197 lines
32 KiB
XML
197 lines
32 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="C41344EC325E60C2F7CFED650D54F6E3">Life cycle closure of Cerroneuroterus minutulus (Giraud, 1859) with C. aggregatus (Wachtl, 1880) (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini): experimental, taxonomic and molecular approaches</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="17A4A69A95DB01C42488F153597AC511">Sottile, Salvatore</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9763828056FA1DD500DCCC3A5E32DE4A">Nicholls, James A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A3E8B745BB6636DE3FF801C378D2E416">Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, Clunies Ross Street, Acton, ACT 2601 Australia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="B05C4C0DE3AD20C0ACADD88F22763BEC">Cerasa, Giuliano</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="919087585078167279046D7349A52CCE">Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences (SAAF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Bd. 5 A, 90128 Palermo, Italy</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="C0984502B0114DDDBEF8901FF82E74B8">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="133B4089FC022AEDA3928973114C406F">2024-02-28</mods:number>
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<subSubSection id="C37C0BED9609FFB4F4C5F8CB4DE4F8AD" box="[151,676,1878,1905]" pageId="4" pageNumber="144" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD958669609FFB4F4C5F8CB4DE4F8AD" blockId="4.[151,676,1878,1905]" box="[151,676,1878,1905]" pageId="4" pageNumber="144">
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<heading id="D091EF0A9609FFB4F4C5F8CB4DE4F8AD" bold="true" box="[151,676,1878,1905]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="144" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6623E59609FFB4F4C5F8CB4DE4F8AD" authority="(Giraud, 1859)" authorityName="Melika et al." authorityYear="2010" baseAuthorityName="Giraud" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[151,676,1878,1905]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Cerroneuroterus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minutulus">
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<emphasis id="B91284749609FFB4F4C5F8CB4DE4F8AD" bold="true" box="[151,676,1878,1905]" pageId="4" pageNumber="144">
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<emphasis id="B91284749609FFB4F4C5F8CB4EA5F8AC" bold="true" box="[151,485,1878,1905]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="144">Cerroneuroterus minutulus</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF725979609FFB4F5A6F8CA4DDCF8AD" author="Giraud, J. E." box="[500,668,1878,1904]" pageId="4" pageNumber="144" pagination="337 - 374" refId="ref10175" refString="Giraud, J. E. (1859) Signalements de quelques especes nouvelles de Cynipides et de leurs Galles. Verhandlungen des Zoologisch-Botanischen Vereins in Wien, 9, 337 - 374." type="journal article" year="1859">Giraud, 1859</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C37C0BED9609FFB5F4C5F8004EB5FDDA" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="145" pageId="4" pageNumber="144" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BD958669609FFB4F4C5F8004EBFF86E" blockId="4.[151,757,1947,2033]" box="[151,511,1947,1971]" pageId="4" pageNumber="144">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6623E59609FFB4F4C5F8004EBFF86E" authority="Giraud, 1859" authorityName="Giraud" authorityYear="1859" box="[151,511,1947,1971]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Neuroterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minutulus">
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<emphasis id="B91284749609FFB4F4C5F8004E33F86E" box="[151,371,1947,1971]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="144">Neuroterus minutulus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF725979609FFB4F52BF8074EBFF86E" author="Giraud, J. E." box="[377,511,1947,1971]" pageId="4" pageNumber="144" pagination="337 - 374" refId="ref10175" refString="Giraud, J. E. (1859) Signalements de quelques especes nouvelles de Cynipides et de leurs Galles. Verhandlungen des Zoologisch-Botanischen Vereins in Wien, 9, 337 - 374." type="journal article" year="1859">Giraud, 1859</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD958669609FFB4F4C5F8264D8FF80F" blockId="4.[151,757,1947,2033]" box="[151,719,1978,2002]" pageId="4" pageNumber="144">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6623E59609FFB4F4C5F8264D1FF80F" authority="(Giraud) Kaltenbach, 1867" authorityName="Kaltenbach" authorityYear="1867" baseAuthorityName="Giraud" box="[151,607,1978,2002]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Cynips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minutulus">
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<emphasis id="B91284749609FFB4F4C5F8264E08F80F" box="[151,328,1978,2002]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="144">Cynips minutulus</emphasis>
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(Giraud)
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF725979609FFB4F5FEF8264D1FF80F" author="Kaltenbach, J. H." box="[428,607,1978,2002]" pageId="4" pageNumber="144" pagination="21 - 117" refId="ref10541" refString="Kaltenbach, J. H. (1867) Die deutschen Phytophagen aus der Klasse der Insekten. Verhandlungen des naturhistorischen Vereines der preussischen Eheinlande und Westphalens, 24, 21 - 117" type="journal article" year="1867">Kaltenbach, 1867</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(only gall)
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BD958669609FFB4F4C5F8444DB5F82C" blockId="4.[151,757,1947,2033]" box="[151,757,2008,2033]" pageId="4" pageNumber="144">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6623E59609FFB4F4C5F8444DD2F82C" authority="Wachtl, 1880" authorityName="Wachtl" authorityYear="1880" box="[151,658,2008,2033]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Spathegaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aggregata" status="syn. nov." subGenus="Ameristus">
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<emphasis id="B91284749609FFB4F4C5F8444E5BF82D" box="[151,283,2008,2032]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="144">Spathegaster</emphasis>
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||
(
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<emphasis id="B91284749609FFB4F578F8454ECFF82D" box="[298,399,2009,2032]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="144">Ameristus</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="B91284749609FFB4F5CCF8454D45F82D" box="[414,517,2009,2032]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="144">aggregata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF725979609FFB4F659F8444DD2F82C" author="Wachtl, F." box="[523,658,2008,2033]" pageId="4" pageNumber="144" pagination="531 - 546" refId="ref13606" refString="Wachtl, F. (1880) Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Gallen erzeugenden Insecten Europas. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 30, 531 - 546." type="journal article" year="1880">Wachtl, 1880</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B91284749609FFB4F6CAF8454DB5F82C" bold="true" box="[664,757,2009,2033]" pageId="4" pageNumber="144">
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A221390F9609FFB4F6CAF8454DB5F82C" box="[664,757,2009,2033]" pageId="4" pageNumber="144">syn. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD958669608FFB5F4C5FF0B4D1EFF72" blockId="5.[151,732,151,267]" box="[151,606,151,175]" pageId="5" pageNumber="145">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6623E59608FFB5F4C5FF0B4D1EFF72" authority="(Giraud) Kieffer, 1901" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1901" baseAuthorityName="Giraud" box="[151,606,151,175]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Neuroterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minutulus">
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<emphasis id="B91284749608FFB5F4C5FF0B4E33FF72" box="[151,371,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="145">Neuroterus minutulus</emphasis>
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(Giraud)
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF725979608FFB5F584FF0B4D1EFF72" author="Kieffer, J. J." box="[470,606,151,175]" pageId="5" pageNumber="145" pagination="1 - 687" refId="ref10711" refString="Kieffer, J. J. (1901) Les Cynipides. In: Andre, E. (Ed.), Species des Hymenopteres d'Europe & d'Algerie. Tome Septieme. Froment-Dubosclard, Paris, pp. 1 - 687." type="book chapter" year="1901">Kieffer, 1901</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD958669608FFB5F4C5FF2A4D1AFF10" blockId="5.[151,732,151,267]" box="[151,602,181,206]" pageId="5" pageNumber="145">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6623E59608FFB5F4C5FF2A4D1AFF10" authority="(Wachtl) Mayr, 1882" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1882" baseAuthorityName="Wachtl" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[151,602,181,206]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Neuroterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aggregatus">
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<emphasis id="B91284749608FFB5F4C5FF2A4EC0FF10" box="[151,384,182,205]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="145">Neuroterus aggregatus</emphasis>
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(Wachtl)
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF725979608FFB5F5B6FF2A4D1AFF10" author="Mayr, G." box="[484,602,181,206]" pageId="5" pageNumber="145" pagination="1 - 44" refId="ref11331" refString="Mayr, G. (1882) Die europaischen Arten der gallenbewohnenden Cynipiden. Jahresberichte der Communal-Oberrealschule im I. Bezirke, Wien, 21, 1 - 44." type="journal article" year="1882">Mayr, 1882</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BD958669608FFB5F4C5FF484D8EFF31" blockId="5.[151,732,151,267]" box="[151,718,212,236]" pageId="5" pageNumber="145">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C6623E59608FFB5F4C5FF484D8EFF31" authority="(Giraud) Melika et al., 2010" authorityName="Melika et al." authorityYear="2010" baseAuthorityName="Giraud" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[151,718,212,236]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Cerroneuroterus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minutulus">
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<emphasis id="B91284749608FFB5F4C5FF484EEAFF31" box="[151,426,212,236]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="145">Cerroneuroterus minutulus</emphasis>
|
||
(Giraud)
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF725979608FFB5F65CFF484D8EFF31" author="Melika, G. & Pujade-Villar, J. & Abe, Y. & Tang, C. T. & Nicholls, J. A. & Wachi, N. & Ide, T. & Yang, M. M. & Penzes, Z. & Csoka, G. & Stone, G. N." box="[526,718,212,236]" pageId="5" pageNumber="145" pagination="1 - 79" refId="ref11534" refString="Melika, G., Pujade-Villar, J., Abe, Y., Tang, C. T., Nicholls, J. A., Wachi, N., Ide, T., Yang, M. M., Penzes, Z., Csoka, G. & Stone, G. N. (2010) Palaearctic oak gallwasps galling oaks (Quercus) in the section Cerris: re-appraisal of generic limits, with descriptions of new genera and species (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini). Zootaxa, 2470 (1), 1 - 79. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2470.1.1" type="journal article" year="2010">
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Melika
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||
<emphasis id="B91284749608FFB5F60EFF494DC8FF31" box="[604,648,212,236]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="145">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD958669608FFB5F4C5FF6F4D9CFED6" blockId="5.[151,732,151,267]" box="[151,732,243,267]" pageId="5" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6623E59608FFB5F4C5FF6F4D9CFED6" authority="(Wachtl) Melika et al., 2010" authorityName="Melika et al." authorityYear="2010" baseAuthorityName="Wachtl" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[151,732,243,267]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Cerroneuroterus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aggregatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91284749608FFB5F4C5FF6F4EF7FED7" box="[151,439,243,266]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="145">Cerroneuroterus aggregatus</emphasis>
|
||
(Wachtl)
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF725979608FFB5F64EFF6F4D9CFED6" author="Melika, G. & Pujade-Villar, J. & Abe, Y. & Tang, C. T. & Nicholls, J. A. & Wachi, N. & Ide, T. & Yang, M. M. & Penzes, Z. & Csoka, G. & Stone, G. N." box="[540,732,243,267]" pageId="5" pageNumber="145" pagination="1 - 79" refId="ref11534" refString="Melika, G., Pujade-Villar, J., Abe, Y., Tang, C. T., Nicholls, J. A., Wachi, N., Ide, T., Yang, M. M., Penzes, Z., Csoka, G. & Stone, G. N. (2010) Palaearctic oak gallwasps galling oaks (Quercus) in the section Cerris: re-appraisal of generic limits, with descriptions of new genera and species (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini). Zootaxa, 2470 (1), 1 - 79. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2470.1.1" type="journal article" year="2010">
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Melika
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<emphasis id="B91284749608FFB5F638FF6F4DD6FED6" box="[618,662,243,267]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="145">et al</emphasis>
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||
., 2010
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</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD958669608FFB5F4C5FEA54EB5FDDA" blockId="5.[151,1437,313,1095]" pageId="5" pageNumber="145">
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||
<emphasis id="B91284749608FFB5F4C5FEA54E72FE8E" bold="true" box="[151,306,313,339]" pageId="5" pageNumber="145">Asexual galls</emphasis>
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(
|
||
<figureCitation id="135D44E39608FFB5F512FEA54EE4FE8E" box="[320,420,313,339]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–8" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[178,1409,179,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-20@6.[178,1409,179,1917]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 1–8. Asexual galls of Cerroneuroterus minutulus: 1–3, general appearance of growing galls; 4–7, mature galls; 8, dissected gall, showing the larval chamber." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10720696" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10720696/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="145">Figs 1–8</figureCitation>
|
||
). Asexual galls develop on the underside of the leaf blade (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135D44E39608FFB5F07FFEA54BCFFE8E" box="[1069,1167,313,339]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–8" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[178,1409,179,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-20@6.[178,1409,179,1917]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 1–8. Asexual galls of Cerroneuroterus minutulus: 1–3, general appearance of growing galls; 4–7, mature galls; 8, dissected gall, showing the larval chamber." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10720696" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10720696/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="145">Figs 1–3</figureCitation>
|
||
) (sometimes also on the upper side), have a slightly elliptical subglobular shape and are very small, reaching at most 1.5–2.0 mm in diameter when mature. Their external surface is glabrous, covered with short and more or less pointed cone-shaped tubercles uniformly arranged in a regular pattern (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135D44E39608FFB5F605FE394DFDFE62" box="[599,701,421,447]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–8" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[178,1409,179,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-20@6.[178,1409,179,1917]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 1–8. Asexual galls of Cerroneuroterus minutulus: 1–3, general appearance of growing galls; 4–7, mature galls; 8, dissected gall, showing the larval chamber." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10720696" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10720696/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="145">Figs 4–6</figureCitation>
|
||
). They are attached to the leaf by a thin, short stalk (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135D44E39608FFB5F150FE394A06FE62" box="[1282,1350,421,447]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–8" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[178,1409,179,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-20@6.[178,1409,179,1917]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 1–8. Asexual galls of Cerroneuroterus minutulus: 1–3, general appearance of growing galls; 4–7, mature galls; 8, dissected gall, showing the larval chamber." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10720696" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10720696/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="145">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
), rarely on the veins and the leaf does not show any mark on the opposite surafce indicating a gall is present beneath. Each leaf can contain up to ten galls.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37C0BED9608FFB5F495FD8D4C0AFD66" pageId="5" pageNumber="145" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD958669608FFB5F495FD8D4C0AFD66" blockId="5.[151,1437,313,1095]" pageId="5" pageNumber="145">
|
||
The growing galls are a greenish colour with very pronounced coniform protrusions, subsequently turning reddish-yellow shades and then slightly brown when mature at which point the protrusions become less pronounced. The galls are unilocular and the larva (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135D44E39608FFB5F606FDC54DD9FDAE" box="[596,665,601,627]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–8" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[178,1409,179,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-20@6.[178,1409,179,1917]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 1–8. Asexual galls of Cerroneuroterus minutulus: 1–3, general appearance of growing galls; 4–7, mature galls; 8, dissected gall, showing the larval chamber." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10720696" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10720696/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="145">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
), feeding on the whitish nutritive tissue, creates a large chamber in which it spends a long diapause protected by strong, leathery walls. Galls are not deciduous but fall with the leaves into the litter where the larvae complete their metamorphosis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37C0BED9608FFB5F495FD584C6EFB9A" pageId="5" pageNumber="145" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD958669608FFB5F495FD584C6EFB9A" blockId="5.[151,1437,313,1095]" pageId="5" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91284749608FFB5F495FD584E12FD02" bold="true" box="[199,338,708,735]" pageId="5" pageNumber="145">Sexual galls</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="135D44E39608FFB5F533FD594E94FD3D" box="[353,468,709,736]" captionStart="FIGURES 9–15" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1873,1897]" captionTargetBox="[203,1385,181,1850]" captionTargetId="figure-28@7.[203,1385,181,1850]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 9–15. Sexual galls of Cerroneuroterus minutulus: 9, the dotted circle indicates an area of a large turkey oak trunk rich in adventitious buds where the galls develop, the arrow shows the area from which the bark containing the galls used for experimental rearings was removed; 10–12, general appearance of and dissected growing galls; 13, 14, mature galls, with inset showing the histological preparation of gall surface; 15, galls preserved in the ‘Cecidotheca italica’ at the Botanical Garden of Padua, the inset shows their magnification (by courtesy of Padua University)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10720698" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10720698/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="145">Figs 9–15</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B0E523B9608FFB5F5B5FD594C6AFB9A" collectorName="Gaicomo Mantero" location="Botanical Garden of Padua" municipality="Genoa province" pageId="5" pageNumber="145" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Liguria">
|
||
The sexual galls develop on adventitious buds mainly on large oak trunks (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135D44E39608FFB5F173FD594AD0FD02" box="[1313,1424,709,735]" captionStart="FIGURES 9–15" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1873,1897]" captionTargetBox="[203,1385,181,1850]" captionTargetId="figure-28@7.[203,1385,181,1850]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 9–15. Sexual galls of Cerroneuroterus minutulus: 9, the dotted circle indicates an area of a large turkey oak trunk rich in adventitious buds where the galls develop, the arrow shows the area from which the bark containing the galls used for experimental rearings was removed; 10–12, general appearance of and dissected growing galls; 13, 14, mature galls, with inset showing the histological preparation of gall surface; 15, galls preserved in the ‘Cecidotheca italica’ at the Botanical Garden of Padua, the inset shows their magnification (by courtesy of Padua University)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10720698" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10720698/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="145">Fig. 9–10</figureCitation>
|
||
), often in groups of 5–12, sometimes solitary; they are unilocular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135D44E39608FFB5F725FD754C8AFCDE" box="[887,970,745,771]" captionStart="FIGURES 9–15" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1873,1897]" captionTargetBox="[203,1385,181,1850]" captionTargetId="figure-28@7.[203,1385,181,1850]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 9–15. Sexual galls of Cerroneuroterus minutulus: 9, the dotted circle indicates an area of a large turkey oak trunk rich in adventitious buds where the galls develop, the arrow shows the area from which the bark containing the galls used for experimental rearings was removed; 10–12, general appearance of and dissected growing galls; 13, 14, mature galls, with inset showing the histological preparation of gall surface; 15, galls preserved in the ‘Cecidotheca italica’ at the Botanical Garden of Padua, the inset shows their magnification (by courtesy of Padua University)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10720698" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10720698/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="145">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
), sessile, sub-ellipsoidal in shape (ovoid) with major axis length 2.0–
|
||
<quantity id="4C9EF5839608FFB5F598FC914D61FCFA" box="[458,545,781,807]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="5" pageNumber="145" unit="mm" value="2.3">2.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
, minor axis
|
||
<quantity id="4C9EF5839608FFB5F6F8FC914C73FCFA" box="[682,819,781,807]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="5" pageNumber="145" unit="mm" value="1.95" valueMax="2.1" valueMin="1.8">1.8–2.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
. During the short growing phase, they have a succulent texture, with conspicuous red, purple and light green colouration (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135D44E39608FFB5F7D7FCAD4B49FC96" box="[901,1033,817,843]" captionStart="FIGURES 9–15" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1873,1897]" captionTargetBox="[203,1385,181,1850]" captionTargetId="figure-28@7.[203,1385,181,1850]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 9–15. Sexual galls of Cerroneuroterus minutulus: 9, the dotted circle indicates an area of a large turkey oak trunk rich in adventitious buds where the galls develop, the arrow shows the area from which the bark containing the galls used for experimental rearings was removed; 10–12, general appearance of and dissected growing galls; 13, 14, mature galls, with inset showing the histological preparation of gall surface; 15, galls preserved in the ‘Cecidotheca italica’ at the Botanical Garden of Padua, the inset shows their magnification (by courtesy of Padua University)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10720698" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10720698/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="145">Figs 10–12</figureCitation>
|
||
); their surface is granular, owing to the presence of a layer of large protruding cells (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135D44E39608FFB5F6E1FCC94C44FCB2" box="[691,772,853,879]" captionStart="FIGURES 9–15" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1873,1897]" captionTargetBox="[203,1385,181,1850]" captionTargetId="figure-28@7.[203,1385,181,1850]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 9–15. Sexual galls of Cerroneuroterus minutulus: 9, the dotted circle indicates an area of a large turkey oak trunk rich in adventitious buds where the galls develop, the arrow shows the area from which the bark containing the galls used for experimental rearings was removed; 10–12, general appearance of and dissected growing galls; 13, 14, mature galls, with inset showing the histological preparation of gall surface; 15, galls preserved in the ‘Cecidotheca italica’ at the Botanical Garden of Padua, the inset shows their magnification (by courtesy of Padua University)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10720698" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10720698/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="145">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
), the walls often adorned with thin lamellae, vestiges of the transformed bud perulae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135D44E39608FFB5F5EBFCE54D4DFC4E" box="[441,525,889,915]" captionStart="FIGURES 9–15" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1873,1897]" captionTargetBox="[203,1385,181,1850]" captionTargetId="figure-28@7.[203,1385,181,1850]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 9–15. Sexual galls of Cerroneuroterus minutulus: 9, the dotted circle indicates an area of a large turkey oak trunk rich in adventitious buds where the galls develop, the arrow shows the area from which the bark containing the galls used for experimental rearings was removed; 10–12, general appearance of and dissected growing galls; 13, 14, mature galls, with inset showing the histological preparation of gall surface; 15, galls preserved in the ‘Cecidotheca italica’ at the Botanical Garden of Padua, the inset shows their magnification (by courtesy of Padua University)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10720698" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10720698/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="145">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
); as they mature, the granulation is reduced by dehydration and the surface takes on a light brown colour and the walls become thin and coriaceous (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135D44E39608FFB5F7D5FC014B4AFC6A" box="[903,1034,925,951]" captionStart="FIGURES 9–15" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1873,1897]" captionTargetBox="[203,1385,181,1850]" captionTargetId="figure-28@7.[203,1385,181,1850]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 9–15. Sexual galls of Cerroneuroterus minutulus: 9, the dotted circle indicates an area of a large turkey oak trunk rich in adventitious buds where the galls develop, the arrow shows the area from which the bark containing the galls used for experimental rearings was removed; 10–12, general appearance of and dissected growing galls; 13, 14, mature galls, with inset showing the histological preparation of gall surface; 15, galls preserved in the ‘Cecidotheca italica’ at the Botanical Garden of Padua, the inset shows their magnification (by courtesy of Padua University)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10720698" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10720698/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="145">Figs 13–14</figureCitation>
|
||
). Sexual adults emerge from a large lateral hole and the galls are not deciduous and remain attached to the bark for a few years. Fresh galls obtained in this study were compared with those that were collected by
|
||
<collectorName id="26933DB09608FFB5F761FC794B40FC22" box="[819,1024,997,1023]" pageId="5" pageNumber="145">Gaicomo Mantero</collectorName>
|
||
in
|
||
<quantity id="4C9EF5839608FFB5F071FC794B38FC22" box="[1059,1144,997,1023]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.84886" pageId="5" pageNumber="145" unit="in" value="1909.0">1909 in</quantity>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A296849608FFB5F02DFC794B91FC22" box="[1151,1233,997,1023]" country="Italy" name="Liguria" pageId="5" pageNumber="145">Liguria</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BBDC21C9608FFB5F08DFC794AD5FC22" box="[1247,1429,997,1023]" pageId="5" pageNumber="145">Genoa province</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
) preserved in ‘Cecidotheca italica’at the
|
||
<location id="8EB90EBD9608FFB5F602FB954C3CFBFE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CFE9709609FFB5F4C5F8CB4C6EFB9A:8EB90EBD9608FFB5F602FB954C3CFBFE" box="[592,892,1033,1059]" municipality="Genoa province" name="Botanical Garden of Padua" pageId="5" pageNumber="145" stateProvince="Liguria">Botanical Garden of Padua</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="135D44E39608FFB5F7D8FB954C9BFBF9" box="[906,987,1033,1060]" captionStart="FIGURES 9–15" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1873,1897]" captionTargetBox="[203,1385,181,1850]" captionTargetId="figure-28@7.[203,1385,181,1850]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 9–15. Sexual galls of Cerroneuroterus minutulus: 9, the dotted circle indicates an area of a large turkey oak trunk rich in adventitious buds where the galls develop, the arrow shows the area from which the bark containing the galls used for experimental rearings was removed; 10–12, general appearance of and dissected growing galls; 13, 14, mature galls, with inset showing the histological preparation of gall surface; 15, galls preserved in the ‘Cecidotheca italica’ at the Botanical Garden of Padua, the inset shows their magnification (by courtesy of Padua University)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10720698" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10720698/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="145">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
) (see “Additional material examined for morphological diagnosis”); both sets of gall were identical
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |