1199 lines
179 KiB
XML
1199 lines
179 KiB
XML
<document id="41E155C6F86D3CDA79F476FC08853E73" ID-CLB-Dataset="31860" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4329.6.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="1a51a4bd-a21c-4baf-9c36-035c2385380b" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1009102" ID-ZooBank="69C7F81A-95Ae-427A-9C2E-Ed8F7761164A" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1507706791552" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Laman, Timothy G." docDate="2017" docId="03D787FFFF9FFFE846ACEE45FEA0FE40" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4329.6.2.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4329 (6)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Parotia berlepschi Kleinschmidt 1897" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="569" masterDocId="FFEEFF87FF9EFFE1463BEC45FFF2FFEB" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic status of Parotia berlepschi Kleinschmidt, 1897 based on analysis of external appearance, voice and behavior (Aves: Paradisaeidae)" masterLastPageNumber="573" masterPageNumber="560" pageNumber="561" updateTime="1698469420839" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="C3CBB9D9948F3AC5C093E2A04AE90786">
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<mods:title id="0375E535C041840EA86CB914662E1DE5">Taxonomic status of Parotia berlepschi Kleinschmidt, 1897 based on analysis of external appearance, voice and behavior (Aves: Paradisaeidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="25787E6B700972EC315CF9A73B849DA6">Laman, Timothy G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="292BC77344A36EC5E0B70837CD127CC8">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="FDF9E0024AC4F5905D122A62EFFD8C30">
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<mods:date id="DC43B109C56233006FBB04C67C117524">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="13328ED624A3A6AAA00F5EC0F85D8EA4">2017-10-10</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="72217492E0BB471F102F04644DD011B8">4329</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="516E263AD0B69609BDCC04793383658B" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4329.6.2</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03D787FFFF9FFFE846ACEE45FEA0FE40" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6000787" ID-GBIF-Taxon="135435036" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6000787" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D787FFFF9FFFE846ACEE45FEA0FE40" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D787FFFF9FFFE846ACEE45FEA0FE40" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="569" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">
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<subSection id="E2F12F02FF9FFFE046ACEE45FD78F878" pageId="1" pageNumber="561" type="materials_methods">
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<subSubSection id="C3646562FF9FFFE046ACEE45FEF6FDF1" box="[151,260,512,538]" pageId="1" pageNumber="561" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF9FFFE046ACEE45FEF6FDF1" blockId="1.[151,260,512,538]" box="[151,260,512,538]" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">
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<heading id="D0898185FF9FFFE046ACEE45FEF6FDF1" bold="true" box="[151,260,512,538]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="561" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9FFFE046ACEE45FEF6FDF1" ID-CoL="4DSSB" authority="Kleinschmidt, 1897" authorityName="Kleinschmidt" authorityYear="1897" box="[151,260,512,538]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="561" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
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<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9FFFE046ACEE45FEF6FDF1" bold="true" box="[151,260,512,538]" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">Methods</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="C3646562FF9FFFE046ACEE03FD78F878" pageId="1" pageNumber="561" type="materials_examined">
|
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<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF9FFFE046ACEE03FBF2FD4C" blockId="1.[151,1437,582,1939]" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9FFFE046ACEE03FE9AFDB5" box="[151,360,582,606]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">Historical Review.</emphasis>
|
||
We surveyed the literature, all known specimens from relevant ornithological collections, and the broader historical record in order to review the 121-year taxonomic history of the discovery of
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9FFFE042DFEE2EFA88FD68" box="[1252,1402,619,643]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9FFFE042DFEE2EFA84FD68" authorityName="Kleinschmidt" authorityYear="1897" box="[1252,1398,619,643]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="561" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">P. berlepschi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
its long period of prolonged taxonomic uncertainty, and its discovery in the wild.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF9FFFE046FCEEF6FB23FB74" blockId="1.[151,1437,582,1939]" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9FFFE046FCEEF6FE4CFD21" box="[199,446,691,715]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">External Appearance.</emphasis>
|
||
We examined specimens and/or photographs of specimens from the American Museum of Natural History in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BAF80BFF9FFFE04792EE92FDD6FD04" box="[425,548,726,751]" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">
|
||
New
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BAF80BFF9FFFE047D6EE93FDD6FD04" box="[493,548,726,751]" country="United Kingdom" name="York" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">York</collectingRegion>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6FAE2CFF9FFFE04400EE92FD64FD04" box="[571,662,727,751]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
), Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense in Bogor,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3697679FF9FFFE042F1EE93FAC5FD04" box="[1226,1335,726,751]" name="Indonesia" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6FAE2CFF9FFFE04375EE92FA62FD04" box="[1358,1424,727,751]" country="Indonesia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/b9gz-izvg" name="Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">MZB</collectionCode>
|
||
), Senckenberg Museum at Frankfurt-on-Main in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3697679FF9FFFE0448CEEBEFCEDFCF8" box="[695,799,763,787]" name="Germany" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6FAE2CFF9FFFE0450AEEBEFC9EFCF8" box="[817,876,763,787]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" name="Forschungsinstitut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">SMF</collectionCode>
|
||
) and Naturhistorisches Museum Wein in Vienna (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6FAE2CFF9FFFE046A4EF5AFEF0FCDC" box="[159,258,799,823]" country="Austria" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/91g3-0mnw" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">NHMW</collectionCode>
|
||
). ES examined and provided photographs of the three
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6FAE2CFF9FFFE0455CEF5AFC4EFCDC" box="[871,956,799,823]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
specimens. BB and Chris Milensky of the Smithsonian Institution (SI) examined and photographed the
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6FAE2CFF9FFFE0457EEF06FC70FCB1" box="[837,898,835,858]" country="Indonesia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/b9gz-izvg" name="Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">MZB</collectionCode>
|
||
specimens in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3697679FF9FFFE04219EF07FB7DFCB0" box="[1058,1167,834,859]" name="Indonesia" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BAF80BFF9FFFE042D9EF07FA98FCB0" box="[1250,1386,834,859]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">Washington</collectingRegion>
|
||
, DC while on loan to SI. Curator Gerald Meyer provided photographs of three
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6FAE2CFF9FFFE0422EEF22FBBFFC94" box="[1045,1101,871,895]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" name="Forschungsinstitut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">SMF</collectionCode>
|
||
specimens. Szabolcs Kókay examined and provided photographs of one specimen from
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6FAE2CFF9FFFE0457DEFCEFC51FC49" box="[838,931,907,930]" country="Austria" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/91g3-0mnw" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">NHMW</collectionCode>
|
||
. Photographs of free living and handheld
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9FFFE043BCEFCEFEFEFC2D" authorityName="Kleinschmidt" authorityYear="1897" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="561" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9FFFE043BCEFCEFEFEFC2D" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
came from TL and BB. TL photographs of wild birds are archived in the Macaulay Library at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology and can be accessed online directly by appending desired catalog number to the URL: macaulaylibrary.org/image/catalog# (e.g., macaulaylibrary.org/image/48065581). TL provided photographs of wild
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9FFFE046ACE85EFEF5FBD8" authorityName="Meyer" authorityYear="1894" box="[151,263,1051,1075]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="561" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9FFFE046ACE85EFEF5FBD8" box="[151,263,1051,1075]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
used for comparisons of living birds, which are similarly archived for reference. ES made all video recordings. BB and ES made sound recordings. Like photographs, video and sound recordings used for analysis are archived in the Macaulay Library at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology and can be accessed online at macaulaylibrary.org/video/catalog# for videos or macaulaylibrary.org/audio/catalog# for sounds.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF9FFFE046FCE8EFFB2AFA70" blockId="1.[151,1437,582,1939]" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">
|
||
Plumage and morphological comparisons were made between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9FFFE04598E8EEFBAAFB28" authorityName="Meyer" authorityYear="1894" box="[931,1112,1195,1219]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="561" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9FFFE04598E8EEFBAAFB28" box="[931,1112,1195,1219]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">Parotia carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9FFFE042ACE8EEFAD9FB28" authorityName="Kleinschmidt" authorityYear="1897" box="[1175,1323,1195,1219]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="561" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9FFFE042ACE8EEFAD9FB28" box="[1175,1323,1195,1219]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Because living individuals of nominate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9FFFE047C5E88AFD83FB0D" authorityName="Meyer" authorityYear="1894" box="[510,625,1230,1254]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="561" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9FFFE047C5E88AFD83FB0D" box="[510,625,1230,1254]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Weyland Mountains of western New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3697679FF9FFFE042A5E88BFB1DFB0C" box="[1182,1263,1230,1255]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
have not been documented, comparisons of living birds are made using images from within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9FFFE045CEE8B6FB93FAE0" authorityName="Meyer" authorityYear="1894" box="[1013,1121,1267,1291]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="561" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9FFFE045CEE8B6FB93FAE0" box="[1013,1121,1267,1291]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex, which (excluding
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9FFFE046ACE952FED5FAC5" authorityName="Kleinschmidt" authorityYear="1897" box="[151,295,1302,1326]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="561" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9FFFE046ACE952FED5FAC5" box="[151,295,1302,1326]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) includes four named subspecies. Unless specifically noted, the characters used herein are not known to be variable within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9FFFE0478AE97EFDD0FAB8" authorityName="Meyer" authorityYear="1894" box="[433,546,1339,1363]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="561" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9FFFE0478AE97EFDD0FAB8" box="[433,546,1339,1363]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex. Thus, when we compare
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9FFFE04588E97EFBB6FAB8" authorityName="Kleinschmidt" authorityYear="1897" box="[947,1092,1339,1363]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="561" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9FFFE04588E97EFBB6FAB8" box="[947,1092,1339,1363]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9FFFE04253E97EFB2BFAB8" authorityName="Meyer" authorityYear="1894" box="[1128,1241,1339,1363]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="561" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9FFFE04253E97EFB2BFAB8" box="[1128,1241,1339,1363]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for the most part and unless explicitly stated, this comparison applies to the entire
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9FFFE0454EE91AFC14FA9D" authorityName="Meyer" authorityYear="1894" box="[885,998,1374,1398]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="561" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9FFFE0454EE91AFC14FA9D" box="[885,998,1374,1398]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex since the characters that vary between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9FFFE046C0E9C6FE79FA70" authorityName="Kleinschmidt" authorityYear="1897" box="[251,395,1411,1435]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="561" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9FFFE046C0E9C6FE79FA70" box="[251,395,1411,1435]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9FFFE047F9E9C6FDC0FA70" authorityName="Meyer" authorityYear="1894" box="[450,562,1411,1435]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="561" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9FFFE047F9E9C6FDC0FA70" box="[450,562,1411,1435]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not significantly variable within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9FFFE045C3E9C6FB9BFA70" authorityName="Meyer" authorityYear="1894" box="[1016,1129,1411,1435]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="561" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9FFFE045C3E9C6FB9BFA70" box="[1016,1129,1411,1435]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF9FFFE046FCE9E3FDE4F934" blockId="1.[151,1437,582,1939]" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9FFFE046FCE9E3FE53FA55" box="[199,417,1446,1470]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">Field Observations</emphasis>
|
||
. Observations, photographs, video and sound recordings of wild birds were collected as possible over the course of three expeditions to a field site known informally as
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B163CB4FF9FFFE04217E98EFBD4F9EC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1671637260" collectedFrom="upland forest clearing" country="Papua New Guinea" latitude="-2.5727167" location="Bog Camp" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="138.7172" pageId="1" pageNumber="561" specimenCount="1">
|
||
“
|
||
<location id="8EA16032FF9FFFE0420DE98EFB46FA08" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D787FFFF9FFFE846ACEE45FEA0FE40:8EA16032FF9FFFE0420DE98EFB46FA08" box="[1078,1204,1483,1507]" latitude="-2.5727167" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="138.7172" name="Bog Camp" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">Bog Camp</location>
|
||
” in an
|
||
<collectedFrom id="38627514FF9FFFE04333E98FFF03F9EC" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">upland forest clearing</collectedFrom>
|
||
in the
|
||
<location id="8EA16032FF9FFFE04778E9AAFD26F9EC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D787FFFF9FFFE846ACEE45FEA0FE40:8EA16032FF9FFFE04778E9AAFD26F9EC" box="[323,724,1518,1543]" latitude="-2.5727167" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="138.7172" name="western half of the Foja Mountains" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">western half of the Foja Mountains</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4A502EFF9FFFE044DEE9AAFC99F9EC" box="[741,875,1518,1543]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="561" precision="1" value="-2.5727167">2° 34.363'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4A502EFF9FFFE04542E9AAFBECF9EC" box="[889,1054,1519,1543]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="561" precision="1" value="138.7172">138° 43.032'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
. Expeditions took place in 2005, 2007, and 2008.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B18FF9FFFE0475EEA57FE24F9C0" author="The" box="[357,470,1554,1579]" pageId="1" pageNumber="561" refString="Steinheimer, F. D. (2005) The type specimens of Paradisaeidae, Cnemophilidae and Ptilonorhynchidae (Aves) in the Museum Fur Naturkunde of the Humboldt-University of Berlin. Zootaxa, 1072 (1), 1 - 25. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1072.1.1" type="journal article" year="2005">The 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
expedition was attended by BB and took place from
|
||
<date id="FFC01029FF9FFFE04253EA57FAEDF9C1" box="[1128,1311,1554,1579]" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">15 Nov–9 Dec.</date>
|
||
The 2007 expedition was attended by BB and TL and took place from
|
||
<date id="FFC01029FF9FFFE0450CEA73FC48F9A5" box="[823,954,1590,1615]" pageId="1" pageNumber="561" value="2014-06-25">14–25 June</date>
|
||
. The final expedition to Bog Camp in 2008 was attended by ES and TL and took place from
|
||
<date id="FFC01029FF9FFFE044ECEA1EFC7DF999" box="[727,911,1626,1651]" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">27 Oct–26 Nov.</date>
|
||
During each of these expeditions, time spent observing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9FFFE0472BEA3AFE51F97D" authorityName="Kleinschmidt" authorityYear="1897" box="[272,419,1662,1686]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="561" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9FFFE0472BEA3AFE51F97D" box="[272,419,1662,1686]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
varied, but the most prolonged effort was during 2008. In all, two display courts were observed, one very near the Bog Camp clearing by BB in 2005 and one along the flank of a ridge to the south of Bog Camp by ES and TL in 2008.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF9FFFE046FCEAAEFD78F878" blockId="1.[151,1437,582,1939]" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9FFFE046FCEAAEFDC2F8E8" box="[199,560,1771,1795]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">Vocal and Behavioral Analysis.</emphasis>
|
||
Behavioral observations, photographs and audio and video recordings were made by BB, TL, and ES. Videos of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9FFFE04405EB4AFD5EF8CD" authorityName="Meyer" authorityYear="1894" box="[574,684,1806,1830]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="561" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9FFFE04405EB4AFD5EF8CD" box="[574,684,1806,1830]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the wild were recorded by ES. Sound analysis was done using Raven Pro version 1.5 (Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3697679FF9FFFE045BCEB76FC36F8A0" box="[903,964,1843,1867]" name="United States of America" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
). Audio recordings examined are
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6FAE2CFF9FFFE04375EB76FA6EF8A0" box="[1358,1436,1843,1867]" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">MLNS</collectionCode>
|
||
audio catalog numbers: 139542, 139631, 139538, 139536 and 163704. Video specimens examined are
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6FAE2CFF9FFFE04375EB12FA6EF884" box="[1358,1436,1879,1903]" pageId="1" pageNumber="561">MLNS</collectionCode>
|
||
video catalog numbers: 457925 and 457926.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E2F12F02FF9CFFE246ACECDDFA67FD8B" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="563" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3646562FF9CFFE246ACECDDFA67FD8B" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="563" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF9CFFE346ACECDDFE87FF59" blockId="2.[151,373,152,178]" box="[151,373,152,178]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562">
|
||
<heading id="D0898185FF9CFFE346ACECDDFE87FF59" bold="true" box="[151,373,152,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" reason="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9CFFE346ACECDDFE87FF59" authority="Kleinschmidt, 1897" authorityName="Kleinschmidt" authorityYear="1897" box="[151,373,152,178]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9CFFE346ACECDDFE87FF59" bold="true" box="[151,373,152,178]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562">Historical Review</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF9CFFE346ACEC9AFC50FE24" blockId="2.[151,1437,222,2011]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562">
|
||
In
|
||
<date id="FFC01029FF9CFFE3468EEC9BFE99FF1C" box="[181,363,222,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" value="1895-12">December 1895</date>
|
||
, the private ornithological collection of Count Hans Karl Hermann Ludwig Graf von Berlepsch of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3697679FF9CFFE34683ED46FED2FEF0" box="[184,288,259,283]" name="Germany" pageId="2" pageNumber="562">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
obtained two bird-of-paradise specimens from the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9CFFE34587ED46FAE5FEF0" authority="(Kleinschmidt 1897 b)" authorityName="Kleinschmidt" authorityYear="1897" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[956,1303,258,283]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9CFFE34587ED46FBE2FEF1" box="[956,1040,259,282]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="562">Parotia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B18FF9CFFE34219ED47FAFDFEF0" author="Kleinschmidt" box="[1058,1295,258,283]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" refString="Kleinschmidt, O. (1897 b) Parotia berlepschi. Journal fur Ornithologie, 45, 174 - 178. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02207315" type="journal article" year="1897" yearSuffix="b">Kleinschmidt 1897b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Both were male, one juvenile and one adult, and they were thought to be a new form with close affinity to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9CFFE342D1ED62FE6EFE88" authority="(Kleinschmidt 1897 b)" authorityName="Kleinschmidt" authorityYear="1897" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9CFFE342D1ED62FA6EFED5" box="[1258,1436,294,318]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="562">Parotia carolae</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B18FF9CFFE346A5ED0FFE61FE88" author="Kleinschmidt" box="[158,403,330,355]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" refString="Kleinschmidt, O. (1897 b) Parotia berlepschi. Journal fur Ornithologie, 45, 174 - 178. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02207315" type="journal article" year="1897" yearSuffix="b">Kleinschmidt 1897b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The specimens were trade-skins of unknown provenance obtained from the Van Duivenbode family, Ternate-based traders and plume merchants (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B18FF9CFFE345BAED2BFBA3FE6C" author="Steinheimer" box="[897,1105,366,391]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" refString="Steinheimer, F. D. (2005) The type specimens of Paradisaeidae, Cnemophilidae and Ptilonorhynchidae (Aves) in the Museum Fur Naturkunde of the Humboldt-University of Berlin. Zootaxa, 1072 (1), 1 - 25. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1072.1.1" type="journal article" year="2005">Steinheimer 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Details are lacking, but the specimens likely came from the area of western New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3697679FF9CFFE34527EDD7FC9FFE40" box="[796,877,402,427]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="2" pageNumber="562">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
where the Van Duivenbodes conducted regular business with native hunters and traders (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B18FF9CFFE3445FEDF3FC64FE24" author="Rothschild" box="[612,918,438,463]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" refString="Rothschild, W. & Hartert, E. (1903) Notes on Papuan birds. VII. Paradiseidae. Novitates Zoologicae, 10, 65 - 89." type="journal article" year="1903">Rothschild & Hartert 1903</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF9CFFE346FCED9EFE67FD4C" blockId="2.[151,1437,222,2011]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562">
|
||
Otto Kleinschmidt described a new species from the two Berlepsch specimens, which he christened
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9CFFE3437CED9EFEFEFDFD" authorityName="Kleinschmidt" authorityYear="1897" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9CFFE3437CED9EFEFEFDFD" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="562">Parotia berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in honor of Count von Berlepsch (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B18FF9CFFE344A7EDBBFC75FDFC" author="Kleinschmidt" box="[668,903,510,535]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" refString="Kleinschmidt, O. (1897 a) Beschreibung eines neuen Paradiesvogels. Ornithologische Monatsberichte, 5, 46." type="journal article" year="1897" yearSuffix="a">Kleinschmidt 1897a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B18FF9CFFE345B7EDBBFC69FDFC" author="Kleinschmidt" box="[908,923,510,535]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" refString="Kleinschmidt, O. (1897 b) Parotia berlepschi. Journal fur Ornithologie, 45, 174 - 178. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02207315" type="journal article" year="1897" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Kleinschmidt argued that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9CFFE342EDEDBAFA9AFDFD" authorityName="Kleinschmidt" authorityYear="1897" box="[1238,1384,510,534]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9CFFE342EDEDBAFA9AFDFD" box="[1238,1384,510,534]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="562">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was distinct from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9CFFE34716EE66FE68FDD0" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[301,410,547,571]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9CFFE34716EE66FE68FDD0" box="[301,410,547,571]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="562">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in seven characters: (1) shorter supranarial tufts (sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B18FF9CFFE34236EE67FB55FDD0" author="Scholes" box="[1037,1191,546,571]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" refString="Scholes, E. (2006) Courtship ethology of Carola's Parotia (Parotia carolae). The Auk, 123, 967 - 990. https: // doi. org / 10.1642 / 0004 - 8038 (2006) 123 [967: CEOCPP] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2006">Scholes 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), (2) loral tufts (sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B18FF9CFFE346ACEE03FEDDFDB4" author="Scholes" box="[151,303,582,607]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" refString="Scholes, E. (2006) Courtship ethology of Carola's Parotia (Parotia carolae). The Auk, 123, 967 - 990. https: // doi. org / 10.1642 / 0004 - 8038 (2006) 123 [967: CEOCPP] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2006">Scholes 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) that lack white tips and do not curve inward, (3) a thicker and more curved bill, (4) black throat and cheeks, (5) smaller and darker eye-ring, (6) darker crown, and (7) a golden-brown (bronze) sheen on the hind neck (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B18FF9CFFE346A5EECBFE7AFD4C" author="Kleinschmidt" box="[158,392,654,679]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" refString="Kleinschmidt, O. (1897 b) Parotia berlepschi. Journal fur Ornithologie, 45, 174 - 178. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02207315" type="journal article" year="1897" yearSuffix="b">Kleinschmidt 1897b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF9CFFE346FCEEF6FC3DFC94" blockId="2.[151,1437,222,2011]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562">
|
||
In 1916, the two specimens examined by Kleinschmidt became incorporated into the Senckenberg Museum at Frankfurt-on-Main (SMF) when the Berlepsch collection was purchased from the Count’s widow during World War I (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B18FF9CFFE346D7EEBFFE59FCF8" author="Naumberg" box="[236,427,762,787]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" refString="Naumberg, E. (1931) The Senckenberg Museum, Frankfort-On-Main, Germany. The Auk, 48, 379 - 384." type="journal article" year="1931">Naumberg 1931</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B18FF9CFFE34403EEBFFCA8FCF8" author="Frith" box="[568,858,762,787]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" refString="Frith, C. B. & Beehler, B. M. (1998) The Birds of Paradise: Paradisaeidae. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 613 pp." type="book" year="1998">Frith and Beehler (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
were unable to locate either of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9CFFE3433CEEBEFA6EFCF8" authorityName="Kleinschmidt" authorityYear="1897" box="[1287,1436,763,787]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9CFFE3433CEEBEFA6EFCF8" box="[1287,1436,763,787]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="562">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C5884BFF9CFFE346ACEF5AFF0BFCDC" box="[151,249,799,823]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
and suggested they may have been destroyed during World War II, they are in fact part of the SMF ornithological collections as noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B18FF9CFFE34405EF07FCE4FCB0" author="Steinheimer" box="[574,790,834,859]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" refString="Steinheimer, F. D. (2005) The type specimens of Paradisaeidae, Cnemophilidae and Ptilonorhynchidae (Aves) in the Museum Fur Naturkunde of the Humboldt-University of Berlin. Zootaxa, 1072 (1), 1 - 25. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1072.1.1" type="journal article" year="2005">Steinheimer (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and confirmed by curator Gerald Mayr (pers. comm.,
|
||
<date id="FFC01029FF9CFFE34349EF07FF26FC94" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" value="2010-02">Feb 2010</date>
|
||
). The juvenile specimen is SMF 64277 and the adult is SMF 64276.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF9CFFE346FCEFCFFD60FC00" blockId="2.[151,1437,222,2011]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562">
|
||
Since Kleinschmidt did not fix a
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C5884BFF9CFFE3447EEFCFFD55FC48" box="[581,679,906,931]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and because no
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C5884BFF9CFFE34553EFCFFC3CFC48" box="[872,974,906,931]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
has been fixed subsequently, we hereby designate SMF 64276 as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C5884BFF9CFFE347D5EFEBFDA6FC2C" box="[494,596,942,967]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
according to Article 74 of the ICZN. In accordance with ICZN Article 74.1.3, SMF 64277 becomes a
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C5884BFF9CFFE347C8EF97FD7CFC00" box="[499,654,978,1003]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" type="paralectotype">paralectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF9CFFE346FCEFB2FBB4FA70" blockId="2.[151,1437,222,2011]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562">
|
||
On
|
||
<date id="FFC01029FF9CFFE346D4EFB3FE36FBE4" box="[239,452,1014,1039]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" value="1908-12-16">16 December 1908</date>
|
||
at a meeting of the British Ornithologists Club, Walter Rothschild exhibited a skin of an adult male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9CFFE34721E85EFE5FFBD8" authorityName="Kleinschmidt" authorityYear="1897" box="[282,429,1051,1075]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9CFFE34721E85EFE5FFBD8" box="[282,429,1051,1075]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="562">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
obtained for his collection at Tring (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B18FF9CFFE34565E85FFBD2FBD8" author="Rothschild" box="[862,1056,1050,1075]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" refString="Rothschild, W. (1908) [Exhibition of an adult male example of Parotia berlepschi]. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club, 23, 42 - 43." type="journal article" year="1908">Rothschild 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This specimen, along with two juvenile male specimens obtained previously by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B18FF9CFFE34484E87BFB72FBBC" box="[703,1152,1086,1111]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" refString="Rothschild, W. & Hartert, E. (1903) Notes on Papuan birds. VII. Paradiseidae. Novitates Zoologicae, 10, 65 - 89." type="journal article">Rothschild (Rothschild & Hartert 1903)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
increased the worldwide specimen count at that time to five (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B18FF9CFFE34412E827FD15FB90" author="Rothschild" box="[553,743,1122,1147]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" refString="Rothschild, W. (1908) [Exhibition of an adult male example of Parotia berlepschi]. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club, 23, 42 - 43." type="journal article" year="1908">Rothschild 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). One of the three Rothschild skins, the adult male, has a note on its original tag indicating it was purchased from Dunstall. This is believed to be the London feather merchant G. K. Dunstall from whom Rothschild was known to have acquired trade-skins (e.g., Tring Museum Correspondence TM
|
||
<date id="FFC01029FF9CFFE346FEE88BFEE4FB0C" box="[197,278,1230,1255]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" value="2016-12-01">1/12/16</date>
|
||
from 1895 documents correspondence between Rothschild and Dunstall). It is unclear if all three Rothschild specimens came via Dunstall or if the two juvenile males obtained sometime before 1903 came from another supplier like Van Duivenbode. Like the von Berlepsch trade-skins described by Kleinschmidt, all three of the Rothschild specimens were also of unknown provenance. In 1931 the three Rothschild specimens were sold, along with the entire Rothschild ornithological collection, to the American Museum of Natural History in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BAF80BFF9CFFE3435CE91AFF3CFA70" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="2" pageNumber="562">
|
||
New
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BAF80BFF9CFFE346ACE9C7FF3CFA70" box="[151,206,1410,1435]" country="United Kingdom" name="York" pageId="2" pageNumber="562">York</collectingRegion>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
and became AMNH 678170 (juvenile), 678171 (adult), and 678172 (juvenile).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF9CFFE346FCE9E2FB4DF9A4" blockId="2.[151,1437,222,2011]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562">
|
||
A sixth specimen, an adult male, with the name Robert de Neufville and the date
|
||
<date id="FFC01029FF9CFFE34276E9E2FB3FFA54" box="[1101,1229,1447,1471]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" value="1910-12-01">1 Dec 1910</date>
|
||
on the tag, resides in the ornithological collections of the SMF (Gerald Mayr, pers. comm.,
|
||
<date id="FFC01029FF9CFFE345FDE98FFBC6FA08" box="[966,1076,1482,1507]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" value="2010-02">Feb 2010</date>
|
||
). The history and provenance of the “de Neufville specimen” is unknown. To our knowledge, Robert de Neufville was not a collector working in New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3697679FF9CFFE346EEEA57FEDBF9C0" box="[213,297,1554,1579]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="2" pageNumber="562">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and the only information that we could find about him is that he was present at the von Berlepsch estate in 1916 to assist with the packing of specimens for relocation to SMF (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B18FF9CFFE345CCEA73FB40F9A4" author="Naumberg" box="[1015,1202,1590,1615]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" refString="Naumberg, E. (1931) The Senckenberg Museum, Frankfort-On-Main, Germany. The Auk, 48, 379 - 384." type="journal article" year="1931">Naumberg 1931</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF9CFFE346FCEA1EFCB7F8CC" blockId="2.[151,1437,222,2011]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562">
|
||
In 2013, while examining bird-of-paradise specimens in the natural history museum of Vienna (Naturhistorisches Museum Wein, NHMW), wildlife artist and illustrator Szabolcs Kókay uncovered another previously unrecognized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9CFFE34789EAE6FDB0F950" authorityName="Kleinschmidt" authorityYear="1897" box="[434,578,1699,1723]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9CFFE34789EAE6FDB0F950" box="[434,578,1699,1723]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="562">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen (Kókay pers. comm.,
|
||
<date id="FFC01029FF9CFFE34595EAE7FBE1F950" box="[942,1043,1698,1723]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" value="2013-07">Jul 2013</date>
|
||
). It is an adult male dated 1894/95, with locality given only as “New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3697679FF9CFFE34426EA83FD86F934" box="[541,628,1734,1759]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="2" pageNumber="562">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
.” The skin is registered as NHMW 12873 and is therefore the seventh historical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9CFFE3473CEAAEFE6AF8E8" authorityName="Kleinschmidt" authorityYear="1897" box="[263,408,1771,1795]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9CFFE3473CEAAEFE6AF8E8" box="[263,408,1771,1795]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="562">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen in existence. It was likely acquired from a plume-trader (quite possibly the same one) at the time the von Berlepsch trade-skins were obtained.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF9CFFE246FCEB76FEAAFEF6" blockId="2.[151,1437,222,2011]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,151,608]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="563" pageId="2" pageNumber="562">
|
||
In
|
||
<date id="FFC01029FF9CFFE346D0EB76FE6CF8A0" box="[235,414,1842,1867]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" value="1979" valueMax="1981">1979 and 1981</date>
|
||
, Jared Diamond became the first ornithologist to explore the higher elevations of the uninhabited Foja Mountains (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B18FF9CFFE347DAEB13FD7CF884" author="Diamond" box="[481,654,1878,1903]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" refString="Diamond, J. M. (1982) Rediscovery of the yellow-fronted gardener bowerbird. Science, 216, 431 - 434. https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 216.4544.431" type="journal article" year="1982">Diamond 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B18FF9CFFE344A2EB13FD27F884" author="Diamond" box="[665,725,1878,1903]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" refString="Diamond, J. M. (1985) New distributional records and taxa from the outlying mountain ranges of New Guinea. Emu, 85 (2), 65 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / MU 9850065" type="journal article" year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The most celebrated finding from his time in the Foja was his discovery of the much sought-after bowerbird
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9CFFE344A4EB3EFBAAF878" authority="Rothschild, 1895" authorityName="Rothschild" authorityYear="1895" box="[671,1112,1914,1939]" class="Aves" family="Ptilonorhynchidae" genus="Amblyornis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9CFFE344A4EB3EFC63F878" box="[671,913,1915,1939]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="562">Amblyornis flavifrons</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B18FF9CFFE345A2EB3FFBAAF878" author="Rothschild" box="[921,1112,1914,1939]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" refString="Rothschild, W. (1895) A new species of bower bird. Novitates Zoologicae, 2, 480." type="journal article" year="1895">Rothschild, 1895</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which was in a similar state of taxonomic uncertainty as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9CFFE347CFEBDAFD7EF85D" authorityName="Kleinschmidt" authorityYear="1897" box="[500,652,1950,1974]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9CFFE347CFEBDAFD7EF85D" box="[500,652,1950,1974]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="562">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—i.e. known only from a few enigmatic specimens of unknown geographic origins obtained around the same time as the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9CFFE3455CEB86FBF3F830" authorityName="Kleinschmidt" authorityYear="1897" box="[871,1025,1987,2011]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9CFFE3455CEB86FBF3F830" box="[871,1025,1987,2011]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="562">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
skins (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B18FF9CFFE3425AEB87FAE5F830" author="Diamond" box="[1121,1303,1986,2011]" pageId="2" pageNumber="562" refString="Diamond, J. M. (1982) Rediscovery of the yellow-fronted gardener bowerbird. Science, 216, 431 - 434. https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 216.4544.431" type="journal article" year="1982">Diamond 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Diamond encountered several female-plumaged birds-of-paradise from the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9DFFE245FDECDDFBE8FF44" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[966,1050,152,175]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="563" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9DFFE245FDECDDFBE8FF44" box="[966,1050,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="563">Parotia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which he identified as belonging to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9DFFE246D9ECF8FEA7FF3F" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[226,341,188,212]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="563" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9DFFE246D9ECF8FEA7FF3F" box="[226,341,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="563">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B18FF9DFFE2478BECF9FD92FF3E" author="Diamond" box="[432,608,188,213]" pageId="3" pageNumber="563" refString="Diamond, J. M. (1985) New distributional records and taxa from the outlying mountain ranges of New Guinea. Emu, 85 (2), 65 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / MU 9850065" type="journal article" year="1985">Diamond 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This observation, combined with the verified discovery of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9DFFE24320ECF9FEF3FF13" authorityName="Rothschild" authorityYear="1895" class="Aves" family="Ptilonorhynchidae" genus="Amblyornis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="563" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9DFFE24320ECF9FEF3FF13" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="563">Amblyornis flavifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, led Diamond to hypothesize that the Foja Mountains were also the geographic home of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9DFFE24332ECA4FEA6FEF6" authority="(Diamond 1985)" authorityName="Diamond" authorityYear="1985" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="563" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9DFFE24332ECA4FA6EFF13" box="[1289,1436,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="563">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B18FF9DFFE246A5ED41FEB9FEF6" author="Diamond" box="[158,331,260,285]" pageId="3" pageNumber="563" refString="Diamond, J. M. (1985) New distributional records and taxa from the outlying mountain ranges of New Guinea. Emu, 85 (2), 65 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / MU 9850065" type="journal article" year="1985">Diamond 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF9DFFE246FCED62FA85FE63" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,608]" pageId="3" pageNumber="563">
|
||
Diamond’s hypothesis was consistent with previous speculations based on the time period when the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9DFFE243BFED6DFEF0FE8F" authorityName="Rothschild" authorityYear="1895" class="Aves" family="Ptilonorhynchidae" genus="Amblyornis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="563" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9DFFE243BFED6DFEF0FE8F" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="563">A. flavifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9DFFE24701ED08FE39FE8F" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[314,459,332,356]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="563" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9DFFE24701ED08FE39FE8F" box="[314,459,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="563">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
trade-skins were obtained and the same Dutch trade-merchant sources for both (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B18FF9DFFE24365ED09FF21FE63" author="Mayr" pageId="3" pageNumber="563" refString="Mayr, E. (1941) List of New Guinea Birds: a Systematic and Faunal List of the Birds of New Guinea and Adjacent Islands. American Museum of Natural History, New York, 260 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 68262" type="book" year="1941">Mayr 1941</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, with only female-plumaged birds seen, conclusive evidence would await further observations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF9DFFE246FCEDD1FA67FD8B" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,608]" pageId="3" pageNumber="563">
|
||
A quarter century after Diamond, in 2005, a multi-national survey team conducted the first intensive biodiversity survey of the Foja region (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B18FF9DFFE24464EDF2FCB6FE3B" author="Beehler" box="[607,836,439,464]" pageId="3" pageNumber="563" refString="Beehler, B. M., Prawiradilaga, D. M., de Fretes, Y. & Kemp, N. (2007) A new species of smoky honeyeater (Meliphagidae: Melipotes) from western New Guinea. The Auk, 124 (3), 1000 - 1009. https: // doi. org / 10.1642 / 0004 - 8038 (2007) 124 [1000: ANSOSH] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Beehler
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9DFFE244FAEDFCFD06FE3B" box="[705,756,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="563">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This expedition yielded several major discoveries, including a new endemic species of wattled honeyeater from the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9DFFE245FDED99FBC6FE1F" authorityName="Sclater, PL" authorityYear="1874" box="[966,1076,476,500]" class="Aves" family="Meliphagidae" genus="Melipotes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="563" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9DFFE245FDED99FBC6FE1F" box="[966,1076,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="563">Melipotes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and confirmation that the Foja Mountains are the home of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9DFFE247EAEE44FD90FDF3" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[465,610,512,536]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="563" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9DFFE247EAEE44FD90FDF3" box="[465,610,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="563">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
when several adult males were observed and two specimens, a male and female, were collected near an upland forest clearing (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B18FF9DFFE244C4EE61FC2CFDD7" author="Beehler" box="[767,990,548,573]" pageId="3" pageNumber="563" refString="Beehler, B. M., Prawiradilaga, D. M., de Fretes, Y. & Kemp, N. (2007) A new species of smoky honeyeater (Meliphagidae: Melipotes) from western New Guinea. The Auk, 124 (3), 1000 - 1009. https: // doi. org / 10.1642 / 0004 - 8038 (2007) 124 [1000: ANSOSH] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Beehler
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9DFFE2455BEE60FC63FDD7" box="[864,913,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="563">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Follow-up surveys were conducted in
|
||
<date id="FFC01029FF9DFFE246ACEE0DFEB2FD8B" box="[151,320,583,608]" pageId="3" pageNumber="563" value="2007" valueMax="2008">2007 and 2008</date>
|
||
, when the first detailed observations and audiovisual recordings of living
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9DFFE24247EE0CFAFEFD8B" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[1148,1292,584,608]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="563" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9DFFE24247EE0CFAFEFD8B" box="[1148,1292,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="563">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were made.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E2F12F02FF9DFFE746ACEEF1FDADFE47" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="566" pageId="3" pageNumber="563" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3646562FF9DFFE246ACEEF1FDD5FBD8" pageId="3" pageNumber="563" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF9DFFE246ACEEF1FE1BFD25" blockId="3.[151,489,692,718]" box="[151,489,692,718]" pageId="3" pageNumber="563">
|
||
<heading id="D0898185FF9DFFE246ACEEF1FE1BFD25" bold="true" box="[151,489,692,718]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="563" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9DFFE246ACEEF1FE1BFD25" bold="true" box="[151,489,692,718]" pageId="3" pageNumber="563">Male External Appearance</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF9DFFE246ACEEBFFDD5FBD8" blockId="3.[151,1437,762,1075]" pageId="3" pageNumber="563">
|
||
The external phenotype of adult male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9DFFE24405EEBEFD3CFCF8" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[574,718,763,787]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="563" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9DFFE24405EEBEFD3CFCF8" box="[574,718,763,787]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="563">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is differentiated from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9DFFE245FCEEBEFBC5FCF8" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[967,1079,763,787]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="563" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9DFFE245FCEEBEFBC5FCF8" box="[967,1079,763,787]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="563">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the following six characters: (1) Frontal crest (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452A6CFF9DFFE24762EF5BFE69FCDC" box="[345,411,798,823]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1744,1766]" captionTargetBox="[266,1329,1135,1697]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[216,1371,1122,1720]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Parotia-specific plumage ornaments referenced herein: (A) frontal crest, (A 1) loral tufts, (A 2) supranarial tufts and (A 3) forehead tufts, (B) crown patch, (C) throat “ whiskers ”, and (D) mantle cape. Modified from Scholes (2006), which was modified from Frith & Beehler (1998) and Schodde & McKean (1973)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009104/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="563">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
, A). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9DFFE247C9EF5AFD73FCDD" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[498,641,798,822]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="563" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9DFFE247C9EF5AFD73FCDD" box="[498,641,798,822]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="563">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the anterior-most loral tufts (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452A6CFF9DFFE245EBEF5BFBC8FCDC" box="[976,1082,798,823]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1744,1766]" captionTargetBox="[266,1329,1135,1697]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[216,1371,1122,1720]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Parotia-specific plumage ornaments referenced herein: (A) frontal crest, (A 1) loral tufts, (A 2) supranarial tufts and (A 3) forehead tufts, (B) crown patch, (C) throat “ whiskers ”, and (D) mantle cape. Modified from Scholes (2006), which was modified from Frith & Beehler (1998) and Schodde & McKean (1973)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009104/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="563">Fig.1, A1</figureCitation>
|
||
) of the frontal crest are entirely black and without white tips and do not curve strongly inward over the upper forehead and crown. As a result, the bulbous forehead feathering of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9DFFE247CEEF22FD77FC95" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[501,645,870,894]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="563" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9DFFE247CEEF22FD77FC95" box="[501,645,870,894]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="563">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears conspicuously velvet black at all times (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452A6CFF9DFFE2429DEF23FAEFFC94" box="[1190,1309,870,895]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,999,1021]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,338,978]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,337,978]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Forehead, facial, crown and nape appearance of living P. berlepschi (A – D) as compared to living P. carolae (E – H). Notable characters that differentiate P. berlepschi from P. carolae include the all-black loral feathering on the frontal crest of P. berlepschi (A – C) versus the extensively white-tipped loral feathering of P. carolae (E – H); the eye-to-crown “ tiara ” of P. berlepschi (B, C) versus the more extensive coppery facial markings in front of and surrounding the eye of P. carolae; the darker malar, cheek and throat of P. berlepschi (A, B) versus the much lighter straw colored appearance of P. carolae (F); the almost nonexistent coppery-bronze hind crown patch of P. berlepschi (C) versus the extensive one visible at all times on the crown of P. carolae (G); the grey-blue eye color of P. berlepschi (A, B) versus the bright lemon yellow of P. carolae (E, F) and the rich bronzy sheen on the nape and upper mantle of P. berlepschi (D) compared to the black nape of P. carolae (H). Plates derived from photos ML 48065581 (A), 48065591 (B), 48065601 (C), 48065621 (D), 48068971 (E), 48068791 (F), 48068861 (G) and 48152301 (H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009106/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="563">Fig. 2A–C</figureCitation>
|
||
and videos ML 457925 and 457926), especially when viewed head-on (e.g., photo ML 4813073). From the front, the stark black of the frontal crest contrasts with the coppery-bronze facial markings and nape (e.g., photo ML 48130731). Only the posterior-most loral feathers, those above the eyes, are tipped white (figs. 2C, 3C), which means that the only white visible on the head of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9DFFE24433EFB2FD6AFBE5" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[520,664,1014,1038]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="563" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9DFFE24433EFB2FD6AFBE5" box="[520,664,1014,1038]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="563">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
under most conditions in life (i.e. not in specimens) is a tiny patch on the crown above the eyes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452A6CFF9DFFE247FAE85FFDE8FBD8" box="[449,538,1050,1075]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,999,1021]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,338,978]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,337,978]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Forehead, facial, crown and nape appearance of living P. berlepschi (A – D) as compared to living P. carolae (E – H). Notable characters that differentiate P. berlepschi from P. carolae include the all-black loral feathering on the frontal crest of P. berlepschi (A – C) versus the extensively white-tipped loral feathering of P. carolae (E – H); the eye-to-crown “ tiara ” of P. berlepschi (B, C) versus the more extensive coppery facial markings in front of and surrounding the eye of P. carolae; the darker malar, cheek and throat of P. berlepschi (A, B) versus the much lighter straw colored appearance of P. carolae (F); the almost nonexistent coppery-bronze hind crown patch of P. berlepschi (C) versus the extensive one visible at all times on the crown of P. carolae (G); the grey-blue eye color of P. berlepschi (A, B) versus the bright lemon yellow of P. carolae (E, F) and the rich bronzy sheen on the nape and upper mantle of P. berlepschi (D) compared to the black nape of P. carolae (H). Plates derived from photos ML 48065581 (A), 48065591 (B), 48065601 (C), 48065621 (D), 48068971 (E), 48068791 (F), 48068861 (G) and 48152301 (H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009106/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="563">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF016661FF9DFFE246ACEA95FC99F8C8" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009104/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="563" targetBox="[266,1329,1135,1697]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF9DFFE246ACEA95FC99F8C8" blockId="3.[151,1435,1744,1827]" pageId="3" pageNumber="563">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9DFFE246ACEA95FEE0F90E" bold="true" box="[151,274,1744,1766]" pageId="3" pageNumber="563">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Parotia-specific plumage ornaments referenced herein: (A) frontal crest, (A1) loral tufts, (A2) supranarial tufts and (A3) forehead tufts, (B) crown patch, (C) throat “whiskers”, and (D) mantle cape. Modified from Scholes (2006), which was modified from Frith & Beehler (1998) and Schodde & McKean (1973).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3646562FF9DFFE746FCEB09FDADFE47" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="566" pageId="3" pageNumber="563" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF9DFFE246FCEB09FBFCF840" blockId="3.[151,1437,1867,2036]" pageId="3" pageNumber="563">
|
||
In contrast,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9DFFE2476AEB09FE32F888" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[337,448,1867,1891]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="563" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9DFFE2476AEB09FE32F888" box="[337,448,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="563">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a prominent white line that spans the entire forehead from culmen to fore-crown (figs. 2E–H; 3D, F). The line is created by the silver-white tips of the elongate loral tufts, which curve inwards from each side of the head to touch along the midline of the forehead (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452A6CFF9DFFE24597EBD6FBF3F840" box="[940,1025,1939,1964]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1429,1451]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,554,1408]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,553,1408]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Forehead, facial, and crown appearance of P. berlepschi specimen MZB 30.666 (A – C) compared to P. carolae specimen AMNH 302376. Notable characters differentiating P. berlepschi from P. carolae include the all black loral feathering on the frontal crest of P. berlepschi (A, C) versus the extensively white-tipped loral feathering of P. carolae (D, F); the narrow coppery-bronze stripe from above the eye to the crown of P. berlepschi (A) versus the more extensive, crescent shaped, coppery facial markings in front of the eye of P. carolae; the darker malar, cheek and throat, including the “ whiskers ” of P. berlepschi (B) compared to the straw-colored appearance of the same feathering in P. carolae (D, E). Note the appearance of the frontal crest in the “ open ” position (C, F)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009108/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="563">Fig. 3F</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF9DFFE546FCEBF2FC61FEF7" blockId="3.[151,1437,1867,2036]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1436,151,285]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="564" pageId="3" pageNumber="563">
|
||
Although described as such by Kleinschmidt, evidence of supranarial tufts (figs. 1, A2) being shorter than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9DFFE24350EBF2FF1EF818" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="568" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="carolae" subSpecies="carolae">
|
||
in
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9DFFE243BCEBFDFF1EF818" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="563">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is inconclusive. The position of these feathers on the head make them susceptible to variation based on how a specimen is prepared (i.e. most specimens are prepared with the frontal crest “open”, e.g., figs. 3C, F), which makes it difficult to obtain consistent measurements. However, the proportion of white on the feather tips relative to the black base is smaller for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9AFFE547C2ECA4FD78FF13" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[505,650,224,248]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="564" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9AFFE547C2ECA4FD78FF13" box="[505,650,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and, while difficult to quantify, the total area of the forehead covered by supranarial tufts seems to be less in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9AFFE54476ED40FD2CFEF7" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[589,734,260,284]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="564" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9AFFE54476ED40FD2CFEF7" box="[589,734,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9AFFE54527ED40FC7BFEF7" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[796,905,260,284]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="564" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9AFFE54527ED40FC7BFEF7" box="[796,905,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF016661FF9AFFE546ACEFA2FE72FAFA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009106/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="564" targetBox="[152,1435,338,978]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF9AFFE546ACEFA2FE72FAFA" blockId="4.[151,1437,999,1297]" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9AFFE546ACEFA2FEE0FC17" bold="true" box="[151,274,999,1021]" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Forehead, facial, crown and nape appearance of living
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9AFFE54505EFADFC4DFC16" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[830,959,999,1021]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="564" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9AFFE54505EFADFC4DFC16" box="[830,959,999,1021]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A–D) as compared to living
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9AFFE542D7EFADFAA2FC16" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[1260,1360,999,1021]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="564" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9AFFE542D7EFADFAA2FC16" box="[1260,1360,999,1021]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(E–H). Notable characters that differentiate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9AFFE54433E842FD78FBF0" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[520,650,1029,1052]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="564" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9AFFE54433E842FD78FBF0" box="[520,650,1029,1052]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9AFFE544F3E842FCDFFBF0" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[712,813,1029,1052]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="564" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9AFFE544F3E842FCDFFBF0" box="[712,813,1029,1052]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
include the all-black loral feathering on the frontal crest of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9AFFE543B2E842FEF3FBD1" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="564" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9AFFE543B2E842FEF3FBD1" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A–C) versus the extensively white-tipped loral feathering of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9AFFE545A7E860FBF7FBD1" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[924,1029,1060,1082]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="564" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9AFFE545A7E860FBF7FBD1" box="[924,1029,1060,1082]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(E–H); the eye-to-crown “tiara” of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9AFFE543B2E860FEF3FBB2" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="564" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9AFFE543B2E860FEF3FBB2" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(B, C) versus the more extensive coppery facial markings in front of and surrounding the eye of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9AFFE5433EE801FA9FFBB2" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[1285,1389,1091,1113]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="564" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9AFFE5433EE801FA9FFBB2" box="[1285,1389,1091,1113]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; the darker malar, cheek and throat of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9AFFE547C9E826FD87FB93" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[498,629,1122,1144]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="564" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9AFFE547C9E826FD87FB93" box="[498,629,1122,1144]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A, B) versus the much lighter straw colored appearance of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9AFFE542D9E826FABAFB93" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[1250,1352,1122,1144]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="564" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9AFFE542D9E826FABAFB93" box="[1250,1352,1122,1144]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(F); the almost nonexistent coppery-bronze hind crown patch of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9AFFE544E6E8C7FC90FB7D" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[733,866,1152,1175]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="564" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9AFFE544E6E8C7FC90FB7D" box="[733,866,1152,1175]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(C) versus the extensive one visible at all times on the crown of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9AFFE546C3E8E5FEAFFB5E" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[248,349,1183,1205]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="564" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9AFFE546C3E8E5FEAFFB5E" box="[248,349,1183,1205]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(G); the grey-blue eye color of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9AFFE544A4E8E5FCD0FB5E" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[671,802,1183,1205]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="564" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9AFFE544A4E8E5FCD0FB5E" box="[671,802,1183,1205]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A, B) versus the bright lemon yellow of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9AFFE542F1E8E5FADDFB5E" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[1226,1327,1183,1205]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="564" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9AFFE542F1E8E5FADDFB5E" box="[1226,1327,1183,1205]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(E, F) and the rich bronzy sheen on the nape and upper mantle of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9AFFE544F5E8FAFCA0FB3F" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[718,850,1214,1236]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="564" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9AFFE544F5E8FAFCA0FB3F" box="[718,850,1214,1236]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(D) compared to the black nape of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9AFFE542FAE8FAFAD5FB3F" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[1217,1319,1214,1236]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="564" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9AFFE542FAE8FAFAD5FB3F" box="[1217,1319,1214,1236]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(H). Plates derived from photos ML 48065581 (A), 48065591 (B), 48065601 (C), 48065621 (D), 48068971 (E), 48068791 (F), 48068861 (G) and 48152301 (H).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF9AFFE546FCE97BFD5FF9C5" blockId="4.[151,1437,1341,2015]" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">
|
||
(2) Crown (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452A6CFF9AFFE54777E978FE62FABD" box="[332,400,1341,1366]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1744,1766]" captionTargetBox="[266,1329,1135,1697]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[216,1371,1122,1720]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Parotia-specific plumage ornaments referenced herein: (A) frontal crest, (A 1) loral tufts, (A 2) supranarial tufts and (A 3) forehead tufts, (B) crown patch, (C) throat “ whiskers ”, and (D) mantle cape. Modified from Scholes (2006), which was modified from Frith & Beehler (1998) and Schodde & McKean (1973)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009104/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
, B).
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9AFFE547F1E97AFD90FABD" box="[458,610,1342,1366]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9AFFE547F1E97AFDAFFABD" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[458,605,1342,1366]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="564" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">P. berlepschi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
like
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9AFFE544A7E97AFCE6FABD" box="[668,788,1342,1366]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9AFFE544A7E97AFCE2FABD" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[668,784,1342,1366]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="564" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">P. carolae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
has a highly reflective crown patch, which is made from the coppery-bronze forehead tufts (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452A6CFF9AFFE54413E927FD96FA90" box="[552,612,1378,1403]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1744,1766]" captionTargetBox="[266,1329,1135,1697]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[216,1371,1122,1720]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Parotia-specific plumage ornaments referenced herein: (A) frontal crest, (A 1) loral tufts, (A 2) supranarial tufts and (A 3) forehead tufts, (B) crown patch, (C) throat “ whiskers ”, and (D) mantle cape. Modified from Scholes (2006), which was modified from Frith & Beehler (1998) and Schodde & McKean (1973)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009104/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">Fig.1</figureCitation>
|
||
, A
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452A6CFF9AFFE544B1E927FD65FA91" box="[650,663,1378,1402]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1429,1451]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,554,1408]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,553,1408]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Forehead, facial, and crown appearance of P. berlepschi specimen MZB 30.666 (A – C) compared to P. carolae specimen AMNH 302376. Notable characters differentiating P. berlepschi from P. carolae include the all black loral feathering on the frontal crest of P. berlepschi (A, C) versus the extensively white-tipped loral feathering of P. carolae (D, F); the narrow coppery-bronze stripe from above the eye to the crown of P. berlepschi (A) versus the more extensive, crescent shaped, coppery facial markings in front of the eye of P. carolae; the darker malar, cheek and throat, including the “ whiskers ” of P. berlepschi (B) compared to the straw-colored appearance of the same feathering in P. carolae (D, E). Note the appearance of the frontal crest in the “ open ” position (C, F)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009108/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">3</figureCitation>
|
||
), which lie folded along the top of the head and surrounding crown feathers with coppery-bronze tips (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452A6CFF9AFFE54410E9C0FD75FA75" box="[555,647,1413,1438]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1429,1451]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,554,1408]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,553,1408]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Forehead, facial, and crown appearance of P. berlepschi specimen MZB 30.666 (A – C) compared to P. carolae specimen AMNH 302376. Notable characters differentiating P. berlepschi from P. carolae include the all black loral feathering on the frontal crest of P. berlepschi (A, C) versus the extensively white-tipped loral feathering of P. carolae (D, F); the narrow coppery-bronze stripe from above the eye to the crown of P. berlepschi (A) versus the more extensive, crescent shaped, coppery facial markings in front of the eye of P. carolae; the darker malar, cheek and throat, including the “ whiskers ” of P. berlepschi (B) compared to the straw-colored appearance of the same feathering in P. carolae (D, E). Note the appearance of the frontal crest in the “ open ” position (C, F)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009108/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
|
||
). In life, the coppery-bronze crown patch of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9AFFE542ADE9C2FAD8FA75" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[1174,1322,1414,1438]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="564" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9AFFE542ADE9C2FAD8FA75" box="[1174,1322,1414,1438]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is almost entirely concealed beneath the black crown and loral feathers (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452A6CFF9AFFE5456BE9EFFC57FA29" box="[848,933,1450,1475]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,999,1021]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,338,978]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,337,978]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Forehead, facial, crown and nape appearance of living P. berlepschi (A – D) as compared to living P. carolae (E – H). Notable characters that differentiate P. berlepschi from P. carolae include the all-black loral feathering on the frontal crest of P. berlepschi (A – C) versus the extensively white-tipped loral feathering of P. carolae (E – H); the eye-to-crown “ tiara ” of P. berlepschi (B, C) versus the more extensive coppery facial markings in front of and surrounding the eye of P. carolae; the darker malar, cheek and throat of P. berlepschi (A, B) versus the much lighter straw colored appearance of P. carolae (F); the almost nonexistent coppery-bronze hind crown patch of P. berlepschi (C) versus the extensive one visible at all times on the crown of P. carolae (G); the grey-blue eye color of P. berlepschi (A, B) versus the bright lemon yellow of P. carolae (E, F) and the rich bronzy sheen on the nape and upper mantle of P. berlepschi (D) compared to the black nape of P. carolae (H). Plates derived from photos ML 48065581 (A), 48065591 (B), 48065601 (C), 48065621 (D), 48068971 (E), 48068791 (F), 48068861 (G) and 48152301 (H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009106/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
) and is typically not visible unless purposely revealed when the frontal crest is spread (e.g., see video ML 457925 and photos ML 48066221 and ML48066211). In specimens, the loral feathers are relaxed and spread away from the crown and so that the patch appears more prominent in skins than it does in life (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452A6CFF9AFFE54473EA50FD52F9C5" box="[584,672,1557,1582]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1429,1451]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,554,1408]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,553,1408]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Forehead, facial, and crown appearance of P. berlepschi specimen MZB 30.666 (A – C) compared to P. carolae specimen AMNH 302376. Notable characters differentiating P. berlepschi from P. carolae include the all black loral feathering on the frontal crest of P. berlepschi (A, C) versus the extensively white-tipped loral feathering of P. carolae (D, F); the narrow coppery-bronze stripe from above the eye to the crown of P. berlepschi (A) versus the more extensive, crescent shaped, coppery facial markings in front of the eye of P. carolae; the darker malar, cheek and throat, including the “ whiskers ” of P. berlepschi (B) compared to the straw-colored appearance of the same feathering in P. carolae (D, E). Note the appearance of the frontal crest in the “ open ” position (C, F)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009108/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF9AFFE546FCEA7EFBD1F955" blockId="4.[151,1437,1341,2015]" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">
|
||
In contrast, a sizable patch of the bronze-gold forehead tufts (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452A6CFF9AFFE54549EA7FFC46F9B9" box="[882,948,1594,1619]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1744,1766]" captionTargetBox="[266,1329,1135,1697]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[216,1371,1122,1720]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Parotia-specific plumage ornaments referenced herein: (A) frontal crest, (A 1) loral tufts, (A 2) supranarial tufts and (A 3) forehead tufts, (B) crown patch, (C) throat “ whiskers ”, and (D) mantle cape. Modified from Scholes (2006), which was modified from Frith & Beehler (1998) and Schodde & McKean (1973)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009104/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
, A
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452A6CFF9AFFE545E3EA7FFC17F9B9" box="[984,997,1594,1618]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1429,1451]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,554,1408]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,553,1408]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Forehead, facial, and crown appearance of P. berlepschi specimen MZB 30.666 (A – C) compared to P. carolae specimen AMNH 302376. Notable characters differentiating P. berlepschi from P. carolae include the all black loral feathering on the frontal crest of P. berlepschi (A, C) versus the extensively white-tipped loral feathering of P. carolae (D, F); the narrow coppery-bronze stripe from above the eye to the crown of P. berlepschi (A) versus the more extensive, crescent shaped, coppery facial markings in front of the eye of P. carolae; the darker malar, cheek and throat, including the “ whiskers ” of P. berlepschi (B) compared to the straw-colored appearance of the same feathering in P. carolae (D, E). Note the appearance of the frontal crest in the “ open ” position (C, F)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009108/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">3</figureCitation>
|
||
) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9AFFE5422AEA7EFB72F9B9" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[1041,1152,1594,1618]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="564" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9AFFE5422AEA7EFB72F9B9" box="[1041,1152,1594,1618]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is prominently visible on the crown at all times (i.e. even without intentional feather movement) so that the top of the head appears to have a bronzy-gold patch on the crown (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452A6CFF9AFFE54434EAC7FD98F971" box="[527,618,1666,1691]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,999,1021]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,338,978]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,337,978]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Forehead, facial, crown and nape appearance of living P. berlepschi (A – D) as compared to living P. carolae (E – H). Notable characters that differentiate P. berlepschi from P. carolae include the all-black loral feathering on the frontal crest of P. berlepschi (A – C) versus the extensively white-tipped loral feathering of P. carolae (E – H); the eye-to-crown “ tiara ” of P. berlepschi (B, C) versus the more extensive coppery facial markings in front of and surrounding the eye of P. carolae; the darker malar, cheek and throat of P. berlepschi (A, B) versus the much lighter straw colored appearance of P. carolae (F); the almost nonexistent coppery-bronze hind crown patch of P. berlepschi (C) versus the extensive one visible at all times on the crown of P. carolae (G); the grey-blue eye color of P. berlepschi (A, B) versus the bright lemon yellow of P. carolae (E, F) and the rich bronzy sheen on the nape and upper mantle of P. berlepschi (D) compared to the black nape of P. carolae (H). Plates derived from photos ML 48065581 (A), 48065591 (B), 48065601 (C), 48065621 (D), 48068971 (E), 48068791 (F), 48068861 (G) and 48152301 (H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009106/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">Fig. 2G</figureCitation>
|
||
). As with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9AFFE544E6EAC6FC9CF971" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[733,878,1666,1690]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="564" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9AFFE544E6EAC6FC9CF971" box="[733,878,1666,1690]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, this patch appears more prominent in specimens because the loral feathers are relaxed and the frontal crest is “open” as in
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452A6CFF9AFFE545F6EAE0FBD2F955" box="[973,1056,1701,1726]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1429,1451]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,554,1408]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,553,1408]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Forehead, facial, and crown appearance of P. berlepschi specimen MZB 30.666 (A – C) compared to P. carolae specimen AMNH 302376. Notable characters differentiating P. berlepschi from P. carolae include the all black loral feathering on the frontal crest of P. berlepschi (A, C) versus the extensively white-tipped loral feathering of P. carolae (D, F); the narrow coppery-bronze stripe from above the eye to the crown of P. berlepschi (A) versus the more extensive, crescent shaped, coppery facial markings in front of the eye of P. carolae; the darker malar, cheek and throat, including the “ whiskers ” of P. berlepschi (B) compared to the straw-colored appearance of the same feathering in P. carolae (D, E). Note the appearance of the frontal crest in the “ open ” position (C, F)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009108/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D78FD60FF9AFFE5423AEAE3FBD2F955" box="[1025,1056,1702,1726]" pageId="4" pageNumber="564" type="generic">3F</specimenCount>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF9AFFE546FCEA8FFA62F8A5" blockId="4.[151,1437,1341,2015]" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">
|
||
(3) Facial markings.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9AFFE54780EA8EFDA2F909" box="[443,592,1738,1762]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="564" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="carolae" subSpecies="carolae">
|
||
In
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9AFFE547E6EA8EFDA2F909" box="[477,592,1738,1762]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
there is reflective bronzy-gold facial feathering that runs from the forecrown in front of the eyes onto the face to form a prominent bronzy-gold marking in front of each eye, which often appears crescent-shaped (figs. 2E, 3D). This marking is connected to an eye-ring of similar color, which can be difficult to discern under certain lighting conditions and viewing angles (traces of it are visible in figs. 2E, F, 3D).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF9AFFE446FCEB1EFE45FE8E" blockId="4.[151,1437,1341,2015]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,151,501]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="565" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9AFFE546DEEB1EFE72F899" box="[229,384,1882,1906]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="564" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlespschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9AFFE546DEEB1EFE72F899" box="[229,384,1882,1906]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">P. berlespschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the there is no marking in front of the eye (figs. 2A, B, 3A). The stripe from the crown to eye is much broader and more conspicuous above the eye (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452A6CFF9AFFE544C1EB38FC83F87D" box="[762,881,1917,1942]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,999,1021]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,338,978]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,337,978]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Forehead, facial, crown and nape appearance of living P. berlepschi (A – D) as compared to living P. carolae (E – H). Notable characters that differentiate P. berlepschi from P. carolae include the all-black loral feathering on the frontal crest of P. berlepschi (A – C) versus the extensively white-tipped loral feathering of P. carolae (E – H); the eye-to-crown “ tiara ” of P. berlepschi (B, C) versus the more extensive coppery facial markings in front of and surrounding the eye of P. carolae; the darker malar, cheek and throat of P. berlepschi (A, B) versus the much lighter straw colored appearance of P. carolae (F); the almost nonexistent coppery-bronze hind crown patch of P. berlepschi (C) versus the extensive one visible at all times on the crown of P. carolae (G); the grey-blue eye color of P. berlepschi (A, B) versus the bright lemon yellow of P. carolae (E, F) and the rich bronzy sheen on the nape and upper mantle of P. berlepschi (D) compared to the black nape of P. carolae (H). Plates derived from photos ML 48065581 (A), 48065591 (B), 48065601 (C), 48065621 (D), 48068971 (E), 48068791 (F), 48068861 (G) and 48152301 (H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009106/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">Fig. 2B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
; videos ML 457925, 457926). This stripe forms a coppery-bronze “tiara” that spans the crown from eye to eye such that the silver-white crown patch appears as the centerpiece of the “tiara” (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452A6CFF9AFFE547F8EB80FDE9F835" box="[451,539,1989,2014]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,999,1021]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,338,978]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,337,978]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Forehead, facial, crown and nape appearance of living P. berlepschi (A – D) as compared to living P. carolae (E – H). Notable characters that differentiate P. berlepschi from P. carolae include the all-black loral feathering on the frontal crest of P. berlepschi (A – C) versus the extensively white-tipped loral feathering of P. carolae (E – H); the eye-to-crown “ tiara ” of P. berlepschi (B, C) versus the more extensive coppery facial markings in front of and surrounding the eye of P. carolae; the darker malar, cheek and throat of P. berlepschi (A, B) versus the much lighter straw colored appearance of P. carolae (F); the almost nonexistent coppery-bronze hind crown patch of P. berlepschi (C) versus the extensive one visible at all times on the crown of P. carolae (G); the grey-blue eye color of P. berlepschi (A, B) versus the bright lemon yellow of P. carolae (E, F) and the rich bronzy sheen on the nape and upper mantle of P. berlepschi (D) compared to the black nape of P. carolae (H). Plates derived from photos ML 48065581 (A), 48065591 (B), 48065601 (C), 48065621 (D), 48068971 (E), 48068791 (F), 48068861 (G) and 48152301 (H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009106/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="564">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
, but see also videos ML 457925, 4579256 and photo ML 48065351). The eyering in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9BFFE446D2ECDCFE89FF5B" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[233,379,152,176]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="565" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9BFFE446D2ECDCFE89FF5B" box="[233,379,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="565">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is so dark as to be almost black and lacks the reflective quality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9BFFE44254ECDCFB2FFF5B" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[1135,1245,152,176]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="565" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9BFFE44254ECDCFB2FFF5B" box="[1135,1245,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="565">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The stripe of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9BFFE443BCECDCFEFEFF3F" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="565" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9BFFE443BCECDCFEFEFF3F" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="565">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
continues below the eye and onto the malar region so that the entire facial marking sometimes appears as a coppery-bronze eye-stripe running from crown to malar (e.g., figs. 2B, 3A). The malar stripe is also present
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9BFFE443BDEC9AFEFBFEF7" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="568" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="carolae" subSpecies="carolae">
|
||
in
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9BFFE446ACED40FEFBFEF7" box="[151,265,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="565">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(slightly visible in
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452A6CFF9BFFE447D7ED41FDB2FEF7" box="[492,576,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,999,1021]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,338,978]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,337,978]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Forehead, facial, crown and nape appearance of living P. berlepschi (A – D) as compared to living P. carolae (E – H). Notable characters that differentiate P. berlepschi from P. carolae include the all-black loral feathering on the frontal crest of P. berlepschi (A – C) versus the extensively white-tipped loral feathering of P. carolae (E – H); the eye-to-crown “ tiara ” of P. berlepschi (B, C) versus the more extensive coppery facial markings in front of and surrounding the eye of P. carolae; the darker malar, cheek and throat of P. berlepschi (A, B) versus the much lighter straw colored appearance of P. carolae (F); the almost nonexistent coppery-bronze hind crown patch of P. berlepschi (C) versus the extensive one visible at all times on the crown of P. carolae (G); the grey-blue eye color of P. berlepschi (A, B) versus the bright lemon yellow of P. carolae (E, F) and the rich bronzy sheen on the nape and upper mantle of P. berlepschi (D) compared to the black nape of P. carolae (H). Plates derived from photos ML 48065581 (A), 48065591 (B), 48065601 (C), 48065621 (D), 48068971 (E), 48068791 (F), 48068861 (G) and 48152301 (H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009106/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="565">Fig. 2F</figureCitation>
|
||
), but it is much less obvious (to the point of being indeterminate at times) because it lies adjacent to the less-contrasting golden-buff malar/throat, as opposed to the dark brown malar area in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9BFFE446ACED08FED5FE8F" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[151,295,332,356]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="565" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9BFFE446ACED08FED5FE8F" box="[151,295,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="565">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF9BFFE446FCED35FCBDFE1F" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,501]" pageId="5" pageNumber="565">
|
||
(4) Malar, cheeks, chin and throat. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9BFFE44453ED34FD05FE63" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[616,759,368,392]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="565" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9BFFE44453ED34FD05FE63" box="[616,759,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="565">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the malar and cheek area is black, while the chin and throat, including the “whiskers” (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452A6CFF9BFFE44784EDD1FDF0FE47" box="[447,514,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1744,1766]" captionTargetBox="[266,1329,1135,1697]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[216,1371,1122,1720]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Parotia-specific plumage ornaments referenced herein: (A) frontal crest, (A 1) loral tufts, (A 2) supranarial tufts and (A 3) forehead tufts, (B) crown patch, (C) throat “ whiskers ”, and (D) mantle cape. Modified from Scholes (2006), which was modified from Frith & Beehler (1998) and Schodde & McKean (1973)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009104/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="565">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
, C) are dark-brown and the shorter feathers on the chin and throat are black (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452A6CFF9BFFE44354EDD1FF2FFE3B" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1429,1451]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,554,1408]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,553,1408]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Forehead, facial, and crown appearance of P. berlepschi specimen MZB 30.666 (A – C) compared to P. carolae specimen AMNH 302376. Notable characters differentiating P. berlepschi from P. carolae include the all black loral feathering on the frontal crest of P. berlepschi (A, C) versus the extensively white-tipped loral feathering of P. carolae (D, F); the narrow coppery-bronze stripe from above the eye to the crown of P. berlepschi (A) versus the more extensive, crescent shaped, coppery facial markings in front of the eye of P. carolae; the darker malar, cheek and throat, including the “ whiskers ” of P. berlepschi (B) compared to the straw-colored appearance of the same feathering in P. carolae (D, E). Note the appearance of the frontal crest in the “ open ” position (C, F)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009108/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="565">Fig. 3A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The gular and throat feathers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9BFFE4445EEDFCFD05FE3B" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[613,759,440,464]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="565" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9BFFE4445EEDFCFD05FE3B" box="[613,759,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="565">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are predominately rusty-brown with only the very slightest hint of white where the throat joins the upper breast (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452A6CFF9BFFE444D2ED99FCB3FE1F" box="[745,833,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1429,1451]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,554,1408]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,553,1408]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Forehead, facial, and crown appearance of P. berlepschi specimen MZB 30.666 (A – C) compared to P. carolae specimen AMNH 302376. Notable characters differentiating P. berlepschi from P. carolae include the all black loral feathering on the frontal crest of P. berlepschi (A, C) versus the extensively white-tipped loral feathering of P. carolae (D, F); the narrow coppery-bronze stripe from above the eye to the crown of P. berlepschi (A) versus the more extensive, crescent shaped, coppery facial markings in front of the eye of P. carolae; the darker malar, cheek and throat, including the “ whiskers ” of P. berlepschi (B) compared to the straw-colored appearance of the same feathering in P. carolae (D, E). Note the appearance of the frontal crest in the “ open ” position (C, F)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009108/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="565">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF016661FF9BFFE446ACE9D0FE07F988" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009108/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="565" targetBox="[151,1436,554,1408]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF9BFFE446ACE9D0FE07F988" blockId="5.[151,1436,1429,1635]" pageId="5" pageNumber="565">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9BFFE446ACE9D0FEE7FA40" bold="true" box="[151,277,1429,1451]" pageId="5" pageNumber="565">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Forehead, facial, and crown appearance of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9BFFE444E4E9D2FC91FA40" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[735,867,1429,1452]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="565" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9BFFE444E4E9D2FC91FA40" box="[735,867,1429,1452]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="565">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen MZB 30.666 (A–C) compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9BFFE4430FE9D2FA6EFA40" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[1332,1436,1429,1452]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="565" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9BFFE4430FE9D2FA6EFA40" box="[1332,1436,1429,1452]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="565">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen AMNH 302376. Notable characters differentiating
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9BFFE44538E9F0FC77FA21" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[771,901,1460,1482]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="565" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9BFFE44538E9F0FC77FA21" box="[771,901,1460,1482]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="565">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9BFFE445F8E9F0FBD5FA21" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[963,1063,1460,1482]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="565" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9BFFE445F8E9F0FBD5FA21" box="[963,1063,1460,1482]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="565">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
include the all black loral feathering on the frontal crest of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9BFFE44742E991FE0EFA02" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[377,508,1491,1513]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="565" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9BFFE44742E991FE0EFA02" box="[377,508,1491,1513]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="565">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A, C) versus the extensively white-tipped loral feathering of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9BFFE4424DE991FB29FA02" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[1142,1243,1491,1513]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="565" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9BFFE4424DE991FB29FA02" box="[1142,1243,1491,1513]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="565">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(D, F); the narrow coppery-bronze stripe from above the eye to the crown of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9BFFE444E5E9B7FC92F9EC" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[734,864,1521,1543]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="565" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9BFFE444E5E9B7FC92F9EC" box="[734,864,1521,1543]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="565">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A) versus the more extensive, crescent shaped, coppery facial markings in front of the eye of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9BFFE44423EA54FD8CF9CD" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[536,638,1552,1574]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="565" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9BFFE44423EA54FD8CF9CD" box="[536,638,1552,1574]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="565">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; the darker malar, cheek and throat, including the “whiskers” of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9BFFE44322EA54FA6EF9CD" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[1305,1436,1552,1574]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="565" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9BFFE44322EA54FA6EF9CD" box="[1305,1436,1552,1574]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="565">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(B) compared to the straw-colored appearance of the same feathering
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9BFFE4455EEA6AFC15F9AE" box="[869,999,1583,1605]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="568" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="carolae" subSpecies="carolae">
|
||
in
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9BFFE445BAEA75FC15F9AE" box="[897,999,1583,1605]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="565">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(D, E). Note the appearance of the frontal crest in the “open” position (C, F).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF9BFFE446FCEAD4FC52F84F" blockId="5.[151,1437,1680,2029]" pageId="5" pageNumber="565">
|
||
Taxa in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9BFFE4476DEAD4FE38F943" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[342,458,1680,1704]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="565" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9BFFE4476DEAD4FE38F943" box="[342,458,1680,1704]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="565">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex exhibit variation in the color of malar, cheek, chin, and throat feathering. However, in most members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9BFFE4441BEAF0FD7FF927" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[544,653,1716,1740]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="565" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9BFFE4441BEAF0FD7FF927" box="[544,653,1716,1740]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="565">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex, including
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9BFFE44541EAF0FBBDF927" box="[890,1103,1716,1740]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="565">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9BFFE44541EAF0FBB9F927" authority="carolae" box="[890,1099,1716,1740]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="565" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="carolae" subSpecies="carolae">P. carolae carolae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
the malar, cheeks, and throat feathers, including the elongated “whiskers” of the chin and throat are straw colored with buff highlights (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452A6CFF9BFFE44305EA9DFF5EF8FE" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1429,1451]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,554,1408]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,553,1408]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Forehead, facial, and crown appearance of P. berlepschi specimen MZB 30.666 (A – C) compared to P. carolae specimen AMNH 302376. Notable characters differentiating P. berlepschi from P. carolae include the all black loral feathering on the frontal crest of P. berlepschi (A, C) versus the extensively white-tipped loral feathering of P. carolae (D, F); the narrow coppery-bronze stripe from above the eye to the crown of P. berlepschi (A) versus the more extensive, crescent shaped, coppery facial markings in front of the eye of P. carolae; the darker malar, cheek and throat, including the “ whiskers ” of P. berlepschi (B) compared to the straw-colored appearance of the same feathering in P. carolae (D, E). Note the appearance of the frontal crest in the “ open ” position (C, F)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009108/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="565">Fig. 3D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The shorter “non-whisker” feathers of the chin and upper throat are dark at the base. The feathers on the gular region and lower throat/upper breast are whitish and some have rusty-brown tips (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452A6CFF9BFFE4420FEB65FB79F8D2" box="[1076,1163,1824,1849]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1429,1451]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,554,1408]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,553,1408]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Forehead, facial, and crown appearance of P. berlepschi specimen MZB 30.666 (A – C) compared to P. carolae specimen AMNH 302376. Notable characters differentiating P. berlepschi from P. carolae include the all black loral feathering on the frontal crest of P. berlepschi (A, C) versus the extensively white-tipped loral feathering of P. carolae (D, F); the narrow coppery-bronze stripe from above the eye to the crown of P. berlepschi (A) versus the more extensive, crescent shaped, coppery facial markings in front of the eye of P. carolae; the darker malar, cheek and throat, including the “ whiskers ” of P. berlepschi (B) compared to the straw-colored appearance of the same feathering in P. carolae (D, E). Note the appearance of the frontal crest in the “ open ” position (C, F)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009108/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="565">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
|
||
). It should be noted that within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9BFFE4472BEB00FE73F8B7" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[272,385,1860,1884]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="565" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9BFFE4472BEB00FE73F8B7" box="[272,385,1860,1884]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="565">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9BFFE447C3EB00FC88F8B6" authority="Rothschild, 1910" authorityName="Rothschild" authorityYear="1910" box="[504,890,1860,1885]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="565" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="carolae" subSpecies="meeki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9BFFE447C3EB00FD40F8B7" box="[504,690,1860,1884]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="565">P. carolae meeki</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B18FF9BFFE44481EB01FC88F8B6" author="Rothschild" box="[698,890,1860,1885]" pageId="5" pageNumber="565" refString="Rothschild, W. (1910) [Exhibition of Parotia carolae meeki subsp. n.]. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club, 27, 35 - 36." type="journal article" year="1910">Rothschild, 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has cheek, chin, throat/whisker feathers that are dark brown to black similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9BFFE447CBEB2CFD72F86B" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[496,640,1896,1920]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="565" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9BFFE447CBEB2CFD72F86B" box="[496,640,1896,1920]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="565">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, unlike
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9BFFE44574EB2CFC17F86B" box="[847,997,1896,1920]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="565">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9BFFE44574EB2CFC13F86B" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[847,993,1896,1920]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="565" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">P. berlepschi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
the malar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9BFFE44240EB2CFB00F86B" authorityName="Rothschild" authorityYear="1910" box="[1147,1266,1896,1920]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="565" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="carolae" subSpecies="meeki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9BFFE44240EB2CFB00F86B" box="[1147,1266,1896,1920]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="565">P. c. meeki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is prominently straw/buff colored and the gular and upper breast are as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9BFFE44537EBC9FC64F84F" box="[780,918,1932,1957]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="568" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="carolae" subSpecies="carolae">
|
||
in
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9BFFE44512EBC8FC64F84F" box="[809,918,1932,1956]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="565">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF9BFFE746FCEBF5FBF8FF13" blockId="5.[151,1437,1680,2029]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1436,151,429]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="566" pageId="5" pageNumber="565">
|
||
(5) Iris color. Iris color of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF9BFFE447C7EBF4FD7DF823" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[508,655,1968,1992]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="565" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF9BFFE447C7EBF4FD7DF823" box="[508,655,1968,1992]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="565">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is pale grey-blue with a dull orange outer ring (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452A6CFF9BFFE442FBEBF5FACCF822" box="[1216,1342,1968,1993]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,999,1021]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,338,978]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,337,978]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Forehead, facial, crown and nape appearance of living P. berlepschi (A – D) as compared to living P. carolae (E – H). Notable characters that differentiate P. berlepschi from P. carolae include the all-black loral feathering on the frontal crest of P. berlepschi (A – C) versus the extensively white-tipped loral feathering of P. carolae (E – H); the eye-to-crown “ tiara ” of P. berlepschi (B, C) versus the more extensive coppery facial markings in front of and surrounding the eye of P. carolae; the darker malar, cheek and throat of P. berlepschi (A, B) versus the much lighter straw colored appearance of P. carolae (F); the almost nonexistent coppery-bronze hind crown patch of P. berlepschi (C) versus the extensive one visible at all times on the crown of P. carolae (G); the grey-blue eye color of P. berlepschi (A, B) versus the bright lemon yellow of P. carolae (E, F) and the rich bronzy sheen on the nape and upper mantle of P. berlepschi (D) compared to the black nape of P. carolae (H). Plates derived from photos ML 48065581 (A), 48065591 (B), 48065601 (C), 48065621 (D), 48068971 (E), 48068791 (F), 48068861 (G) and 48152301 (H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009106/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="565">Fig. 2A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Under certain lighting conditions, iris color appears very blue and at other times (e.g., with flash photography at close range), it appears more pale grey. In contrast, the iris color of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF98FFE7457EECDCFC43FF5B" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[837,945,152,176]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="566" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF98FFE7457EECDCFC43FF5B" box="[837,945,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is lemon-yellow with a subtle burnt-orange inner ring around the edge of the pupil and a pale-yellow outer ring (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452A6CFF98FFE74597ECF9FBDAFF3F" box="[940,1064,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,999,1021]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,338,978]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,337,978]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Forehead, facial, crown and nape appearance of living P. berlepschi (A – D) as compared to living P. carolae (E – H). Notable characters that differentiate P. berlepschi from P. carolae include the all-black loral feathering on the frontal crest of P. berlepschi (A – C) versus the extensively white-tipped loral feathering of P. carolae (E – H); the eye-to-crown “ tiara ” of P. berlepschi (B, C) versus the more extensive coppery facial markings in front of and surrounding the eye of P. carolae; the darker malar, cheek and throat of P. berlepschi (A, B) versus the much lighter straw colored appearance of P. carolae (F); the almost nonexistent coppery-bronze hind crown patch of P. berlepschi (C) versus the extensive one visible at all times on the crown of P. carolae (G); the grey-blue eye color of P. berlepschi (A, B) versus the bright lemon yellow of P. carolae (E, F) and the rich bronzy sheen on the nape and upper mantle of P. berlepschi (D) compared to the black nape of P. carolae (H). Plates derived from photos ML 48065581 (A), 48065591 (B), 48065601 (C), 48065621 (D), 48068971 (E), 48068791 (F), 48068861 (G) and 48152301 (H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009106/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">Fig. 2E–G</figureCitation>
|
||
). There is no known variation in eye color within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF98FFE74746ECA4FE1FFF13" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[381,493,224,248]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="566" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF98FFE74746ECA4FE1FFF13" box="[381,493,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B18FF98FFE74458EC9AFD0CFF13" author="Gilliard" box="[611,766,223,248]" pageId="6" pageNumber="566" refString="Gilliard, E. T. (1969) Birds of Paradise and Bower Birds. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 510 pp." type="book" year="1969">Gilliard 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B18FF98FFE74531EC9AFC09FF13" author="Frith" box="[778,1019,223,248]" pageId="6" pageNumber="566" refString="Frith, C. B. & Beehler, B. M. (1998) The Birds of Paradise: Paradisaeidae. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 613 pp." type="book" year="1998">Frith & Beehler 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF98FFE746FCED41FDADFE47" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,429]" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">
|
||
(6) Nape and mantle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452A6CFF98FFE74785ED41FDF3FEF7" box="[446,513,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1744,1766]" captionTargetBox="[266,1329,1135,1697]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[216,1371,1122,1720]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Parotia-specific plumage ornaments referenced herein: (A) frontal crest, (A 1) loral tufts, (A 2) supranarial tufts and (A 3) forehead tufts, (B) crown patch, (C) throat “ whiskers ”, and (D) mantle cape. Modified from Scholes (2006), which was modified from Frith & Beehler (1998) and Schodde & McKean (1973)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009104/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
, D). The nape and upper part of the mantle “cape” of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF98FFE7425FED40FB07FEF7" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[1124,1269,260,284]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="566" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF98FFE7425FED40FB07FEF7" box="[1124,1269,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has prominent coppery-bronze sheen of similar intensity to the coppery-bronze color on the head and face and is visible at all times (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452A6CFF98FFE746DEED09FE93FE8F" box="[229,353,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,999,1021]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,338,978]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,337,978]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Forehead, facial, crown and nape appearance of living P. berlepschi (A – D) as compared to living P. carolae (E – H). Notable characters that differentiate P. berlepschi from P. carolae include the all-black loral feathering on the frontal crest of P. berlepschi (A – C) versus the extensively white-tipped loral feathering of P. carolae (E – H); the eye-to-crown “ tiara ” of P. berlepschi (B, C) versus the more extensive coppery facial markings in front of and surrounding the eye of P. carolae; the darker malar, cheek and throat of P. berlepschi (A, B) versus the much lighter straw colored appearance of P. carolae (F); the almost nonexistent coppery-bronze hind crown patch of P. berlepschi (C) versus the extensive one visible at all times on the crown of P. carolae (G); the grey-blue eye color of P. berlepschi (A, B) versus the bright lemon yellow of P. carolae (E, F) and the rich bronzy sheen on the nape and upper mantle of P. berlepschi (D) compared to the black nape of P. carolae (H). Plates derived from photos ML 48065581 (A), 48065591 (B), 48065601 (C), 48065621 (D), 48068971 (E), 48068791 (F), 48068861 (G) and 48152301 (H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009106/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">Fig. 2A–D</figureCitation>
|
||
and videos ML 457925, 457926).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF98FFE744C8ED08FC70FE8F" box="[755,898,332,356]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="566" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="carolae" subSpecies="carolae">
|
||
In
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF98FFE7452FED08FC70FE8F" box="[788,898,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the nape and mantle has a very slight bronzy sheen visible only at close range and under certain light and viewing angles, but in most circumstances the mantle of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF98FFE7468EEDD0FED7FE47" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[181,293,404,428]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="566" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF98FFE7468EEDD0FED7FE47" box="[181,293,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears jet black (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452A6CFF98FFE747C3EDD1FDA0FE47" box="[504,594,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,999,1021]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,338,978]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,337,978]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Forehead, facial, crown and nape appearance of living P. berlepschi (A – D) as compared to living P. carolae (E – H). Notable characters that differentiate P. berlepschi from P. carolae include the all-black loral feathering on the frontal crest of P. berlepschi (A – C) versus the extensively white-tipped loral feathering of P. carolae (E – H); the eye-to-crown “ tiara ” of P. berlepschi (B, C) versus the more extensive coppery facial markings in front of and surrounding the eye of P. carolae; the darker malar, cheek and throat of P. berlepschi (A, B) versus the much lighter straw colored appearance of P. carolae (F); the almost nonexistent coppery-bronze hind crown patch of P. berlepschi (C) versus the extensive one visible at all times on the crown of P. carolae (G); the grey-blue eye color of P. berlepschi (A, B) versus the bright lemon yellow of P. carolae (E, F) and the rich bronzy sheen on the nape and upper mantle of P. berlepschi (D) compared to the black nape of P. carolae (H). Plates derived from photos ML 48065581 (A), 48065591 (B), 48065601 (C), 48065621 (D), 48068971 (E), 48068791 (F), 48068861 (G) and 48152301 (H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009106/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">Fig. 2H</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3646562FF98FFE646ACEDB7FB66FEAB" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="567" pageId="6" pageNumber="566" type="description">
|
||
<subSection id="E2F12F02FF98FFE746ACEDB7FEF6FCC9" pageId="6" pageNumber="566" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF98FFE746ACEDB7FDF7FDE7" blockId="6.[151,517,498,524]" box="[151,517,498,524]" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">
|
||
<heading id="D0898185FF98FFE746ACEDB7FDF7FDE7" bold="true" box="[151,517,498,524]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="566" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF98FFE746ACEDB7FDF7FDE7" bold="true" box="[151,517,498,524]" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">Female External Appearance</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF98FFE746ACEE77FEF6FCC9" blockId="6.[151,1437,562,803]" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">
|
||
The external phenotype of female-plumaged
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF98FFE744A4EE76FCC0FDA0" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[671,818,563,587]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="566" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF98FFE744A4EE76FCC0FDA0" box="[671,818,563,587]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is differentiated from female-plumaged
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF98FFE74332EE76FA8EFDA0" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[1289,1404,563,587]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="566" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF98FFE74332EE76FA8EFDA0" box="[1289,1404,563,587]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in head and facial markings and eye color (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452A6CFF98FFE74459EE13FD55FD84" box="[610,679,598,623]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1330,1352]" captionTargetBox="[340,1246,858,1308]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[340,1247,858,1308]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Female facial markings and eye color of (A) P. berlepschi and (B) P. carolae. The forehead of P. berlepschi has more extensive white in the middle, which extends almost to the fore-crown; the brown loral patch is also more extensive with less white near the base of the upper mandible; and the supercilium extends further back onto the nape and is whiter than in P. carolae. Eye color of female-plumaged P. berlepschi is pale grey-blue (A) versus yellow in P. carolae (B). Note: the difference in tint between the two photos is largely due to differing white balance and flash settings, which make the plumage of the P. carolae image look more “ warm ” (orange) than the P. berlepschi image which is shifted slightly toward the “ cooler ” (blue) end. Image (A) is of a bird in the hand taken by BB. Image (B) is modified from photo ML 48068781." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009110/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
, and photo ML 48068341).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF98FFE745DEEE12FB85FD85" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[997,1143,598,622]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="566" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF98FFE745DEEE12FB85FD85" box="[997,1143,598,622]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has more extensive white in the middle of the forehead, which extends almost to the fore-crown (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452A6CFF98FFE74596EE3FFBF5FD78" box="[941,1031,634,659]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1330,1352]" captionTargetBox="[340,1246,858,1308]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[340,1247,858,1308]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Female facial markings and eye color of (A) P. berlepschi and (B) P. carolae. The forehead of P. berlepschi has more extensive white in the middle, which extends almost to the fore-crown; the brown loral patch is also more extensive with less white near the base of the upper mandible; and the supercilium extends further back onto the nape and is whiter than in P. carolae. Eye color of female-plumaged P. berlepschi is pale grey-blue (A) versus yellow in P. carolae (B). Note: the difference in tint between the two photos is largely due to differing white balance and flash settings, which make the plumage of the P. carolae image look more “ warm ” (orange) than the P. berlepschi image which is shifted slightly toward the “ cooler ” (blue) end. Image (A) is of a bird in the hand taken by BB. Image (B) is modified from photo ML 48068781." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009110/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The brown loral patch is also more extensive with less white near the base of the upper mandible. The supercilium extends further back onto the nape such that the nape of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF98FFE747ABEE86FDD1FD30" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[400,547,707,731]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="566" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF98FFE747ABEE86FDD1FD30" box="[400,547,707,731]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is whiter than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF98FFE744E9EE87FC94FD30" box="[722,870,706,731]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="568" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="carolae" subSpecies="carolae">
|
||
in
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF98FFE744CBEE86FC94FD30" box="[752,870,707,731]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF98FFE7455DEE86FC98FD30" box="[870,874,707,731]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">.</emphasis>
|
||
As with males, eye color of female plumaged
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF98FFE743BCEE86FEFEFD15" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="566" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF98FFE743BCEE86FEFEFD15" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is pale grey-blue (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452A6CFF98FFE747DBEEA3FDCEFD14" box="[480,572,742,767]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1330,1352]" captionTargetBox="[340,1246,858,1308]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[340,1247,858,1308]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Female facial markings and eye color of (A) P. berlepschi and (B) P. carolae. The forehead of P. berlepschi has more extensive white in the middle, which extends almost to the fore-crown; the brown loral patch is also more extensive with less white near the base of the upper mandible; and the supercilium extends further back onto the nape and is whiter than in P. carolae. Eye color of female-plumaged P. berlepschi is pale grey-blue (A) versus yellow in P. carolae (B). Note: the difference in tint between the two photos is largely due to differing white balance and flash settings, which make the plumage of the P. carolae image look more “ warm ” (orange) than the P. berlepschi image which is shifted slightly toward the “ cooler ” (blue) end. Image (A) is of a bird in the hand taken by BB. Image (B) is modified from photo ML 48068781." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009110/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
), which is in contrast to the yellow eye color of female plumaged
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF98FFE74310EEA2FA6EFD15" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[1323,1436,742,766]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="566" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF98FFE74310EEA2FA6EFD15" box="[1323,1436,742,766]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452A6CFF98FFE746A4EF4FFF07FCC8" box="[159,245,778,803]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1330,1352]" captionTargetBox="[340,1246,858,1308]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[340,1247,858,1308]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Female facial markings and eye color of (A) P. berlepschi and (B) P. carolae. The forehead of P. berlepschi has more extensive white in the middle, which extends almost to the fore-crown; the brown loral patch is also more extensive with less white near the base of the upper mandible; and the supercilium extends further back onto the nape and is whiter than in P. carolae. Eye color of female-plumaged P. berlepschi is pale grey-blue (A) versus yellow in P. carolae (B). Note: the difference in tint between the two photos is largely due to differing white balance and flash settings, which make the plumage of the P. carolae image look more “ warm ” (orange) than the P. berlepschi image which is shifted slightly toward the “ cooler ” (blue) end. Image (A) is of a bird in the hand taken by BB. Image (B) is modified from photo ML 48068781." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009110/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF016661FF98FFE746ACE977FB80F9EB" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009110/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="566" targetBox="[340,1246,858,1308]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF98FFE746ACE977FB80F9EB" blockId="6.[151,1437,1330,1536]" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF98FFE746ACE977FEE6FAAC" bold="true" box="[151,276,1330,1352]" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Female facial markings and eye color of (A)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF98FFE744D6E976FC80FAA3" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[749,882,1330,1352]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="566" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF98FFE744D6E976FC80FAA3" box="[749,882,1330,1352]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and (B)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF98FFE745F5E976FBC7FAA3" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[974,1077,1330,1352]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="566" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF98FFE745F5E976FBC7FAA3" box="[974,1077,1330,1352]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The forehead of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF98FFE742D4E976FA81FAA3" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[1263,1395,1330,1352]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="566" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF98FFE742D4E976FA81FAA3" box="[1263,1395,1330,1352]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has more extensive white in the middle, which extends almost to the fore-crown; the brown loral patch is also more extensive with less white near the base of the upper mandible; and the supercilium extends further back onto the nape and is whiter than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF98FFE74354E92AFF15FA48" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="568" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="carolae" subSpecies="carolae">
|
||
in
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF98FFE743B2E935FF15FA48" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF98FFE746DCE9C8FF19FA48" box="[231,235,1421,1443]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">.</emphasis>
|
||
Eye color of female-plumaged
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF98FFE74410E9CAFD5CFA48" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[555,686,1421,1444]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="566" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF98FFE74410E9CAFD5CFA48" box="[555,686,1421,1444]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is pale grey-blue (A) versus yellow
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF98FFE74225E9C8FB6FFA48" box="[1054,1181,1421,1444]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="568" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="carolae" subSpecies="carolae">
|
||
in
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF98FFE74203E9CAFB6FFA48" box="[1080,1181,1421,1444]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(B). Note: the difference in tint between the two photos is largely due to differing white balance and flash settings, which make the plumage of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF98FFE743B2E9E8FF11FA0A" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="566" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF98FFE743B2E9E8FF11FA0A" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
image look more “warm” (orange) than the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF98FFE7449AE989FCD0FA0A" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[673,802,1483,1505]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="566" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF98FFE7449AE989FCD0FA0A" box="[673,802,1483,1505]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
image which is shifted slightly toward the “cooler” (blue) end. Image (A) is of a bird in the hand taken by BB. Image (B) is modified from photo ML 48068781.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSection id="E2F12F02FF98FFE646ACEA15FB66FEAB" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="567" pageId="6" pageNumber="566" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF98FFE746ACEA15FF28F981" blockId="6.[151,218,1616,1642]" box="[151,218,1616,1642]" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">
|
||
<heading id="D0898185FF98FFE746ACEA15FF28F981" bold="true" box="[151,218,1616,1642]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="566" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF98FFE746ACEA15FF28F981" bold="true" box="[151,218,1616,1642]" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">Voice</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF98FFE746ACEAD2FC13F88F" blockId="6.[151,1437,1687,2035]" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">
|
||
The primary advertisement vocalizations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF98FFE744B4EADDFCD3F944" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[655,801,1687,1711]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="566" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF98FFE744B4EADDFCD3F944" box="[655,801,1687,1711]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are a shrill, ascending, two-note, “
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF98FFE74288EAD2FAEFF944" box="[1203,1309,1687,1711]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">whee-dee</emphasis>
|
||
” (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452A6CFF98FFE74301EAD2FA61F95B" box="[1338,1427,1687,1712]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1280,1302]" captionTargetBox="[172,1421,384,1243]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,375,1258]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Spectrograms of advertisement vocalizations of P. berlepschi (A, B) compared with those from two geographically varying populations within the P. carolae group (C, D). P. berlepschi has two primary advertisement vocalizations: (A) a shrill two-note form reminiscent of a squeaky toy and (B) a shrill four-note, slightly ascending whinny. In comparison, P. carolae from Mt. Stolle (C) gives a powerfully whistled three-note advertisement vocalization, and P. carolae from Crater Mountain (D) gives a single frantic quavering whistle-note. Spectrograms C and D are modified from Scholes (2006)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009112/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
) reminiscent of a plastic squeak toy and a similarly shrill, four-note tremulous whistle or whinny,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF98FFE742E3EAF9FAADF938" box="[1240,1375,1724,1747]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">“we-e-e-et”</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452A6CFF98FFE74355EAFEFF45F913" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1280,1302]" captionTargetBox="[172,1421,384,1243]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,375,1258]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Spectrograms of advertisement vocalizations of P. berlepschi (A, B) compared with those from two geographically varying populations within the P. carolae group (C, D). P. berlepschi has two primary advertisement vocalizations: (A) a shrill two-note form reminiscent of a squeaky toy and (B) a shrill four-note, slightly ascending whinny. In comparison, P. carolae from Mt. Stolle (C) gives a powerfully whistled three-note advertisement vocalization, and P. carolae from Crater Mountain (D) gives a single frantic quavering whistle-note. Spectrograms C and D are modified from Scholes (2006)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009112/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
) in which the first three are ascending (audio recordings ML 139538 and ML 139631). The “
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF98FFE7431DEA9AFA62F91C" box="[1318,1424,1759,1783]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">whee-dee</emphasis>
|
||
” vocalization is occasionally truncated to just a single note, which sounds like
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF98FFE745CDEB46FB9DF8F0" box="[1014,1135,1795,1819]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">“whee” or</emphasis>
|
||
“
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF98FFE742B9EB46FB12F8F0" box="[1154,1248,1795,1819]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">wheep.”</emphasis>
|
||
At other times it is modified such that the two notes descend slightly with a more abrupt beginning and end to each note so that it sounds like
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF98FFE74727EB0EFE5FF888" box="[284,429,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">“chee-deep”</emphasis>
|
||
and the “
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF98FFE74422EB0EFDACF888" box="[537,606,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">deep”</emphasis>
|
||
note is a slightly lower frequency.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF98FFE746FCEB35FF13F818" blockId="6.[151,1437,1687,2035]" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">
|
||
In comparison, the primary advertisements of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF98FFE744E9EB35FCCDF86C" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[722,831,1903,1927]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="566" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF98FFE744E9EB35FCCDF86C" box="[722,831,1903,1927]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Mt. Stolle are a powerfully whistled three-note
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF98FFE746ACEBD6FE97F840" box="[151,357,1939,1963]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">“kwoi kwoi eeng”</emphasis>
|
||
where each
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF98FFE747CDEBD6FDB8F840" box="[502,586,1939,1963]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">“kwoi”</emphasis>
|
||
note is sharply ascending and the final
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF98FFE7422AEBD1FB97F840" box="[1041,1125,1940,1963]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">“eeng”</emphasis>
|
||
is a pure tone (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452A6CFF98FFE74323EBD6FA81F847" box="[1304,1395,1939,1964]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1280,1302]" captionTargetBox="[172,1421,384,1243]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,375,1258]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Spectrograms of advertisement vocalizations of P. berlepschi (A, B) compared with those from two geographically varying populations within the P. carolae group (C, D). P. berlepschi has two primary advertisement vocalizations: (A) a shrill two-note form reminiscent of a squeaky toy and (B) a shrill four-note, slightly ascending whinny. In comparison, P. carolae from Mt. Stolle (C) gives a powerfully whistled three-note advertisement vocalization, and P. carolae from Crater Mountain (D) gives a single frantic quavering whistle-note. Spectrograms C and D are modified from Scholes (2006)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009112/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF98FFE743BCEBD1FF1EF824" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="566" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF98FFE743BCEBD1FF1EF824" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
vocalizations from Crater Mountain are a single frantic quavering whistle-note that sounds like,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF98FFE7431CEBF2FF13F818" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="566">“kwa-a-aa-ng”.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF99FFE646FCECD2FB66FEAB" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,320]" pageId="7" pageNumber="567">
|
||
When excited, e.g., upon approach to the display court,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF99FFE64572ECDCFC2EFF5B" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[841,988,152,176]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="567" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF99FFE64572ECDCFC2EFF5B" box="[841,988,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="567">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males were also heard to give a harsh, raspy white noise-like scold that ranges from a single to upwards of six ‘notes’ (e.g., the single scold note in video ML 457925 at 00:48 and also audio ML 139631) and several irregular chattery squeaks and chortles. Acoustically, the scold notes are similar to the advertisement vocalizations given by the “all-black” blue-eyed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF99FFE642F7ED40FAD2FEF7" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[1228,1312,261,284]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="567" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF99FFE642F7ED40FAD2FEF7" box="[1228,1312,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="567">Parotia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species:
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF99FFE643BCED40FE1BFEAB" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="567">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF99FFE643BCED40FF1BFEAB" authorityName="Ramsay" authorityYear="1885" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="567" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lawesii">P. lawesii</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF99FFE646CFED6CFE97FEAB" baseAuthorityName="Pennant" baseAuthorityYear="1781" box="[244,357,296,320]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="567" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sefilata">P. sefilata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF99FFE6474BED6CFE14FEAB" box="[368,486,296,320]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="567" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="helenae">P. helenae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF99FFE6441BED6CFD6AFEAB" authorityName="Rothschild" authorityYear="1906" box="[544,664,296,320]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="567" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wahnesi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF99FFE6441BED6CFD6AFEAB" box="[544,664,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="567">P. wahnesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but not known from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF99FFE6458EED6CFBD7FEAB" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[949,1061,296,320]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="567" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF99FFE6458EED6CFBD7FEAB" box="[949,1061,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="567">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF016661FF99FFE646ACE945FB2AFA76" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009112/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="567" targetBox="[172,1421,384,1243]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF99FFE646ACE945FB2AFA76" blockId="7.[151,1436,1280,1437]" pageId="7" pageNumber="567">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF99FFE646ACE945FEE0FAFD" bold="true" box="[151,274,1280,1302]" pageId="7" pageNumber="567">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Spectrograms of advertisement vocalizations of
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF99FFE644C6E947FC7FFAFD" box="[765,909,1280,1303]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="567">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF99FFE644C6E947FC8DFAFD" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[765,895,1280,1303]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="567" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">P. berlepschi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
A, B) compared with those from two geographically varying populations within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF99FFE647EFE966FDCBFAD3" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[468,569,1314,1336]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="567" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF99FFE647EFE966FDCBFAD3" box="[468,569,1314,1336]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="567">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group (C, D).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF99FFE644EBE966FCA0FAD3" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[720,850,1314,1336]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="567" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF99FFE644EBE966FCA0FAD3" box="[720,850,1314,1336]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="567">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has two primary advertisement vocalizations: (A) a shrill two-note form reminiscent of a squeaky toy and (B) a shrill four-note, slightly ascending whinny. In comparison,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF99FFE6430EE901FA69FAB2" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[1333,1435,1347,1369]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="567" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF99FFE6430EE901FA69FAB2" box="[1333,1435,1347,1369]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="567">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Mt. Stolle (C) gives a powerfully whistled three-note advertisement vocalization, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF99FFE64271E920FB42FA91" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[1098,1200,1380,1402]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="567" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF99FFE64271E920FB42FA91" box="[1098,1200,1380,1402]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="567">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Crater Mountain (D) gives a single frantic quavering whistle-note. Spectrograms C and D are modified from Scholes (2006).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSection id="E2F12F02FF99FFE946ACE9A1FB51FD1B" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="568" pageId="7" pageNumber="567" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3646562FF99FFE946ACE9A1FB51FD1B" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="568" pageId="7" pageNumber="567" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF99FFE646ACE9A1FE7DFA15" blockId="7.[151,399,1508,1534]" box="[151,399,1508,1534]" pageId="7" pageNumber="567">
|
||
<heading id="D0898185FF99FFE646ACE9A1FE7DFA15" bold="true" box="[151,399,1508,1534]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="567" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF99FFE646ACE9A1FE7DFA15" bold="true" box="[151,399,1508,1534]" pageId="7" pageNumber="567">Courtship Behavior</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF99FFE646ACEA69FCE1F93F" blockId="7.[151,1437,1579,2036]" pageId="7" pageNumber="567">
|
||
Due to the difficulty of locating display courts, total courtside observations were few and visitation rates infrequent. In all, five courtship behaviors were documented: two non-display, but courtship-related, and three actual courtship displays. Using the terminology of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B18FF99FFE644D2EA36FC64F967" author="Scholes" box="[745,918,1651,1676]" pageId="7" pageNumber="567" refString="Scholes, E. (2006) Courtship ethology of Carola's Parotia (Parotia carolae). The Auk, 123, 967 - 990. https: // doi. org / 10.1642 / 0004 - 8038 (2006) 123 [967: CEOCPP] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2006">Scholes (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF99FFE645F6EA31FBCDF960" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[973,1087,1651,1675]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="567" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF99FFE645F6EA31FBCDF960" box="[973,1087,1651,1675]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="567">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the behaviors identified for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF99FFE643BCEA31FEFEF944" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="567" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF99FFE643BCEA31FEFEF944" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="567">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are: 1) court clearing; 2) mat construction; 3) horizontal perch pivot display; 4) hop and shake display; and 5) leaf presentation. Each is briefly described below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF99FFE646FCEA9AFD51F888" blockId="7.[151,1437,1579,2036]" pageId="7" pageNumber="567">Court clearing behavior is evident from the presence of cleared terrestrial display courts and from bouts of documented court clearing/maintenance behavior. This behavior involves picking up leaves and other forest debris from the court floor and tossing them beyond the periphery of the court area. Court clearing behavior is vouchered in video ML 457925 (from time 00:00–00:31).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF99FFE646FCEB35FBA1F81F" blockId="7.[151,1437,1579,2036]" pageId="7" pageNumber="567">
|
||
Mat construction behavior was observed when an adult male carried a large clump of dark brown rootlets onto its display court. This behavior was also indirectly observed by the presence of loose ‘carpet’ or mat of rootlets over the surface of a portion the display court floor. Creating a mat of rootlets on court floor is a behavior previously known only from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF99FFE647E6EB99FDBCF818" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[477,590,2011,2035]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="567" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF99FFE647E6EB99FDBCF818" box="[477,590,2011,2035]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="567">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and not other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF99FFE644D4EB99FCB6F818" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[751,836,2012,2035]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="567" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF99FFE644D4EB99FCB6F818" box="[751,836,2012,2035]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="567">Parotia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B18FF99FFE64591EB9EFBB5F81F" author="Scholes" box="[938,1095,2011,2036]" pageId="7" pageNumber="567" refString="Scholes, E. (2006) Courtship ethology of Carola's Parotia (Parotia carolae). The Auk, 123, 967 - 990. https: // doi. org / 10.1642 / 0004 - 8038 (2006) 123 [967: CEOCPP] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2006">Scholes 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF96FFE946FCECD2FF2CFE8E" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,752]" pageId="8" pageNumber="568">
|
||
The horizontal perch pivot display was observed on the display court and from tree branches above the court and nearby. This behavior involves the male adopting a rigid horizontal body posture, head and tail held up and flank plumes flared outward from the body so that the white portion forms two semi-circular ‘disks’ that emanate from either side of the body (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452A6CFF96FFE947E7ED41FDC4FEF6" box="[476,566,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1298,1320]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,825,1276]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[340,1247,825,1276]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Two courtship behaviors documented in P. berlepschi: (A) horizontal perch pivot, which involves the male adopting a rigid horizontal body posture, head and tail held up and flank plumes flared outward from the body so that the white portions form two semi-circular ‘ disks’ that emanate from either side of the body while the body is pivoted side-to-side in a way that accentuates the white plumes; (B) leaf presentation, which is a modifier display that involves holding a yellow or light colored leaf in the bill while performing other displays. Derived from photos ML 48065351 and 48068531." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009114/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="568">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
|
||
). In this posture, the body is pivoted side-to-side in a way that accentuates the white flank plumes. A low intensity version of this behavior is vouchered in video ML 457925 at time 00:48– 00:57.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF96FFE946FCED35FD18FD6F" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,752]" pageId="8" pageNumber="568">
|
||
A low intensity and truncated instance of the hop and shake display was documented on one occasion. While brief and incomplete, it nevertheless included enough of the behavior’s identifying postures and action patterns to be diagnosable. The observed elements were: standing upright on the court floor, fluttering the throat whiskers, “opening” the frontal crest, hopping in place, dipping the upper body and giving an exaggerated ruffling of the flank plumes and ritualized shake of the upper body. No distinct hop was observed, but otherwise the behavior pattern was very similar to the hop and shake of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF96FFE944F1EE60FCCAFDD7" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[714,824,548,572]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="568" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF96FFE944F1EE60FCCAFDD7" box="[714,824,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="568">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF96FFE94577EE60FC13FDD7" box="[844,993,548,572]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="568" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="carolae" subSpecies="carolae">
|
||
In
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF96FFE94557EE60FC13FDD7" box="[876,993,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="568">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF96FFE945DAEE61FC17FDD7" box="[993,997,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="568">,</emphasis>
|
||
there are two distinct phases, the puff shake and the skirt shake (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B18FF96FFE947FFEE02FD93FD8B" author="Scholes" box="[452,609,583,608]" pageId="8" pageNumber="568" refString="Scholes, E. (2006) Courtship ethology of Carola's Parotia (Parotia carolae). The Auk, 123, 967 - 990. https: // doi. org / 10.1642 / 0004 - 8038 (2006) 123 [967: CEOCPP] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2006">Scholes 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but only the puff shake was observed in
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF96FFE9427FEE0CFB2FFD8B" box="[1092,1245,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="568">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF96FFE9427FEE0CFB2BFD8B" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[1092,1241,584,608]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="568" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">P. berlepschi</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
This behavior is vouchered in video ML 457925 at time 00:30–00:33.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF96FFE946FCEECAFB51FD1B" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,752]" pageId="8" pageNumber="568">
|
||
Leaf presentation is a modifier behavior that,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF96FFE944F5EECAFCADFD43" box="[718,863,655,680]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="568" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="carolae" subSpecies="carolae">
|
||
in
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF96FFE944D7EED4FCADFD43" box="[748,863,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="568">P. carolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF96FFE94564EED5FC91FD43" box="[863,867,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="568">,</emphasis>
|
||
occurs as an accessory display along with several courtship displays. It involves holding a yellow or light colored leaf in the bill. We documented a male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF96FFE943BCEEF0FEFEFD1B" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="568" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF96FFE943BCEEF0FEFEFD1B" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="568">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
holding a yellow leaf while on the horizontal perch of the display court (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452A6CFF96FFE94205EE92FB64FD1B" box="[1086,1174,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1298,1320]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,825,1276]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[340,1247,825,1276]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Two courtship behaviors documented in P. berlepschi: (A) horizontal perch pivot, which involves the male adopting a rigid horizontal body posture, head and tail held up and flank plumes flared outward from the body so that the white portions form two semi-circular ‘ disks’ that emanate from either side of the body while the body is pivoted side-to-side in a way that accentuates the white plumes; (B) leaf presentation, which is a modifier display that involves holding a yellow or light colored leaf in the bill while performing other displays. Derived from photos ML 48065351 and 48068531." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009114/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="568">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF016661FF96FFE946ACE957FB24FA48" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1009114/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="568" targetBox="[340,1247,825,1276]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF96FFE946ACE957FB24FA48" blockId="8.[151,1436,1298,1443]" pageId="8" pageNumber="568">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF96FFE946ACE957FEE5FACC" bold="true" box="[151,279,1298,1320]" pageId="8" pageNumber="568">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Two courtship behaviors documented in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF96FFE944EDE956FCAFFAC3" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[726,861,1298,1320]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="568" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF96FFE944EDE956FCAFFAC3" box="[726,861,1298,1320]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="568">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: (A) horizontal perch pivot, which involves the male adopting a rigid horizontal body posture, head and tail held up and flank plumes flared outward from the body so that the white portions form two semi-circular ‘disks’ that emanate from either side of the body while the body is pivoted side-to-side in a way that accentuates the white plumes; (B) leaf presentation, which is a modifier display that involves holding a yellow or light colored leaf in the bill while performing other displays. Derived from photos ML 48065351 and 48068531.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSection id="E2F12F02FF96FFE846ACE9B1FEA0FE40" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="569" pageId="8" pageNumber="568" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3646562FF96FFE846ACE9B1FEA0FE40" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="569" pageId="8" pageNumber="568" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF96FFE946ACE9B1FE4FF9E5" blockId="8.[151,445,1524,1550]" box="[151,445,1524,1550]" pageId="8" pageNumber="568">
|
||
<heading id="D0898185FF96FFE946ACE9B1FE4FF9E5" bold="true" box="[151,445,1524,1550]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="568" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF96FFE946ACE9B1FE4FF9E5" bold="true" box="[151,445,1524,1550]" pageId="8" pageNumber="568">Additional Information</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF96FFE946ACEA7EFE36F99C" blockId="8.[151,1437,1594,2012]" pageId="8" pageNumber="568">
|
||
As this is the first paper to examine the natural history of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF96FFE9450CEA7EFC3BF9B9" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[823,969,1594,1618]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="568" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF96FFE9450CEA7EFC3BF9B9" box="[823,969,1594,1618]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="568">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in depth, we provide additional relevant species information below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF96FFE946FCEAC7FAD6F909" blockId="8.[151,1437,1594,2012]" pageId="8" pageNumber="568">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF96FFE946FCEAC7FE12F971" box="[199,480,1666,1690]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="568">Subadult Male Plumage.</emphasis>
|
||
As with
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF96FFE94471EAC6FD30F971" box="[586,706,1666,1690]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="568">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF96FFE94471EAC6FD4CF971" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[586,702,1666,1690]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="568" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolae">P. carolae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
subadult males range from primarily female-type plumage with partial adult male feathering appearing about the head (e.g., photo ML 48065341) to nearly full adult male plumage with only small patches of female-type plumage remaining (e.g., photos ML 48068171, ML 48068161).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF96FFE946FCEAA8FA66F853" blockId="8.[151,1437,1594,2012]" pageId="8" pageNumber="568">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF96FFE946FCEAA8FDF4F8EE" box="[199,518,1773,1797]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="568">Weights and Measurements.</emphasis>
|
||
The following measurements were made from the individuals collected on the 2005 survey, which became the two specimens now housed in the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB). Adult male (MZB 30.666) weight
|
||
<quantity id="4C869B0CFF96FFE947EDEB71FDEAF8A6" box="[470,536,1844,1869]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.6199999999999999" pageId="8" pageNumber="568" unit="g" value="162.0">162 g</quantity>
|
||
, testis
|
||
<date id="FFC01029FF96FFE9445DEB70FD70F8A6" box="[614,642,1845,1869]" pageId="8" pageNumber="568">4x</date>
|
||
<quantity id="4C869B0CFF96FFE944B8EB70FD34F8A7" box="[643,710,1845,1869]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="568" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
|
||
, wing chord
|
||
<quantity id="4C869B0CFF96FFE94561EB71FC48F8A7" box="[858,954,1844,1869]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.52" pageId="8" pageNumber="568" unit="mm" value="152.0">152 mm</quantity>
|
||
, wing arc
|
||
<quantity id="4C869B0CFF96FFE9420AEB71FB60F8A7" box="[1073,1170,1844,1869]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.53" pageId="8" pageNumber="568" unit="mm" value="153.0">153 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Female (MZB 30.667) weight
|
||
<quantity id="4C869B0CFF96FFE946D0EB1CFEDFF89A" box="[235,301,1881,1905]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.28" pageId="8" pageNumber="568" unit="g" value="128.0">128 g</quantity>
|
||
, ova small, wing chord
|
||
<quantity id="4C869B0CFF96FFE94406EB1DFD6FF89B" box="[573,669,1880,1905]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3599999999999999" pageId="8" pageNumber="568" unit="mm" value="136.0">136 mm</quantity>
|
||
, wing arc
|
||
<quantity id="4C869B0CFF96FFE94528EB1CFC81F89B" box="[787,883,1881,1905]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.39" pageId="8" pageNumber="568" unit="mm" value="139.0">139 mm</quantity>
|
||
, tail
|
||
<quantity id="4C869B0CFF96FFE94590EB1DFBE0F89B" box="[939,1042,1880,1905]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.15" pageId="8" pageNumber="568" unit="mm" value="91.5">91.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
, tarsus
|
||
<quantity id="4C869B0CFF96FFE94253EB1DFB48F89B" box="[1128,1210,1880,1905]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="568" unit="mm" value="45.0">45 mm</quantity>
|
||
, bill from base
|
||
<quantity id="4C869B0CFF96FFE94350EB1DFF37F87F" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.85" pageId="8" pageNumber="568" unit="mm" value="28.5">28.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
, bill to edge of feathering
|
||
<quantity id="4C869B0CFF96FFE94432EB39FD92F87F" box="[521,608,1916,1940]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="8" pageNumber="568" unit="mm" value="18.0">18 mm</quantity>
|
||
. An additional bird in female plumage that was netted, measured and released, had weight
|
||
<quantity id="4C869B0CFF96FFE947B8EBE5FE10F85C" box="[387,482,1952,1976]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.39" pageId="8" pageNumber="568" unit="mm" value="139.0">139 mm</quantity>
|
||
, wing chord
|
||
<quantity id="4C869B0CFF96FFE9444FEBE5FD21F85C" box="[628,723,1952,1976]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.38" pageId="8" pageNumber="568" unit="mm" value="138.0">138 mm</quantity>
|
||
, wing arc
|
||
<quantity id="4C869B0CFF96FFE9457DEBE5FC57F85C" box="[838,933,1952,1976]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.42" pageId="8" pageNumber="568" unit="mm" value="142.0">142 mm</quantity>
|
||
, iris pale gray two-toned, mouth pale green.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF96FFE846FCEB81FB16FF38" blockId="8.[151,1437,1594,2012]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,151,428]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="569" pageId="8" pageNumber="568">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF96FFE946FCEB81FE17F830" box="[199,485,1988,2012]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="568">Distribution and Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Over the course of three expeditions to the Foja Mountains, which surveyed a broad range of elevations, (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B18FF97FFE84783ECD2FD65FF5B" author="Beehler" box="[440,663,151,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="569" refString="Beehler, B. M., Prawiradilaga, D. M., de Fretes, Y. & Kemp, N. (2007) A new species of smoky honeyeater (Meliphagidae: Melipotes) from western New Guinea. The Auk, 124 (3), 1000 - 1009. https: // doi. org / 10.1642 / 0004 - 8038 (2007) 124 [1000: ANSOSH] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Beehler
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF97FFE84423ECDCFDB9FF5B" box="[536,587,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="569">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Beehler
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF97FFE8453EECDCFCCBFF5B" box="[773,825,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="569">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2012),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF97FFE845A0ECDCFBDCFF5B" baseAuthorityName="Diamond" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[923,1070,152,176]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="569" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF97FFE845A0ECDCFBDCFF5B" box="[923,1070,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="569">P. berlepschi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found to be an uncommon species documented only from a tiny area of mid-montane forest between roughly
|
||
<quantity id="4C869B0CFF97FFE8420FECF9FB12FF38" box="[1076,1248,188,212]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="9" pageNumber="569" unit="m" value="1500.0" valueMax="1700.0" valueMin="1300.0">1,300–1,700 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF97FFE846FCEC9AFB57FEF7" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,428]" pageId="9" pageNumber="569">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF97FFE846FCEC9AFE54FF1C" box="[199,422,223,247]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="569">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
No foraging observations were made, but presumably diet is similar to other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D6AFF97FFE8437CECA5FA69FF1C" baseAuthorityName="Kleinschmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[1351,1435,224,247]" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Parotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="569" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF97FFE8437CECA5FA69FF1C" box="[1351,1435,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="569">Parotia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species and includes a range of drupe and capsular fruits as well as the occasional arthropod.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC136E9FF97FFE846FCED62FEA0FE40" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,428]" pageId="9" pageNumber="569">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAFBFF97FFE846FCED62FEC1FED4" box="[199,307,295,319]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="569">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Little is known beyond the observation that males attend display courts in late November and early December in
|
||
<date id="FFC01029FF97FFE84714ED0EFE2EFE8F" box="[303,476,331,356]" pageId="9" pageNumber="569" value="2005" valueMax="2008">2005 and 2008</date>
|
||
. In June of 2007, males were vocal, but were not observed attending courts although vocal activity was consistent with expectations for when courts are being actively maintained in the early part of breeding season.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |