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<mods:title id="6B0A71C6A016A02E9921434BC0DAE1C9">The Lower Pliocene marine gastropods of Santa Maria Island, Azores: Taxonomy and palaeobiogeographic implications</mods:title>
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<heading id="D09181E62C710926FF1DF8CAFD647338" bold="true" box="[151,734,1835,1862]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C710926FF1DF8CAFE337338" ID-CoL="8ND96" authority="Hoernes" authorityName="M. Hörnes" authorityYear="1852" box="[151,393,1835,1862]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Columbella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bellardii">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C710926FF1DF8CAFE337338" bold="true" box="[151,393,1835,1862]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Columbella Bellardii</emphasis>
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? Hoernes— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AC7109B2C710926FD94F8CDFD607338" author="Mayer, K." box="[542,730,1836,1862]" page="76" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" year="1864">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C710926FD94F8CDFD607338" author="Mayer, K." box="[542,730,1836,1862]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" refId="ref114600" refString="Mayer, K. (1864). Die Tertiar-fauna der Azoren und Madeiren. Zurich, published by the author. Z ¸ rich: vi + 107 pp. + 7 pls." type="book" year="1864">Mayer 1864: 76</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<emphasis id="B912EA982C710926FF1DF895FEA673F0" bold="true" box="[151,284,1908,1934]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Discussion.</emphasis>
According to his discussion, 
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had a fragment of a columbellid that he tentatively identified as 
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<emphasis id="B912EA982C710926FEA6F879FDAD73CC" box="[300,535,1944,1970]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Columbella bellardii</emphasis>
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Ĥrnes, 1852, which was assigned as the 
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species of the genus 
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<emphasis id="B912EA982C710926FAA6F879FA2673CC" box="[1324,1436,1944,1970]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Auingeria</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C710926FF1DF85DFE5F73A8" author="Harzhauser, M. &amp; Landau, B. M." box="[151,485,1980,2006]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="1 - 70" refId="ref107546" refString="Harzhauser, M. &amp; Landau, B. M. (2021) An overlooked diversity - the Costellariidae (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda) of the Miocene Paratethys Sea. Zootaxa, 4982 (1), 1 - 70. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4210.1.1" type="journal article" year="2021">Harzhauser &amp; Landau (2021)</bibRefCitation>
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. That genus is endemic to the Paratethys, and Mayer’s determination is unlikely. We exclude this record from the assemblage.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C770920FF1DFF77FB7276FC" blockId="101.[151,1437,150,642]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FF1DFF77FE8274D0" bold="true" box="[151,312,150,174]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">FIGURE 5. A:</emphasis>
Climatic zones and NE Atlantic Biogeographic Molluscan Provinces for the Pliocene (top left) and for the present times (top right) (adapted from 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C770920FDACFF5DFD5A74AC" author="Avila, S. P. &amp; Melo, C. &amp; Berning, B. &amp; Cordeiro, R. &amp; Landau, B. &amp; Silva, C. M. da" box="[550,736,186,213]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="912 - 923" refId="ref91158" refString="Avila, S. P., Melo, C., Berning, B., Cordeiro, R., Landau, B. &amp; Silva, C. M. da (2016 b) Persististrombus coronatus (Mollusca: Strombidae) in the lower Pliocene of Santa Maria Island (Azores, NE Atlantic): paleoecology, paleoclimatology and paleobiogeographic implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 441, 912 - 923. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2015.10.043" type="journal article" year="2016">
Ávila 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FDEEFF5AFD2B74AC" box="[612,657,186,210]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">et al</emphasis>
. 2016b
</bibRefCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FD7BFF5AFCB074AC" box="[753,778,187,210]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Az</emphasis>
: Azores Archipelago; 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FC67FF5BFBA174AC" box="[1005,1051,186,210]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Mad</emphasis>
: Madeira Archipelago; 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FA86FF5AFA8C74AC" box="[1292,1334,187,210]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Can</emphasis>
: Canaries Archipelago; 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FEAEFF3EFECD7488" box="[292,375,222,246]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">C Verde</emphasis>
: Cabo Verde Archipelago. Note the location of the transition zones. 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FBCEFF3FFBE77488" bold="true" box="[1092,1117,222,246]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">B:</emphasis>
Biogeographical classification of the Macaronesian archipelagos and NE Atlantic façade for the present times, according to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C770920FBDAFEE3FAA77564" author="Freitas, R. &amp; Romeiras, M. &amp; Silva, L. &amp; Cordeiro, R. &amp; Madeira, P. &amp; Gonzalez, J. A. &amp; Wirtz, P. &amp; Falcon, J. M. &amp; Brito, A. &amp; Floeter, S. R. &amp; Afonso, P. &amp; Porteiro, F. &amp; Vieira-Rodriguez, M. A. &amp; Neto, A. I. &amp; Haroun, R. &amp; Rebelo, A. C. &amp; Baptista, L. &amp; Melo, C. S. &amp; Martinez, A. &amp; Nunez, J. &amp; Berning, B. &amp; Johnson, M. E. &amp; Avila, S. P." box="[1104,1309,258,282]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref103655" refString="Freitas, R., Romeiras, M., Silva, L., Cordeiro, R., Madeira, P., Gonzalez, J. A., Wirtz, P., Falcon, J. M., Brito, A., Floeter, S. R., Afonso, P., Porteiro, F., Vieira-Rodriguez, M. A., Neto, A. I., Haroun, R., Farminh &quot; o, J. M. N., Rebelo, A. C., Baptista, L., Melo, C. S., Martinez, A., Nunez, J., Berning, B., Johnson, M. E. &amp; Avila, S. P. (2019) Restructuring of the ' Macaronesia'bi ogeographic unit: A marine multi-taxon biogeographical approach. Scientific Reports, 9 (1), 1 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / s 41598 - 019 - 51786 - 6" type="journal article" year="2019">
Freitas 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FB16FEE2FB707564" box="[1180,1226,258,282]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">et al</emphasis>
. (2019)
</bibRefCitation>
. The Azores ecoregion, the Webbnesia ecoregion (which integrates the archipelagos of Madeira, Selvagens and Canary Islands), the South European Atlantic Shelf ecoregion and the Saharan Upwelling ecoregion, all belong to the Lusitanian Province. The West African Transition Province includes the Cabo Verde subprovince and the Sahelian Upwelling ecoregion. AST—Asturias (north Spain); AZO—Azores Archipelago; BIS—Bay of Biscay sensu lato, from English Channel to Punta Estaca de Bares, Galicia, Spain; CAB—Cabo Verde Archipelago; CAD—Gulf of Cádiz; BRI—British Isles; CAN—Canaries Archipelago; IBE— Iberian shores (from southern Bay of Biscay to Portugal and Gulf of Cádiz); MAD—Madeira Archipelago; MED—western Mediterranean Sea; NWA—northwest African shores (Atlantic Morocco, from Straits of Gibraltar south, Western Sahara to Cape Blanc, Mauritania); POR—Portugal [western Atlantic Iberian façade (from Cabo Vilán, western Galician shores, down to Cape S„o Vicente) and southern shores of Algarve]; SEL—Selvagens Islands; SEN—Senegal; STP—S„o Tomé and Príncipe Archipelago; TWAF—Tropical West Africa [from Cape Blanc (Mauritania) south to Cape Frio (Angola)].
</paragraph>
</caption>
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<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FF1DFD35FECB7690" bold="true" box="[151,369,724,750]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Palaeoclimatology</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C770920FF1DFCFDFBD970E1" blockId="101.[151,1437,796,1543]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
Based on the presence of gastropod genera requiring fully tropical conditions, such as 
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<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FBD9FCFDFB2C7748" box="[1107,1174,796,822]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Turbo</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
, 
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<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FADFFCFCFA277748" box="[1365,1437,797,822]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Nerita</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
, 
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<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FEDAFCA1FE1D7724" box="[336,423,832,858]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Cheilea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
, 
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<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FDDFFCA0FD077724" box="[597,701,833,858]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Hipponix</emphasis>
Defrance, 1819
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C770920FCF1FCA1FB717725" authority="Dekkers, 2008" authorityName="Dekkers" authorityYear="2008" box="[891,1227,832,859]" class="Gastropoda" family="Strombidae" genus="Thetystrombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FCF1FCA1FBA57724" box="[891,1055,832,858]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Thetystrombus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C770920FBAFFCA1FB717725" author="Dekkers, A. M." box="[1061,1227,832,859]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="35 - 64" refId="ref100588" refString="Dekkers, A. M. (2008) Revision of the family Strombidae (Gastropoda) on the supraspecific level. Part One. De Kreukel, 44 (3), 35 - 64." type="journal article" year="2008">Dekkers, 2008</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C770920FB5FFCA0FA877724" authorityName="Roding" authorityYear="1798" box="[1237,1341,833,858]" class="Gastropoda" family="Personidae" genus="Distorsio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FB5FFCA0FA877724" box="[1237,1341,833,858]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Distorsio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
R̂ding, 1798, 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C770920FF54FC85FD017701" authority="Harzhauser &amp; Landau, 2021" authorityName="Harzhauser &amp; Landau" authorityYear="2021" box="[222,699,868,895]" class="Gastropoda" family="Costellariidae" genus="Bellardithala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FF54FC85FEC87700" box="[222,370,868,894]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Bellardithala</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C770920FEF3FC85FD017701" author="Harzhauser, M. &amp; Landau, B. M." box="[377,699,868,895]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 70" refId="ref107546" refString="Harzhauser, M. &amp; Landau, B. M. (2021) An overlooked diversity - the Costellariidae (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda) of the Miocene Paratethys Sea. Zootaxa, 4982 (1), 1 - 70. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4210.1.1" type="journal article" year="2021">Harzhauser &amp; Landau, 2021</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C770920FD4DFC85FC5F7701" authority="Swainson, 1840" authorityName="Swainson" authorityYear="1840" box="[711,997,868,895]" class="Gastropoda" family="Mitridae" genus="Cancilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FD4DFC85FC9D7700" box="[711,807,868,894]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Cancilla</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C770920FCA4FC85FC5F7701" author="Swainson, W." box="[814,997,868,895]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refId="ref126327" refString="Swainson, W. (1840) A treatise on malacology or shells and shellfish. Longman, London, VIII + 419 pp." type="book" year="1840">Swainson, 1840</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C770920FC7AFC85FB4C7701" authority="Wenz, 1943" authorityName="Wenz" authorityYear="1943" box="[1008,1270,868,895]" class="Gastropoda" family="Clavatulidae" genus="Tomellana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FC7AFC85FBDF7700" box="[1008,1125,868,894]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Tomellana</emphasis>
Wenz, 1943
</taxonomicName>
, high diversity of conids, including fully tropical genera such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C770920FD5FFC69FC5977DD" authority="Petuch, 1975" authorityName="Petuch" authorityYear="1975" box="[725,995,904,931]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Africonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FD5FFC69FCF877DC" box="[725,834,904,930]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Africonus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C770920FCC1FC69FC5977DD" author="Petuch, E. J." box="[843,995,904,931]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="262 - 263" refId="ref119676" refString="Petuch, E. J. (1975) A review of the small Mauritanian cone shells with descriptions of a new genus and a new species (Gastropoda: Conidae). The Veliger, 17 (3), 262 - 263." type="journal article" year="1975">Petuch, 1975</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C770920FC7BFC69FA2677DD" authority="Tucker &amp; Tenorio, 2009" authorityName="Tucker &amp; Tenorio" authorityYear="2009" box="[1009,1436,904,931]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Plagioconus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FC7BFC69FBC777DC" box="[1009,1149,904,930]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Plagioconus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C770920FB0CFC69FA2677DD" author="Tucker, J. K. &amp; Tenorio, M. J." box="[1158,1436,904,931]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refId="ref127328" refString="Tucker, J. K. &amp; Tenorio, M. J. (2009) Systematic Classification of Recent and Fossil Conoidean Gastropods, with Keys to the Genera of Cone Shells. ConchBooks, Hackenheim, Germany, 294 pp." type="book" year="2009">Tucker &amp; Tenorio, 2009</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C770920FF43FC4DFEC977B8" authorityName="Morch" authorityYear="1852" box="[201,371,940,966]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Stephanoconus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FF43FC4DFEC977B8" box="[201,371,940,966]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Stephanoconus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
M̂rch, 1852 and the species 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C770920FD59FC4DFB0177B9" authority="(Grateloup, 1845)" baseAuthorityName="Grateloup" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[723,1211,940,967]" class="Gastropoda" family="Fasciolariidae" genus="Aurantilaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tarbelliana">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FD59FC4DFC5F77B8" box="[723,997,940,966]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Aurantilaria tarbelliana</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C770920FC7DFC4DFB0977B9" author="Grateloup, J. P. S. de" box="[1015,1203,940,967]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refId="ref106160" refString="Grateloup, J. P. S. de (1845 - 1847) Conchyliologie fossile des terrains tertiaires du Bassin de l'Adour (environs de Dax). 1. Univalves. Atlas. Lafargue, Th., Bordeaux, XX + 12 pp." type="book" year="1845">Grateloup, 1845</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C770920FB46FC4DFF687795" author="Tucker, J. K. &amp; Tenorio, M. J." pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refId="ref127328" refString="Tucker, J. K. &amp; Tenorio, M. J. (2009) Systematic Classification of Recent and Fossil Conoidean Gastropods, with Keys to the Genera of Cone Shells. ConchBooks, Hackenheim, Germany, 294 pp." type="book" year="2009">Tucker &amp; Tenorio 2009</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C770920FF6AFC31FE007795" author="Landau, B. M. &amp; Silva, C. M. da &amp; Mayoral, E." box="[224,442,976,1003]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 90" refId="ref111893" refString="Landau, B. M., Silva, C. M. da &amp; Mayoral, E. (2011) The lower Pliocene gastropods of the Huelva Sands Formation, Guadalquivir Basin, southwestern Spain. Palaeofocus, 4, 1 - 90." type="journal article" year="2011">
Landau 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FEB7FC30FECA7794" box="[317,368,976,1002]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">et al</emphasis>
. 2011
</bibRefCitation>
, table 1; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C770920FDAFFC33FD427794" author="Avila, S. P. &amp; Melo, C. &amp; Berning, B. &amp; Cordeiro, R. &amp; Landau, B. &amp; Silva, C. M. da" box="[549,760,976,1005]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="912 - 923" refId="ref91158" refString="Avila, S. P., Melo, C., Berning, B., Cordeiro, R., Landau, B. &amp; Silva, C. M. da (2016 b) Persististrombus coronatus (Mollusca: Strombidae) in the lower Pliocene of Santa Maria Island (Azores, NE Atlantic): paleoecology, paleoclimatology and paleobiogeographic implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 441, 912 - 923. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2015.10.043" type="journal article" year="2016">
Ávila 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FDE6FC30FD257794" box="[620,671,976,1002]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">et al</emphasis>
. 2016b
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C770920FC8CFC31FBFC7794" author="Harzhauser, M. &amp; Landau, B. M." box="[774,1094,976,1003]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 178" refId="ref107505" refString="Harzhauser, M. &amp; Landau, B. M. (2016) A revision of the Neogene Conidae and Conorbidae (Gastropoda) of the Paratethys Sea. Zootaxa, 4210 (1), 1 - 178." type="journal article" year="2016">Harzhauser &amp; Landau 2016</bibRefCitation>
), We interpret the assemblage as being fully tropical, rather than subtropical as done by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C770920FCADFC14FC7C7070" author="Mayer, K." box="[807,966,1012,1039]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refId="ref114600" refString="Mayer, K. (1864). Die Tertiar-fauna der Azoren und Madeiren. Zurich, published by the author. Z ¸ rich: vi + 107 pp. + 7 pls." type="book" year="1864">Mayer (1864)</bibRefCitation>
. Some of the species present in the Santa Maria assemblages [e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C770920FE3BFBF9FC81704D" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[433,827,1048,1075]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hipponicidae" genus="Cheilea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="equestris">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FE3BFBF9FDCE704C" box="[433,628,1048,1074]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Cheilea equestris</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C770920FD08FBF9FC89704D" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[642,819,1048,1075]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refId="ref112867" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 1. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C770920FCCCFBF8FB7B704D" authority="(Borson, 1820)" baseAuthorityName="Borson" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[838,1217,1048,1075]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hipponicidae" genus="Hipponix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sulcatus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FCCCFBF8FBAA704C" box="[838,1040,1048,1074]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Hipponix sulcatus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C770920FB94FBF8FB00704D" author="Borson, S." box="[1054,1210,1049,1075]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="180 - 299" refId="ref95300" refString="Borson, S. (1820) Saggio di orittografia piemontese. Memorie della Reale Academia di Scienze di Torino, 25, 180 - 299." type="journal article" year="1820">Borson, 1820</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C770920FB71FBF9FE757029" authority="(Defrance, 1827)" baseAuthorityName="Defrance" baseAuthorityYear="1827" class="Gastropoda" family="Strombidae" genus="Tethystrombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="coronatus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FB71FBF9FEBC7028" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Tethystrombus coronatus</emphasis>
(Defrance, 1827)
</taxonomicName>
] are present in the Mediterranean during the fully tropical Pliocene but did not survive the cooling event at the end of MPPMU1. Conversely, there are no genera present typical of European temperate waters (e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C770920FEADFB64FDF470E1" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[295,590,1156,1183]" class="Gastropoda" family="Buccinidae" genus="Buccinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FEADFB64FE2D70E0" box="[295,407,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Buccinum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C770920FE14FB65FDF470E1" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[414,590,1156,1183]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refId="ref112867" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 1. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C770920FDD3FB65FD2070E0" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[601,666,1156,1182]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Murex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="colus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FDD3FB65FD2070E0" box="[601,666,1156,1182]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Colus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
R̂ding, 1798, 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C770920FCCDFB64FC0870E0" authorityName="Roding" authorityYear="1798" box="[839,946,1157,1182]" class="Gastropoda" family="Buccinidae" genus="Neptunea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FCCDFB64FC0870E0" box="[839,946,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Neptunea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
R̂ding, 1798).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C770920FF4DFB49FB9D7278" blockId="101.[151,1437,796,1543]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
Palaeo-SSTs for water masses around Santa Maria were discussed by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C770920FC69FB4BFB7F70BC" author="Avila, S. P. &amp; Melo, C. &amp; Berning, B. &amp; Cordeiro, R. &amp; Landau, B. &amp; Silva, C. M. da" box="[995,1221,1192,1221]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="912 - 923" refId="ref91158" refString="Avila, S. P., Melo, C., Berning, B., Cordeiro, R., Landau, B. &amp; Silva, C. M. da (2016 b) Persististrombus coronatus (Mollusca: Strombidae) in the lower Pliocene of Santa Maria Island (Azores, NE Atlantic): paleoecology, paleoclimatology and paleobiogeographic implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 441, 912 - 923. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2015.10.043" type="journal article" year="2016">
Ávila 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FBA0FB48FBE770BC" box="[1066,1117,1192,1218]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">et al</emphasis>
. (2016b)
</bibRefCitation>
based on the presence of 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C770920FF64FB2DFD5F7099" authority="(Defrance, 1827)" baseAuthorityName="Defrance" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[238,741,1228,1255]" class="Gastropoda" family="Strombidae" genus="Persististrombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="coronatus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FF64FB2DFDA47098" box="[238,542,1228,1254]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Persististrombus coronatus</emphasis>
(Defrance, 1827)
</taxonomicName>
, now placed in the genus 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FB8BFB2DFB187098" box="[1025,1186,1228,1254]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Tethystrombus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C770920FB23FB2DFAF57099" author="Dekkers, A. M." box="[1193,1359,1228,1255]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="35 - 64" refId="ref100588" refString="Dekkers, A. M. (2008) Revision of the family Strombidae (Gastropoda) on the supraspecific level. Part One. De Kreukel, 44 (3), 35 - 64." type="journal article" year="2008">Dekkers, 2008</bibRefCitation>
. Those authors suggested that during MPPMU1 (i.e., Zanclean and earliest Piacenzian from 5.33 to about 3 Ma) there was a large climatic zone (see 
<figureCitation id="135D2A0F2C770920FE4EFAF5FDA77151" box="[452,541,1300,1327]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="101.[151,250,150,174]" captionTargetId="figure-24@100.[331,1255,181,2007]" captionTargetPageId="100" captionText="FIGURE 5. A: Climatic zones and NE Atlantic Biogeographic Molluscan Provinces for the Pliocene (top left) and for the present times (top right) (adapted from Ávila et al. 2016b). Az: Azores Archipelago; Mad: Madeira Archipelago; Can: Canaries Archipelago; C Verde: Cabo Verde Archipelago. Note the location of the transition zones. B: Biogeographical classification of the Macaronesian archipelagos and NE Atlantic façade for the present times, according to Freitas et al. (2019). The Azores ecoregion, the Webbnesia ecoregion (which integrates the archipelagos of Madeira, Selvagens and Canary Islands), the South European Atlantic Shelf ecoregion and the Saharan Upwelling ecoregion, all belong to the Lusitanian Province. The West African Transition Province includes the Cabo Verde subprovince and the Sahelian Upwelling ecoregion.AST—Asturias (north Spain); AZO—Azores Archipelago; BIS—Bay of Biscay sensu lato, from English Channel to Punta Estaca de Bares, Galicia, Spain; CAB—Cabo Verde Archipelago; CAD—Gulf of Cádiz; BRI—British Isles; CAN—Canaries Archipelago; IBE— Iberian shores (from southern Bay of Biscay to Portugal and Gulf of Cádiz); MAD—Madeira Archipelago; MED—western Mediterranean Sea; NWA—northwest African shores (Atlantic Morocco, from Straits of Gibraltar south, Western Sahara to Cape Blanc, Mauritania); POR—Portugal [western Atlantic Iberian façade (from Cabo Vilán, western Galician shores, down to Cape S„o Vicente) and southern shores of Algarve]; SEL—Selvagens Islands; SEN—Senegal; STP—S„o Tomé and Príncipe Archipelago; TWAF—Tropical West Africa [from Cape Blanc (Mauritania) south to Cape Frio (Angola)]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7975736" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7975736/files/figure.png" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
) with full tropical conditions that extended some distance north of the Azores south to 
<collectingCountry id="F371761A2C770920FF76FAD9FEE9712C" box="[252,339,1336,1362]" name="Angola" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Angola</collectingCountry>
: the Pliocene Mediterranean-West African (palaeobiogeographic) Province (PMWAP) (see also 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C770920FF1DFABDFE157109" author="Monegatti, P. &amp; Raffi, S." box="[151,431,1372,1399]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="171 - 193" refId="ref116065" refString="Monegatti, P. &amp; Raffi, S. (2001) Taxonomic diversity and stratigraphic distribution of Mediterranean Pliocene bivalves. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 165, 171 - 193. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0031 - 0182 (00) 00159 - 0" type="journal article" year="2001">Monegatti &amp; Raffi, 2001</bibRefCitation>
; Silva &amp; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C770920FD9CFABDFD0F7109" author="Landau, B. M. &amp; Houart, R &amp; Silva, C. M. da" box="[534,693,1372,1399]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 87" refId="ref111538" refString="Landau, B. M., Houart, R &amp; Silva, C. M. da (2007) The early Pliocene Gastropoda (Mollusca) of Estepona, southern Spain. 7. Muricidae. Palaeontos, 11, 1 - 87." type="journal article" year="2007">Landau, 2007</bibRefCitation>
). They also stated that the palaeoclimate at Santa Maria Island was drastically different from that seen at those latitudes today, with mean annual sea surface temperatures (SSTs) about 3.7 °C to 6.3 °C higher than the present-day 20.6 °C, and with mean monthly SSTs ranging from 20 °C to 28 °C, with six months with mean SSTs over 24 °C, conditions typical of a tropical setting. The rest of the warm-water taxa represented in the same Santa Maria assemblages further support this conclusion.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C770920FF1DF9B9FE30720C" blockId="101.[151,394,1624,1650]" box="[151,394,1624,1650]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FF1DF9B9FE30720C" bold="true" box="[151,394,1624,1650]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Palaeobiogeography</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C770923FF1DF941FE727487" blockId="101.[151,1437,1696,2011]" lastBlockId="102.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="102" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
Palaeobiogeographical implications are difficult to draw based on such a small number of taxa. However, certain inferences can be made (cf. 
<figureCitation id="135D2A0F2C770920FE6BF925FD8472A1" box="[481,574,1732,1759]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="101.[151,250,150,174]" captionTargetId="figure-24@100.[331,1255,181,2007]" captionTargetPageId="100" captionText="FIGURE 5. A: Climatic zones and NE Atlantic Biogeographic Molluscan Provinces for the Pliocene (top left) and for the present times (top right) (adapted from Ávila et al. 2016b). Az: Azores Archipelago; Mad: Madeira Archipelago; Can: Canaries Archipelago; C Verde: Cabo Verde Archipelago. Note the location of the transition zones. B: Biogeographical classification of the Macaronesian archipelagos and NE Atlantic façade for the present times, according to Freitas et al. (2019). The Azores ecoregion, the Webbnesia ecoregion (which integrates the archipelagos of Madeira, Selvagens and Canary Islands), the South European Atlantic Shelf ecoregion and the Saharan Upwelling ecoregion, all belong to the Lusitanian Province. The West African Transition Province includes the Cabo Verde subprovince and the Sahelian Upwelling ecoregion.AST—Asturias (north Spain); AZO—Azores Archipelago; BIS—Bay of Biscay sensu lato, from English Channel to Punta Estaca de Bares, Galicia, Spain; CAB—Cabo Verde Archipelago; CAD—Gulf of Cádiz; BRI—British Isles; CAN—Canaries Archipelago; IBE— Iberian shores (from southern Bay of Biscay to Portugal and Gulf of Cádiz); MAD—Madeira Archipelago; MED—western Mediterranean Sea; NWA—northwest African shores (Atlantic Morocco, from Straits of Gibraltar south, Western Sahara to Cape Blanc, Mauritania); POR—Portugal [western Atlantic Iberian façade (from Cabo Vilán, western Galician shores, down to Cape S„o Vicente) and southern shores of Algarve]; SEL—Selvagens Islands; SEN—Senegal; STP—S„o Tomé and Príncipe Archipelago; TWAF—Tropical West Africa [from Cape Blanc (Mauritania) south to Cape Frio (Angola)]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7975736" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7975736/files/figure.png" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
). The Azorean PMWAP assemblage shows a high affinity with that of the tropical Mediterranean-West African Palaeobiogeographical Province during the Zanclean and earliest Piacenzian (the period of time represented by the MPPMU1). Twenty-seven (35%) of species are found both in the Santa Maria assemblages and in the Pliocene Mediterranean during MPPMU1. The association with the subtropical Pliocene French-Iberian Province (PFIP 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FE76F8B4FD807310" box="[508,570,1877,1902]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C770920FDC9F8B7FCAF7310" author="Avila, S. P. &amp; Melo, C. &amp; Berning, B. &amp; Cordeiro, R. &amp; Landau, B. &amp; Silva, C. M. da" box="[579,789,1876,1905]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="912 - 923" refId="ref91158" refString="Avila, S. P., Melo, C., Berning, B., Cordeiro, R., Landau, B. &amp; Silva, C. M. da (2016 b) Persististrombus coronatus (Mollusca: Strombidae) in the lower Pliocene of Santa Maria Island (Azores, NE Atlantic): paleoecology, paleoclimatology and paleobiogeographic implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 441, 912 - 923. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2015.10.043" type="journal article" year="2016">
Ávila 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FD00F8B4FD077310" box="[650,701,1876,1902]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">et al</emphasis>
. 2016b
</bibRefCitation>
) is weaker [13 species (17%)], and very few species are found in common with the warm temperate Pliocene Boreal-Celtic Province (PBCP 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FBF9F898FB0B73EC" box="[1139,1201,1913,1938]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C770920FB37F89BFA2F73EC" author="Avila, S. P. &amp; Melo, C. &amp; Berning, B. &amp; Cordeiro, R. &amp; Landau, B. &amp; Silva, C. M. da" box="[1213,1429,1912,1941]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="912 - 923" refId="ref91158" refString="Avila, S. P., Melo, C., Berning, B., Cordeiro, R., Landau, B. &amp; Silva, C. M. da (2016 b) Persististrombus coronatus (Mollusca: Strombidae) in the lower Pliocene of Santa Maria Island (Azores, NE Atlantic): paleoecology, paleoclimatology and paleobiogeographic implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 441, 912 - 923. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2015.10.043" type="journal article" year="2016">
Ávila 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FA8CF898FA8173EC" box="[1286,1339,1912,1938]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">et al</emphasis>
. 2016b
</bibRefCitation>
) further to the North [6 or 7 species (8-9%)], mainly ubiquitous European species such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C770920FB26F87DFEE273A5" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Gastropoda" family="Calyptraeidae" genus="Calyptraea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="chinensis">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FB26F87DFA2673C8" box="[1196,1436,1948,1974]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Calyptraea chinensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C770920FF15F821FEEA73A5" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[159,336,1984,2011]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refId="ref112867" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 1. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C770920FEE9F821FC9273A5" authority="(Lamarck, 1818)" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[355,808,1984,2011]" class="Gastropoda" family="Vermetidae" genus="Petaloconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="intortus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FEE9F821FDDE73A4" box="[355,612,1984,2010]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Petaloconchus intortus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C770920FDF8F821FC9A73A5" author="Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de" box="[626,800,1984,2011]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refId="ref110699" refString="Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de M. (1818) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans verte`bres, pre´sentant des characte`res ge´ne´raux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leurs classes, leurs familles, leurs genres, et la citation des principales espe`ces qui s'y rapportent, pre´ce´de´e d'une introduction offrant la de´termination des caracte`res essentiels de l'animal, sa distinction du ve´ge´tal et des autres corps naturels; enfin, l'exposition des principes fondamentaux de la zoologie, 5. Derteville, Paris, 622 pp." type="book" year="1818">Lamarck, 1818</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C770920FCB9F821FB5173A5" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[819,1259,1984,2011]" class="Gastropoda" family="Vermetidae" genus="Thylacodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="arenarius">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FCB9F821FB9E73A4" box="[819,1060,1984,2010]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Thylacodes arenarius</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C770920FBB8F821FB5973A5" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[1074,1251,1984,2011]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refId="ref112867" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 1. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C770923FAAEF821FDC274CF" authority="(Schumacher, 1817)" baseAuthorityName="Schumacher" baseAuthorityYear="1817" class="Gastropoda" family="Siliquariidae" genus="Tenagodus" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="102" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="obtusus" subGenus="Tenagodus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C770920FAAEF821FA2673A4" box="[1316,1436,1984,2010]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Tenagodus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FF2BFF76FEA374CF" box="[161,281,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Tenagodus</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FEA4FF76FE3E74CF" box="[302,388,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">obtusus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C740923FE1CFF76FDCA74CF" author="Schumacher, C. F." box="[406,624,151,177]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refId="ref124100" refString="Schumacher, C. F. (1817) Essai d'un nouveau systeIme des habitations des vers testaceis. Schultz, Copenhagen, 287 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 35863" type="book" year="1817">Schumacher, 1817</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. We note that at least some of these widely distributed species may represent species groups that are difficult if not impossible to separate based on shell characters rather than single species (e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C740923FEA5FF3EFE0D7487" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[303,439,223,249]" class="Gastropoda" family="Calyptraeidae" genus="Calyptraea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="chinensis">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FEA5FF3EFE0D7487" box="[303,439,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">C. chinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C740923FF4DFEE2FEFB76FB" blockId="102.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
The most widely dispersed species found in the Santa Maria assemblages are all within the 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C740923FB57FEE2FF68753F" authority="Suter, 1913" authorityName="Suter" authorityYear="1913" class="Gastropoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="102" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Tonnoidea">
Tonnoidea 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C740923FAD1FEE2FF68753F" author="Suter, H." pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refId="ref126028" refString="Suter, H. (1913) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca, with an atlas of quarto plates. Government Printer, Wellington, XXIII + 1120 pp. [1915] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1716" type="book" year="1913">Suter, 1913</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. This is hardly surprising as tonnoidean species have large multispiral protoconchs (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C740923FB18FEC6FA94753F" author="Beu, A. G." box="[1170,1326,294,321]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="69 - 96" refId="ref94402" refString="Beu, A. G. (1988 a) Taxonomy of gastropods of the families Ranellidae (= Cymatiidae) and Bursidae. Part 5. Early history of the families, with four new genera and recognition of the family Personidae. Saito Ho-on Kai Special Publication, Prof. T. Kotaka Commemorative Volume, 69 - 96." type="book chapter" year="1988">Beu 1988: 75</bibRefCitation>
) suggesting planktotrophic dispersal, and the veligers of modern species have been shown to live for up to in the plankton—teleplanic larvae (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C740923FE51FE8EFD6575F7" author="Jablonski, D. &amp; Lutz, R. A." box="[475,735,367,393]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="323 - 377" refId="ref108860" refString="Jablonski, D. &amp; Lutz, R. A. (1980) Molluscan Larval Shell Morphology, Ecological and Paleontological Applications. In: Rhoads, D. C. &amp; Lutz, R. A. (Eds.), Skeletal Growth of Aquatic Organisms, Biological Records of Environmental Change. Plenum Press, New York and London, pp. 323 - 377. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4899 - 4995 - 0 _ 10" type="book chapter" year="1980">Jablonski &amp; Lutz 1980</bibRefCitation>
), and to travel vast distances (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C740923FBA1FE8EFB7C75F7" author="Beu, A. G." box="[1067,1222,367,393]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="69 - 96" refId="ref94402" refString="Beu, A. G. (1988 a) Taxonomy of gastropods of the families Ranellidae (= Cymatiidae) and Bursidae. Part 5. Early history of the families, with four new genera and recognition of the family Personidae. Saito Ho-on Kai Special Publication, Prof. T. Kotaka Commemorative Volume, 69 - 96." type="book chapter" year="1988">Beu 1988: 73</bibRefCitation>
). Two species have an amphiatlantic distribution during the Plio-Pleistocene: 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C740923FCAFFE72FB2A75D3" authority="(Gmelin, 1791)" baseAuthorityName="Gmelin" baseAuthorityYear="1791" box="[805,1168,403,429]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bursidae" genus="Aspa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="marginata">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FCAFFE72FC6375D2" box="[805,985,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Aspa marginata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C740923FC63FE72FB3275D3" author="Gmelin, J. F." box="[1001,1160,403,429]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="3021 - 4120" refId="ref105152" refString="Gmelin, J. F. (1791) Caroli a Linnei systema natura per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, disserentis, synonymis, locis etc. Editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata, cura J. F. Gmelin. 1 (6). Vermes testacea. G. E. Beer, Lipsiae, pp. 3021 - 4120." type="book chapter" year="1791">Gmelin, 1791</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, which today no longer occurs in the tropical western Atlantic and is found only along the coast of West Africa, Madeira, Canary Islands and 
<collectingCountry id="F371761A2C740923FF4DFE3AFEF1758B" box="[199,331,475,501]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Cabo Verde</collectingCountry>
archipelagos; and 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C740923FDAAFE3AFC72758B" authority="(A. Adams, 1855)" baseAuthorityName="A. Adams" baseAuthorityYear="1855" box="[544,968,474,501]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cymatiidae" genus="Monoplex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="comptus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FDAAFE3AFD4F758A" box="[544,757,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Monoplex comptus</emphasis>
(A. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C740923FCA2FE3AFC05758B" author="Adams, A." box="[808,959,474,501]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refId="ref88682" refString="Adams, A. (1855) Monographs of the genera Eulima, Niso, Leiostraca, Obeliscus, Pyramidella, and Monoptygma. In: Sowerby, G. B. II (Eds.), Thesaurus conchyliorum, or monographs of genera of shells. Vol. 2. Sowerby, G. B., London, pp. 793 - 825." type="book" year="1855">Adams, 1855</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
which still has an amphiatlantic distribution. Of particular interest is the presence of 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C740923FD0CFE1EFBD07667" authority="Emerson &amp; Puffer, 1953" authorityName="Emerson &amp; Puffer" authorityYear="1953" box="[646,1130,510,537]" class="Gastropoda" family="Personidae" genus="Distorsio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="mcgintyi">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FD0CFE1EFCEE7666" box="[646,852,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Distorsio mcgintyi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C740923FCD1FE1EFBD07667" author="Emerson, W. K. &amp; Puffer, E. L." box="[859,1130,510,537]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="93 - 108" refId="ref101520" refString="Emerson, W. K. &amp; Puffer, E. L. (1953) A catalogue of the molluscan genus Distorsio (Gastropoda, Cymatiidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 66, 93 - 108." type="journal article" year="1953">
Emerson &amp; Puffer, 
<quantity id="4C9E9B6F2C740923FBB8FE1FFBD07667" box="[1074,1130,510,537]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.96062" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" unit="in" value="1953.0">1953</quantity>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
in the Azores assemblages. This species has a long history in the Cainozoic of the Tropical American Atlantic, going back to the lower Miocene (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C740923FF15FDA6FE29761F" author="Landau, B. M. &amp; Silva, C. M. da" box="[159,403,583,609]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="1 - 221" refId="ref111854" refString="Landau, B. M. &amp; Silva, C. M. da (2010) Early Pliocene gastropods of Cubagua, Venezuela: taxonomy, palaeobiogeography and ecostratigraphy. Palaeontos, 10, 1 - 221." type="journal article" year="2010">Landau &amp; Silva 2010</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C740923FE17FDA6FDB4761F" author="Beu, A. G." box="[413,526,583,609]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="1 - 550" refId="ref94635" refString="Beu, A. G. (2010) Neogene tonnoidean gastropods of tropical and South America: contributions to the Dominican Republic and Panama Paleontology Projects and uplift of the Central American Isthmus. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 377 - 378, 1 - 550." type="journal article" year="2010">Beu 2010</bibRefCitation>
). Its presence in the Pliocene of the Azores Archipelago is the most eastern record for the species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C740923FF4DFD6EFA3670DF" blockId="102.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
We consider the following to be endemic species to the Santa 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C740923FC29FD6EFBEA76D7" authority="Pliocene" authorityName="Pliocene" box="[931,1104,655,681]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nassariidae" genus="Santa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="maria">Maria Pliocene</taxonomicName>
to present-day assemblages: 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C740923FF1DFD52FD9F76B3" authority="(Bronn, 1861)" baseAuthorityName="Bronn" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[151,549,691,717]" class="Gastropoda" family="Chilodontaidae" genus="Danilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seguenziida" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pterostomus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FF1DFD52FEC676B2" box="[151,380,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Danilia pterostomus</emphasis>
(Bronn, 1861)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C740923FDBBFD52FCD176B3" authority="Bronn 1861" authorityName="Bronn" authorityYear="1861" box="[561,875,691,717]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turbinidae" genus="Turbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hartungi">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FDBBFD52FD6676B3" box="[561,732,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Turbo hartungi</emphasis>
Bronn 1861
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C740923FCF2FD52FAA776B3" authority="(Bronn, 1862)" baseAuthorityName="Bronn" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[888,1309,691,717]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cerithiidae" genus="Thericium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neotaenioglossa" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crenulosum">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FCF2FD52FBCE76B3" box="[888,1140,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Thericium crenulosum</emphasis>
(Bronn, 1862)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C740923FAA3FD52FE19768F" authority="(Mayer, 1862)" baseAuthorityName="Mayer" baseAuthorityYear="1862" class="Gastropoda" family="Cerithiidae" genus="Thericium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neotaenioglossa" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hartungi">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FAA3FD52FF4D768F" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Thericium hartungi</emphasis>
(Mayer, 1862)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C740923FE3AFD36FC82768F" authority="(Mayer, 1862)" baseAuthorityName="Mayer" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[432,824,727,753]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cerithiidae" genus="Thericium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neotaenioglossa" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="incultum">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FE3AFD36FD37768F" box="[432,653,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Thericium incultum</emphasis>
(Mayer, 1862)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C740923FCCFFD36FBF2768F" authority="Sacchetti &amp; Landau &amp; Ávila, 2023" authorityName="Sacchetti &amp; Landau &amp; Ávila" authorityYear="2023" box="[837,1096,727,753]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cerithiidae" genus="Bittium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="miradouroense" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FCCFFD36FBF2768F" box="[837,1096,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Bittium miradouroense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22157E32C740923FBDAFD36FB12768F" box="[1104,1192,727,753]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" rank="species">nov. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C740923FB3FFD36FABD768E" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1847" box="[1205,1287,727,752]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cerithiidae" genus="Bittium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FB3FFD36FABD768E" box="[1205,1287,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Bittium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
an nov. sp.?, 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C740923FF1DFD1AFE5F776B" authority="(Mayer, 1864)" baseAuthorityName="Mayer" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[151,485,763,789]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cerithiidae" genus="Bittium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nanum">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FF1DFD1AFE86776A" box="[151,316,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Bittium nanum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C740923FEC0FD1AFE67776B" author="Mayer, K." box="[330,477,763,789]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refId="ref114600" refString="Mayer, K. (1864). Die Tertiar-fauna der Azoren und Madeiren. Zurich, published by the author. Z ¸ rich: vi + 107 pp. + 7 pls." type="book" year="1864">Mayer, 1864</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C740923FE65FD1AFCA0776B" authority="Beu, 2017" authorityName="Beu" authorityYear="2017" box="[495,794,763,789]" class="Gastropoda" family="Epitoniidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="krejcii">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FE65FD1AFD25776B" box="[495,671,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Janthina krejcii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C740923FD2EFD1AFCA0776B" author="Beu, A. G." box="[676,794,763,789]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="119 - 222" refId="ref94683" refString="Beu, A. G. (2017) Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum, 69, 119 - 222. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 2201 - 4349.69.2017.1666" type="journal article" year="2017">Beu, 2017</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C740923FCAEFD1AFB35776B" authority="(Mayer, 1862)" baseAuthorityName="Mayer" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[804,1167,763,789]" class="Gastropoda" family="Naticidae" genus="Euspira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="atlantica">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FCAEFD1AFC5D776B" box="[804,999,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Euspira atlantica</emphasis>
(Mayer, 1862)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C740923FB10FD1AFE987747" authority="Gofas, 1989" authorityName="Gofas" authorityYear="1989" class="Gastropoda" family="Rissoidae" genus="Alvania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="mediolittoralis">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FB10FD1AFA26776B" box="[1178,1436,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Alvania mediolittoralis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C740923FF1DFCFEFE987747" author="Gofas, S." box="[151,290,799,825]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="159 - 182" refId="ref105227" refString="Gofas, S. (1989) Le genre Volvarina (Marginellidae) dans la Mediterranee et l'Atlantique du Nord-Est. Bollettino Malacologico, 25, 159 - 182." type="journal article" year="1989">Gofas, 1989</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C740923FEA6FCFEFDC07747" authority="(Amati, 1987)" baseAuthorityName="Amati" baseAuthorityYear="1987" box="[300,634,799,825]" class="Gastropoda" family="Rissoidae" genus="Alvania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sleursi">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FEA6FCFEFE6E7747" box="[300,468,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Alvania sleursi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C740923FE68FCFEFDC97747" author="Amati, B." box="[482,627,799,825]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="25 - 30" refId="ref89003" refString="Amati, B. (1987) Manzonia (Alvinia) sleursi sp. n. (Gastropoda; Prosobranchia). Notiziario del C. I. S. MA., 9 (10), 25 - 30." type="journal article" year="1987">Amati, 1987</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C740923FD0FFCFEFCA37746" authority="Sacchetti &amp; Landau &amp; Ávila, 2023" authorityName="Sacchetti &amp; Landau &amp; Ávila" authorityYear="2023" box="[645,793,799,824]" class="Gastropoda" family="Eratoidae" genus="Erato" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="mayeri" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FD0FFCFEFCA37746" box="[645,793,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Erato mayeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22157E32C740923FC95FCFEFCCC7747" box="[799,886,799,825]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" rank="species">nov. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C740923FC0BFCFEFA227747" authority="Dautzenberg &amp; Fischer, 1896" authorityName="Dautzenberg &amp; Fischer" authorityYear="1896" box="[897,1432,799,825]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cystiscidae" genus="Gibberula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vignali">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FC0BFCFEFBF27747" box="[897,1096,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Gibberula vignali</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C740923FBC4FCFEFA227747" author="Dautzenberg, P. &amp; Fischer, H." box="[1102,1432,799,825]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="395 - 498" refId="ref100132" refString="Dautzenberg, P. &amp; Fischer, H. (1896) Dragages effectue´s par l' Hirondelle et par la Princesse-Alice: 1. Mollusques gaste´ropodes. Me´moires de la Socie´te´Zoologique de France, 9, 395 - 498." type="journal article" year="1896">Dautzenberg &amp; Fischer, 1896</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C740923FF1DFCA2FDF37723" authority="Bronn, 1862" authorityName="Bronn" authorityYear="1862" box="[151,585,835,861]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cancellariidae" genus="Cancellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="parcestriata">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FF1DFCA2FE147722" box="[151,430,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Cancellaria parcestriata</emphasis>
Bronn, 1862
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C740923FDDDFCA2FD607723" box="[599,730,835,861]" class="Gastropoda" family="Fasciolariidae" genus="Fusinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FDDDFCA2FD0A7722" box="[599,688,835,860]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Fusinus</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
?, 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C740923FD7CFCA2FBEA7723" authority="(Mayer, 1862)" baseAuthorityName="Mayer" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[758,1104,835,861]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nassariidae" genus="Tritia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="atlantica">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FD7CFCA2FC1B7723" box="[758,929,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Tritia atlantica</emphasis>
(Mayer, 1862)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C740923FBD4FCA2FA8E7723" baseAuthorityName="Eichwald" baseAuthorityYear="1829" box="[1118,1332,835,861]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nassariidae" genus="Tritia" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="striatula">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FBD4FCA2FB267722" box="[1118,1180,835,860]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Tritia</emphasis>
aff. 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FB5FFCA2FA8E7723" box="[1237,1332,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">striatula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C740923FAB7FCA2FEE077FF" authority="(Eichwald, 1829)" baseAuthorityName="Eichwald" baseAuthorityYear="1829" class="Gastropoda" family="Nassariidae" genus="Tritia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="striatula">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FAB7FCA2FA267723" box="[1341,1436,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">striatula</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C740923FF15FC86FEE877FF" author="Eichwald, E." box="[159,338,871,897]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refId="ref101209" refString="Eichwald, E. (1829) Zoologia specialis, quam expositis animalibus tum vivis, tum fossilibus potissimum Rossiae in universum et Poloniae in specie, in usum lectionum publicarum in Universitate Caesarea Vilnensi. Josephi Zawadski, Vilnius, 314 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51803" type="book" year="1829">Eichwald, 1829</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C740923FEE9FC86FD1F77FF" authority="(Mayer, 1862)" baseAuthorityName="Mayer" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[355,677,871,897]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nassariidae" genus="Tritia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vetulum">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FEE9FC86FE4577FF" box="[355,511,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Tritia vetulum</emphasis>
(Mayer, 1862)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C740923FD24FC86FBAE77FF" authority="(Bronn, 1862)" baseAuthorityName="Bronn" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[686,1044,871,897]" class="Gastropoda" family="Mitridae" genus="Cancilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="volvaria">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FD24FC86FCCA77FF" box="[686,880,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Cancilla volvaria</emphasis>
(Bronn, 1862)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C740923FB94FC86FA2277FF" authority="(Mayer, 1864)" baseAuthorityName="Mayer" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[1054,1432,871,897]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Africonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="trochilus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FB94FC86FB4877FF" box="[1054,1266,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Africonus trochilus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C740923FB74FC86FA2A77FF" author="Mayer, K." box="[1278,1424,871,897]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refId="ref114600" refString="Mayer, K. (1864). Die Tertiar-fauna der Azoren und Madeiren. Zurich, published by the author. Z ¸ rich: vi + 107 pp. + 7 pls." type="book" year="1864">Mayer, 1864</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C740923FF4CFC6AFD2177DB" authority="(Mayer, 1862)" baseAuthorityName="Mayer" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[198,667,907,933]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Stephanoconus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="candidatus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FF4CFC6AFE4B77DB" box="[198,497,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Stephanoconus candidatus</emphasis>
(Mayer, 1862)
</taxonomicName>
. Taxa considered 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FCE9FC6AFB8E77DB" box="[867,1076,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">species inquirenda</emphasis>
have been excluded. 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C740923FAAEFC6AFE5177B7" authority="(Bronn, 1862)" baseAuthorityName="Bronn" baseAuthorityYear="1862" class="Gastropoda" family="Triviidae" genus="Pseudopusula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="parcicosta">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FAAEFC6AFEF977B6" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Pseudopusula parcicosta</emphasis>
(Bronn, 1862)
</taxonomicName>
has a slightly wider distribution, described from the lower Pliocene of Santa Maria and the 
<collectingRegion id="49A2F8682C740923FF78FC32FE207793" box="[242,410,979,1005]" country="Spain" name="Canarias" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Canary Islands</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C740923FE20FC32FD247793" author="Fehse, D. &amp; Grego, J." box="[426,670,979,1005]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refId="ref101898" refString="Fehse, D. &amp; Grego, J. (2014) Revision of the genus Pusula Jousseaume, 1884 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Triviidae) allied cowries. Contribution to the knowledge of Triviidae. Privately published, Slovakia, 144 pp." type="book" year="2014">Fehse &amp; Grego 2014</bibRefCitation>
). Therefore, 22 Pliocene gastropod species (29%) are considered as endemic to the 
<collectingRegion id="49A2F8682C740923FECEFC16FE2C706F" box="[324,406,1015,1041]" country="Portugal" name="Acores" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Azores</collectingRegion>
, and this compares with a total of 23 Last Interglacial (MIS 5e) endemic gastropod species (19%; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C740923FF6EFBFDFE03704B" author="Avila, S. P. &amp; Melo, C. &amp; Silva, L. &amp; Ramalho, R. &amp; Quartau, R. &amp; Hipolito, A. &amp; Cordeiro, R. &amp; Rebelo, A. C. &amp; Madeira, P. &amp; Rovere, A. &amp; Hearty, P. J. &amp; Henriques, D. &amp; Da Silva, C. M. &amp; Martins, A. M. F. &amp; Zazo, C." box="[228,441,1050,1079]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="126 - 148" refId="ref91470" refString="Avila, S. P., Melo, C., Silva, L., Ramalho, R., Quartau, R., Hipolito, A., Cordeiro, R., Rebelo, A. C., Madeira, P., Rovere, A., Hearty, P. J., Henriques, D., Da Silva, C. M., Martins, A. M. F. &amp; Zazo, C. (2015 a) A review of the MIS 5 e highstand deposits from Santa Maria Island (Azores, NE Atlantic): palaeobiodiversity, palaeoecology and palaeobiogeography. Quaternary Science Reviews, 114, 126 - 148. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. quascirev. 2015.02.012" type="journal article" year="2015">
Ávila 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FEA1FBFAFEE7704B" box="[299,349,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">et al</emphasis>
., 2015a
</bibRefCitation>
) and 41 (14.4%) recent endemic gastropod species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C740923FB84FBFAFA9E704B" author="Cordeiro, R. &amp; Avila, S. P." box="[1038,1316,1050,1079]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref98775" refString="Cordeiro, R. &amp; Avila, S. P. (2015) New species of Rissoidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from the Archipelago of the Azores (northeast Atlantic) and a checklist of the family for the region. Zookeys, 480, 1 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 480.8599" type="journal article" year="2015">Cordeiro &amp; Ávila, 2015</bibRefCitation>
). At genus level, the composition is typical of that of the tropical Pliocene Mediterranean-West African palaeobiogeographic Province, except for the genera 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C740923FE74FB82FDDA7003" authorityName="Roding" authorityYear="1798" box="[510,608,1123,1149]" class="Gastropoda" family="Epitoniidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FE74FB82FDDA7003" box="[510,608,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Janthina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
R̂ding, 1798 and 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C740923FCB2FB82FB697003" authority="Fehse &amp; Grego, 2014" authorityName="Fehse &amp; Grego" authorityYear="2014" box="[824,1235,1123,1149]" class="Gastropoda" family="Triviidae" genus="Pseudopusula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FCB2FB82FC6F7003" box="[824,981,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Pseudopusula</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C740923FC57FB82FB697003" author="Fehse, D. &amp; Grego, J." box="[989,1235,1123,1149]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refId="ref101898" refString="Fehse, D. &amp; Grego, J. (2014) Revision of the genus Pusula Jousseaume, 1884 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Triviidae) allied cowries. Contribution to the knowledge of Triviidae. Privately published, Slovakia, 144 pp." type="book" year="2014">Fehse &amp; Grego, 2014</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. However, at species level the assemblage is relatively endemic, with 22 (29%) of the species restricted to the 
<collectingRegion id="49A2F8682C740923FB21FB66FB4070DF" box="[1195,1274,1159,1185]" country="Portugal" name="Acores" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Azores</collectingRegion>
archipelago.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C740923FF4DFB4AFB9C714F" blockId="102.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
Working on extant faunas, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C740923FE79FB4AFD5C70BB" author="Spalding, M. D. &amp; Fox, H. E. &amp; Allen, G. R. &amp; Davidson, N. &amp; Ferdana, Z. A. &amp; Finlayson, M. &amp; Halpern, B. S. &amp; Jorge, M. A. &amp; Lombana, A. &amp; Lourie, S. A. &amp; Martin, K. D. &amp; Mcmanus, E. &amp; Molnar, J. &amp; Recchia, C. A. &amp; Robertson, J." box="[499,742,1195,1221]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="573 - 583" refId="ref125569" refString="Spalding, M. D., Fox, H. E., Allen, G. R., Davidson, N., Ferdana, Z. A., Finlayson, M., Halpern, B. S., Jorge, M. A., Lombana, A., Lourie, S. A., Martin, K. D., Mcmanus, E., Molnar, J., Recchia, C. A. &amp; Robertson, J. (2007) Marine Ecoregions of the World: A Bioregionalization of Coastal and Shelf Areas. BioScience, 57 (7), 573 - 583. https: // doi. org / 10.1641 / B 570707" type="journal article" year="2007">
Spalding 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FDD7FB4AFD3470BB" box="[605,654,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">et al</emphasis>
. (2007)
</bibRefCitation>
devised a global model for coastal and shelf areas constructed of realms, provinces and ecoregions that was refined for the Macaronesian archipelagos by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C740923FB16FB2EFACE7097" author="Freitas, R. &amp; Romeiras, M. &amp; Silva, L. &amp; Cordeiro, R. &amp; Madeira, P. &amp; Gonzalez, J. A. &amp; Wirtz, P. &amp; Falcon, J. M. &amp; Brito, A. &amp; Floeter, S. R. &amp; Afonso, P. &amp; Porteiro, F. &amp; Vieira-Rodriguez, M. A. &amp; Neto, A. I. &amp; Haroun, R. &amp; Rebelo, A. C. &amp; Baptista, L. &amp; Melo, C. S. &amp; Martinez, A. &amp; Nunez, J. &amp; Berning, B. &amp; Johnson, M. E. &amp; Avila, S. P." box="[1180,1396,1231,1257]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref103655" refString="Freitas, R., Romeiras, M., Silva, L., Cordeiro, R., Madeira, P., Gonzalez, J. A., Wirtz, P., Falcon, J. M., Brito, A., Floeter, S. R., Afonso, P., Porteiro, F., Vieira-Rodriguez, M. A., Neto, A. I., Haroun, R., Farminh &quot; o, J. M. N., Rebelo, A. C., Baptista, L., Melo, C. S., Martinez, A., Nunez, J., Berning, B., Johnson, M. E. &amp; Avila, S. P. (2019) Restructuring of the ' Macaronesia'bi ogeographic unit: A marine multi-taxon biogeographical approach. Scientific Reports, 9 (1), 1 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / s 41598 - 019 - 51786 - 6" type="journal article" year="2019">
Freitas 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FB65FB2EFA9B7097" box="[1263,1313,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">et al</emphasis>
. (2019
</bibRefCitation>
; cf. 
<figureCitation id="135D2A0F2C740923FF1DFB12FF4A7173" box="[151,240,1266,1293]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="101.[151,250,150,174]" captionTargetId="figure-24@100.[331,1255,181,2007]" captionTargetPageId="100" captionText="FIGURE 5. A: Climatic zones and NE Atlantic Biogeographic Molluscan Provinces for the Pliocene (top left) and for the present times (top right) (adapted from Ávila et al. 2016b). Az: Azores Archipelago; Mad: Madeira Archipelago; Can: Canaries Archipelago; C Verde: Cabo Verde Archipelago. Note the location of the transition zones. B: Biogeographical classification of the Macaronesian archipelagos and NE Atlantic façade for the present times, according to Freitas et al. (2019). The Azores ecoregion, the Webbnesia ecoregion (which integrates the archipelagos of Madeira, Selvagens and Canary Islands), the South European Atlantic Shelf ecoregion and the Saharan Upwelling ecoregion, all belong to the Lusitanian Province. The West African Transition Province includes the Cabo Verde subprovince and the Sahelian Upwelling ecoregion.AST—Asturias (north Spain); AZO—Azores Archipelago; BIS—Bay of Biscay sensu lato, from English Channel to Punta Estaca de Bares, Galicia, Spain; CAB—Cabo Verde Archipelago; CAD—Gulf of Cádiz; BRI—British Isles; CAN—Canaries Archipelago; IBE— Iberian shores (from southern Bay of Biscay to Portugal and Gulf of Cádiz); MAD—Madeira Archipelago; MED—western Mediterranean Sea; NWA—northwest African shores (Atlantic Morocco, from Straits of Gibraltar south, Western Sahara to Cape Blanc, Mauritania); POR—Portugal [western Atlantic Iberian façade (from Cabo Vilán, western Galician shores, down to Cape S„o Vicente) and southern shores of Algarve]; SEL—Selvagens Islands; SEN—Senegal; STP—S„o Tomé and Príncipe Archipelago; TWAF—Tropical West Africa [from Cape Blanc (Mauritania) south to Cape Frio (Angola)]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7975736" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7975736/files/figure.png" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
). Spalding’s use of the term ‘ecoregion’ equates roughly to the ‘subprovinces’ used by palaeobiogeographers (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C740923FE90FAF6FE71714F" author="Woodring, W. P." box="[282,459,1303,1329]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="209 - 213" refId="ref129273" refString="Woodring, W. P. (1974) The Miocene Caribbean Faunal Province and its Subprovinces. Verhandlungen der naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel, 84 (1), 209 - 213." type="journal article" year="1974">Woodring 1974</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C740923FE5DFAF6FDDF714F" author="Petuch, E. J." box="[471,613,1303,1329]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="277 - 312" refId="ref119721" refString="Petuch, E. J. (1982) Geographical heterochrony: contemporaneous coexistence of Neogene and Recent molluscan faunas in the Americas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 37, 277 - 312. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0031 - 0182 (82) 90041 - 4" type="journal article" year="1982">Petuch 1982</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C740923FDFAFAF6FD11714F" author="Petuch, E. J." box="[624,683,1303,1329]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refId="ref119775" refString="Petuch, E. J. (1988) Neogene history of tropical American mollusks. Biogeography and evolutionary patterns of tropical western Atlantic Mollusca. Coastal. Education and Research Foundation, Charlottesville, Virginia, 217 pp." type="book" year="1988">1988</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C740923FD3CFAF6FD48714F" author="Petuch, E. J." box="[694,754,1303,1329]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refId="ref119815" refString="Petuch, E. J. (2004) Cenozoic seas. The view from eastern North America. CRC Press, Boca Raton, XVI + 308 pp." type="book" year="2004">2004</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C740923FD77FAF6FC68714F" author="Landau, B. &amp; Vermeij, G. &amp; Silva, C. M. da" box="[765,978,1303,1329]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="445 - 461" refId="ref112131" refString="Landau, B., Vermeij, G. &amp; Silva, C. M. da (2008) Southern Caribbean Neogene palaeobiogeography revisited. New data from the Pliocene of Cubagua, Venezuela. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 257, 445 - 461. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2007.10.019" type="journal article" year="2008">
Landau 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FCD2FAF6FC33714F" box="[856,905,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">et al</emphasis>
. 2008
</bibRefCitation>
, 2019).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C740923FF4DFADAFECB720B" blockId="102.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
In the present-day faunas, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C740923FE73FADAFD62712B" author="Freitas, R. &amp; Romeiras, M. &amp; Silva, L. &amp; Cordeiro, R. &amp; Madeira, P. &amp; Gonzalez, J. A. &amp; Wirtz, P. &amp; Falcon, J. M. &amp; Brito, A. &amp; Floeter, S. R. &amp; Afonso, P. &amp; Porteiro, F. &amp; Vieira-Rodriguez, M. A. &amp; Neto, A. I. &amp; Haroun, R. &amp; Rebelo, A. C. &amp; Baptista, L. &amp; Melo, C. S. &amp; Martinez, A. &amp; Nunez, J. &amp; Berning, B. &amp; Johnson, M. E. &amp; Avila, S. P." box="[505,728,1339,1365]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref103655" refString="Freitas, R., Romeiras, M., Silva, L., Cordeiro, R., Madeira, P., Gonzalez, J. A., Wirtz, P., Falcon, J. M., Brito, A., Floeter, S. R., Afonso, P., Porteiro, F., Vieira-Rodriguez, M. A., Neto, A. I., Haroun, R., Farminh &quot; o, J. M. N., Rebelo, A. C., Baptista, L., Melo, C. S., Martinez, A., Nunez, J., Berning, B., Johnson, M. E. &amp; Avila, S. P. (2019) Restructuring of the ' Macaronesia'bi ogeographic unit: A marine multi-taxon biogeographical approach. Scientific Reports, 9 (1), 1 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / s 41598 - 019 - 51786 - 6" type="journal article" year="2019">
Freitas 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FDC5FADAFD39712B" box="[591,643,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">et al</emphasis>
. (2019
</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 7) increased the resolution of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C740923FBE5FADAFADF712B" author="Spalding, M. D. &amp; Fox, H. E. &amp; Allen, G. R. &amp; Davidson, N. &amp; Ferdana, Z. A. &amp; Finlayson, M. &amp; Halpern, B. S. &amp; Jorge, M. A. &amp; Lombana, A. &amp; Lourie, S. A. &amp; Martin, K. D. &amp; Mcmanus, E. &amp; Molnar, J. &amp; Recchia, C. A. &amp; Robertson, J." box="[1135,1381,1339,1365]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="573 - 583" refId="ref125569" refString="Spalding, M. D., Fox, H. E., Allen, G. R., Davidson, N., Ferdana, Z. A., Finlayson, M., Halpern, B. S., Jorge, M. A., Lombana, A., Lourie, S. A., Martin, K. D., Mcmanus, E., Molnar, J., Recchia, C. A. &amp; Robertson, J. (2007) Marine Ecoregions of the World: A Bioregionalization of Coastal and Shelf Areas. BioScience, 57 (7), 573 - 583. https: // doi. org / 10.1641 / B 570707" type="journal article" year="2007">
Spalding 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FB56FADAFAB5712B" box="[1244,1295,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">et al</emphasis>
. (2007
</bibRefCitation>
: box 1, fig. 3) and recognized the Azores ecoregion and the Webbnesia ecoregion (including Madeira, Selvagens and Canaries) all belonging to the Lusitanian biogeographic Province, with a distinct 
<collectingCountry id="F371761A2C740923FBBCFA62FB0071E3" box="[1078,1210,1411,1437]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Cabo Verde</collectingCountry>
biogeographic subprovince included in the West-African Transition biogeographic Province. The Azores ecoregion, the Webbnesia ecoregion the Saharan upwelling ecoregion and the Mediterranean (cf. 
<figureCitation id="135D2A0F2C740923FC23FA2AFC42719B" box="[937,1016,1482,1509]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="101.[151,250,150,174]" captionTargetId="figure-24@100.[331,1255,181,2007]" captionTargetPageId="100" captionText="FIGURE 5. A: Climatic zones and NE Atlantic Biogeographic Molluscan Provinces for the Pliocene (top left) and for the present times (top right) (adapted from Ávila et al. 2016b). Az: Azores Archipelago; Mad: Madeira Archipelago; Can: Canaries Archipelago; C Verde: Cabo Verde Archipelago. Note the location of the transition zones. B: Biogeographical classification of the Macaronesian archipelagos and NE Atlantic façade for the present times, according to Freitas et al. (2019). The Azores ecoregion, the Webbnesia ecoregion (which integrates the archipelagos of Madeira, Selvagens and Canary Islands), the South European Atlantic Shelf ecoregion and the Saharan Upwelling ecoregion, all belong to the Lusitanian Province. The West African Transition Province includes the Cabo Verde subprovince and the Sahelian Upwelling ecoregion.AST—Asturias (north Spain); AZO—Azores Archipelago; BIS—Bay of Biscay sensu lato, from English Channel to Punta Estaca de Bares, Galicia, Spain; CAB—Cabo Verde Archipelago; CAD—Gulf of Cádiz; BRI—British Isles; CAN—Canaries Archipelago; IBE— Iberian shores (from southern Bay of Biscay to Portugal and Gulf of Cádiz); MAD—Madeira Archipelago; MED—western Mediterranean Sea; NWA—northwest African shores (Atlantic Morocco, from Straits of Gibraltar south, Western Sahara to Cape Blanc, Mauritania); POR—Portugal [western Atlantic Iberian façade (from Cabo Vilán, western Galician shores, down to Cape S„o Vicente) and southern shores of Algarve]; SEL—Selvagens Islands; SEN—Senegal; STP—S„o Tomé and Príncipe Archipelago; TWAF—Tropical West Africa [from Cape Blanc (Mauritania) south to Cape Frio (Angola)]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7975736" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7975736/files/figure.png" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Fig 5B</figureCitation>
), altogether, are roughly equivalent to the subtropical Mediterranean-Moroccan Province of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C740923FD78FA0EFC017277" author="Raffi, S. &amp; Stanley, S. M. &amp; Marasti, R." box="[754,955,1518,1545]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="368 - 388" refId="ref120613" refString="Raffi, S., Stanley, S. M. &amp; Marasti, R. (1985) Biogeographic patterns and Plio-Pleistocene extinction of Bivalvia in the Mediterranean and Southern North Sea. Paleobiology, 11, 368 - 388. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0094837300011684" type="journal article" year="1985">
Raffi 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FCB8FA0EFCD07277" box="[818,874,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">et al.</emphasis>
(1985)
</bibRefCitation>
(cf. 
<figureCitation id="135D2A0F2C740923FC7AFA0EFBF27277" box="[1008,1096,1518,1545]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="101.[151,250,150,174]" captionTargetId="figure-24@100.[331,1255,181,2007]" captionTargetPageId="100" captionText="FIGURE 5. A: Climatic zones and NE Atlantic Biogeographic Molluscan Provinces for the Pliocene (top left) and for the present times (top right) (adapted from Ávila et al. 2016b). Az: Azores Archipelago; Mad: Madeira Archipelago; Can: Canaries Archipelago; C Verde: Cabo Verde Archipelago. Note the location of the transition zones. B: Biogeographical classification of the Macaronesian archipelagos and NE Atlantic façade for the present times, according to Freitas et al. (2019). The Azores ecoregion, the Webbnesia ecoregion (which integrates the archipelagos of Madeira, Selvagens and Canary Islands), the South European Atlantic Shelf ecoregion and the Saharan Upwelling ecoregion, all belong to the Lusitanian Province. The West African Transition Province includes the Cabo Verde subprovince and the Sahelian Upwelling ecoregion.AST—Asturias (north Spain); AZO—Azores Archipelago; BIS—Bay of Biscay sensu lato, from English Channel to Punta Estaca de Bares, Galicia, Spain; CAB—Cabo Verde Archipelago; CAD—Gulf of Cádiz; BRI—British Isles; CAN—Canaries Archipelago; IBE— Iberian shores (from southern Bay of Biscay to Portugal and Gulf of Cádiz); MAD—Madeira Archipelago; MED—western Mediterranean Sea; NWA—northwest African shores (Atlantic Morocco, from Straits of Gibraltar south, Western Sahara to Cape Blanc, Mauritania); POR—Portugal [western Atlantic Iberian façade (from Cabo Vilán, western Galician shores, down to Cape S„o Vicente) and southern shores of Algarve]; SEL—Selvagens Islands; SEN—Senegal; STP—S„o Tomé and Príncipe Archipelago; TWAF—Tropical West Africa [from Cape Blanc (Mauritania) south to Cape Frio (Angola)]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7975736" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7975736/files/figure.png" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
), whereas the South European Atlantic Shelf ecoregion (cf. 
<figureCitation id="135D2A0F2C740923FE54F9F2FD897253" box="[478,563,1554,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="101.[151,250,150,174]" captionTargetId="figure-24@100.[331,1255,181,2007]" captionTargetPageId="100" captionText="FIGURE 5. A: Climatic zones and NE Atlantic Biogeographic Molluscan Provinces for the Pliocene (top left) and for the present times (top right) (adapted from Ávila et al. 2016b). Az: Azores Archipelago; Mad: Madeira Archipelago; Can: Canaries Archipelago; C Verde: Cabo Verde Archipelago. Note the location of the transition zones. B: Biogeographical classification of the Macaronesian archipelagos and NE Atlantic façade for the present times, according to Freitas et al. (2019). The Azores ecoregion, the Webbnesia ecoregion (which integrates the archipelagos of Madeira, Selvagens and Canary Islands), the South European Atlantic Shelf ecoregion and the Saharan Upwelling ecoregion, all belong to the Lusitanian Province. The West African Transition Province includes the Cabo Verde subprovince and the Sahelian Upwelling ecoregion.AST—Asturias (north Spain); AZO—Azores Archipelago; BIS—Bay of Biscay sensu lato, from English Channel to Punta Estaca de Bares, Galicia, Spain; CAB—Cabo Verde Archipelago; CAD—Gulf of Cádiz; BRI—British Isles; CAN—Canaries Archipelago; IBE— Iberian shores (from southern Bay of Biscay to Portugal and Gulf of Cádiz); MAD—Madeira Archipelago; MED—western Mediterranean Sea; NWA—northwest African shores (Atlantic Morocco, from Straits of Gibraltar south, Western Sahara to Cape Blanc, Mauritania); POR—Portugal [western Atlantic Iberian façade (from Cabo Vilán, western Galician shores, down to Cape S„o Vicente) and southern shores of Algarve]; SEL—Selvagens Islands; SEN—Senegal; STP—S„o Tomé and Príncipe Archipelago; TWAF—Tropical West Africa [from Cape Blanc (Mauritania) south to Cape Frio (Angola)]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7975736" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7975736/files/figure.png" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
) equals to the warm temperate French-Iberian Province (cf. 
<figureCitation id="135D2A0F2C740923FB50F9F2FA8E7253" box="[1242,1332,1554,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="101.[151,250,150,174]" captionTargetId="figure-24@100.[331,1255,181,2007]" captionTargetPageId="100" captionText="FIGURE 5. A: Climatic zones and NE Atlantic Biogeographic Molluscan Provinces for the Pliocene (top left) and for the present times (top right) (adapted from Ávila et al. 2016b). Az: Azores Archipelago; Mad: Madeira Archipelago; Can: Canaries Archipelago; C Verde: Cabo Verde Archipelago. Note the location of the transition zones. B: Biogeographical classification of the Macaronesian archipelagos and NE Atlantic façade for the present times, according to Freitas et al. (2019). The Azores ecoregion, the Webbnesia ecoregion (which integrates the archipelagos of Madeira, Selvagens and Canary Islands), the South European Atlantic Shelf ecoregion and the Saharan Upwelling ecoregion, all belong to the Lusitanian Province. The West African Transition Province includes the Cabo Verde subprovince and the Sahelian Upwelling ecoregion.AST—Asturias (north Spain); AZO—Azores Archipelago; BIS—Bay of Biscay sensu lato, from English Channel to Punta Estaca de Bares, Galicia, Spain; CAB—Cabo Verde Archipelago; CAD—Gulf of Cádiz; BRI—British Isles; CAN—Canaries Archipelago; IBE— Iberian shores (from southern Bay of Biscay to Portugal and Gulf of Cádiz); MAD—Madeira Archipelago; MED—western Mediterranean Sea; NWA—northwest African shores (Atlantic Morocco, from Straits of Gibraltar south, Western Sahara to Cape Blanc, Mauritania); POR—Portugal [western Atlantic Iberian façade (from Cabo Vilán, western Galician shores, down to Cape S„o Vicente) and southern shores of Algarve]; SEL—Selvagens Islands; SEN—Senegal; STP—S„o Tomé and Príncipe Archipelago; TWAF—Tropical West Africa [from Cape Blanc (Mauritania) south to Cape Frio (Angola)]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7975736" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7975736/files/figure.png" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
). Finally, 
<collectingCountry id="F371761A2C740923FF1DF9D6FEA3722F" box="[151,281,1591,1617]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Cabo Verde</collectingCountry>
subprovince and the Sahelian Upwelling ecoregion (
<figureCitation id="135D2A0F2C740923FCEEF9D6FC03722F" box="[868,953,1590,1617]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="101.[151,250,150,174]" captionTargetId="figure-24@100.[331,1255,181,2007]" captionTargetPageId="100" captionText="FIGURE 5. A: Climatic zones and NE Atlantic Biogeographic Molluscan Provinces for the Pliocene (top left) and for the present times (top right) (adapted from Ávila et al. 2016b). Az: Azores Archipelago; Mad: Madeira Archipelago; Can: Canaries Archipelago; C Verde: Cabo Verde Archipelago. Note the location of the transition zones. B: Biogeographical classification of the Macaronesian archipelagos and NE Atlantic façade for the present times, according to Freitas et al. (2019). The Azores ecoregion, the Webbnesia ecoregion (which integrates the archipelagos of Madeira, Selvagens and Canary Islands), the South European Atlantic Shelf ecoregion and the Saharan Upwelling ecoregion, all belong to the Lusitanian Province. The West African Transition Province includes the Cabo Verde subprovince and the Sahelian Upwelling ecoregion.AST—Asturias (north Spain); AZO—Azores Archipelago; BIS—Bay of Biscay sensu lato, from English Channel to Punta Estaca de Bares, Galicia, Spain; CAB—Cabo Verde Archipelago; CAD—Gulf of Cádiz; BRI—British Isles; CAN—Canaries Archipelago; IBE— Iberian shores (from southern Bay of Biscay to Portugal and Gulf of Cádiz); MAD—Madeira Archipelago; MED—western Mediterranean Sea; NWA—northwest African shores (Atlantic Morocco, from Straits of Gibraltar south, Western Sahara to Cape Blanc, Mauritania); POR—Portugal [western Atlantic Iberian façade (from Cabo Vilán, western Galician shores, down to Cape S„o Vicente) and southern shores of Algarve]; SEL—Selvagens Islands; SEN—Senegal; STP—S„o Tomé and Príncipe Archipelago; TWAF—Tropical West Africa [from Cape Blanc (Mauritania) south to Cape Frio (Angola)]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7975736" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7975736/files/figure.png" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
) correspond to the Mauritanian-Senegalese Province (
<figureCitation id="135D2A0F2C740923FE80F9BAFEDE720B" box="[266,356,1626,1653]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="101.[151,250,150,174]" captionTargetId="figure-24@100.[331,1255,181,2007]" captionTargetPageId="100" captionText="FIGURE 5. A: Climatic zones and NE Atlantic Biogeographic Molluscan Provinces for the Pliocene (top left) and for the present times (top right) (adapted from Ávila et al. 2016b). Az: Azores Archipelago; Mad: Madeira Archipelago; Can: Canaries Archipelago; C Verde: Cabo Verde Archipelago. Note the location of the transition zones. B: Biogeographical classification of the Macaronesian archipelagos and NE Atlantic façade for the present times, according to Freitas et al. (2019). The Azores ecoregion, the Webbnesia ecoregion (which integrates the archipelagos of Madeira, Selvagens and Canary Islands), the South European Atlantic Shelf ecoregion and the Saharan Upwelling ecoregion, all belong to the Lusitanian Province. The West African Transition Province includes the Cabo Verde subprovince and the Sahelian Upwelling ecoregion.AST—Asturias (north Spain); AZO—Azores Archipelago; BIS—Bay of Biscay sensu lato, from English Channel to Punta Estaca de Bares, Galicia, Spain; CAB—Cabo Verde Archipelago; CAD—Gulf of Cádiz; BRI—British Isles; CAN—Canaries Archipelago; IBE— Iberian shores (from southern Bay of Biscay to Portugal and Gulf of Cádiz); MAD—Madeira Archipelago; MED—western Mediterranean Sea; NWA—northwest African shores (Atlantic Morocco, from Straits of Gibraltar south, Western Sahara to Cape Blanc, Mauritania); POR—Portugal [western Atlantic Iberian façade (from Cabo Vilán, western Galician shores, down to Cape S„o Vicente) and southern shores of Algarve]; SEL—Selvagens Islands; SEN—Senegal; STP—S„o Tomé and Príncipe Archipelago; TWAF—Tropical West Africa [from Cape Blanc (Mauritania) south to Cape Frio (Angola)]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7975736" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7975736/files/figure.png" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C740923FF4DF99EFC67729F" blockId="102.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
This revision of the Santa 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C740923FE66F99EFD2F72E7" authority="Pliocene" authorityName="Pliocene" box="[492,661,1663,1689]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nassariidae" genus="Santa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="maria">Maria Pliocene</taxonomicName>
gastropod assemblages further strengthens the hypothesis that the location of the boundaries between distinct biogeographic units, especially of those located along the eastern Atlantic façade (see 
<figureCitation id="135D2A0F2C740923FE91F926FEC8729F" box="[283,370,1734,1761]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="101.[151,250,150,174]" captionTargetId="figure-24@100.[331,1255,181,2007]" captionTargetPageId="100" captionText="FIGURE 5. A: Climatic zones and NE Atlantic Biogeographic Molluscan Provinces for the Pliocene (top left) and for the present times (top right) (adapted from Ávila et al. 2016b). Az: Azores Archipelago; Mad: Madeira Archipelago; Can: Canaries Archipelago; C Verde: Cabo Verde Archipelago. Note the location of the transition zones. B: Biogeographical classification of the Macaronesian archipelagos and NE Atlantic façade for the present times, according to Freitas et al. (2019). The Azores ecoregion, the Webbnesia ecoregion (which integrates the archipelagos of Madeira, Selvagens and Canary Islands), the South European Atlantic Shelf ecoregion and the Saharan Upwelling ecoregion, all belong to the Lusitanian Province. The West African Transition Province includes the Cabo Verde subprovince and the Sahelian Upwelling ecoregion.AST—Asturias (north Spain); AZO—Azores Archipelago; BIS—Bay of Biscay sensu lato, from English Channel to Punta Estaca de Bares, Galicia, Spain; CAB—Cabo Verde Archipelago; CAD—Gulf of Cádiz; BRI—British Isles; CAN—Canaries Archipelago; IBE— Iberian shores (from southern Bay of Biscay to Portugal and Gulf of Cádiz); MAD—Madeira Archipelago; MED—western Mediterranean Sea; NWA—northwest African shores (Atlantic Morocco, from Straits of Gibraltar south, Western Sahara to Cape Blanc, Mauritania); POR—Portugal [western Atlantic Iberian façade (from Cabo Vilán, western Galician shores, down to Cape S„o Vicente) and southern shores of Algarve]; SEL—Selvagens Islands; SEN—Senegal; STP—S„o Tomé and Príncipe Archipelago; TWAF—Tropical West Africa [from Cape Blanc (Mauritania) south to Cape Frio (Angola)]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7975736" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7975736/files/figure.png" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
) were already in place at least since the early Pliocene.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C740922FF4DF90AFB2575D3" blockId="102.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="103.[151,1437,151,755]" lastPageId="103" lastPageNumber="104" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
At the end of the Pliocene, the tropical Pliocene Mediterranean-West African Province split into the present-day northern subtropical Mediterranean-Moroccan Province (MMP) and southern Mauritanian-Senegalese Province (MSP; see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C740923FE99F8D2FD9F7333" author="Monegatti, P. &amp; Raffi, S." box="[275,549,1843,1869]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="126 - 139" refId="ref116118" refString="Monegatti, P. &amp; Raffi, S. (2007) Mediterranean-Middle Eastern Atlantic Facade: Molluscan Biogeography and Ecobiostratigraphy throughout the Late Neogene. Acoreana, 5, 126 - 139." type="journal article" year="2007">Monegatti &amp; Raffi 2007</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C740923FDBAF8D2FDD67333" author="Monegatti, P. &amp; Raffi, S." box="[560,620,1843,1869]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref116152" refString="Monegatti, P. &amp; Raffi, S. (2010) The Messinian marine molluscs record and the dawn of the eastern Atlantic biogeography. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 297, 1 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2010.06.023" type="journal article" year="2010">2010</bibRefCitation>
; Silva &amp; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C740923FD5FF8D2FCD17333" author="Landau, B. M. &amp; Houart, R &amp; Silva, C. M. da" box="[725,875,1843,1869]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="1 - 87" refId="ref111538" refString="Landau, B. M., Houart, R &amp; Silva, C. M. da (2007) The early Pliocene Gastropoda (Mollusca) of Estepona, southern Spain. 7. Muricidae. Palaeontos, 11, 1 - 87." type="journal article" year="2007">Landau 2007</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C740923FCFDF8D2FBF67333" author="Landau, B. M. &amp; Silva, C. M. da &amp; Mayoral, E." box="[887,1100,1843,1869]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="1 - 90" refId="ref111893" refString="Landau, B. M., Silva, C. M. da &amp; Mayoral, E. (2011) The lower Pliocene gastropods of the Huelva Sands Formation, Guadalquivir Basin, southwestern Spain. Palaeofocus, 4, 1 - 90." type="journal article" year="2011">
Landau 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FC59F8D2FBBE7333" box="[979,1028,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">et al</emphasis>
. 2011
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C740923FBD2F8D5FA947333" author="Avila, S. P. &amp; Melo, C. &amp; Berning, B. &amp; Cordeiro, R. &amp; Landau, B. &amp; Silva, C. M. da" box="[1112,1326,1843,1871]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="912 - 923" refId="ref91158" refString="Avila, S. P., Melo, C., Berning, B., Cordeiro, R., Landau, B. &amp; Silva, C. M. da (2016 b) Persististrombus coronatus (Mollusca: Strombidae) in the lower Pliocene of Santa Maria Island (Azores, NE Atlantic): paleoecology, paleoclimatology and paleobiogeographic implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 441, 912 - 923. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2015.10.043" type="journal article" year="2016">
Ávila 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FB14F8D2FB757333" box="[1182,1231,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">et al</emphasis>
., 2016b
</bibRefCitation>
). The stability of the biogeographical subprovince units over time, despite the fracture or change in the larger biogeographic unit in which they occur, has also been demonstrated in other areas (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C740923FC4FF89AFB2373EB" author="Landau, B. &amp; Vermeij, G. &amp; Silva, C. M. da" box="[965,1177,1915,1941]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="445 - 461" refId="ref112131" refString="Landau, B., Vermeij, G. &amp; Silva, C. M. da (2008) Southern Caribbean Neogene palaeobiogeography revisited. New data from the Pliocene of Cubagua, Venezuela. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 257, 445 - 461. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2007.10.019" type="journal article" year="2008">
Landau 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C740923FBAAF89AFBEA73EB" box="[1056,1104,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">et al</emphasis>
. 2008
</bibRefCitation>
; 2019). The location of the transition zones (i.e., the location of the boundaries between different, consecutive biogeographic areas) along the eastern Atlantic latitudinally also seem to show long-term stability. For example, the transition zone between the Pliocene Mediterranean-West African Province (to the south) and the Pliocene French-Iberian Province (to the north) was located in an area that extended from 
<collectingRegion id="49A2F8682C750922FD3CFF5AFCBE74AB" box="[694,772,187,213]" country="Portugal" name="Lisboa" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Lisbon</collectingRegion>
south to Cabo de S„o Vicente (Algarve) (see 
<figureCitation id="135D2A0F2C750922FB75FF5AFAEF74AB" box="[1279,1365,186,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="101.[151,250,150,174]" captionTargetId="figure-24@100.[331,1255,181,2007]" captionTargetPageId="100" captionText="FIGURE 5. A: Climatic zones and NE Atlantic Biogeographic Molluscan Provinces for the Pliocene (top left) and for the present times (top right) (adapted from Ávila et al. 2016b). Az: Azores Archipelago; Mad: Madeira Archipelago; Can: Canaries Archipelago; C Verde: Cabo Verde Archipelago. Note the location of the transition zones. B: Biogeographical classification of the Macaronesian archipelagos and NE Atlantic façade for the present times, according to Freitas et al. (2019). The Azores ecoregion, the Webbnesia ecoregion (which integrates the archipelagos of Madeira, Selvagens and Canary Islands), the South European Atlantic Shelf ecoregion and the Saharan Upwelling ecoregion, all belong to the Lusitanian Province. The West African Transition Province includes the Cabo Verde subprovince and the Sahelian Upwelling ecoregion.AST—Asturias (north Spain); AZO—Azores Archipelago; BIS—Bay of Biscay sensu lato, from English Channel to Punta Estaca de Bares, Galicia, Spain; CAB—Cabo Verde Archipelago; CAD—Gulf of Cádiz; BRI—British Isles; CAN—Canaries Archipelago; IBE— Iberian shores (from southern Bay of Biscay to Portugal and Gulf of Cádiz); MAD—Madeira Archipelago; MED—western Mediterranean Sea; NWA—northwest African shores (Atlantic Morocco, from Straits of Gibraltar south, Western Sahara to Cape Blanc, Mauritania); POR—Portugal [western Atlantic Iberian façade (from Cabo Vilán, western Galician shores, down to Cape S„o Vicente) and southern shores of Algarve]; SEL—Selvagens Islands; SEN—Senegal; STP—S„o Tomé and Príncipe Archipelago; TWAF—Tropical West Africa [from Cape Blanc (Mauritania) south to Cape Frio (Angola)]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7975736" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7975736/files/figure.png" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
) (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C750922FF1DFF3EFEAE7487" author="Silva, C. M. da" box="[151,276,223,249]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" refId="ref124781" refString="Silva, C. M. da (2001) Gastro´podes plioce´nicos marinhos de Portugal: sistema´tica, paleoecologia, paleobiologia, paleogeografia. Dissertac ¸ a t o de doutoramento. Faculdade de Cie ˆ ncias da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 747 pp." type="book" year="2001">Silva 2001</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C750922FEA8FF3EFD827487" author="Monegatti, P. &amp; Raffi, S." box="[290,568,223,249]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="126 - 139" refId="ref116118" refString="Monegatti, P. &amp; Raffi, S. (2007) Mediterranean-Middle Eastern Atlantic Facade: Molluscan Biogeography and Ecobiostratigraphy throughout the Late Neogene. Acoreana, 5, 126 - 139." type="journal article" year="2007">Monegatti &amp; Raffi 2007</bibRefCitation>
; Silva &amp; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C750922FD2FFF3EFC857487" author="Landau, B. M. &amp; Houart, R &amp; Silva, C. M. da" box="[677,831,223,249]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="1 - 87" refId="ref111538" refString="Landau, B. M., Houart, R &amp; Silva, C. M. da (2007) The early Pliocene Gastropoda (Mollusca) of Estepona, southern Spain. 7. Muricidae. Palaeontos, 11, 1 - 87." type="journal article" year="2007">Landau 2007</bibRefCitation>
). The present transition zone between the subtropical Mediterranean-Moroccan Province (at south) and the warm temperate French-Iberian Province (at north) is located precisely along the same coastal area (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C750922FDB4FEC6FD42753F" author="Raffi, S. &amp; Stanley, S. M. &amp; Marasti, R." box="[574,760,294,321]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="368 - 388" refId="ref120613" refString="Raffi, S., Stanley, S. M. &amp; Marasti, R. (1985) Biogeographic patterns and Plio-Pleistocene extinction of Bivalvia in the Mediterranean and Southern North Sea. Paleobiology, 11, 368 - 388. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0094837300011684" type="journal article" year="1985">
Raffi 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C750922FDF5FEC6FD15753F" box="[639,687,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">et al</emphasis>
. 1985
</bibRefCitation>
). A similar situation happens for the location of the transition zone between the subtropical Pliocene French-Iberian Province (at south) and the warm temperate Pliocene Boreal-Celtic Province (at north), which is the same as that of the present transition zone between the warm temperate French-Iberian Province (at south) and the cool temperate Boreal-Celtic Province (at north).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C750922FF4DFE56FDCB768F" blockId="103.[151,1437,151,755]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
The Santa 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C750922FECAFE56FE5075AF" authority="Pliocene" authorityName="Pliocene" box="[320,490,439,465]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nassariidae" genus="Santa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="maria">Maria Pliocene</taxonomicName>
assemblages are unique amongst European Pliocene assemblages in containing fossils of the holoplanktonic gastropod genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C750922FDF0FE3AFD66758B" authorityName="Roding" authorityYear="1798" box="[634,732,475,501]" class="Gastropoda" family="Epitoniidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C750922FDF0FE3AFD66758B" box="[634,732,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Janthina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, represented by two species: 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C750922FBADFE3AFAB9758B" authority="Beu, 2017" authorityName="Beu" authorityYear="2017" box="[1063,1283,475,501]" class="Gastropoda" family="Epitoniidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="krejcii">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C750922FBADFE3AFB33758B" box="[1063,1161,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">J. krejcii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C750922FB1AFE3AFAB9758B" author="Beu, A. G." box="[1168,1283,475,501]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="119 - 222" refId="ref94683" refString="Beu, A. G. (2017) Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum, 69, 119 - 222. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 2201 - 4349.69.2017.1666" type="journal article" year="2017">Beu, 2017</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
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<emphasis id="B912EA982C750922FAB0FE3AFF617666" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Janthina typica</emphasis>
(Bronn, 1861)
</taxonomicName>
. Based on the presence/absence of 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C750922FC96FE1EFC627667" box="[796,984,511,537]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C750922FC96FE1EFCC47667" box="[796,894,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Janthina</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C750922FC6AFE1EFBDB7667" author="Beu, A. G." box="[992,1121,511,537]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="119 - 222" refId="ref94683" refString="Beu, A. G. (2017) Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum, 69, 119 - 222. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 2201 - 4349.69.2017.1666" type="journal article" year="2017">Beu (2017)</bibRefCitation>
constructed a circumglobal time range zonation, especially useful in the Antipodean area and 
<collectingCountry id="F371761A2C750922FCFDFDC2FC007643" box="[887,954,547,573]" name="Japan" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Japan</collectingCountry>
. Unfortunately, this model is of limited use in the European and Caribbean assemblages where 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C750922FD6EFDA6FC1A761F" box="[740,928,583,609]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C750922FD6EFDA6FCFC761F" box="[740,838,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Janthina</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
do not occur. Nevertheless, the Santa Maria assemblages were crucial in the construction of this zonation, and we note that the end of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C750922FB2DFD8AFABF76FA" baseAuthorityName="Bronn" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[1191,1285,619,645]" class="Gastropoda" family="Epitoniidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="typica">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C750922FB2DFD8AFB0976FA" box="[1191,1203,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">J</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C750922FB4BFD8AFABF76FA" box="[1217,1285,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">typica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
zone (of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C750922FAE5FD8AFF6B76D7" author="Beu, A. G." pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="119 - 222" refId="ref94683" refString="Beu, A. G. (2017) Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum, 69, 119 - 222. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 2201 - 4349.69.2017.1666" type="journal article" year="2017">Beu 2017</bibRefCitation>
) roughly coincides with the end of MPPMU1 at about 3 Ma (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C750922FCF3FD6EFC5076D7" author="Beu, A. G." box="[889,1002,655,681]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="119 - 222" refId="ref94683" refString="Beu, A. G. (2017) Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum, 69, 119 - 222. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 2201 - 4349.69.2017.1666" type="journal article" year="2017">Beu 2017</bibRefCitation>
: figs. 22, 23) and the end of fully tropical conditions within the Mediterranean and adjacent Atlantic (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C750922FCD1FD52FBCB76B3" author="Raffi, S. &amp; Monegatti, P." box="[859,1137,691,717]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="45 - 50" refId="ref120571" refString="Raffi, S. &amp; Monegatti, P. (1993) Bivalve taxonomic diversity throughout the Italian Pliocene as a tool for climatic-oceanographic and stratigraphic inferences. Ciencias da Terra / Earth Sciences Journal, 12, 45 - 50." type="journal article" year="1993">Raffi &amp; Monegatti 1993</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C750922FBF7FD52FA2D76B3" author="Monegatti, P. &amp; Raffi, S." box="[1149,1431,691,717]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="171 - 193" refId="ref116065" refString="Monegatti, P. &amp; Raffi, S. (2001) Taxonomic diversity and stratigraphic distribution of Mediterranean Pliocene bivalves. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 165, 171 - 193. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0031 - 0182 (00) 00159 - 0" type="journal article" year="2001">Monegatti &amp; Raffi, 2001</bibRefCitation>
; Silva &amp; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C750922FF7FFD36FE31768F" author="Landau, B. M. &amp; Houart, R &amp; Silva, C. M. da" box="[245,395,727,753]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="1 - 87" refId="ref111538" refString="Landau, B. M., Houart, R &amp; Silva, C. M. da (2007) The early Pliocene Gastropoda (Mollusca) of Estepona, southern Spain. 7. Muricidae. Palaeontos, 11, 1 - 87." type="journal article" year="2007">Landau 2007</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C750922FE1CFD39FDDF768F" author="Avila, S. P. &amp; Melo, C. &amp; Berning, B. &amp; Cordeiro, R. &amp; Landau, B. &amp; Silva, C. M. da" box="[406,613,727,755]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="912 - 923" refId="ref91158" refString="Avila, S. P., Melo, C., Berning, B., Cordeiro, R., Landau, B. &amp; Silva, C. M. da (2016 b) Persististrombus coronatus (Mollusca: Strombidae) in the lower Pliocene of Santa Maria Island (Azores, NE Atlantic): paleoecology, paleoclimatology and paleobiogeographic implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 441, 912 - 923. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2015.10.043" type="journal article" year="2016">
Ávila 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C750922FE51FD36FDB7768F" box="[475,525,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">et al</emphasis>
. 2016b
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>