bold="true" box="[1106,1140,1260,1278]" pageId="82" pageNumber="897">A -C</emphasis>
, skull in lateral (
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF82860F27E97966FF203E2D" bold="true" box="[174,187,1283,1301]" pageId="82" pageNumber="897">A</emphasis>
), dorsal (
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF82860F26407966FE8F3E2D" bold="true" box="[263,276,1283,1301]" pageId="82" pageNumber="897">B</emphasis>
) and ventral (
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF82860F26C27967FE083E2C" bold="true" box="[389,403,1282,1300]" pageId="82" pageNumber="897">C</emphasis>
) views;
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF82860F26917966FE7F3E2D" bold="true" box="[470,484,1283,1301]" pageId="82" pageNumber="897">D</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF82860F26A87966FE603E2D" bold="true" box="[495,507,1283,1301]" pageId="82" pageNumber="897">E</emphasis>
, mandible in lateral (
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF82860F25E07966FD2E3E2D" bold="true" box="[679,693,1283,1301]" pageId="82" pageNumber="897">D</emphasis>
) and dorsal (
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF82860F24667966FCB63E2D" bold="true" box="[801,813,1283,1301]" pageId="82" pageNumber="897">E</emphasis>
) views. Scale bar: 10 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFF82860E27367929FD613FF0" blockId="82.[111,647,1356,1700]" lastBlockId="83.[675,1209,1134,1224]" lastPageId="83" lastPageNumber="898" pageId="82" pageNumber="897">
has parallel lateral and medial margins, and anteriorly, the premaxilla slopes slightly laterally. Medially, the premaxilla forms a sharp ridge along the dorsal margin of the mesorostral canal; posteriorly the medial surface is flat. Ŋe anteromedial sulcus is straight and runs posterolaterally from the margin of the mesorostral canal to the premaxillary foramen. Ŋe latter is positioned in the middle of the premaxilla anterior to the premaxillary eminence. Ŋe posteromedial sulcus is not apparent, and the posterolateral sulcus is developed lateral to the pre- maxillary foramen and extends posteriorly along the lateral margin of the premaxillary eminence; an additional posteromedial sulcus (
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF82860F234D79E9FBA53E9D" box="[1034,1086,1420,1445]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="897">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFF82860F230F79E9FCB93EFE" author="MURAKAMI M. &amp; SHIMADA C. &amp; HIKIDA Y. &amp; HIRANO, H." pageId="82" pageNumber="897" pagination="1172 - 1185" refId="ref72945" refString="MURAKAMI M., SHIMADA C., HIKIDA Y. &amp; HIRANO, H. 2012 b. - Two new extinct basal phocoenids (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Delphinoidea) from the Upper Miocene Koetoi Formation of Japan and their phylogenetic significance. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32: 1172 - 1185." type="journal article" year="2012">
Murakami
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF82860F25E279C9FD4D3EFD" box="[677,726,1451,1477]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="897">et al.</emphasis>
2012b
</bibRefCitation>
) is not apparent. Ŋe prenarial triangle is bordered medially by the mesorostral canal and laterally by the anteromedial sulcus; it is composed of porous bone. Ŋe premaxillary eminence is elevated dorsally (
<figureCitation id="137570FAFF82860F24477A4FFCFA3D7D" box="[768,865,1578,1605]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="83.[112,123,1013,1031]" captionTargetBox="[122,1195,210,989]" captionTargetId="figure-332@83.[125,767,187,719]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIG. 46.— Partial skull of cf.Phocoena (UCMP 219123):A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, right lateral view;D, interpretive line drawing in right lateral view; E, interpretive line drawing in dorsal view,with fossil mirrored. Gray shading on line drawing represents preserved portions, and dashed line represents unknown features. Scale bars: 3 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538309" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538309/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="897">Fig. 46C</figureCitation>
), dorsally convex in lateral aspect, and laterally convex in dorsal aspect (
<figureCitation id="137570FAFF82860F23027A2FFB353D5D" box="[1093,1198,1610,1637]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="83.[112,123,1013,1031]" captionTargetBox="[122,1195,210,989]" captionTargetId="figure-332@83.[125,767,187,719]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIG. 46.— Partial skull of cf.Phocoena (UCMP 219123):A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, right lateral view;D, interpretive line drawing in right lateral view; E, interpretive line drawing in dorsal view,with fossil mirrored. Gray shading on line drawing represents preserved portions, and dashed line represents unknown features. Scale bars: 3 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538309" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538309/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="897">Fig. 46A</figureCitation>
). Ŋe eminence is anteroposteriorly short and laterally overhangs the maxilla; within this overhang is a small, laterally facing foramen in the premaxilla. Ŋere is a small indentation in the posteromedial corner of the premaxillary eminence, where the accessory exposure (= maxillary ossicle) of the maxilla was probably situated. Ŋe ascending process of the premaxilla is restricted to a small cone-shaped process extending posterolateral to the premaxillary eminence. Ŋis process dorsally overlaps the maxilla, and is short along the lateral side of the bony naris. Ŋe premaxilla/maxilla suture runs along the base of the premaxillary eminence. Ŋe dorsal surfaces of the maxilla of UCMP 219123 and ascending process of the maxilla are relatively flat (
<figureCitation id="137570FAFF83860E27E27A6FFE973D1D" box="[165,268,1546,1573]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="83.[112,123,1013,1031]" captionTargetBox="[122,1195,210,989]" captionTargetId="figure-332@83.[125,767,187,719]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIG. 46.— Partial skull of cf.Phocoena (UCMP 219123):A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, right lateral view;D, interpretive line drawing in right lateral view; E, interpretive line drawing in dorsal view,with fossil mirrored. Gray shading on line drawing represents preserved portions, and dashed line represents unknown features. Scale bars: 3 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538309" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538309/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="898">Fig. 46C</figureCitation>
). Although damaged, the rostrum clearly tapers anteriorly. Ŋe anteriormost dorsal infraorbital foramen occurs anterolateral to the premaxillary eminence and opens anteriorly. Ŋe palatal surface of the maxilla is transversely convex. A poorly preserved alveolar groove occurs adjacent to the lateral margin of the rostral portion of the maxilla.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF313CF7FF83860E27377F90FD433F0C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538309" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4538309" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538309/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="898" startId="83.[112,123,1013,1031]" targetBox="[122,1195,210,989]" targetPageId="83">
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFF83860E27377F90FD433F0C" blockId="83.[112,1210,1013,1076]" pageId="83" pageNumber="898">
FIG. 46.— Partial skull of cf.
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF83860E26107F90FE303F3F" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[343,427,1013,1031]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="83" pageNumber="898" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF83860E26107F90FE303F3F" box="[343,427,1013,1031]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="898">Phocoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(UCMP 219123):
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF83860E257C7F90FDD33F3F" bold="true" box="[571,584,1013,1031]" pageId="83" pageNumber="898">A</emphasis>
, dorsal view;
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF83860E25FF7F90FD5E3F3F" bold="true" box="[696,709,1013,1031]" pageId="83" pageNumber="898">B</emphasis>
, ventral view;
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF83860E247E7F90FCDC3F3F" bold="true" box="[825,839,1013,1031]" pageId="83" pageNumber="898">C</emphasis>
, right lateral view;
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF83860E24997F90FC773F3F" bold="true" box="[990,1004,1013,1031]" pageId="83" pageNumber="898">D</emphasis>
, interpretive line drawing in right lateral view;
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF83860E26527869FEBA3F26" bold="true" box="[277,289,1036,1054]" pageId="83" pageNumber="898">E</emphasis>
, interpretive line drawing in dorsal view,with fossil mirrored. Gray shading on line drawing represents preserved portions, and dashed line represents unknown features. Scale bars: 3 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFF83860E25E2788AFCA53E3E" blockId="83.[677,1211,1263,1700]" box="[677,830,1263,1289]" pageId="83" pageNumber="898">COMPARISONS</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFF83860925E27968FD1F3D9B" blockId="83.[677,1211,1263,1700]" lastBlockId="84.[111,649,216,1699]" lastPageId="84" lastPageNumber="899" pageId="83" pageNumber="898">
Ŋis specimen exhibits many features identifying it as a phocoenid or true porpoise, including a well-developed premaxillary eminence and an ascending process of the premaxilla that does not extend posteriorly beyond the bony naris (
<figureCitation id="137570FAFF83860E231F79E9FB2D3E9E" box="[1112,1206,1420,1446]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="83.[112,123,1013,1031]" captionTargetBox="[122,1195,210,989]" captionTargetId="figure-332@83.[125,767,187,719]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIG. 46.— Partial skull of cf.Phocoena (UCMP 219123):A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, right lateral view;D, interpretive line drawing in right lateral view; E, interpretive line drawing in dorsal view,with fossil mirrored. Gray shading on line drawing represents preserved portions, and dashed line represents unknown features. Scale bars: 3 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538309" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538309/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="898">Fig. 46A</figureCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFF83860E25E279C9FCA63EFE" author="BARNES L. G." box="[677,829,1451,1478]" pageId="83" pageNumber="898" pagination="149 - 165" refId="ref64310" refString="BARNES L. G. 1985 a. - Evolution, taxonomy and antitropical distributions of the porpoises (Phocoenidae, Mammalia). Marine Mammal Science 1: 149 - 165." type="journal article" year="1985">Barnes 1985a</bibRefCitation>
). Ŋis specimen differs from other modern and fossil phocoenids in several ways. Although the premaxillary eminence is elevated in UCMP 219123 as in
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF83860E24D87A6FFCAF3D7C" authority="Cuvier, 1824" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1824" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Neophocaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="83" pageNumber="898" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phocoenoides">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF83860E24D87A6FFB203D1C" box="[927,1211,1546,1572]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="898">Neophocaena phocoenoides</emphasis>
Cuvier, 1824
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF83860E24787A4FFB2E3D7D" authority="phocoena Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="phocoena Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[831,1205,1578,1605]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="83" pageNumber="898" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phocoena">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF83860E24787A4FFB9E3D7C" box="[831,1029,1578,1604]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="898">Phocoena phocoena</emphasis>
Linnaeus, 1758
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF83860E25E27A2FFCF03D5C" authorityName="Lahille" authorityYear="1912" box="[677,875,1610,1636]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="83" pageNumber="898" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dioptrica">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF83860E25E27A2FFCF03D5C" box="[677,875,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="898">Phocoena dioptrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF83860E243D7A2FFBFE3D5C" authority="Norris" authorityName="Norris" box="[890,1125,1610,1636]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="83" pageNumber="898" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sinus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF83860E243D7A2FFB8C3D5C" box="[890,1047,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="898">Phocoena sinus</emphasis>
Norris
</taxonomicName>
&amp; Mc- Farland, 1958, and
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF83860E24C77A0CFBDB3DBB" authorityName="True" authorityYear="1885" box="[896,1088,1641,1667]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoenoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="83" pageNumber="898" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dalli">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF83860E24C77A0CFBDB3DBB" box="[896,1088,1641,1667]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="898">Phocoenoides dalli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it is more elevated and more strongly dorsally convex than in
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF84860927367CBDFE923A2A" authority="Murakami, Shimada, Hikida &amp; Hirano, 2012" authorityName="Murakami, Shimada, Hikida &amp; Hirano" authorityYear="2012" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Archaeophocaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF84860927367CBDFEB83BCA" box="[113,291,216,242]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">Archaeophocaena</emphasis>
Murakami, Shimada, Hikida &amp; Hirano, 2012
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF84860926537C92FDA33A2A" authority="Muizon, 1988" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[276,568,247,274]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Australithax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF84860926537C92FE083A29" box="[276,403,247,273]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">Australithax</emphasis>
Muizon, 1988
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF84860925037C92FF723A09" authorityName="Ichishima &amp; Kimura" authorityYear="2005" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Haborophocoena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF84860925037C92FF723A09" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">Haborophocoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF84860927BC7D7DFD803A09" authority="Muizon, 1986" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1986" box="[251,539,279,305]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Lomacetus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF84860927BC7D7DFEF73A09" box="[251,364,280,305]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">Lomacetus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFF84860926327D72FD803A09" author="MUIZON C. DE &amp; BELLON H." box="[373,539,279,305]" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" pagination="1401 - 1404" refId="ref72718" refString="MUIZON C. DE &amp; BELLON H. 1986. - Nouvelles donnees sur l'age de la Formation Pisco (Perou). Comptes-Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Paris. Serie II. Mecanique- Physique-Chimie, Sciences de l'Univers, Sciences de la Terre 303: 1401 - 1404." type="journal article" year="1986">Muizon, 1986</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF848609256E7D72FF343A49" authority=", Numatophocoena Ichishima &amp; Kimura, 2000" authorityName=", Numatophocoena Ichishima &amp; Kimura" authorityYear="2000" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Miophocaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF848609256E7D72FF343A69" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">Miophocaena</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF84860927867D52FE1B3A69" box="[193,384,311,337]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">Numatophocoena</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFF84860926CC7D52FF343A49" author="ICHISHIMA H. &amp; KIMURA M." pageId="84" pageNumber="899" pagination="561 - 576" refId="ref69921" refString="ICHISHIMA H. &amp; KIMURA M. 2000. - A new fossil porpoise (Cetacea; Delphinoidea; Phocoenidae) from the Early Pliocene Horokaoshirarika Formation, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20: 561 - 576." type="journal article" year="2000">Ichishima &amp; Kimura, 2000</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF84860927FE7D33FEB23A48" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1983" box="[185,297,342,368]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Piscolithax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF84860927FE7D33FEB23A48" box="[185,297,342,368]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">Piscolithax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF84860926707D33FE573A48" authorityName="Murakami, Shimada, Hikida &amp; Hirano" authorityYear="2012" box="[311,460,342,368]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Pterophocaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF84860926707D33FE573A48" box="[311,460,342,368]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">Pterophocaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF848609269B7D33FE9A3AA9" authority="Barnes, 1985" authorityName="Barnes" authorityYear="1985" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Salumiphocaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF848609269B7D33FD1D3A48" box="[476,646,342,368]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">Salumiphocaena</emphasis>
Barnes, 1985
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF848609267E7D12FD183AA8" authority="Lambert, 2008" authorityName="Lambert" authorityYear="2008" box="[313,643,374,401]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Septemtriocetus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF848609267E7D12FE433AA9" box="[313,472,375,401]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">Septemtriocetus</emphasis>
Lambert, 2008
</taxonomicName>
. UCMP 219123 differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF84860926827DF3FDFF3A88" authorityName="Murakami, Shimada, Hikida &amp; Hirano" authorityYear="2012" box="[453,612,406,432]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Pterophocaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF84860926827DF3FDFF3A88" box="[453,612,406,432]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">Pterophocaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in possessing a narrower premaxillary eminence that does not widely overhang the ascending process of the maxilla. Ŋe laterally convex margin of the premaxillary eminence in this taxon is similar with
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF84860927377E50FF7E3976" authorityName="phocoena Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[112,229,564,590]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phocoena">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF84860927377E50FF7E3976" box="[112,229,564,590]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">P. phocoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF84860927B77E51FD193977" authority="Burmeister, 1865" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1865" box="[240,642,564,591]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinipinnis">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF84860927B77E51FE5F3976" box="[240,452,564,590]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">Phocoena spinipinnis</emphasis>
Burmeister, 1865
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF84860927377E30FF2E3956" authorityName="True" authorityYear="1885" box="[112,181,596,622]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoenoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dalli">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF84860927377E30FF2E3956" box="[112,181,596,622]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">P. dalli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the Miocene porpoises
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF848609269F7E31FD1D3956" authorityName="Murakami, Shimada, Hikida &amp; Hirano" authorityYear="2012" box="[472,646,596,622]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Archaeophocaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF848609269F7E31FD1D3956" box="[472,646,596,622]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">Archaeophocaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF84860927E47E11FED639B6" box="[163,333,628,654]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">Salumiphocoena</emphasis>
, while it is not as convex as in
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF84860927C97EF1FEA83995" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1824" box="[142,307,659,685]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Neophocaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phocoenoides">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF84860927C97EF1FEA83995" box="[142,307,659,685]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">N. phocoenoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF848609262F7EF1FE283995" box="[360,435,660,685]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sinus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF848609262F7EF1FE283995" box="[360,435,660,685]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">P. sinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; all other fossil taxa exhibit a straight lateral margin (
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF848609269E7ED6FF4439D5" authorityName="Ichishima &amp; Kimura" authorityYear="2005" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Haborophocoena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="toyoshimai">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF848609269E7ED6FF4439D5" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">Haborophocoena toyoshimai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF84860927AA7EB6FEC639D5" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1983" box="[237,349,723,749]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Piscolithax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF84860927AA7EB6FEC639D5" box="[237,349,723,749]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">Piscolithax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF848609262C7EB6FD9139D5" authorityName="Lambert" authorityYear="2008" box="[363,522,723,749]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Septemtriocetus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF848609262C7EB6FD9139D5" box="[363,522,723,749]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">Septemtriocetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or an “angled” margin with a slight corner (
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF84860926BB7E97FDE43834" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[508,639,754,780]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Australithax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF84860926BB7E97FDE43834" box="[508,639,754,780]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">Australithax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF84860927367F77FEF53814" authorityName="Ichishima &amp; Kimura" authorityYear="2009" box="[113,366,786,812]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Haborophocoena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutis">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF84860927367F77FEF53814" box="[113,366,786,812]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">Haborophocoena minutis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF848609263E7F76FE783814" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1986" box="[377,483,787,812]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Lomacetus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF848609263E7F76FE783814" box="[377,483,787,812]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">Lomacetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF84860926A87F77FDEC3814" authorityName=", Numatophocoena Ichishima &amp; Kimura" authorityYear="2000" box="[495,631,786,812]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Miophocaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF84860926A87F77FDEC3814" box="[495,631,786,812]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">Miophocaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). UCMP 219123 differs from an undescribed broadheaded phocoenid from the San Diego Formation (SDNHM 38340) in its smaller size, and slightly convex palate. UCMP 219123 differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF848609257F7FF4FF4738F2" authorityName="Murakami, Shimada, Hikida &amp; Hirano" authorityYear="2012" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Archaeophocaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF848609257F7FF4FF4738F2" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">Archaeophocaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF84860927AA7FD5FE0038F2" authorityName="Ichishima &amp; Kimura" authorityYear="2005" box="[237,411,944,970]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Haborophocoena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF84860927AA7FD5FE0038F2" box="[237,411,944,970]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">Haborophocoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF848609269B7FD5FDF338F2" authorityName=", Numatophocoena Ichishima &amp; Kimura" authorityYear="2000" box="[476,616,944,970]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Miophocaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF848609269B7FD5FDF338F2" box="[476,616,944,970]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">Miophocaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in possessing a left premaxilla that terminates further anteriorly and near the anterolateral margin of the bony nares.
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF8486092664786AFE723F11" authorityName="Lahille" authorityYear="1912" box="[291,489,1039,1065]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dioptrica">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF8486092664786AFE723F11" box="[291,489,1039,1065]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">Phocoena dioptrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also exhibits a relatively straight lateral margin of the premaxillary eminence. Additionally,
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF84860926F07835FD983F51" authorityName="True" authorityYear="1885" box="[439,515,1103,1129]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoenoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dalli">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF84860926F07835FD983F51" box="[439,515,1103,1129]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">P. dalli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
exhibits an exposure of the premaxilla lateral to the base of the eminence, as opposed to the suture running along the base as in UCMP 219123. In UCMP 219123, all extant species of
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF848609267A78A8FE063FDF" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[317,413,1229,1255]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF848609267A78A8FE063FDF" box="[317,413,1229,1255]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">Phocoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF848609269078A8FDE43FDF" authorityName="Barnes" authorityYear="1985" box="[471,639,1229,1255]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Salumiphocaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF848609269078A8FDE43FDF" box="[471,639,1229,1255]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">Salumiphocaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the premaxillary eminence is anteroposteriorly short and dorsally highly convex; it is slightly longer in
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF84860927367948FE0A3E7F" authority="Palmer, 1899" authorityName="Palmer" authorityYear="1899" box="[113,401,1325,1351]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Neophocaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF84860927367948FF613E7F" box="[113,250,1325,1351]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">Neophocaena</emphasis>
Palmer, 1899
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF848609268E7948FDCB3E7F" authorityName="Andrews" authorityYear="1911" box="[457,592,1325,1351]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoenoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF848609268E7948FDCB3E7F" box="[457,592,1325,1351]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">Phocoenoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and much longer in all other fossil phocoenids. When eminence height is expressed as a percentage of anteroposterior length of the eminence, UCMP 219123 exhibits the most convex eminence at 37%, compared to 35% in
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF848609261F79A9FE543EDD" authorityName="Lahille" authorityYear="1912" box="[344,463,1483,1509]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dioptrica">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF848609261F79A9FE543EDD" box="[344,463,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">P. dioptrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 27% in
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF848609257179A9FF043D3C" authorityName="phocoena Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phocoena">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF848609257179A9FF043D3C" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">P. phocoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 25% in
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF84860927B9798EFE1A3D3C" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1865" box="[254,385,1515,1540]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinipinnis">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF84860927B9798EFE1A3D3C" box="[254,385,1515,1540]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">P.spinipinnis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF84860926F4798EFDC83D3D" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1824" box="[435,595,1515,1541]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Neophocaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phocoenoides">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF84860926F4798EFDC83D3D" box="[435,595,1515,1541]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">N. phocoenoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 23% in
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF84860927847A6EFE903D1C" authorityName="True" authorityYear="1885" box="[195,267,1546,1572]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoenoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dalli">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF84860927847A6EFE903D1C" box="[195,267,1546,1572]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">P. dalli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Ŋe rostrum of
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF84860926FC7A6FFDD83D1C" authorityName="Palmer" authorityYear="1899" box="[443,579,1546,1572]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Neophocaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF84860926FC7A6FFDD83D1C" box="[443,579,1546,1572]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">Neophocaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also dorsoventrally deeper than in UCMP 219123, in addition to possessing a transversely convex prenarial triangle, which is flat in UCMP 219123. Although incomplete, the morphology of the premaxilla and
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFF848609245E7CBDFC4B3BD4" box="[793,976,216,236]" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">supramastoid crest</paragraph>
<caption id="DF313CF7FF84860925E278A3FCC63E3E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538311" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4538311" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538311/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" startId="84.[677,688,1222,1240]" targetBox="[682,1196,232,1183]" targetPageId="84">
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFF84860925E278A3FCC63E3E" blockId="84.[677,1211,1222,1286]" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">
FIG. 47. — Partial left squamosal of cf.
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF84860924A178A3FBC63FE0" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[998,1117,1222,1240]" pageId="84" pageNumber="900" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Physeteroidea">Physeteroidea</taxonomicName>
gen. et sp. indet. (UCMP 219108);
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF848609242F78B8FCEE3FD7" bold="true" box="[872,885,1245,1263]" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">A</emphasis>
, lateral view;
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF84860924AF78B8FC6E3FD7" bold="true" box="[1000,1013,1245,1263]" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">B</emphasis>
, medial view;
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF848609232A78B8FBE03FD7" bold="true" box="[1133,1147,1245,1263]" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">C</emphasis>
, dorsal view. Scale bar: 3 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFF84860925E47929FC683D9C" blockId="84.[675,1211,1356,1700]" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">
maxilla agree most closely with extant porpoises (
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF84860925E97909FC8F3EBE" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[686,788,1388,1414]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF84860925E97909FC8F3EBE" box="[686,788,1388,1414]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">Phocoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF84860924627909FC293EBE" authorityName="Andrews" authorityYear="1911" box="[805,946,1388,1414]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoenoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF84860924627909FC293EBE" box="[805,946,1388,1414]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">Phocoenoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF84860924B07909FB1D3EBE" authorityName="Palmer" authorityYear="1899" box="[1015,1158,1388,1414]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Neophocaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF84860924B07909FB1D3EBE" box="[1015,1158,1388,1414]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">Neophocaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). In particular, the short, wide, and dorsally and laterally convex premaxillary eminence suggests that this specimen belongs to the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF848609236979AEFB143EDD" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[1070,1167,1483,1509]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF848609236979AEFB143EDD" box="[1070,1167,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">Phocoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; no other fossil or extant phocoenids exhibit such an anteroposteriorly short and dorsally convex premaxillary eminence. However, UCMP 219123 differs from extant phocoenids and
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF848609235F7A2FFB3A3D5C" authorityName=", Numatophocoena Ichishima &amp; Kimura" authorityYear="2000" box="[1048,1185,1610,1636]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Miophocaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF848609235F7A2FFB3A3D5C" box="[1048,1185,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">Miophocaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in its apparent lack of additional posterolateral sulci (
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF84860925E97AEFFD783D9B" box="[686,739,1674,1699]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFF84860925AE7AECFC7C3D9C" author="MURAKAMI M. &amp; SHIMADA C. &amp; HIKIDA Y. &amp; HIRANO, H." box="[745,999,1673,1700]" pageId="84" pageNumber="899" pagination="1172 - 1185" refId="ref72945" refString="MURAKAMI M., SHIMADA C., HIKIDA Y. &amp; HIRANO, H. 2012 b. - Two new extinct basal phocoenids (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Delphinoidea) from the Upper Miocene Koetoi Formation of Japan and their phylogenetic significance. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32: 1172 - 1185." type="journal article" year="2012">
Murakami
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF84860924257AEFFC0D3D9B" box="[866,918,1673,1699]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="899">et al.</emphasis>
2012b
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFF85860827CF7CBDFEFE3EFE" blockId="85.[112,648,216,1478]" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">
In UCMP 219123, as well as all other extant phocoenids and
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF85860826687C92FE383A29" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1983" box="[303,419,247,273]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Piscolithax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF85860826687C92FE383A29" box="[303,419,247,273]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">Piscolithax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the ascending process of the premaxilla is reduced to a small, cone shaped process that dorsally overlaps the maxilla. In
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF85860827C87D33FEDF3A48" authorityName="Murakami, Shimada, Hikida &amp; Hirano" authorityYear="2012" box="[143,324,342,368]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Archaeophocaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF85860827C87D33FEDF3A48" box="[143,324,342,368]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">Archaeophocaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF85860826157D32FE7F3A48" authorityName="Ichishima &amp; Kimura" authorityYear="2005" box="[338,484,342,368]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Haborophocoena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="toyoshimai">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF85860826157D32FE7F3A48" box="[338,484,342,368]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">H. toyoshimai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF85860826B57D33FEB13AA8" authority=", Numatophocoena" authorityName=", Numatophocoena Ichishima &amp; Kimura" authorityYear="2000" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Miophocaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF85860826B57D33FDE43A48" box="[498,639,342,368]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">Miophocaena</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF85860827367D13FEB13AA8" box="[113,298,374,400]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">Numatophocoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and crania of the
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF85860826BA7D13FF3A3A88" authorityName="Ichishima &amp; Kimura" authorityYear="2005" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Haborophocoena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF85860826BA7D13FF3A3A88" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">Haborophocoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-like
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF85860827907DF3FEF93A88" authorityName="Boessenecker" authorityYear="2013" box="[215,354,406,432]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Phocoenidae</taxonomicName>
unnamed genus 1 (UCMP 128285, 219504), the ascending process is formed instead as a transversely broad sheet that overlaps the maxilla (as in delphinids); in all other fossil phocoenids (
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF85860826467E70FE1F3917" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[257,388,533,559]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Australithax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF85860826467E70FE1F3917" box="[257,388,533,559]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">Australithax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF85860826C87E70FD983916" authorityName="Ichishima &amp; Kimura" authorityYear="2009" box="[399,515,533,558]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Haborophocoena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutis">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF85860826C87E70FD983916" box="[399,515,533,558]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">H. minutis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF85860825577E70FDE43916" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1986" box="[528,639,533,558]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Lomacetus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF85860825577E70FDE43916" box="[528,639,533,558]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">Lomacetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF85860827367E51FE823976" authorityName="Barnes" authorityYear="1985" box="[113,281,564,590]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Salumiphocaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF85860827367E51FE823976" box="[113,281,564,590]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">Salumiphocaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF85860826157E51FE413976" authorityName="Boessenecker" authorityYear="2013" box="[338,474,564,590]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Phocoenidae</taxonomicName>
unnamed genus 2), the ascending process forms the anterior part of a cylindrical ridge that laterally borders the bony nares, the posterior part of which is formed by the maxilla. In this specimen, the rostral portion of the maxilla is relatively narrow, similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF85860825707EB6FF3B3834" authorityName="phocoena Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phocoena">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF85860825707EB6FF3B3834" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">P.phocoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF85860827EA7E97FEB03834" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" box="[173,299,754,780]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Australithax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF85860827EA7E97FEB03834" box="[173,299,754,780]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">Australithax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF858608267F7E96FE4D3835" authorityName="Lambert" authorityYear="2008" box="[312,470,755,781]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Septemtriocetus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF858608267F7E96FE4D3835" box="[312,470,755,781]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">Septemtriocetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF85860826A57E96FDC93834" authorityName="Ichishima &amp; Kimura" authorityYear="2009" box="[482,594,755,780]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Haborophocoena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutis">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF85860826A57E96FDC93834" box="[482,594,755,780]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">H. minutis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF85860827377F76FF7B3814" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1986" box="[112,224,787,812]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Lomacetus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF85860827377F76FF7B3814" box="[112,224,787,812]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">Lomacetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, this differs from all other species of
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF85860827A27F57FED33874" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[229,328,818,844]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF85860827A27F57FED33874" box="[229,328,818,844]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">Phocoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF858608261E7F57FE7E3874" authorityName="Palmer" authorityYear="1899" box="[345,485,818,844]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Neophocaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF858608261E7F57FE7E3874" box="[345,485,818,844]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">Neophocaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF85860826B27F57FDE43874" authorityName="Andrews" authorityYear="1911" box="[501,639,818,844]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoenoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF85860826B27F57FDE43874" box="[501,639,818,844]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">Phocoenoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as well as
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF858608279E7F34FE1C3853" authorityName="Barnes" authorityYear="1985" box="[217,391,849,875]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Salumiphocaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF858608279E7F34FE1C3853" box="[217,391,849,875]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">Salumiphocaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF85860826FC7F34FE9E38B3" authority="Barnes, 1984" authorityName="Barnes" authorityYear="1984" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Piscolithax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tedfordi">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF85860826FC7F34FD1D3853" box="[443,646,849,875]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">Piscolithax tedfordi</emphasis>
Barnes, 1984
</taxonomicName>
, all of which have a maxilla that is much wider than the premaxilla on the rostrum. At the other extreme,
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF858608261C7FD5FDE538F2" authorityName="Ichishima &amp; Kimura" authorityYear="2005" box="[347,638,944,970]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Haborophocoena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="toyoshimai">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF858608261C7FD5FDE538F2" box="[347,638,944,970]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">Haborophocoena toyoshimai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF85860827367FB5FE4F38D2" authority="Barnes, 1984" authorityName="Barnes" authorityYear="1984" box="[113,468,976,1003]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Piscolithax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boreios">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF85860827367FB5FEAE38D2" box="[113,309,976,1002]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">Piscolithax boreios</emphasis>
Barnes, 1984
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF85860825547FB5FF793F32" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1983" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Piscolithax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longirostris">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF85860825547FB5FF793F32" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">Piscolithax longirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a rostral portion of the premaxilla that is wide and nearly wider than the maxilla on the rostrum. Ŋe small facet in the premaxillary eminence indicates that the accessory exposure of the maxilla (= maxillary ossicle) was small (although missing in UCMP 219123), like in most phocoenids (with the exception of
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF858608254B78CAFDE53FF0" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1986" box="[524,638,1199,1224]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Lomacetus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF858608254B78CAFDE53FF0" box="[524,638,1199,1224]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">Lomacetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which had large and anteriorly extending maxillary ossicle). Lastly, unlike all extant phocoenids, UCMP 219123 exhibits a slightly convex palate, which also occurs in most fossil taxa; a convex palate appears to be plesiomorphic for phocoenids and delphinoids in general. In extant phocoenids, the palate at mid-rostrum is transversely flat or even slightly concave.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3543FF4FF8586082736798EFBC23EBE" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFF8586082736798EFF4E3D3B" blockId="85.[112,647,1515,1700]" box="[113,213,1515,1541]" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">REMARKS</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFF85860827367A6EFB973995" blockId="85.[112,647,1515,1700]" lastBlockId="85.[674,1212,216,1415]" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">
Ŋese comparisons suggest that UCMP 219123 is most phenetically similar to the extant harbor porpoise
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF85860827E87A2EFEBE3D5C" authorityName="phocoena Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[175,293,1610,1636]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phocoena">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF85860827E87A2EFEBE3D5C" box="[175,293,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">P. phocoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and is identified as cf.
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF858608255A7A2FFDE43D5C" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[541,639,1610,1636]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF858608255A7A2FFDE43D5C" box="[541,639,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">Phocoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Ŋis is the earliest fossil record of an extant phocoenid genus, and the first fossil record of an extant phocoenid from the eastern Pacific.Previously, fossils of extant phocoenid taxa have been reported only from the Pleistocene:
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF85860824D67D7DFBA13A09" baseAuthorityName="G.Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1829" box="[913,1082,279,305]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Neophocaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phocaenoides">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF85860824D67D7DFBA13A09" box="[913,1082,279,305]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">N. phocaenoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F3592CEFFF858608233A7D7DFB213A0A" box="[1149,1210,280,306]" name="Japan" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">Japan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFF85860825EB7D52FC553A6A" author="KIMURA T. &amp; HASEGAWA Y." box="[684,974,311,338]" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" pagination="65 - 72" refId="ref70580" refString="KIMURA T. &amp; HASEGAWA Y. 2005. - Fossil finless porpoise, Neophocaena phocaenoides, from the Seto Island Sea, Japan. Bulletin of the Gunma Museum of Natural History 9: 65 - 72." type="journal article" year="2005">Kimura &amp; Hasegawa 2005</bibRefCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF858608234E7D5DFBE43A69" authorityName="phocoena Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1033,1151,311,337]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phocoena">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF858608234E7D5DFBE43A69" box="[1033,1151,311,337]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">P. phocoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Champlain Sea deposits (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFF85860824FC7D33FBED3A49" author="HARINGTON C. R." box="[955,1142,342,369]" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" pagination="508 - 537" refId="ref69389" refString="HARINGTON C. R. 1977. - Marine mammals in the Champlain Sea and the Great Lakes. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 288: 508 - 537." type="journal article" year="1977">Harington 1977</bibRefCitation>
). Two additional
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF858608245A7D13FCE43AA8" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[797,895,374,400]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF858608245A7D13FCE43AA8" box="[797,895,374,400]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">Phocoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-like taxa are present in Upper Pliocene strata of California: an undescribed broad-headed phocoenid with spatulate teeth from the San Diego Formation (SDNHM 38340), and a small phocoenid with a convex palate and sulci on the premaxillary eminences (USNM 23885) from the Purisima Formation near Pillar Point (San Mateo County). Ŋis proposed Pliocene record of cf.
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF85860825A27E11FCDC39B6" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[741,839,628,654]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF85860825A27E11FCDC39B6" box="[741,839,628,654]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">Phocoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has implications for the timing of divergence of crown phocoenids.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFF85860825FC7ED6FBC23EBE" blockId="85.[674,1212,216,1415]" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">
Ŋe evolutionary biogeography of phocoenids was hypothesized by Fajardo-Mellor
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF85860823717EB6FBF139D5" box="[1078,1130,723,749]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">et al.</emphasis>
(2006) as follows: 1) phocoenids originated in the eastern North Pacific; 2)
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF85860824127F77FC413814" authorityName="Palmer" authorityYear="1899" box="[853,986,786,812]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Neophocaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF85860824127F77FC413814" box="[853,986,786,812]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">Neophocaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the common ancestor of the
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF858608246E7F57FB8D3874" box="[809,1046,818,844]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF858608246E7F57FC123874" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[809,905,818,844]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Phocoena</taxonomicName>
-
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF85860824D57F57FB8D3874" authorityName="Andrews" authorityYear="1911" box="[914,1046,818,844]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoenoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Phocoenoides</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
clade dispersed into the southern hemisphere during the Pliocene (3-2 Ma; Piacenzian-Gelasian) following cooling caused by the closure of the
<collectingCountry id="F3592CEFFF858608249C7FF4FBAA3893" box="[987,1073,913,939]" name="Panama" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">Panama</collectingCountry>
seaway; and 3) Pleistocene cooling allowed the ancestors of
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF85860825E07FB5FCDE38D2" box="[679,837,976,1002]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sinus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF85860825E07FB5FCDE38D2" box="[679,837,976,1002]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">Phocoena sinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the common ancestor of the
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF85860825E17F94FCE93F32" box="[678,882,1008,1034]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF85860825E17F94FC853F32" authorityName="phocoena Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[678,798,1008,1034]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phocoena">P. phocoena</taxonomicName>
-
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF85860824607F94FCE93F32" authorityName="True" authorityYear="1885" box="[807,882,1008,1034]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoenoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dalli">P. dalli</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
clade to each disperse northwards into the North Pacific. Ŋe presence of an Early Pliocene (4.5-3.35 Ma; Zanclean-Piacenzian equivalent) record of cf.
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF85860824E3782AFB9E3F51" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[932,1029,1103,1129]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF85860824E3782AFB9E3F51" box="[932,1029,1103,1129]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">Phocoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
suggests that the clade may have diverged by 4 Ma. Ŋe phylogenetic relationship of the southern hemisphere
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF858608230178EAFD593FF0" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1865" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinipinnis">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF858608230178EAFD593FF0" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">P. spinipinnis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as sister to a
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF858608241D78CBFC7A3FF0" authorityName="Andrews" authorityYear="1911" box="[858,993,1198,1224]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoenoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF858608241D78CBFC7A3FF0" box="[858,993,1198,1224]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">Phocoenoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF858608234778CAFBE23FF0" authorityName="phocoena Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1024,1145,1198,1224]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phocoena">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF858608234778CAFBE23FF0" box="[1024,1145,1198,1224]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">P. phocoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade (Fajardo-Mellor
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF858608240978ABFCE53FDF" box="[846,894,1229,1255]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">et al.</emphasis>
2006) still supports a southern hemisphere origin for the common ancestor of these taxa, although it is possible that basal members of the entire
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF858608244B7948FC623E7F" box="[780,1017,1325,1351]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF858608244B7948FCF73E7F" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[780,876,1325,1351]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Phocoena</taxonomicName>
-
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF85860824327948FC623E7F" authorityName="Andrews" authorityYear="1911" box="[885,1017,1325,1351]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoenoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Phocoenoides</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
clade remained in the North Pacific during the Late Pliocene. More fossils are needed for further evaluation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>