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<document id="8158CFCF0D43E87F3F77AB369E1856BE" ID-CLB-Dataset="267063" ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2021.773.1519" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2a85031f-9b9a-4dd9-b6f3-68a4b766e379" ID-ISSN="2118-9773" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5544465" ID-ZooBank="A018A660-F0D8-4411-AC25-77C089A75A57" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1633117657454" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Radashevsky, Vasily I., Al-Kandari, Manal, Malyar, Vasily V. &amp; Pankova, Victoria V." docDate="2021" docId="03CF9F22FF9AAE776D5936C8FEBDF92F" docLanguage="en" docName="ejt-773_120-168.pdf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 773 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.773.1519" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Pseudopolydora antennata" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="138" masterDocId="FFF6E75AFF90AE656F533422FFD6FF8A" masterDocTitle="Pseudopolydora (Annelida: Spionidae) from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait" masterLastPageNumber="168" masterPageNumber="120" pageNumber="130" updateTime="1699416985791" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="D5BAE1F4D7187EBF3F63C3BB8AE14A7C">Pseudopolydora (Annelida: Spionidae) from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="4C6655B7FF9AAE6F6D5936C8FBFFFC8C" ID-CoL="4P8JV" ID-ENA="997032" authority="(Claparede, 1868)" baseAuthorityName="Claparede" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[522,1065,746,774]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="10" pageNumber="130" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="antennata">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9AAE6F6D5936C8FC98FC8F" bold="true" box="[522,846,746,773]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="130">Pseudopolydora antennata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF753C5FF9AAE6F6C0E36C9FBF7FC8C" author="Claparede E." box="[861,1057,747,774]" pageId="10" pageNumber="130" refId="ref23105" refString="Claparede E. 1868. Les Annelides Chetopodes du Golfe de Naples. Ramboz et Schuchardt, Geneve. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 105355" type="book" year="1868">Claparède, 1868</bibRefCitation>
)
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<subSubSection id="C37C7DBFFF9AAE6F6DC7372CFC49FCA2" box="[660,927,782,809]" pageId="10" pageNumber="130" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF9AAE6F6DC7372CFC49FCA2" blockId="10.[522,1065,746,809]" box="[660,927,782,809]" pageId="10" pageNumber="130">
<figureCitation id="135D32B1FF9AAE6F6DC7372CFD22FCA2" box="[660,756,782,808]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[189,232,1813,1839]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,517,1775]" captionTargetId="figure-50@2.[189,1398,517,1775]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Maps showing records (yellow circles) and type localities (stars) of Pseudopolydora spp. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait (see Supp. Table ESM1). A. P. antennata (Claparède, 1868). B. P. arabica Radashevsky &amp; Al-Kandari, 2020 (red star = type locality: Al-Salmiya, Kuwait). C. P. kuwaiti sp. nov. (red star = type locality: Al-Judailiat). D. Yellow star = type locality of Pseudopolydora auha sp. nov.: Auha Is.; red star = type locality of P. melanopalpa sp. nov.: Sulaibikhat Bay; green star = type locality of Pseudopolydora multispinosa sp. nov.: Al-Salmiya, Kuwait." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5544467/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="130">Figs 1A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="135D32B1FF9AAE6F6C52372CFCC4FCA2" box="[769,786,782,808]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[189,232,1846,1872]" captionTargetBox="[197,1398,1015,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-278@11.[189,1398,1014,1809]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 4. Adult morphology of Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparède, 1868) (live individuals). A. MIMB 40895. B–C, E. MIMB 40897. D. MIMB 40899. F. MIMB 40896. A–B, D. Anterior ends, dorsal view. C. Anterior end, left lateral view. E. Posterior end, dorsal view. F. Middle stalk chaetigers regenerating seven anterior chaetigers, dorsal view. Abbreviations: oc = occipital antenna. Scale bars: A–B, F = 200 µm; C–E = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544475" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5544475/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="130">4</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="135D32B1FF9AAE6F6C4D372CFCB1FCA3" box="[798,871,782,809]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1741,1767]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,962,1702]" captionTargetId="figure-172@12.[189,1398,962,1702]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 5.AdultcharacteristicsofPseudopolydora spp.fromtheArabian Gulf, Kuwait.A–C. Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparède, 1868). D. P. arabica Radashevsky &amp; Al-Kandari, 2020. E. P. kuwaiti sp. nov. A. Relationships between caruncle length (in chaetiger numbers) and total number of chaetigers, and between distribution of branchiae (referring to number of the last branchiate chaetiger) and total number of chaetigers. B. Relationships between distribution of gametes (referring to number of the first and the last chaetigers with gametes) and total number of chaetigers. C–E. Relationships between distribution of branchiae (referring to number of the last branchiate chaetiger LBC divided by the total number of chaetigers TNC) and total number of chaetigers." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544477" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5544477/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="130">5A–C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="135D32B1FF9AAE6F6C20372CFC49FCA2" box="[883,927,782,808]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStart-3="Fig" captionStartId-0="13.[189,232,1676,1702]" captionStartId-1="14.[189,232,1701,1727]" captionStartId-2="15.[189,232,1884,1910]" captionStartId-3="16.[191,234,1782,1808]" captionTargetBox-0="[190,1398,712,1637]" captionTargetBox-1="[189,1398,773,1661]" captionTargetBox-2="[189,1398,1219,1846]" captionTargetBox-3="[189,1398,845,1739]" captionTargetId-0="figure-108@13.[189,1398,712,1637]" captionTargetId-1="figure-96@14.[189,1398,773,1661]" captionTargetId-2="figure-302@15.[189,1398,1219,1846]" captionTargetId-3="figure-226@16.[189,1398,845,1740]" captionTargetPageId-0="13" captionTargetPageId-1="14" captionTargetPageId-2="15" captionTargetPageId-3="16" captionText-0="Fig. 6. Chaetal morphology of Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparède, 1868) (formalin-fixed and stained with MG specimens, MIMB 40895). A. Chaetigers 2–6, left lateral view, showing mirror reflected J-shaped arrangement of the anterior-row notochaetae in notopodia of chaetigers 3 and 4, and U-shaped arrangement of spines in notopodium of chaetiger 5. B. Parapodium of chaetiger 5, dorsal superior capillaries missing. C. Notochaetae of chaetiger 5. D–E. Series of bidentate hooded hooks from middle neuropodia, frontal (D) and lateral (E) view. Abbreviations: arrow showing the direction towards the inside of the U-shaped row of chaetiger 5 spines; an = anterior-row spine from notopodium of chaetiger 5; ch2, ch5 = chaetigers 2 and 5; po = posterior-row spine from notopodium of chaetiger 5; su = dorsal superior capillary chaetae; ve = ventral capillary chaetae. Scale bars: A = 100 µm; B = 20 µm; C–E = 10 µm." captionText-1="Fig. 7. Adult morphology of Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparède, 1868) (live individuals). A–B. MIMB 40895. C–D. MIMB 40897. E–F. MIMB 40899. A. Anterior end, semi-pressed, dorsal view, showing arrangement of glandular pouches in neuropodia. B. Chaetigers 6–7, semi-squashed, dorsal view, showing double glandular pouches in each neuropodium. C. Middle chaetigers, dorsal view, showing paired gatherings of glandular cells on the dorsum. D–F. Female fertile chaetigers, dorsal view, showing distal parts of paired nephridia opening to a common middorsal nephridiopore on each chaetiger. Abbreviations:ga = gatherings of glandular cells; gl = glandular pouches in neuropodia; ne = nephridia in female fertile chaetigers; oo = oocytes; po = nephridiopore. Scale bars: A = 200 µm; B–F = 100 µm." captionText-2="Fig. 8. MG staining of Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparède, 1868) (formalin-fixed specimens, MIMB 40895). A. Left lateral general view, palps missing. B–D. Anterior ends, dorsal (B–C) and ventral (D) view, palps missing.E–F, Anterior ends, left lateral view. Abbreviations: ne = nephridia in female fertile chaetiger. Scale bars: A, E–F = 200 µm; B–D = 100 µm." captionText-3="Fig. 9. Larval morphology of Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparède, 1868). Live larvae in reflected (A–G) and transmitted (H–K) light. A. 13-chaetiger larva, ventral view. B. 14-chaetiger larva, ventral view. C. The same, dorsal view. D. 14-chaetiger larvae, dorsal view, showing variation in pigmentation. E. 14-chaetiger larva, ventral view. F. 15-chaetiger larva, ventral view. G. The same, dorsal view. H. 14-chaetiger larva, dorsal view. I. The same, ventral view. J. Chaetae of chaetiger 5 of a 15-chaetiger larva. K. Hooded hooks from neuropodium of chaetiger 10 of a 15-chaetiger larva. Abbreviations: su = dorsal superior capillary chaetae; ve = ventral capillary chaetae. Scale bars: A–I = 100 µm; J–K = 20 µm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544481" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544483" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544487" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544489" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5544481/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5544483/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5544487/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5544489/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="130">6–9</figureCitation>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AC70825FF9AAE6F6FEE376DFD3FFCE3" author="Claparede E." box="[189,745,847,873]" page="321" pageId="10" pageNumber="130" year="1868">
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<emphasis id="B912F226FF9AAE6F6FEE376DFE70FCE3" box="[189,422,847,873]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="130">Polydora antennata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF753C5FF9AAE6F6EFD376DFD3FFCE3" author="Claparede E." box="[430,745,847,873]" pageId="10" pageNumber="130" refId="ref23105" refString="Claparede E. 1868. Les Annelides Chetopodes du Golfe de Naples. Ramboz et Schuchardt, Geneve. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 105355" type="book" year="1868">Claparède, 1868: 320−321</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. XXI fig. 3, 3a−c.
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<emphasis id="B912F226FF9AAE6F6FEE37B3FE71FC21" box="[189,423,913,939]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="130">Polydora antennata</emphasis>
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– 
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF753C5FF9AAE6F6E9437B3FD0AFC21" author="Claparede E." box="[455,732,913,939]" pageId="10" pageNumber="130" pagination="1 - 225" refId="ref23138" refString="Claparede E. 1869. Les Annelides Chetopodes du Golfe de Naples. Seconde partie. Memoires de la Societe de Physique et d'Histoire naturelle de Geneve 20 (1): 1 - 225." type="journal article" year="1869">Claparède 1869: 60–61</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. XXI fig. 3, 3a−c; 1870: 60–61, pl. XXI fig. 3, 3a−c. — 
<treatmentCitation id="0AC70825FF9AAE6F6E433796FE0FFC45" author="Carus J. V." box="[272,473,948,975]" page="257" pageId="10" pageNumber="130" year="1885">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF753C5FF9AAE6F6E433796FE0FFC45" author="Carus J. V." box="[272,473,948,975]" pageId="10" pageNumber="130" refId="ref22965" refString="Carus J. V. 1885. Prodromus faunae mediterraneae, sive Descriptio Animalium maris Mediterranei incolarum, quam comparata silva rerum quatenus innotuit, adiectis locis et nominibus vulgaribus eorumque auctoribus in commodum Zoologorum. Vol. I. Coelenterata, Echinodermata, Vermes, Arthropoda. E. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11523" type="book" year="1885">Carus 1885: 257</bibRefCitation>
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. — 
<treatmentCitation id="0AC70825FF9AAE6F6D583796FCD1FC45" author="Carazzi D." box="[523,775,948,975]" page="25" pageId="10" pageNumber="130" year="1893">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF753C5FF9AAE6F6D583796FCD1FC45" author="Carazzi D." box="[523,775,948,975]" pageId="10" pageNumber="130" pagination="4 - 45" refId="ref22905" refString="Carazzi D. 1893. Revisione del genere Polydora Bosc e cenni su due specie che vivono sulle ostriche. Mittheilungen aus der zoologischen Station zu Neapel 11 (1 - 2): 4 - 45. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / part / 190210 [accessed 6 Sep. 2021]." type="journal article" year="1893">Carazzi 1893: 25−26</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 2 figs 11−12. — 
<treatmentCitation id="0AC70825FF9AAE6F6B553796FB21FC44" author="Lo Bianco S." box="[1030,1271,948,974]" page="30" pageId="10" pageNumber="130" year="1893">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF753C5FF9AAE6F6B553796FB21FC44" author="Lo Bianco S." box="[1030,1271,948,974]" pageId="10" pageNumber="130" pagination="1 - 97" refId="ref24024" refString="Lo Bianco S. 1893. Gli anellidi tubicoli trovati nel Golfo di Napoli. Atti della Reale Accademia delle Scienze Fisiche e Matematiche, Societa Reale di Napoli, Serie 2 5 (11): 1 - 97." type="journal article" year="1893">Lo Bianco 1893: 30</bibRefCitation>
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. — 
<treatmentCitation id="0AC70825FF9AAE6F6A793796FEB5FC78" author="Bhaud M." page="125" pageId="10" pageNumber="130" year="1972">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF753C5FF9AAE6F6A793796FEB5FC78" author="Bhaud M." pageId="10" pageNumber="130" pagination="115 - 136" refId="ref22477" refString="Bhaud M. 1972. Quelques donnees sur le determinisme ecologique de la reproduction des Annelides Polychetes. Marine Biology (Berlin) 17 (2): 115 - 136." type="journal article" year="1972">Bhaud 1972: 125</bibRefCitation>
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.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF9AAE6F6FEE37D8FDA0FBF4" blockId="10.[189,1399,913,1186]" pageId="10" pageNumber="130">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB76091AFF9AAE6F6FEE37D8FDA0FBF4" pageId="10" pageNumber="130">
<taxonomicName id="4C6655B7FF9AAE6F6FEE37D8FE2DFB9E" ID-CoL="4P8JV" baseAuthorityName="Claparede" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[189,507,1018,1044]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="10" pageNumber="130" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="antennata">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9AAE6F6FEE37D8FE2DFB9E" box="[189,507,1018,1044]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="130">Pseudopolydora antennata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– 
<treatmentCitation id="0AC70825FF9AAE6F6D4F37D8FCE5FB9E" author="Czerniavsky V." box="[540,819,1018,1044]" page="362" pageId="10" pageNumber="130" year="1881">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF753C5FF9AAE6F6D4F37D8FCE5FB9E" author="Czerniavsky V." box="[540,819,1018,1044]" pageId="10" pageNumber="130" pagination="338 - 420" refId="ref23210" refString="Czerniavsky V. 1881. Materialia ad zoographiam Ponticam comparatam. Fasc. III. Vermes. Bulletin de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou 56 (1): 338 - 420. [In Russian &amp; Latin.]" type="journal article" year="1881">Czerniavsky 1881: 362</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF753C5FF9AAE6F6C3637D8FB63FB9E" author="Guille A. &amp; Laubier L." box="[869,1205,1018,1044]" pageId="10" pageNumber="130" pagination="259 - 282" refId="ref23472" refString="Guille A. &amp; Laubier L. 1966. Additions a la faune des Annelides Polychetes de Banyuls-Sur-Mer. Vie et Milieu 17 (1 B): 259 - 282." type="journal article" year="1966">Guille &amp; Laubier 1966: 271</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF753C5FF9AAE6F6EC6303FFD62FBB2" author="Lardicci C." box="[405,692,1053,1080]" pageId="10" pageNumber="130" pagination="121 - 152" refId="ref23990" refString="Lardicci C. 1989. Censimento dei policheti dei mari italiani Spionidae Grube, 1850. Atti della Societa Toscana di Scienze Naturali, Memorie, Serie B 96: 121 - 152." type="journal article" year="1989">Lardicci 1989: 137−138</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF753C5FF9AAE6F6BF0303FFE77FBD6" author="Garcia-Arberas L. &amp; Rallo A." pageId="10" pageNumber="130" pagination="41 - 60" refId="ref23416" refString="Garcia-Arberas L. &amp; Rallo A. 2002. Autoecologia de los anelidos poliquetos del sustrato blando intermareal de tres estuarios del Cantabrico oriental (Golfo de Vizcaya), Espana. Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural (Seccion Biologica) 97 (1 - 4): 41 - 60." type="journal article" year="2002">García-Arberas &amp; Rallo 2002: 50</bibRefCitation>
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Dauvin 
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Castelli 
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. — 
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF753C5FF9AAE6F6B283063FA9DFBD1" author="Mikac B." box="[1147,1355,1089,1116]" pageId="10" pageNumber="130" pagination="1 - 172" refId="ref24120" refString="Mikac B. 2015. A sea of worms: polychaete checklist of the Adriatic Sea. Zootaxa 3943 (1): 1 - 172. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3943.1.1" type="journal article" year="2015">Mikac 2015: 121</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. — Radashevsky 2021: 2–7, figs 1–2.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF9AAE6F6FEE30A5FAD3FB2B" blockId="10.[189,1399,913,1186]" box="[189,1285,1159,1186]" pageId="10" pageNumber="130">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB76091AFF9AAE6F6FEE30A5FAD3FB2B" box="[189,1285,1159,1186]" pageId="10" pageNumber="130">
<taxonomicName id="4C6655B7FF9AAE6F6FEE30A5FE16FB2B" box="[189,448,1159,1186]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="10" pageNumber="130" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="undefined-a">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9AAE6F6FEE30A5FEABFB2B" box="[189,381,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="130">Pseudopolydora</emphasis>
sp. A
</taxonomicName>
– 
<treatmentCitation id="0AC70825FF9AAE6F6E8830A5FCD3FB2B" author="Al-Kandari M. &amp; Sattari Z. &amp; Hussain S. &amp; Radashevsky V. I. &amp; Zhadan A." box="[475,773,1159,1186]" page="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="130" year="2019">
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Al-Kandari 
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. — Radashevsky 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9AAE6F6C8B30AAFBDAFB2B" box="[984,1036,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="130">et al</emphasis>
. 2020: table 1, fig. 1.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37C7DBFFF9AAE6B6FEE30EAFC15FD82" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="134" pageId="10" pageNumber="130" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF9AAE6F6FEE30EAFE98FB68" blockId="10.[189,334,1224,1250]" box="[189,334,1224,1250]" pageId="10" pageNumber="130">
<heading id="D0919958FF9AAE6F6FEE30EAFE98FB68" bold="true" box="[189,334,1224,1250]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="130" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9AAE6F6FEE30EAFE98FB68" bold="true" box="[189,334,1224,1250]" pageId="10" pageNumber="130">Description</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF9AAE6F6FEE30D5FC0EF9A1" blockId="10.[189,1400,1271,1579]" pageId="10" pageNumber="130">
Adults up to 
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long, 
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wide with 86 chaetigers. No pigmentation on body and palps; fine black pigment scattered on dorsal side of anterior chaetigers without particular pattern in some individuals. Prostomium anteriorly bifurcated, with two long, distally narrowing lobes (
<figureCitation id="135D32B1FF9AAE6F6B0A311FFB37FAD2" box="[1113,1249,1341,1368]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[189,232,1846,1872]" captionTargetBox="[197,1398,1015,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-278@11.[189,1398,1014,1809]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 4. Adult morphology of Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparède, 1868) (live individuals). A. MIMB 40895. B–C, E. MIMB 40897. D. MIMB 40899. F. MIMB 40896. A–B, D. Anterior ends, dorsal view. C. Anterior end, left lateral view. E. Posterior end, dorsal view. F. Middle stalk chaetigers regenerating seven anterior chaetigers, dorsal view. Abbreviations: oc = occipital antenna. Scale bars: A–B, F = 200 µm; C–E = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544475" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5544475/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="130">Fig. 4A–D</figureCitation>
), posteriorly extending to end of chaetiger 4 as a low caruncle, shorter in small individuals. Long cirriform occipital antenna present on caruncle between palps (
<figureCitation id="135D32B1FF9AAE6F6D9E31A6FCFAFA14" box="[717,812,1412,1438]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[189,232,1846,1872]" captionTargetBox="[197,1398,1015,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-278@11.[189,1398,1014,1809]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 4. Adult morphology of Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparède, 1868) (live individuals). A. MIMB 40895. B–C, E. MIMB 40897. D. MIMB 40899. F. MIMB 40896. A–B, D. Anterior ends, dorsal view. C. Anterior end, left lateral view. E. Posterior end, dorsal view. F. Middle stalk chaetigers regenerating seven anterior chaetigers, dorsal view. Abbreviations: oc = occipital antenna. Scale bars: A–B, F = 200 µm; C–E = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544475" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5544475/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="130">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
). Two pairs of black eyes arranged trapezoidally, comprising one pair of median eyes, and one pair of lateral eyes situated anteriorly and set wider apart. Palps as long as 15–25 chaetigers, with frontal longitudinal groove lined with fine cilia, and short compound non-motile cilia arising directly from palp surface sparsely arranged in line on sides of groove and sparsely scattered on lateral and abfrontal palp surfaces.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF9AAE6F6FEE3270FA90F8B5" blockId="10.[186,1401,1618,1856]" pageId="10" pageNumber="130">
Chaetiger 1 with short capillaries in neuropodia, short notopodial lamellae and well-developed neuropodial postchaetal lamellae; notochaetae absent. Chaetiger 2 notochaetae all slender capillaries. Anteriorrow notopodial capillaries on chaetiger 3 with slightly enlarged wing; capillaries on chaetiger 4 with wing slightly larger than on chaetigers 3. Anterior-row capillaries on chaetigers 3, 4, 6 and 7 arranged in J-shaped series; posterior-row capillaries on these chaetigers arranged in vertical series (
<figureCitation id="135D32B1FF9AAE6F6A5932FDFABDF970" box="[1290,1387,1759,1786]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[189,232,1676,1702]" captionTargetBox="[190,1398,712,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-108@13.[189,1398,712,1637]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 6. Chaetal morphology of Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparède, 1868) (formalin-fixed and stained with MG specimens, MIMB 40895). A. Chaetigers 2–6, left lateral view, showing mirror reflected J-shaped arrangement of the anterior-row notochaetae in notopodia of chaetigers 3 and 4, and U-shaped arrangement of spines in notopodium of chaetiger 5. B. Parapodium of chaetiger 5, dorsal superior capillaries missing. C. Notochaetae of chaetiger 5. D–E. Series of bidentate hooded hooks from middle neuropodia, frontal (D) and lateral (E) view. Abbreviations: arrow showing the direction towards the inside of the U-shaped row of chaetiger 5 spines; an = anterior-row spine from notopodium of chaetiger 5; ch2, ch5 = chaetigers 2 and 5; po = posterior-row spine from notopodium of chaetiger 5; su = dorsal superior capillary chaetae; ve = ventral capillary chaetae. Scale bars: A = 100 µm; B = 20 µm; C–E = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544481" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5544481/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="130">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
). Posterior notopodia with a few long alimbate capillary chaetae arising from elongated fleshy notopodial lobes. Posterior neuropodia with elongated fleshy lobes, with hooks arranged in line on top of lobes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF9AAE6E6FEE3345FE75FD0E" blockId="10.[189,1400,1895,1992]" lastBlockId="11.[188,1400,265,644]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="131" pageId="10" pageNumber="130">
Chaetiger 5 same in size as chaetiger 4 or 6, with dorsal superior capillaries, two kinds of notopodial spines arranged in a double U-shaped row, and ventral capillaries; notopodial postchaetal lamellae reduced, but neuropodial lamellae same as on chaetigers 4 and 6 (
<figureCitation id="135D32B1FF9AAE6F6C98338FFBFEF842" box="[971,1064,1965,1992]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[189,232,1676,1702]" captionTargetBox="[190,1398,712,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-108@13.[189,1398,712,1637]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 6. Chaetal morphology of Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparède, 1868) (formalin-fixed and stained with MG specimens, MIMB 40895). A. Chaetigers 2–6, left lateral view, showing mirror reflected J-shaped arrangement of the anterior-row notochaetae in notopodia of chaetigers 3 and 4, and U-shaped arrangement of spines in notopodium of chaetiger 5. B. Parapodium of chaetiger 5, dorsal superior capillaries missing. C. Notochaetae of chaetiger 5. D–E. Series of bidentate hooded hooks from middle neuropodia, frontal (D) and lateral (E) view. Abbreviations: arrow showing the direction towards the inside of the U-shaped row of chaetiger 5 spines; an = anterior-row spine from notopodium of chaetiger 5; ch2, ch5 = chaetigers 2 and 5; po = posterior-row spine from notopodium of chaetiger 5; su = dorsal superior capillary chaetae; ve = ventral capillary chaetae. Scale bars: A = 100 µm; B = 20 µm; C–E = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544481" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5544481/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="130">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
). Dorsal superior capillaries shorter and fewer than those capillaries on chaetigers 4 and 6. Ventral capillaries same in size, number and arrangement (in three groups) as those on chaetiger 4 (
<figureCitation id="135D32B1FF9BAE6E6CDD350EFC3BFECD" box="[910,1005,300,327]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[189,232,1676,1702]" captionTargetBox="[190,1398,712,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-108@13.[189,1398,712,1637]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 6. Chaetal morphology of Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparède, 1868) (formalin-fixed and stained with MG specimens, MIMB 40895). A. Chaetigers 2–6, left lateral view, showing mirror reflected J-shaped arrangement of the anterior-row notochaetae in notopodia of chaetigers 3 and 4, and U-shaped arrangement of spines in notopodium of chaetiger 5. B. Parapodium of chaetiger 5, dorsal superior capillaries missing. C. Notochaetae of chaetiger 5. D–E. Series of bidentate hooded hooks from middle neuropodia, frontal (D) and lateral (E) view. Abbreviations: arrow showing the direction towards the inside of the U-shaped row of chaetiger 5 spines; an = anterior-row spine from notopodium of chaetiger 5; ch2, ch5 = chaetigers 2 and 5; po = posterior-row spine from notopodium of chaetiger 5; su = dorsal superior capillary chaetae; ve = ventral capillary chaetae. Scale bars: A = 100 µm; B = 20 µm; C–E = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544481" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5544481/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="131">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
). Upper posterior part of double U-shaped row of spines equal to or slightly lower than upper anterior part. Newly developed spines in posterior upper part of U-shaped row slightly larger than older spines in anterior upper part of row. Outer (anterior-row) notopodial spines up to 
<quantity id="4C9E83D1FF9BAE6E6D2E35B4FD60FE3A" box="[637,694,406,432]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.794" pageId="11" pageNumber="131" unit="in" value="11.0">11 in</quantity>
a series, with distal part of stem enlarged, with concavity on top and large triangular tooth on its side directed upwards and facing towards the inside of the U-shaped row of spines; fine bristles arising from concavity forming long flag-like pointed transparent tip which usually broken in worn old spines in anterior upper part of row (
<figureCitation id="135D32B1FF9BAE6E6C8C35DDFBB5FD90" box="[991,1123,511,538]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[189,232,1676,1702]" captionTargetBox="[190,1398,712,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-108@13.[189,1398,712,1637]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 6. Chaetal morphology of Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparède, 1868) (formalin-fixed and stained with MG specimens, MIMB 40895). A. Chaetigers 2–6, left lateral view, showing mirror reflected J-shaped arrangement of the anterior-row notochaetae in notopodia of chaetigers 3 and 4, and U-shaped arrangement of spines in notopodium of chaetiger 5. B. Parapodium of chaetiger 5, dorsal superior capillaries missing. C. Notochaetae of chaetiger 5. D–E. Series of bidentate hooded hooks from middle neuropodia, frontal (D) and lateral (E) view. Abbreviations: arrow showing the direction towards the inside of the U-shaped row of chaetiger 5 spines; an = anterior-row spine from notopodium of chaetiger 5; ch2, ch5 = chaetigers 2 and 5; po = posterior-row spine from notopodium of chaetiger 5; su = dorsal superior capillary chaetae; ve = ventral capillary chaetae. Scale bars: A = 100 µm; B = 20 µm; C–E = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544481" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5544481/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="131">Fig. 6B–C</figureCitation>
). Inner (posterior-row) notopodial spines up to eight in a series, falcate, with short rounded distal part geniculate, with subdistal bulbous swelling bearing very short fine bristles and facing towards the inside of the U-shaped row of spines (
<figureCitation id="135D32B1FF9BAE6E6E45364BFE40FD0E" box="[278,406,617,644]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[189,232,1676,1702]" captionTargetBox="[190,1398,712,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-108@13.[189,1398,712,1637]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 6. Chaetal morphology of Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparède, 1868) (formalin-fixed and stained with MG specimens, MIMB 40895). A. Chaetigers 2–6, left lateral view, showing mirror reflected J-shaped arrangement of the anterior-row notochaetae in notopodia of chaetigers 3 and 4, and U-shaped arrangement of spines in notopodium of chaetiger 5. B. Parapodium of chaetiger 5, dorsal superior capillaries missing. C. Notochaetae of chaetiger 5. D–E. Series of bidentate hooded hooks from middle neuropodia, frontal (D) and lateral (E) view. Abbreviations: arrow showing the direction towards the inside of the U-shaped row of chaetiger 5 spines; an = anterior-row spine from notopodium of chaetiger 5; ch2, ch5 = chaetigers 2 and 5; po = posterior-row spine from notopodium of chaetiger 5; su = dorsal superior capillary chaetae; ve = ventral capillary chaetae. Scale bars: A = 100 µm; B = 20 µm; C–E = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544481" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5544481/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="131">Fig. 6B–C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF9BAE6E6FEE3688FBC4FC86" blockId="11.[188,1399,682,780]" pageId="11" pageNumber="131">
Hooks in neuropodia from chaetiger 8, up to 
<quantity id="4C9E83D1FF9BAE6E6DB93689FCFFFD4E" box="[746,809,682,709]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="11" pageNumber="131" unit="in" value="30.0">30 in</quantity>
a series, not accompanied by capillaries. Hooks bidentate, with upper tooth closely applied to main fang; upper part of shaft with constriction; lower part of shaft bent at right angle in hooks in posterior neuropodia (
<figureCitation id="135D32B1FF9BAE6E6CD636D3FBD0FC86" box="[901,1030,753,780]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[189,232,1676,1702]" captionTargetBox="[190,1398,712,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-108@13.[189,1398,712,1637]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 6. Chaetal morphology of Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparède, 1868) (formalin-fixed and stained with MG specimens, MIMB 40895). A. Chaetigers 2–6, left lateral view, showing mirror reflected J-shaped arrangement of the anterior-row notochaetae in notopodia of chaetigers 3 and 4, and U-shaped arrangement of spines in notopodium of chaetiger 5. B. Parapodium of chaetiger 5, dorsal superior capillaries missing. C. Notochaetae of chaetiger 5. D–E. Series of bidentate hooded hooks from middle neuropodia, frontal (D) and lateral (E) view. Abbreviations: arrow showing the direction towards the inside of the U-shaped row of chaetiger 5 spines; an = anterior-row spine from notopodium of chaetiger 5; ch2, ch5 = chaetigers 2 and 5; po = posterior-row spine from notopodium of chaetiger 5; su = dorsal superior capillary chaetae; ve = ventral capillary chaetae. Scale bars: A = 100 µm; B = 20 µm; C–E = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544481" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5544481/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="131">Fig. 6D–E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF9BAE696FEE3710FF2DFECC" blockId="11.[189,1399,818,915]" lastBlockId="12.[188,1398,265,326]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="132" pageId="11" pageNumber="131">
Branchiae up to 42 pairs from chaetiger 7 to chaetiger 48, fewer in small individuals (
<figureCitation id="135D32B1FF9BAE6E6A563710FABFFCC7" box="[1285,1385,818,845]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1741,1767]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,962,1702]" captionTargetId="figure-172@12.[189,1398,962,1702]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 5.AdultcharacteristicsofPseudopolydora spp.fromtheArabian Gulf, Kuwait.A–C. Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparède, 1868). D. P. arabica Radashevsky &amp; Al-Kandari, 2020. E. P. kuwaiti sp. nov. A. Relationships between caruncle length (in chaetiger numbers) and total number of chaetigers, and between distribution of branchiae (referring to number of the last branchiate chaetiger) and total number of chaetigers. B. Relationships between distribution of gametes (referring to number of the first and the last chaetigers with gametes) and total number of chaetigers. C–E. Relationships between distribution of branchiae (referring to number of the last branchiate chaetiger LBC divided by the total number of chaetigers TNC) and total number of chaetigers." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544477" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5544477/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="131">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
), present beyond midbody in individuals with more than 30 chaetigers (
<figureCitation id="135D32B1FF9BAE6E6B5C3777FBB9FCFA" box="[1039,1135,853,880]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1741,1767]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,962,1702]" captionTargetId="figure-172@12.[189,1398,962,1702]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 5.AdultcharacteristicsofPseudopolydora spp.fromtheArabian Gulf, Kuwait.A–C. Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparède, 1868). D. P. arabica Radashevsky &amp; Al-Kandari, 2020. E. P. kuwaiti sp. nov. A. Relationships between caruncle length (in chaetiger numbers) and total number of chaetigers, and between distribution of branchiae (referring to number of the last branchiate chaetiger) and total number of chaetigers. B. Relationships between distribution of gametes (referring to number of the first and the last chaetigers with gametes) and total number of chaetigers. C–E. Relationships between distribution of branchiae (referring to number of the last branchiate chaetiger LBC divided by the total number of chaetigers TNC) and total number of chaetigers." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544477" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5544477/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="131">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
). Branchiae full-sized from chaetigers 10–11, free from notopodial postchaetal lamellae, flattened, with surfaces oriented perpendicular to body axis, with longitudinal ciliation (extension of nototroch) running on inner anterior edge.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF197EBCFF9BAE6E6FEE3314FE19F854" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544475" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5544475" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5544475/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="131" startId="11.[189,232,1846,1872]" targetBox="[197,1398,1015,1809]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF9BAE6E6FEE3314FE19F854" blockId="11.[188,1399,1846,2014]" pageId="11" pageNumber="131">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9BAE6E6FEE3314FEDDF8DB" bold="true" box="[189,267,1846,1873]" pageId="11" pageNumber="131">Fig. 4.</emphasis>
Adult morphology of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6655B7FF9BAE6E6D5D3315FBF2F8D8" authority="(Claparede, 1868)" baseAuthorityName="Claparede" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[526,1060,1847,1874]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="11" pageNumber="131" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="antennata">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9BAE6E6D5D3315FC9CF8DB" box="[526,842,1847,1873]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="131">Pseudopolydora antennata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF753C5FF9BAE6E6C0A3315FBCAF8D8" author="Claparede E." box="[857,1052,1847,1874]" pageId="11" pageNumber="131" refId="ref23105" refString="Claparede E. 1868. Les Annelides Chetopodes du Golfe de Naples. Ramboz et Schuchardt, Geneve. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 105355" type="book" year="1868">Claparède, 1868</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(live individuals). 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9BAE6E6A523314FAC0F8DA" bold="true" box="[1281,1302,1846,1872]" pageId="11" pageNumber="131">A</emphasis>
. MIMB 40895. 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9BAE6E6E463378FEB9F8FE" bold="true" box="[277,367,1882,1908]" pageId="11" pageNumber="131">B–C, E</emphasis>
. MIMB 40897. 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9BAE6E6D7E3378FD94F8FE" bold="true" box="[557,578,1882,1908]" pageId="11" pageNumber="131">D</emphasis>
. MIMB 40899. 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9BAE6E6C523378FCC5F8FE" bold="true" box="[769,787,1882,1908]" pageId="11" pageNumber="131">F</emphasis>
. MIMB 40896. 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9BAE6E6C813378FBDCF8FE" bold="true" box="[978,1034,1882,1908]" pageId="11" pageNumber="131">A–B</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9BAE6E6B4B3378FBFBF8FE" bold="true" box="[1048,1069,1882,1908]" pageId="11" pageNumber="131">D</emphasis>
. Anterior ends, dorsal view. 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9BAE6E6FEE335FFF04F81D" bold="true" box="[189,210,1917,1943]" pageId="11" pageNumber="131">C</emphasis>
. Anterior end, left lateral view. 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9BAE6E6D1B335FFD8DF81D" bold="true" box="[584,603,1917,1943]" pageId="11" pageNumber="131">E</emphasis>
. Posterior end, dorsal view. 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9BAE6E6CF9335FFC6AF81D" bold="true" box="[938,956,1917,1943]" pageId="11" pageNumber="131">F</emphasis>
. Middle stalk chaetigers regenerating seven anterior chaetigers, dorsal view. Abbreviations: 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9BAE6E6C023383FCBBF830" box="[849,877,1953,1978]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="131">oc</emphasis>
= occipital antenna. Scale bars: A–B, F = 200 µm; C–E = 10 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF9CAE696FEE354CFBDCFE7B" blockId="12.[189,1399,365,498]" pageId="12" pageNumber="132">Nototrochs usually from chaetiger 7 onwards, occasionally from chaetiger 6 or 8, composed of single rows of cilia in both sexes. On branchiate chaetigers, nototroch cilia long, arranged in transverse lines and extending onto branchiae; on posterior abranchiate chaetigers, cilia arranged in U-shaped bands, with arms directed posteriorly. Additional ciliation on chaetigers absent.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF9CAE696FEE363BFD16FDDC" blockId="12.[189,1399,537,598]" pageId="12" pageNumber="132">
Pygidium bilobed, with two semi-oval lateral lobes (
<figureCitation id="135D32B1FF9CAE696C6B363BFC43FDB9" box="[824,917,537,563]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[189,232,1846,1872]" captionTargetBox="[197,1398,1015,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-278@11.[189,1398,1014,1809]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 4. Adult morphology of Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparède, 1868) (live individuals). A. MIMB 40895. B–C, E. MIMB 40897. D. MIMB 40899. F. MIMB 40896. A–B, D. Anterior ends, dorsal view. C. Anterior end, left lateral view. E. Posterior end, dorsal view. F. Middle stalk chaetigers regenerating seven anterior chaetigers, dorsal view. Abbreviations: oc = occipital antenna. Scale bars: A–B, F = 200 µm; C–E = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544475" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5544475/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="132">Fig. 4E</figureCitation>
), white due to great number of spindleshaped glandular cells with striated content.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF9CAE696FEE365FFA8CFD54" blockId="12.[189,1398,637,734]" pageId="12" pageNumber="132">
Subspherical and of irregular shape glandular cells with striated content present on dorsal side of chaetigers. Cells few on anterior and posterior chaetigers, forming distinct paired gatherings from chaetigers 8–11 through two thirds of body, making this part of dorsum whitish in life (
<figureCitation id="135D32B1FF9CAE696BE836E6FACCFD54" box="[1211,1306,708,734]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[189,232,1846,1872]" captionTargetBox="[197,1398,1015,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-278@11.[189,1398,1014,1809]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 4. Adult morphology of Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparède, 1868) (live individuals). A. MIMB 40895. B–C, E. MIMB 40897. D. MIMB 40899. F. MIMB 40896. A–B, D. Anterior ends, dorsal view. C. Anterior end, left lateral view. E. Posterior end, dorsal view. F. Middle stalk chaetigers regenerating seven anterior chaetigers, dorsal view. Abbreviations: oc = occipital antenna. Scale bars: A–B, F = 200 µm; C–E = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544475" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5544475/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="132">Figs 4B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="135D32B1FF9CAE696A7436E6FA9BFD54" box="[1319,1357,708,734]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[189,232,1701,1727]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,773,1661]" captionTargetId="figure-96@14.[189,1398,773,1661]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 7. Adult morphology of Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparède, 1868) (live individuals). A–B. MIMB 40895. C–D. MIMB 40897. E–F. MIMB 40899. A. Anterior end, semi-pressed, dorsal view, showing arrangement of glandular pouches in neuropodia. B. Chaetigers 6–7, semi-squashed, dorsal view, showing double glandular pouches in each neuropodium. C. Middle chaetigers, dorsal view, showing paired gatherings of glandular cells on the dorsum. D–F. Female fertile chaetigers, dorsal view, showing distal parts of paired nephridia opening to a common middorsal nephridiopore on each chaetiger. Abbreviations:ga = gatherings of glandular cells; gl = glandular pouches in neuropodia; ne = nephridia in female fertile chaetigers; oo = oocytes; po = nephridiopore. Scale bars: A = 200 µm; B–F = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5544483/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="132">7C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF9CAE696FEE3727FD24FCC9" blockId="12.[187,1398,773,835]" pageId="12" pageNumber="132">
Glandular pouches in neuropodia from chaetiger 1, largest and paired in each neuropodium in chaetigers 6 and 7, single in other neuropodia (
<figureCitation id="135D32B1FF9CAE696D37370AFD30FCC9" box="[612,742,808,835]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[189,232,1701,1727]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,773,1661]" captionTargetId="figure-96@14.[189,1398,773,1661]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 7. Adult morphology of Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparède, 1868) (live individuals). A–B. MIMB 40895. C–D. MIMB 40897. E–F. MIMB 40899. A. Anterior end, semi-pressed, dorsal view, showing arrangement of glandular pouches in neuropodia. B. Chaetigers 6–7, semi-squashed, dorsal view, showing double glandular pouches in each neuropodium. C. Middle chaetigers, dorsal view, showing paired gatherings of glandular cells on the dorsum. D–F. Female fertile chaetigers, dorsal view, showing distal parts of paired nephridia opening to a common middorsal nephridiopore on each chaetiger. Abbreviations:ga = gatherings of glandular cells; gl = glandular pouches in neuropodia; ne = nephridia in female fertile chaetigers; oo = oocytes; po = nephridiopore. Scale bars: A = 200 µm; B–F = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5544483/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="132">Fig. 7A–B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF197EBCFF9CAE696FEE32EFFD22F857" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544477" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5544477" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5544477/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="132" startId="12.[189,232,1741,1767]" targetBox="[189,1398,962,1702]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF9CAE696FEE32EFFD22F857" blockId="12.[188,1401,1741,2013]" pageId="12" pageNumber="132">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9CAE696FEE32EFFED1F96D" bold="true" box="[189,263,1741,1767]" pageId="12" pageNumber="132">Fig. 5.</emphasis>
Adult characteristics of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6655B7FF9CAE696D4132EFFCDCF96D" box="[530,778,1741,1767]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="12" pageNumber="132" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9CAE696D4132EFFD04F96D" box="[530,722,1741,1767]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="132">Pseudopolydora</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
from theArabian Gulf, Kuwait. 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9CAE696B3D32EFFB71F96D" bold="true" box="[1134,1191,1741,1767]" pageId="12" pageNumber="132">A–C</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C6655B7FF9CAE696BE532EFFDC0F881" authority="(Claparede, 1868)" baseAuthorityName="Claparede" baseAuthorityYear="1868" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="12" pageNumber="132" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="antennata">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9CAE696BE532EFFEE4F880" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="132">Pseudopolydora antennata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF753C5FF9CAE696E1732D2FDDBF881" author="Claparede E." box="[324,525,1776,1803]" pageId="12" pageNumber="132" refId="ref23105" refString="Claparede E. 1868. Les Annelides Chetopodes du Golfe de Naples. Ramboz et Schuchardt, Geneve. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 105355" type="book" year="1868">Claparède, 1868</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9CAE696D7032D2FDEEF880" bold="true" box="[547,568,1776,1802]" pageId="12" pageNumber="132">D</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C6655B7FF9CAE696D1932D3FBB1F880" authority="Radashevsky &amp; Al-Kandari, 2020" authorityName="Radashevsky &amp; Al-Kandari" authorityYear="2020" box="[586,1127,1776,1802]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="12" pageNumber="132" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="arabica">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9CAE696D1932D3FD12F880" box="[586,708,1776,1802]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="132">P. arabica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF753C5FF9CAE696D9D32D2FBB1F880" author="Radashevsky V. I. &amp; Al-Kandari M." box="[718,1127,1776,1802]" pageId="12" pageNumber="132" pagination="12" refId="ref24422" refString="Radashevsky V. I. &amp; Al-Kandari M. 2020. Morphology and reproductive biology of a new Pseudopolydora (Annelida: Spionidae) species from the Arabian Gulf. Marine Biodiversity 50 (6): 12. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 020 - 01123 - 2" type="journal article" year="2020">Radashevsky &amp; Al-Kandari, 2020</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9CAE696B2632D2FB5FF880" bold="true" box="[1141,1161,1776,1802]" pageId="12" pageNumber="132">E</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C6655B7FF9CAE696BC932D3FAD9F880" authority="Radashevsky &amp; Malyar &amp; Pankova, 2021" authorityName="Radashevsky &amp; Malyar &amp; Pankova" authorityYear="2021" box="[1178,1295,1776,1802]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="12" pageNumber="132" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kuwaiti" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9CAE696BC932D3FAD9F880" box="[1178,1295,1776,1802]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="132">P. kuwaiti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2214F5DFF9CAE696A4A32D3FAA1F881" box="[1305,1399,1777,1803]" pageId="12" pageNumber="132" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9CAE696FEE3331FF04F8A7" bold="true" box="[189,210,1811,1837]" pageId="12" pageNumber="132">A</emphasis>
. Relationships between caruncle length (in chaetiger numbers) and total number of chaetigers, and between distribution of branchiae (referring to number of the last branchiate chaetiger) and total number of chaetigers. 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9CAE696E313378FEA0F8FE" bold="true" box="[354,374,1882,1908]" pageId="12" pageNumber="132">B</emphasis>
. Relationships between distribution of gametes (referring to number of the first and the last chaetigers with gametes) and total number of chaetigers. 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9CAE696CC5335FFC1AF81D" bold="true" box="[918,972,1917,1943]" pageId="12" pageNumber="132">C–E</emphasis>
. Relationships between distribution of branchiae (referring to number of the last branchiate chaetiger LBC divided by the total number of chaetigers TNC) and total number of chaetigers.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF9DAE686FEE352BFB72FEA9" blockId="13.[189,1188,265,291]" box="[189,1188,265,291]" pageId="13" pageNumber="133">Digestive tract without ventral buccal bulb and gizzard-like structure, not pigmented.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF9DAE686FEE3568FD59FE02" blockId="13.[188,1399,330,392]" pageId="13" pageNumber="133">Main dorsal blood vessel transformed into gut sinus in anterior part of midgut. Heart body absent. Blood red, without globules or other elements.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF9DAE686FEE358DFAA0FDB9" blockId="13.[188,1399,431,563]" pageId="13" pageNumber="133">
Nephridia from chaetiger 4 onwards, very narrow in chaetigers 4–6, well-developed from chaetiger 7. In female fertile chaetigers, paired nephridia on each chaetiger opening to exterior via common middorsal nephridiopore situated anterior to nototroch; walls of distal parts of nephridia containing glandular cells marking nephridia in live individuals (
<figureCitation id="135D32B1FF9DAE686D24363BFD26FDB9" box="[631,752,537,563]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[189,232,1701,1727]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,773,1661]" captionTargetId="figure-96@14.[189,1398,773,1661]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 7. Adult morphology of Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparède, 1868) (live individuals). A–B. MIMB 40895. C–D. MIMB 40897. E–F. MIMB 40899. A. Anterior end, semi-pressed, dorsal view, showing arrangement of glandular pouches in neuropodia. B. Chaetigers 6–7, semi-squashed, dorsal view, showing double glandular pouches in each neuropodium. C. Middle chaetigers, dorsal view, showing paired gatherings of glandular cells on the dorsum. D–F. Female fertile chaetigers, dorsal view, showing distal parts of paired nephridia opening to a common middorsal nephridiopore on each chaetiger. Abbreviations:ga = gatherings of glandular cells; gl = glandular pouches in neuropodia; ne = nephridia in female fertile chaetigers; oo = oocytes; po = nephridiopore. Scale bars: A = 200 µm; B–F = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5544483/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="133">Fig. 7D–F</figureCitation>
) and also in fixed specimens stained with MG (
<figureCitation id="135D32B1FF9DAE686A5D363BFABFFDB9" box="[1294,1385,537,563]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="15.[189,232,1884,1910]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,1219,1846]" captionTargetId="figure-302@15.[189,1398,1219,1846]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 8. MG staining of Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparède, 1868) (formalin-fixed specimens, MIMB 40895). A. Left lateral general view, palps missing. B–D. Anterior ends, dorsal (B–C) and ventral (D) view, palps missing.E–F, Anterior ends, left lateral view. Abbreviations: ne = nephridia in female fertile chaetiger. Scale bars: A, E–F = 200 µm; B–D = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544487" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5544487/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="133">Fig. 8C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF197EBCFF9DAE686FEE32AEFE16F86E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544481" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5544481" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5544481/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="133" startId="13.[189,232,1676,1702]" targetBox="[190,1398,712,1637]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF9DAE686FEE32AEFE16F86E" blockId="13.[189,1399,1676,2020]" pageId="13" pageNumber="133">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9DAE686FEE32AEFEC4F92C" bold="true" box="[189,274,1676,1702]" pageId="13" pageNumber="133">Fig. 6.</emphasis>
Chaetal morphology of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6655B7FF9DAE686D1D32AFFBADF922" authority="(Claparede, 1868)" baseAuthorityName="Claparede" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[590,1147,1677,1704]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="13" pageNumber="133" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="antennata">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9DAE686D1D32AFFC44F92C" box="[590,914,1677,1703]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="133">Pseudopolydora antennata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF753C5FF9DAE686CFA32AFFBA5F922" author="Claparede E." box="[937,1139,1677,1704]" pageId="13" pageNumber="133" refId="ref23105" refString="Claparede E. 1868. Les Annelides Chetopodes du Golfe de Naples. Ramboz et Schuchardt, Geneve. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 105355" type="book" year="1868">Claparède, 1868</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(formalin-fixed and stained with MG specimens, MIMB 40895). 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9DAE686DA33292FCD3F940" bold="true" box="[752,773,1712,1738]" pageId="13" pageNumber="133">A</emphasis>
. Chaetigers 2–6, left lateral view, showing mirror reflected J-shaped arrangement of the anterior-row notochaetae in notopodia of chaetigers 3 and 4, and U-shaped arrangement of spines in notopodium of chaetiger 5. 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9DAE686CE932D4FC18F89A" bold="true" box="[954,974,1782,1808]" pageId="13" pageNumber="133">B</emphasis>
. Parapodium of chaetiger 5, dorsal superior capillaries missing. 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9DAE686D4A333BFDF8F8B9" bold="true" box="[537,558,1817,1843]" pageId="13" pageNumber="133">C</emphasis>
. Notochaetae of chaetiger 5. 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9DAE686CCA3338FC07F8BE" bold="true" box="[921,977,1818,1844]" pageId="13" pageNumber="133">D–E</emphasis>
. Series of bidentate hooded hooks from middle neuropodia, frontal (D) and lateral (E) view. Abbreviations: 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9DAE686B74331FFBB8F8DC" box="[1063,1134,1853,1878]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="133">arrow</emphasis>
showing the direction towards the inside of the U-shaped row of chaetiger 5 spines; 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9DAE686CDC3343FC7AF8F0" box="[911,940,1889,1914]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="133">an</emphasis>
= anterior-row spine from notopodium of chaetiger 5; 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9DAE686E3E33A1FE41F817" box="[365,407,1923,1949]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="133">ch2</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9DAE686EF533A1FE06F817" box="[422,464,1923,1949]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="133">ch5</emphasis>
= chaetigers 2 and 5; 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9DAE686D8233A6FD38F817" box="[721,750,1924,1949]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="133">po</emphasis>
= posterior-row spine from notopodium of chaetiger 5; 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9DAE686FEE3385FF01F84A" box="[189,215,1959,1984]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="133">su</emphasis>
= dorsal superior capillary chaetae; 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9DAE686DC43385FD67F84A" box="[663,689,1959,1984]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="133">ve</emphasis>
= ventral capillary chaetae. Scale bars: A = 100 µm; B = 20 µm; C–E = 10 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF9EAE6B6FEE352AFE8CFEA8" blockId="14.[189,346,264,290]" box="[189,346,264,290]" pageId="14" pageNumber="134">
<heading id="D0919958FF9EAE6B6FEE352AFE8CFEA8" bold="true" box="[189,346,264,290]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="134" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9EAE6B6FEE352AFE8CFEA8" bold="true" box="[189,346,264,290]" pageId="14" pageNumber="134">MG staining</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF9EAE6B6FEE3515FD3BFE12" blockId="14.[188,1400,311,408]" pageId="14" pageNumber="134">
Intensely stained dorsal sides of the prostomium and peristomium; most intensely stained blotches on the dorsal and lateral sides from chaetigers 7–9 onwards; wide transverse bands on the ventral side from chaetigers 7–8 to chaetigers 10–11 (
<figureCitation id="135D32B1FF9EAE6B6D31355FFD37FE12" box="[610,737,381,408]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="15.[189,232,1884,1910]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,1219,1846]" captionTargetId="figure-302@15.[189,1398,1219,1846]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 8. MG staining of Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparède, 1868) (formalin-fixed specimens, MIMB 40895). A. Left lateral general view, palps missing. B–D. Anterior ends, dorsal (B–C) and ventral (D) view, palps missing.E–F, Anterior ends, left lateral view. Abbreviations: ne = nephridia in female fertile chaetiger. Scale bars: A, E–F = 200 µm; B–D = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544487" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5544487/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="134">Fig. 8A–F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF9EAE6B6FEE359DFEB3FE53" blockId="14.[189,357,447,473]" box="[189,357,447,473]" pageId="14" pageNumber="134">
<heading id="D0919958FF9EAE6B6FEE359DFEB3FE53" bold="true" box="[189,357,447,473]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="134" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9EAE6B6FEE359DFEB3FE53" bold="true" box="[189,357,447,473]" pageId="14" pageNumber="134">Regeneration</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF9EAE6B6FEE35CCFC15FD82" blockId="14.[189,963,493,520]" box="[189,963,493,520]" pageId="14" pageNumber="134">
One broken individual regenerated 7 anterior chaetigers (
<figureCitation id="135D32B1FF9EAE6B6C0F35CFFC60FD82" box="[860,950,493,520]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[189,232,1846,1872]" captionTargetBox="[197,1398,1015,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-278@11.[189,1398,1014,1809]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 4. Adult morphology of Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparède, 1868) (live individuals). A. MIMB 40895. B–C, E. MIMB 40897. D. MIMB 40899. F. MIMB 40896. A–B, D. Anterior ends, dorsal view. C. Anterior end, left lateral view. E. Posterior end, dorsal view. F. Middle stalk chaetigers regenerating seven anterior chaetigers, dorsal view. Abbreviations: oc = occipital antenna. Scale bars: A–B, F = 200 µm; C–E = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544475" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5544475/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="134">Fig. 4F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37C7DBFFF9EAE6B6FEE360DFBA8FD11" pageId="14" pageNumber="134" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF9EAE6B6FEE360DFECBFDC3" blockId="14.[189,285,559,585]" box="[189,285,559,585]" pageId="14" pageNumber="134">
<heading id="D0919958FF9EAE6B6FEE360DFECBFDC3" bold="true" box="[189,285,559,585]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="134" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9EAE6B6FEE360DFECBFDC3" bold="true" box="[189,285,559,585]" pageId="14" pageNumber="134">Habitat</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF9EAE6B6FEE367FFBA8FD11" blockId="14.[189,1398,605,667]" pageId="14" pageNumber="134">
Adult 
<taxonomicName id="4C6655B7FF9EAE6B6E54367CFE4FFDFD" baseAuthorityName="Claparede" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[263,409,606,631]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="14" pageNumber="134" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="antennata">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9EAE6B6E54367CFE4FFDFD" box="[263,409,606,631]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="134">P. antennata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
inhabit silty tubes in muddy sand intertidally and in shallow waters. The population density in some local places can reach a maximum of 50 000 individuals per 
<quantity id="4C9E83D1FF9EAE6B6B1136A3FBB9FD11" box="[1090,1135,641,667]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="134" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
<superScript id="7C13837CFF9EAE6B6B3D36A2FBA1FD04" attach="left" box="[1134,1143,640,654]" fontSize="6" pageId="14" pageNumber="134">2</superScript>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF197EBCFF9EAE6B6FEE3287FEC9F853" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544483" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5544483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5544483/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="134" startId="14.[189,232,1701,1727]" targetBox="[189,1398,773,1661]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF9EAE6B6FEE3287FEC9F853" blockId="14.[188,1399,1701,2009]" pageId="14" pageNumber="134">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9EAE6B6FEE3287FEC1F935" bold="true" box="[189,279,1701,1727]" pageId="14" pageNumber="134">Fig. 7.</emphasis>
Adult morphology of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6655B7FF9EAE6B6D1F3287FB51F94A" authority="(Claparede, 1868)" baseAuthorityName="Claparede" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[588,1159,1701,1728]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="14" pageNumber="134" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="antennata">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9EAE6B6D1F3287FC42F935" box="[588,916,1701,1727]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="134">Pseudopolydora antennata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF753C5FF9EAE6B6CE33287FBA9F94A" author="Claparede E." box="[944,1151,1701,1728]" pageId="14" pageNumber="134" refId="ref23105" refString="Claparede E. 1868. Les Annelides Chetopodes du Golfe de Naples. Ramboz et Schuchardt, Geneve. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 105355" type="book" year="1868">Claparède, 1868</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(live individuals). 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9EAE6B6FEE32EAFF23F968" bold="true" box="[189,245,1736,1762]" pageId="14" pageNumber="134">A–B</emphasis>
. MIMB 40895. 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9EAE6B6EE832EAFE22F968" bold="true" box="[443,500,1736,1762]" pageId="14" pageNumber="134">C–D</emphasis>
. MIMB 40897. 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9EAE6B6DEF32EBFD39F969" bold="true" box="[700,751,1737,1763]" pageId="14" pageNumber="134">E–F</emphasis>
. MIMB 40899. 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9EAE6B6CE432EAFC1AF968" bold="true" box="[951,972,1736,1762]" pageId="14" pageNumber="134">A</emphasis>
. Anterior end, semi-pressed, dorsal view, showing arrangement of glandular pouches in neuropodia. 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9EAE6B6C8632CEFC3FF88C" bold="true" box="[981,1001,1772,1798]" pageId="14" pageNumber="134">B</emphasis>
. Chaetigers 6–7, semi-squashed, dorsal view, showing double glandular pouches in each neuropodium. 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9EAE6B6B4E332DFBE4F8A3" bold="true" box="[1053,1074,1807,1833]" pageId="14" pageNumber="134">C</emphasis>
. Middle chaetigers, dorsal view, showing paired gatherings of glandular cells on the dorsum. 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9EAE6B6CEE3310FC24F8C6" bold="true" box="[957,1010,1842,1868]" pageId="14" pageNumber="134">D–F</emphasis>
. Female fertile chaetigers, dorsal view, showing distal parts of paired nephridia opening to a common middorsal nephridiopore on each chaetiger. Abbreviations: 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9EAE6B6EB4335BFDD2F818" box="[487,516,1913,1938]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="134">ga</emphasis>
= gatherings of glandular cells; 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9EAE6B6CD3335AFC41F818" box="[896,919,1912,1938]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="134">gl</emphasis>
= glandular pouches in neuropodia; 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9EAE6B6A10335BFA89F818" box="[1347,1375,1913,1938]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="134">ne</emphasis>
= nephridia in female fertile chaetigers; 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9EAE6B6D2A33BEFD40F83F" box="[633,662,1948,1973]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="134">oo</emphasis>
= oocytes; 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9EAE6B6C4D33BEFCEDF83F" box="[798,827,1948,1973]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="134">po</emphasis>
= nephridiopore. Scale bars: A = 200 µm; B–F = 100 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C37C7DBFFF9FAE746FEE352AFC63F84D" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="137" pageId="15" pageNumber="135" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF9FAE6A6FEE352AFEBFFEA8" blockId="15.[189,361,264,290]" box="[189,361,264,290]" pageId="15" pageNumber="135">
<heading id="D0919958FF9FAE6A6FEE352AFEBFFEA8" bold="true" box="[189,361,264,290]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="135" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9FAE6A6FEE352AFEBFFEA8" bold="true" box="[189,361,264,290]" pageId="15" pageNumber="135">Reproduction</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF9FAE6A6FEE3515FC38FE31" blockId="15.[189,1400,311,443]" pageId="15" pageNumber="135">
<taxonomicName id="4C6655B7FF9FAE6A6FEE3515FE2DFEDB" baseAuthorityName="Claparede" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[189,507,311,337]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="15" pageNumber="135" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="antennata">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9FAE6A6FEE3515FE2DFEDB" box="[189,507,311,337]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="135">Pseudopolydora antennata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is gonochoristic. Both females and males become mature after growing to about 
<quantity id="4C9E83D1FF9FAE6A6E5B3578FE8DFEFF" box="[264,347,346,373]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="135" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
long with 70 chaetigers. Of 21 examined mature individuals, 14 were females and seven were males. The gametes developed from chaetiger 12 to chaetigers 40−45 (
<figureCitation id="135D32B1FF9FAE6A6B1F355FFB7CFE12" box="[1100,1194,381,408]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1741,1767]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,962,1702]" captionTargetId="figure-172@12.[189,1398,962,1702]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 5.AdultcharacteristicsofPseudopolydora spp.fromtheArabian Gulf, Kuwait.A–C. Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparède, 1868). D. P. arabica Radashevsky &amp; Al-Kandari, 2020. E. P. kuwaiti sp. nov. A. Relationships between caruncle length (in chaetiger numbers) and total number of chaetigers, and between distribution of branchiae (referring to number of the last branchiate chaetiger) and total number of chaetigers. B. Relationships between distribution of gametes (referring to number of the first and the last chaetigers with gametes) and total number of chaetigers. C–E. Relationships between distribution of branchiae (referring to number of the last branchiate chaetiger LBC divided by the total number of chaetigers TNC) and total number of chaetigers." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544477" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5544477/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="135">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
). Paired testes or ovaries were attached to segmental blood vessels in fertile chaetigers.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF9FAE6A6FEE35C0FC16FDAA" blockId="15.[189,1399,482,544]" pageId="15" pageNumber="135">
Oogenesis was partly intraovarian. Developed coelomic oocytes were spherical, about 130 µm in diameter, with smooth envelope less than 1 µm thick (
<figureCitation id="135D32B1FF9FAE6A6C6B3627FC62FDAA" box="[824,948,517,544]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[189,232,1701,1727]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,773,1661]" captionTargetId="figure-96@14.[189,1398,773,1661]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 7. Adult morphology of Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparède, 1868) (live individuals). A–B. MIMB 40895. C–D. MIMB 40897. E–F. MIMB 40899. A. Anterior end, semi-pressed, dorsal view, showing arrangement of glandular pouches in neuropodia. B. Chaetigers 6–7, semi-squashed, dorsal view, showing double glandular pouches in each neuropodium. C. Middle chaetigers, dorsal view, showing paired gatherings of glandular cells on the dorsum. D–F. Female fertile chaetigers, dorsal view, showing distal parts of paired nephridia opening to a common middorsal nephridiopore on each chaetiger. Abbreviations:ga = gatherings of glandular cells; gl = glandular pouches in neuropodia; ne = nephridia in female fertile chaetigers; oo = oocytes; po = nephridiopore. Scale bars: A = 200 µm; B–F = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5544483/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="135">Fig. 7E–F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF9FAE6A6FEE3665FE66FC9B" blockId="15.[188,1401,583,785]" pageId="15" pageNumber="135">Spermatogonia proliferated in testes; spermatogenesis occurred in the coelomic cavity. Spermatids, each about 4 µm in diameter, were joined in tetrads. Spermatozoa were introsperm with pointed acrosome about 1 µm long, straight elongated nucleus about 1.5 µm in diameter and 6 µm long, midpiece 33 µm (head + midpiece about 40 µm long), and a flagellum about 40 µm long (the precision of measurement of spermatids and parts of head of spermatozoa were at maximum to the nearest 0.5 µm and flagellum to the nearest 2 µm).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF9FAE6A6FEE371AFDA8FCD8" blockId="15.[189,638,824,850]" box="[189,638,824,850]" pageId="15" pageNumber="135">
<heading id="D0919958FF9FAE6A6FEE371AFDA8FCD8" bold="true" box="[189,638,824,850]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="135" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9FAE6A6FEE371AFDA8FCD8" bold="true" box="[189,638,824,850]" pageId="15" pageNumber="135">Larval development in the plankton</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF9FAE6A6FEE3745FB98FBDE" blockId="15.[187,1399,871,1108]" pageId="15" pageNumber="135">
The spermatophores and egg capsules, typically produced by 
<taxonomicName id="4C6655B7FF9FAE6A6CF43745FBB1FC0B" authorityName="Czerniavsky" authorityYear="1881" box="[935,1127,871,897]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="15" pageNumber="135" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9FAE6A6CF43745FBB1FC0B" box="[935,1127,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="135">Pseudopolydora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, were not observed in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6655B7FF9FAE6A6FEE37A9FE9BFC2E" baseAuthorityName="Claparede" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[189,333,907,932]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="15" pageNumber="135" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="antennata">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9FAE6A6FEE37A9FE9BFC2E" box="[189,333,907,932]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="135">P. antennata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Arabian Gulf. The 13−15-chaetiger larvae of the species were collected in plankton in 
<date id="FFD808F4FF9FAE6A6F8F378FFEA6FC4D" box="[220,368,941,967]" pageId="15" pageNumber="135" value="2016-03">March 2016</date>
. The larvae were identified by the morphology of the heavy spines in the notopodia of chaetiger 5.Although similar spines are also present in worms of two other species described below, those species were quite rare and not found in the area where numerous larvae were collected; 
<taxonomicName id="4C6655B7FF9FAE6A6BB737D6FAA1FB87" baseAuthorityName="Claparede" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[1252,1399,1012,1037]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="15" pageNumber="135" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="antennata">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9FAE6A6BB737D6FAA1FB87" box="[1252,1399,1012,1037]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="135">P. antennata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
worms were common in that area and the larvae are therefore referred to this species. The larvae were maintained in Petri dishes in the laboratory but did not settle during the study.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF197EBCFF9FAE6A6FEE337EFC84F86B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544487" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5544487" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5544487/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="135" startId="15.[189,232,1884,1910]" targetBox="[189,1398,1219,1846]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF9FAE6A6FEE337EFC84F86B" blockId="15.[188,1399,1884,2017]" pageId="15" pageNumber="135">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9FAE6A6FEE337EFEDCF8FC" bold="true" box="[189,266,1884,1910]" pageId="15" pageNumber="135">Fig. 8.</emphasis>
MG staining of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6655B7FF9FAE6A6E94337EFC0BF8FD" authority="(Claparede, 1868)" baseAuthorityName="Claparede" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[455,989,1884,1911]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="15" pageNumber="135" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="antennata">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9FAE6A6E94337EFCD5F8FC" box="[455,771,1884,1910]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="135">Pseudopolydora antennata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF753C5FF9FAE6A6C41337EFC03F8FD" author="Claparede E." box="[786,981,1884,1911]" pageId="15" pageNumber="135" refId="ref23105" refString="Claparede E. 1868. Les Annelides Chetopodes du Golfe de Naples. Ramboz et Schuchardt, Geneve. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 105355" type="book" year="1868">Claparède, 1868</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(formalin-fixed specimens, MIMB 40895). 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9FAE6A6E73335DFEE3F813" bold="true" box="[288,309,1919,1945]" pageId="15" pageNumber="135">A</emphasis>
. Left lateral general view, palps missing. 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9FAE6A6C7A33A2FC89F810" bold="true" box="[809,863,1920,1946]" pageId="15" pageNumber="135">B–D</emphasis>
. Anterior ends, dorsal (B–C) and ventral (D) view, palps missing. 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9FAE6A6EFE3381FE35F837" bold="true" box="[429,483,1955,1981]" pageId="15" pageNumber="135">E–F</emphasis>
, Anterior ends, left lateral view. Abbreviations: 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF9FAE6A6B5C3386FBFDF837" box="[1039,1067,1956,1981]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="135">ne</emphasis>
= nephridia in female fertile chaetiger. Scale bars: A, E–F = 200 µm; B–D = 100 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF80AE756FB9352AFDD0FEA9" blockId="16.[185,1400,264,784]" box="[234,518,264,291]" pageId="16" pageNumber="136">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF80AE756FB9352AFDD0FEA9" bold="true" box="[234,518,264,291]" pageId="16" pageNumber="136">13–14-chaetiger larvae</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF80AE746FEE350EFC1EFEE3" blockId="16.[185,1400,264,784]" lastBlockId="17.[189,1399,265,362]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="137" pageId="16" pageNumber="136">
Larvae750–850 µm long and up to300 µm wide in middle part, intensely pigmented with large melanophores and chromatophores (
<figureCitation id="135D32B1FF80AE756EE0356DFDFFFEE3" box="[435,553,335,361]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[191,234,1782,1808]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,845,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-226@16.[189,1398,845,1740]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 9. Larval morphology of Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparède, 1868). Live larvae in reflected (A–G) and transmitted (H–K) light. A. 13-chaetiger larva, ventral view. B. 14-chaetiger larva, ventral view. C. The same, dorsal view. D. 14-chaetiger larvae, dorsal view, showing variation in pigmentation. E. 14-chaetiger larva, ventral view. F. 15-chaetiger larva, ventral view. G. The same, dorsal view. H. 14-chaetiger larva, dorsal view. I. The same, ventral view. J. Chaetae of chaetiger 5 of a 15-chaetiger larva. K. Hooded hooks from neuropodium of chaetiger 10 of a 15-chaetiger larva. Abbreviations: su = dorsal superior capillary chaetae; ve = ventral capillary chaetae. Scale bars: A–I = 100 µm; J–K = 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544489" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5544489/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="136">Fig. 9A–I</figureCitation>
). Distinct black spots present between median and lateral eyes, and small ramified melanophores of variable shape situated anterior to each pair of lateral eyes. Of 29 examined larvae, 13 (45%) larvae with one pair of large ramified dorsal melanophores on chaetiger 3 (
<figureCitation id="135D32B1FF80AE756BB935B7FABFFE25" box="[1258,1385,405,431]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[191,234,1782,1808]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,845,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-226@16.[189,1398,845,1740]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 9. Larval morphology of Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparède, 1868). Live larvae in reflected (A–G) and transmitted (H–K) light. A. 13-chaetiger larva, ventral view. B. 14-chaetiger larva, ventral view. C. The same, dorsal view. D. 14-chaetiger larvae, dorsal view, showing variation in pigmentation. E. 14-chaetiger larva, ventral view. F. 15-chaetiger larva, ventral view. G. The same, dorsal view. H. 14-chaetiger larva, dorsal view. I. The same, ventral view. J. Chaetae of chaetiger 5 of a 15-chaetiger larva. K. Hooded hooks from neuropodium of chaetiger 10 of a 15-chaetiger larva. Abbreviations: su = dorsal superior capillary chaetae; ve = ventral capillary chaetae. Scale bars: A–I = 100 µm; J–K = 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544489" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5544489/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="136">Fig. 9C–D</figureCitation>
); 3 (10%) larvae with only one of these melanophores (either left or right) present; and 13 (45%) larvae without dorsal melanophores on chaetiger 3 (
<figureCitation id="135D32B1FF80AE756D9E35FEFCA5FE7C" box="[717,883,476,502]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[191,234,1782,1808]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,845,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-226@16.[189,1398,845,1740]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 9. Larval morphology of Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparède, 1868). Live larvae in reflected (A–G) and transmitted (H–K) light. A. 13-chaetiger larva, ventral view. B. 14-chaetiger larva, ventral view. C. The same, dorsal view. D. 14-chaetiger larvae, dorsal view, showing variation in pigmentation. E. 14-chaetiger larva, ventral view. F. 15-chaetiger larva, ventral view. G. The same, dorsal view. H. 14-chaetiger larva, dorsal view. I. The same, ventral view. J. Chaetae of chaetiger 5 of a 15-chaetiger larva. K. Hooded hooks from neuropodium of chaetiger 10 of a 15-chaetiger larva. Abbreviations: su = dorsal superior capillary chaetae; ve = ventral capillary chaetae. Scale bars: A–I = 100 µm; J–K = 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544489" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5544489/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="136">Fig. 9D, G–H</figureCitation>
). Large ramified dorso-lateral melanophores invariably present from chaetiger 4 onwards. Small to large ramified middorsal melanophore present on pygidium, situated posterior to telotroch. Melanophore in lateral peristomial lips, middorsal and lateral melanophores on chaetigers absent. One, rarely two pairs of subspherical yellow chromatophores present in front of lateral eyes, near melanophores in anterior part of prostomium. Larger subspherical yellow midventral chromatophores arranged from chaetiger 2 to chaetigers 7–12; shape and arrangement of these chromatophores greatly variable (
<figureCitation id="135D32B1FF80AE756D1B368DFCF4FD43" box="[584,802,687,713]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[191,234,1782,1808]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,845,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-226@16.[189,1398,845,1740]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 9. Larval morphology of Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparède, 1868). Live larvae in reflected (A–G) and transmitted (H–K) light. A. 13-chaetiger larva, ventral view. B. 14-chaetiger larva, ventral view. C. The same, dorsal view. D. 14-chaetiger larvae, dorsal view, showing variation in pigmentation. E. 14-chaetiger larva, ventral view. F. 15-chaetiger larva, ventral view. G. The same, dorsal view. H. 14-chaetiger larva, dorsal view. I. The same, ventral view. J. Chaetae of chaetiger 5 of a 15-chaetiger larva. K. Hooded hooks from neuropodium of chaetiger 10 of a 15-chaetiger larva. Abbreviations: su = dorsal superior capillary chaetae; ve = ventral capillary chaetae. Scale bars: A–I = 100 µm; J–K = 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544489" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5544489/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="136">Fig. 9A–B, E–F, I</figureCitation>
). They are usually single, occasionally double per chaetiger, rarely missing on chaetiger 6 or 7 or both. Chromatophore of chaetiger 3 often expanded onto posterior part of chaetiger 2. Yellow pigment diffused in anterior part of prostomium and in pygidium. Chromatophores absent in lateral peristomial lips and on ventral side of pygidium. Both melanophores and chromatophores changing their shape and size according to light intensity, thus appearing small and compact (
<figureCitation id="135D32B1FF81AE746E7C356DFE73FEE3" box="[303,421,335,361]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[191,234,1782,1808]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,845,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-226@16.[189,1398,845,1740]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 9. Larval morphology of Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparède, 1868). Live larvae in reflected (A–G) and transmitted (H–K) light. A. 13-chaetiger larva, ventral view. B. 14-chaetiger larva, ventral view. C. The same, dorsal view. D. 14-chaetiger larvae, dorsal view, showing variation in pigmentation. E. 14-chaetiger larva, ventral view. F. 15-chaetiger larva, ventral view. G. The same, dorsal view. H. 14-chaetiger larva, dorsal view. I. The same, ventral view. J. Chaetae of chaetiger 5 of a 15-chaetiger larva. K. Hooded hooks from neuropodium of chaetiger 10 of a 15-chaetiger larva. Abbreviations: su = dorsal superior capillary chaetae; ve = ventral capillary chaetae. Scale bars: A–I = 100 µm; J–K = 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544489" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5544489/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="137">Fig. 9E–F</figureCitation>
) or greatly expanded and ramified (
<figureCitation id="135D32B1FF81AE746C6E356DFC6CFEE3" box="[829,954,335,361]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[191,234,1782,1808]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,845,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-226@16.[189,1398,845,1740]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 9. Larval morphology of Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparède, 1868). Live larvae in reflected (A–G) and transmitted (H–K) light. A. 13-chaetiger larva, ventral view. B. 14-chaetiger larva, ventral view. C. The same, dorsal view. D. 14-chaetiger larvae, dorsal view, showing variation in pigmentation. E. 14-chaetiger larva, ventral view. F. 15-chaetiger larva, ventral view. G. The same, dorsal view. H. 14-chaetiger larva, dorsal view. I. The same, ventral view. J. Chaetae of chaetiger 5 of a 15-chaetiger larva. K. Hooded hooks from neuropodium of chaetiger 10 of a 15-chaetiger larva. Abbreviations: su = dorsal superior capillary chaetae; ve = ventral capillary chaetae. Scale bars: A–I = 100 µm; J–K = 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544489" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5544489/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="137">Fig. 9A, C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF197EBCFF80AE756FEC32D4FAA0F86E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544489" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5544489" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5544489/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="136" startId="16.[191,234,1782,1808]" targetBox="[189,1398,845,1739]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF80AE756FEC32D4FAA0F86E" blockId="16.[188,1399,1782,2020]" pageId="16" pageNumber="136">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF80AE756FEC32D4FEC7F89A" bold="true" box="[191,273,1782,1808]" pageId="16" pageNumber="136">Fig. 9.</emphasis>
Larval morphology of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6655B7FF80AE756D7F32D4FB86F89B" authority="(Claparede, 1868)" baseAuthorityName="Claparede" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[556,1104,1782,1809]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="16" pageNumber="136" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="antennata">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF80AE756D7F32D4FCBDF89A" box="[556,875,1782,1808]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="136">Pseudopolydora antennata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF753C5FF80AE756C2D32D4FB91F89B" author="Claparede E." box="[894,1095,1782,1809]" pageId="16" pageNumber="136" refId="ref23105" refString="Claparede E. 1868. Les Annelides Chetopodes du Golfe de Naples. Ramboz et Schuchardt, Geneve. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 105355" type="book" year="1868">Claparède, 1868</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Live larvae in reflected (A–G) and transmitted (H–K) light. 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF80AE756D3C333BFD55F8B9" bold="true" box="[623,643,1817,1843]" pageId="16" pageNumber="136">A</emphasis>
. 13-chaetiger larva, ventral view. 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF80AE756B4E3338FBF9F8BE" bold="true" box="[1053,1071,1818,1844]" pageId="16" pageNumber="136">B</emphasis>
. 14-chaetiger larva, ventral view. 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF80AE756E51331FFEC1F8DD" bold="true" box="[258,279,1853,1879]" pageId="16" pageNumber="136">C</emphasis>
. The same, dorsal view. 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF80AE756D64331FFD9AF8DD" bold="true" box="[567,588,1853,1879]" pageId="16" pageNumber="136">D</emphasis>
. 14-chaetiger larvae, dorsal view, showing variation in pigmentation. 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF80AE756FEF3342FF06F8F0" bold="true" box="[188,208,1888,1914]" pageId="16" pageNumber="136">E</emphasis>
. 14-chaetiger larva, ventral view. 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF80AE756D2B3342FD5CF8F0" bold="true" box="[632,650,1888,1914]" pageId="16" pageNumber="136">F</emphasis>
. 15-chaetiger larva, ventral view. 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF80AE756B613342FB9FF8F0" bold="true" box="[1074,1097,1888,1914]" pageId="16" pageNumber="136">G</emphasis>
. The same, dorsal view. 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF80AE756FEE33A1FF02F817" bold="true" box="[189,212,1923,1949]" pageId="16" pageNumber="136">H</emphasis>
. 14-chaetiger larva, dorsal view. 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF80AE756D0633A1FDB6F817" bold="true" box="[597,608,1923,1949]" pageId="16" pageNumber="136">I</emphasis>
. The same, ventral view. 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF80AE756CDA33A1FC4EF817" bold="true" box="[905,920,1923,1949]" pageId="16" pageNumber="136">J</emphasis>
. Chaetae of chaetiger 5 of a 15-chaetiger larva. 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF80AE756E553385FECBF84B" bold="true" box="[262,285,1959,1985]" pageId="16" pageNumber="136">K</emphasis>
. Hooded hooks from neuropodium of chaetiger 10 of a 15-chaetiger larva. Abbreviations: 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF80AE756A173385FA88F84A" box="[1348,1374,1959,1984]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="136">su</emphasis>
= dorsal superior capillary chaetae; 
<emphasis id="B912F226FF80AE756D1133E8FD8AF869" box="[578,604,1994,2019]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="136">ve</emphasis>
= ventral capillary chaetae. Scale bars: A–I = 100 µm; J–K = 20 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF81AE746FEE35B3FB3CFDF4" blockId="17.[186,1399,401,639]" pageId="17" pageNumber="137">Prostomium wide and rounded anteriorly, posteriorly narrow, extending to end of chaetiger 1 as a low caruncle.Occipital antenna absent.Three pairs of black eyes arranged almost in a transverse line, comprising one pair of small rounded median eyes and two pairs of lateral eyes; lateral eyes on each side situated close to each other and appearing as one comma-shaped eye. Black pigment spot situated between lateral and median eyes on each side. One pair of spherical unpigmented ocelli, each about 20 µm in diameter, situated in front of pigmented eyes. Palps arising from posterior dorso-lateral edges of peristomium, posterior to prototroch; each palps as long as about three chaetigers. Ciliation on palps not yet developed.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF81AE746FEE3687FA96FCE5" blockId="17.[188,1400,677,880]" pageId="17" pageNumber="137">Prototroch and telotroch well developed. Nototrochs and grasping cilia from chaetiger 3 onwards. Triangular neurotroch extending from ventral peristomial lip to end of chaetiger 1. Two small ciliated cells situated on each side of neurotroch. Ventral ciliary pit absent. Gastrotroch on chaetiger 3 composed of two small cells with short cilia; those on chaetigers 5 and 7 each composed of 8–10 large cells with long numerous cilia; additional gastrotroch usually present on chaetiger 9, and in some larvae also on chaetiger 10 and/or chaetiger 11, each composed of one to two pairs of small cells with short cilia.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF81AE746FEE37B5FDCEFB91" blockId="17.[189,1400,919,1051]" pageId="17" pageNumber="137">Larval serrated bristles present in all notopodia including chaetiger 5; those in chaetiger 1 longest, up to 250 µm long; bristles in chaetigers 2 and 3 175–200 µm long, then gradually becoming shorted in succeeding chaetiger. Few short adult capillaries present in notopodia from chaetiger 2, and in neuropodia in chaetigers 1–7.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF81AE746FEE3060FC3AFB28" blockId="17.[188,1399,1090,1186]" pageId="17" pageNumber="137">
Chaetiger 5 with two kinds of heavy spines in notopodia in addition to short adult capillaries and long provisional serrated bristles. Spines comprising 2–4 anterior-row spines with enlarged distal end of stem and pointed tip, and 1–2 posterior-row simple falcate spines (
<figureCitation id="135D32B1FF81AE746CD930AAFC08FB28" box="[906,990,1160,1186]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[191,234,1782,1808]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,845,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-226@16.[189,1398,845,1740]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 9. Larval morphology of Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparède, 1868). Live larvae in reflected (A–G) and transmitted (H–K) light. A. 13-chaetiger larva, ventral view. B. 14-chaetiger larva, ventral view. C. The same, dorsal view. D. 14-chaetiger larvae, dorsal view, showing variation in pigmentation. E. 14-chaetiger larva, ventral view. F. 15-chaetiger larva, ventral view. G. The same, dorsal view. H. 14-chaetiger larva, dorsal view. I. The same, ventral view. J. Chaetae of chaetiger 5 of a 15-chaetiger larva. K. Hooded hooks from neuropodium of chaetiger 10 of a 15-chaetiger larva. Abbreviations: su = dorsal superior capillary chaetae; ve = ventral capillary chaetae. Scale bars: A–I = 100 µm; J–K = 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544489" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5544489/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="137">Fig. 9J</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF81AE746FEE30E8FDFEFAA0" blockId="17.[188,1399,1226,1323]" pageId="17" pageNumber="137">
Hooks in neuropodia from chaetiger 8 onwards, up to seven in a series, not accompanied by capillaries. Hooks bidentate, with upper tooth closely applied to main fang, with outer hood; lower part of shaft bent almost at right angle (
<figureCitation id="135D32B1FF81AE746EEF3132FDCDFAA0" box="[444,539,1296,1322]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[191,234,1782,1808]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,845,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-226@16.[189,1398,845,1740]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 9. Larval morphology of Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparède, 1868). Live larvae in reflected (A–G) and transmitted (H–K) light. A. 13-chaetiger larva, ventral view. B. 14-chaetiger larva, ventral view. C. The same, dorsal view. D. 14-chaetiger larvae, dorsal view, showing variation in pigmentation. E. 14-chaetiger larva, ventral view. F. 15-chaetiger larva, ventral view. G. The same, dorsal view. H. 14-chaetiger larva, dorsal view. I. The same, ventral view. J. Chaetae of chaetiger 5 of a 15-chaetiger larva. K. Hooded hooks from neuropodium of chaetiger 10 of a 15-chaetiger larva. Abbreviations: su = dorsal superior capillary chaetae; ve = ventral capillary chaetae. Scale bars: A–I = 100 µm; J–K = 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544489" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5544489/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="137">Fig. 9K</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF81AE746FEE3173FC53FAE1" blockId="17.[189,901,1361,1388]" box="[189,901,1361,1388]" pageId="17" pageNumber="137">Branchiae short, on chaetigers 7–9. Pygidium semispherical.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF81AE746FEE31B1FB5BFA5B" blockId="17.[189,1398,1427,1489]" pageId="17" pageNumber="137">Lateral sensory organs each 5–6 µm in diameter with thin non-motile cilia up to 20 µm long situated between noto- and neuropodia from chaetiger 1 onwards, including chaetigers 3–5.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF81AE746FEE31DAFED3F9BF" blockId="17.[189,1399,1528,1589]" pageId="17" pageNumber="137">Glandular pouches in neuropodia from chaetigers 2–3, very small in first chaetigers, large in chaetigers 6 and 7.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF81AE746FEE327FFBB9F937" blockId="17.[189,1399,1628,1725]" pageId="17" pageNumber="137">Large lateral lips and small ventral lip of peristomium forming voluminous vestibulum. Narrow oesophagus extending through 2–3 chaetigers. Gizzard-like structure absent in digestive tract. Wall of voluminous midgut with numerous lipid globules, each up to 15 µm in diameter.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF81AE746FEE32C6FBA9F974" blockId="17.[189,1151,1764,1791]" box="[189,1151,1764,1791]" pageId="17" pageNumber="137">Circulatory system developed and functional; blood transparent, without pigment.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF81AE746FEE3304FB4EF8B5" blockId="17.[189,1176,1829,1856]" box="[189,1176,1829,1856]" pageId="17" pageNumber="137">Two pairs of protonephridia in chaetigers 1 and 2. Metanephridia not yet developed.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF81AE746FB93345FDD0F80B" blockId="17.[189,1399,1895,1992]" box="[234,518,1895,1921]" pageId="17" pageNumber="137">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF81AE746FB93345FDD0F80B" bold="true" box="[234,518,1895,1921]" pageId="17" pageNumber="137">14–15-chaetiger larvae</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF81AE746FEE33A9FC63F84D" blockId="17.[189,1399,1895,1992]" pageId="17" pageNumber="137">Larvae 850–900 µm long, with glandular pouches in neuropodia from chaetiger 1, protonephridia in chaetigers 1 and 2, and metanephridia from chaetiger 4 onwards.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37C7DBFFF82AE776FEE352BFB0DF998" pageId="18" pageNumber="138" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF82AE776FEE352BFEF9FEA9" blockId="18.[189,303,265,291]" box="[189,303,265,291]" pageId="18" pageNumber="138">
<heading id="D0919958FF82AE776FEE352BFEF9FEA9" bold="true" box="[189,303,265,291]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="138" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF82AE776FEE352BFEF9FEA9" bold="true" box="[189,303,265,291]" pageId="18" pageNumber="138">Remarks</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF82AE776FEE3515FA9DFE54" blockId="18.[187,1399,311,478]" pageId="18" pageNumber="138">
Adult 
<taxonomicName id="4C6655B7FF82AE776E563515FE13FEDB" authorityName="Czerniavsky" authorityYear="1881" box="[261,453,311,337]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="18" pageNumber="138" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF82AE776E563515FE13FEDB" box="[261,453,311,337]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="138">Pseudopolydora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Arabian Gulf described above appear identical to 
<taxonomicName id="4C6655B7FF82AE776B38351AFB2CFEDB" baseAuthorityName="Claparede" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[1131,1274,312,337]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="18" pageNumber="138" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="antennata">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF82AE776B38351AFB2CFEDB" box="[1131,1274,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="138">P. antennata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F3716EA4FF82AE776A123515FAA1FEDB" box="[1345,1399,311,337]" name="Italy" pageId="18" pageNumber="138">Italy</collectingCountry>
recently re-described by Radashevsky (2021), and are consequently referred to this species. They have the prostomia anteriorly bifurcated, with two long, distally narrowing lobes, caruncles extending to the end of chaetiger 4, comparatively short occipital antennae, chaetiger 5 spines of the same morphology, bilobed pygidia with two fleshy semi-oval lateral lobes, and gametes developing from chaetiger 12.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF82AE776FEE3627FB5CFD03" blockId="18.[187,1399,517,649]" pageId="18" pageNumber="138">
The exact dimensions of the gametes of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6655B7FF82AE776DD63624FCC2FD95" baseAuthorityName="Claparede" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[645,788,518,543]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="18" pageNumber="138" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="antennata">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF82AE776DD63624FCC2FD95" box="[645,788,518,543]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="138">P. antennata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Mediterranean remain unknown but worms from the Arabian Gulf are unusual among 
<taxonomicName id="4C6655B7FF82AE776DF7360AFCB2FDC8" authorityName="Czerniavsky" authorityYear="1881" box="[676,868,552,578]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="18" pageNumber="138" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF82AE776DF7360AFCB2FDC8" box="[676,868,552,578]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="138">Pseudopolydora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having spermatids joined in tetrads instead of octads, and the spermatozoa with an extremely long midpiece, about 33 µm instead of 3.2−4.6 µm long as in other examined species (see review by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF753C5FF82AE776C51364DFBC9FD03" author="Blake J. A. &amp; Arnofsky P. L." box="[770,1055,623,649]" pageId="18" pageNumber="138" pagination="57 - 106" refId="ref22610" refString="Blake J. A. &amp; Arnofsky P. L. 1999. Reproduction and larval development of the spioniform Polychaeta with application to systematics and phylogeny. Hydrobiologia 402: 57 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1003784324125" type="journal article" year="1999">Blake &amp; Arnofsky 1999</bibRefCitation>
: table 2).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF82AE776FEE3692FA9FFB77" blockId="18.[188,1400,688,1278]" pageId="18" pageNumber="138">
The morphology of genuine 
<taxonomicName id="4C6655B7FF82AE776D453693FD7CFD40" baseAuthorityName="Claparede" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[534,682,689,714]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="18" pageNumber="138" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="antennata">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF82AE776D453693FD7CFD40" box="[534,682,689,714]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="138">P. antennata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae from the Mediterranean has never been described or illustrated (see review by Radashevsky 2021). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF753C5FF82AE776DB436F6FC74FD64" author="Hannerz L." box="[743,930,723,750]" pageId="18" pageNumber="138" pagination="1 - 204" refId="ref23504" refString="Hannerz L. 1956. Larval development of the polychaete families Spionidae Sars, Disomidae Mesnil, and Poecilochaetidae n. fam. in the Gullmar Fjord (Sweden). Zoologiska Bidrag fran Uppsala 31: 1 - 204." type="journal article" year="1956">Hannerz (1956)</bibRefCitation>
described and illustrated pelagic, ready to metamorphose 11- and 13−14-chaetiger 
<taxonomicName id="4C6655B7FF82AE776D9536D5FC5EFC9B" authorityName="Czerniavsky" authorityYear="1881" box="[710,904,759,785]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="18" pageNumber="138" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF82AE776D9536D5FC5EFC9B" box="[710,904,759,785]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="138">Pseudopolydora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae, and a 19-chaetiger juvenile from Gullmar Fjord, 
<collectingCountry id="F3716EA4FF82AE776E293738FE0AFCBE" box="[378,476,794,820]" name="Sweden" pageId="18" pageNumber="138">Sweden</collectingCountry>
. He referred them to 
<taxonomicName id="4C6655B7FF82AE776D8B3739FCBBFCBE" baseAuthorityName="Claparede" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[728,877,795,820]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="18" pageNumber="138" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="antennata">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF82AE776D8B3739FCBBFCBE" box="[728,877,795,820]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="138">P. antennata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and reported that the larvae occurred in the Fjord from July through November but were relatively scarce. The Arabic larvae herein referred to 
<taxonomicName id="4C6655B7FF82AE776FEE3743FE85FCF0" baseAuthorityName="Claparede" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[189,339,865,890]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="18" pageNumber="138" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="antennata">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF82AE776FEE3743FE85FCF0" box="[189,339,865,890]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="138">P. antennata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are similar to those described by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF753C5FF82AE776DA03743FC67FCF1" author="Hannerz L." box="[755,945,864,891]" pageId="18" pageNumber="138" pagination="1 - 204" refId="ref23504" refString="Hannerz L. 1956. Larval development of the polychaete families Spionidae Sars, Disomidae Mesnil, and Poecilochaetidae n. fam. in the Gullmar Fjord (Sweden). Zoologiska Bidrag fran Uppsala 31: 1 - 204." type="journal article" year="1956">Hannerz (1956)</bibRefCitation>
only in having dorso-lateral ramified melanophores from chaetiger 4 onwards, but differ significantly by having 1−2 pairs of subspherical yellow chromatophores in front of lateral eyes, large yellow melanophores on the ventral side of chaetigers, main gastrotrochs on chaetigers 3, 5, 7, and small additional gastrotrochs on chaetigers 9, 10 and/or chaetiger 11, instead of gastrotrochs on chaetigers 5 and 7 only. Moreover, the Arabic larvae are unique among 
<taxonomicName id="4C6655B7FF82AE776EF63032FDB1FBA0" authorityName="Czerniavsky" authorityYear="1881" box="[421,615,1040,1066]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="18" pageNumber="138" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF82AE776EF63032FDB1FBA0" box="[421,615,1040,1066]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="138">Pseudopolydora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae in the absence of large ramified middorsal melanophore on chaetiger 1. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF753C5FF82AE776EDA3016FD78FBC4" author="Rasmussen E." box="[393,686,1076,1102]" pageId="18" pageNumber="138" pagination="1 - 507" refId="ref25057" refString="Rasmussen E. 1973. Systematics and ecology of the Isefjord marine fauna (Denmark). Ophelia 11 (1 - 2): 1 - 507. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00785326.1973.10430115" type="journal article" year="1973">Rasmussen (1973: 113)</bibRefCitation>
described and perfectly illustrated egg capsules laid by 
<taxonomicName id="4C6655B7FF82AE776FEE3075FEA9FBFB" authorityName="Czerniavsky" authorityYear="1881" box="[189,383,1111,1137]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="18" pageNumber="138" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF82AE776FEE3075FEA9FBFB" box="[189,383,1111,1137]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="138">Pseudopolydora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Isefjord, 
<collectingCountry id="F3716EA4FF82AE776D4A3075FD5CFBFB" box="[537,650,1111,1137]" name="Denmark" pageId="18" pageNumber="138">Denmark</collectingCountry>
, and noted that “The hatched larvae from the Isefjord agreed closely with the description [of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6655B7FF82AE776D1D3059FD31FB1E" baseAuthorityName="Claparede" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[590,743,1147,1172]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="18" pageNumber="138" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="antennata">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF82AE776D1D3059FD31FB1E" box="[590,743,1147,1172]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="138">P. antennata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
] given by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF753C5FF82AE776C263058FBFBFB1F" author="Hannerz L." box="[885,1069,1146,1173]" pageId="18" pageNumber="138" pagination="1 - 204" refId="ref23504" refString="Hannerz L. 1956. Larval development of the polychaete families Spionidae Sars, Disomidae Mesnil, and Poecilochaetidae n. fam. in the Gullmar Fjord (Sweden). Zoologiska Bidrag fran Uppsala 31: 1 - 204." type="journal article" year="1956">Hannerz (1956</bibRefCitation>
, pp 126−130)”. Following 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF753C5FF82AE776FEE30BCFEACFB32" author="Hannerz L." box="[189,378,1181,1208]" pageId="18" pageNumber="138" pagination="1 - 204" refId="ref23504" refString="Hannerz L. 1956. Larval development of the polychaete families Spionidae Sars, Disomidae Mesnil, and Poecilochaetidae n. fam. in the Gullmar Fjord (Sweden). Zoologiska Bidrag fran Uppsala 31: 1 - 204." type="journal article" year="1956">Hannerz (1956)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF753C5FF82AE776ED630BCFDB6FB3D" author="Rasmussen E." box="[389,608,1181,1208]" pageId="18" pageNumber="138" pagination="1 - 507" refId="ref25057" refString="Rasmussen E. 1973. Systematics and ecology of the Isefjord marine fauna (Denmark). Ophelia 11 (1 - 2): 1 - 507. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00785326.1973.10430115" type="journal article" year="1973">Rasmussen (1973)</bibRefCitation>
referred Danish worms to 
<taxonomicName id="4C6655B7FF82AE776CC930BCFBFBFB3D" baseAuthorityName="Claparede" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[922,1069,1182,1207]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="18" pageNumber="138" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="antennata">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF82AE776CC930BCFBFBFB3D" box="[922,1069,1182,1207]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="138">P. antennata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Obviously, larvae from the Arabian Gulf referred to 
<taxonomicName id="4C6655B7FF82AE776EB730E3FDAEFB50" baseAuthorityName="Claparede" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[484,632,1217,1242]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="18" pageNumber="138" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="antennata">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF82AE776EB730E3FDAEFB50" box="[484,632,1217,1242]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="138">P. antennata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the present study are not conspecific with those from Gullmar Fjord described by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF753C5FF82AE776EF030C6FDB4FB74" author="Hannerz L." box="[419,610,1251,1278]" pageId="18" pageNumber="138" pagination="1 - 204" refId="ref23504" refString="Hannerz L. 1956. Larval development of the polychaete families Spionidae Sars, Disomidae Mesnil, and Poecilochaetidae n. fam. in the Gullmar Fjord (Sweden). Zoologiska Bidrag fran Uppsala 31: 1 - 204." type="journal article" year="1956">Hannerz (1956)</bibRefCitation>
. Which of them belong to 
<taxonomicName id="4C6655B7FF82AE776CCE30C6FBE7FB77" baseAuthorityName="Claparede" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[925,1073,1252,1277]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="18" pageNumber="138" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="antennata">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF82AE776CCE30C6FBE7FB77" box="[925,1073,1252,1277]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="138">P. antennata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
remains to be clarified.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF82AE776FEE3107FB0DF998" blockId="18.[188,1399,1317,1555]" pageId="18" pageNumber="138">
The larvae from the Arabian Gulf referred to 
<taxonomicName id="4C6655B7FF82AE776D883104FCB8FAB5" baseAuthorityName="Claparede" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[731,878,1318,1343]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="18" pageNumber="138" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="antennata">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF82AE776D883104FCB8FAB5" box="[731,878,1318,1343]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="138">P. antennata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are characterised by the following features: one pair of large ramified dorsal melanophores on chaetiger 3 (one or both of them can be absent), large ramified dorso-lateral melanophores from chaetiger 4 onwards, middorsal melanophore on the pygidium, paired yellow chromatophores in the anterior part of prostomium, and large median, usually unpaired, yellow chromatophores on the ventral side from chaetiger 2 onwards. Melanophores in lateral peristomial lips, middorsal and lateral melanophores on chaetigers, and chromatophores on the ventral side of pygidium, characteristic for larvae of other species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6655B7FF82AE776CDD31DAFB98F998" authorityName="Czerniavsky" authorityYear="1881" box="[910,1102,1528,1554]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="18" pageNumber="138" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF82AE776CDD31DAFB98F998" box="[910,1102,1528,1554]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="138">Pseudopolydora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are absent.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37C7DBFFF82AE776FEE321BFEBDF92F" pageId="18" pageNumber="138" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF82AE776FEE321BFE80F9D9" blockId="18.[189,342,1593,1619]" box="[189,342,1593,1619]" pageId="18" pageNumber="138">
<heading id="D0919958FF82AE776FEE321BFE80F9D9" bold="true" box="[189,342,1593,1619]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="138" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B912F226FF82AE776FEE321BFE80F9D9" bold="true" box="[189,342,1593,1619]" pageId="18" pageNumber="138">Distribution</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD92E34FF82AE776FEE324AFEBDF92F" blockId="18.[189,1398,1640,1701]" pageId="18" pageNumber="138">
Mediterranean Sea; Arabian Gulf (
<figureCitation id="135D32B1FF82AE776D00324AFD66F908" box="[595,688,1640,1666]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[189,232,1813,1839]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,517,1775]" captionTargetId="figure-50@2.[189,1398,517,1775]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Maps showing records (yellow circles) and type localities (stars) of Pseudopolydora spp. from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait (see Supp. Table ESM1). A. P. antennata (Claparède, 1868). B. P. arabica Radashevsky &amp; Al-Kandari, 2020 (red star = type locality: Al-Salmiya, Kuwait). C. P. kuwaiti sp. nov. (red star = type locality: Al-Judailiat). D. Yellow star = type locality of Pseudopolydora auha sp. nov.: Auha Is.; red star = type locality of P. melanopalpa sp. nov.: Sulaibikhat Bay; green star = type locality of Pseudopolydora multispinosa sp. nov.: Al-Salmiya, Kuwait." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5544467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5544467/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="138">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
). See comments by Radashevsky (2021) about other records of this species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>