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<emphasis id="B912EA982C320965FF1DFDA6FEFD761F" bold="true" box="[151,327,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Bittium nanum</emphasis>
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<figureCitation id="135D2A0F2C320965FF1DFD8AFF4476FB" box="[151,254,619,645]" captionStart="PLATE 2" captionStartId="140.[151,234,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[203,1385,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-24@140.[203,1385,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="140" captionText="PLATE 2. A1-A2. Bittium nanum (Mayer, 1864), DBUA-F 1296-2, height 4.9 mm, width 2.0 mm, Malbusca. B. Tenagodus (Tenagodus) obtusus (Schumacher, 1817), DBUA-F 1283-2, height 12.0 mm, width 11.0 mm, Ponta do Castelo. C. Epitonium sp., DBUA-F 931-1, height 4.0 mm, width 2.8 mm, Pedra-que-pica. D1-D3. Janthina krejcii, SMF10135a, height 25.0 mm, diameter 32.0 mm, Macela viewpoint (pictures from Beu, 2017, fig. 26). E1-E3. Janthina typica (Bronn, 1861), DBUA-F-428, height 19.0 mm, diameter 21.0 mm, Ponta do Castelo, (pictures from Beu, 2017, fig. 25). F.Cheilea equestris (Linnaeus, 1758), DBUA-F 1283-1, diameter 30.0 mm, Ponta do Castelo. G1-G3. Hipponix sulcatus (Borson, 1820), DBUA-F 937-1, height 5.3 mm, diameter 14.0 mm, Ponta do Castelo. H1-H2. Euspira atlantica (Mayer, 1862), height 16.0 mm, diameter 19.0 mm, Ponta do Norte lighthouse, LNEG collection (unnumbered). I. Triphorid s.l., DBUA-F 471-5, height 3.2 mm, width 1.3 mm, Ponta do Castelo. J1-J2. Cerithiopsis cf. tubercularis (Montagu, 1803), DBUA-F 1023-1, height 3.0 mm, width 1.2 mm, Ponta do Castelo. K. Petaloconchus intortus (Lamarck, 1818), DBUA-F 946-2, height 13.0 mm, width 6.0 mm, Ponta dos Cedros. L. Thylacodes arenarius (Linnaeus, 1758), DBUA-F 869-1, height 33.0 mm, width 24.0 mm, Ponta dos Cedros. M1-M3. Alvania cancellata (da Costa, 1778), DBUA-F 1296-3, height 4.0 mm, width 2.2 mm, Malbusca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7965291" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7965291/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Plate 2 A</figureCitation>
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*
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, fig. 46 (in text fig. 49;
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Olivi
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—
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[
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<emphasis id="B912EA982C320965FD05FD28FCA1769E" box="[655,795,712,736]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Murex scaber</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C320965FF1DFD09FE457681" ID-CoL="LXYN" authority=", 1778" authorityName="Rica. Pleistocene" authorityYear="1778" baseAuthorityName="da Costa" baseAuthorityYear="1778" box="[151,511,743,767]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cerithiidae" genus="Bittium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="32" pageNumber="46" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="reticulatum">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C320965FF1DFD09FEE67681" box="[151,348,743,767]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Bittium reticulatum</emphasis>
(da
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C320965FE03FD06FE457681" author="Costa, E. M. da" box="[393,511,743,767]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refId="ref99554" refString="Costa, E. M. da (1778) Historia naturalis testaceorum Britanniae. Millan, White, Elmsley &amp; Robson, London, XII + 254 + VIII pp." type="book" year="1778">Costa, 1778</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
)—
<treatmentCitation id="0AC7109B2C320965FDABFD06FCBD7681" author="Dautzenberg, P." box="[545,775,743,767]" page="41" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" year="1889">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C320965FDABFD06FCBD7681" author="Dautzenberg, P." box="[545,775,743,767]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref100051" refString="Dautzenberg, P. (1889) Contribution a`la faune malacologique des Iles Ac ¸ ores. Re´sultats des dragages effectue´s par le yacht l' Hirondelle pendant sa campagne scientifique de 1887. Re´vision des mollusques marins des Ac ¸ ores. Re´sultats des Campagnes Scientifiques du Prince de Monaco, 1, 1 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 13198" type="journal article" year="1889">Dautzenberg 1889: 41</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C320965FF1DFCE7FCC77760" blockId="32.[151,1373,682,859]" box="[151,893,774,798]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7611A42C320965FF1DFCE7FCC77760" box="[151,893,774,798]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C320965FF1DFCE7FDBA7760" ID-CoL="LXYN" authority=", 1778" authorityName="Rica. Pleistocene" authorityYear="1778" baseAuthorityName="da Costa" baseAuthorityYear="1778" box="[151,512,774,798]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cerithiidae" genus="Bittium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="32" pageNumber="46" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="reticulatum">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C320965FF1DFCE7FEE67760" box="[151,348,774,798]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Bittium reticulatum</emphasis>
(da
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C320965FE03FCE7FDBA7760" author="Costa, E. M. da" box="[393,512,774,798]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refId="ref99554" refString="Costa, E. M. da (1778) Historia naturalis testaceorum Britanniae. Millan, White, Elmsley &amp; Robson, London, XII + 254 + VIII pp." type="book" year="1778">Costa, 1778</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
)—
<treatmentCitation id="0AC7109B2C320965FDABFCE7FCB17760" author="Morton, B. &amp; Britton, J. C. &amp; de Frias Martins, A. M." box="[545,779,774,798]" page="64" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" year="1998">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C320965FDABFCE7FCB17760" author="Morton, B. &amp; Britton, J. C. &amp; de Frias Martins, A. M." box="[545,779,774,798]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refId="ref116994" refString="Morton, B., Britton, J. C. &amp; de Frias Martins, A. M. (1998) Ecologia Costeira dos Acores. Sociedade Afonso Chaves, Ponta Delgada, Acores, x + 249 pp." type="book" year="1998">
Morton
<emphasis id="B912EA982C320965FDFCFCE6FD197760" box="[630,675,774,798]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
. 1998: 64
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, 88-89, 97.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C320965FF1DFCC4FCBB7725" blockId="32.[151,1373,682,859]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C320965FF1DFCC4FD9F7742" ID-CoL="LXXP" authority="(Payraudeau, 1826)" authorityName="Martins et al." authorityYear="2009" baseAuthorityName="Payraudeau" baseAuthorityYear="1826" box="[151,549,804,828]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cerithiidae" genus="Bittium" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="latreillii">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C320965FF1DFCC4FF587742" box="[151,226,805,828]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Bittium</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="B912EA982C320965FE82FCC5FEE07742" box="[264,346,804,828]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">latreillii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C320965FEE2FCC5FDA77742" author="Payraudeau, B. C." box="[360,541,804,828]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refId="ref119165" refString="Payraudeau, B. C. (1826) Catalogue descriptif et Methodique des annelides et des mollusques de l'i ˆ le de Corse. s. n., Paris, 218 pp." type="book" year="1826">Payraudeau, 1826</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
—
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C320965FDB5FCC5FC907742" author="Martins, A. M. F. de &amp; Borges, J. P. &amp; Aivila, S. P. &amp; Costa, A. C. &amp; Madeira, P. &amp; Morton, B." box="[575,810,804,829]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="15 - 103" refId="ref114478" refString="Martins, A. M. F. de, Borges, J. P., Aivila, S. P., Costa, A. C., Madeira, P. &amp; Morton, B. (2009) Illustrated checklist of the infralittoral molluscs off Vila Franca do Campo. Ac ¸ oreana, 6, 15 - 103." type="journal article" year="2009">
Martins
<emphasis id="B912EA982C320965FD1CFCC4FD787742" box="[662,706,804,828]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
. 2009: 58
</bibRefCitation>
, figs. 33-34 [
<emphasis id="B912EA982C320965FC3BFCC4FC6D7742" box="[945,983,805,828]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">non</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C320965FC54FCC4FAE97742" ID-CoL="LXXP" authority="(Payraudeau, 1826)" authorityName="Martins et al." authorityYear="2009" baseAuthorityName="Payraudeau" baseAuthorityYear="1826" box="[990,1363,804,828]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cerithiidae" genus="Bittium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="latreillii">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C320965FC54FCC4FB3B7742" box="[990,1153,804,828]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Bittium latreillii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C320965FB04FCC5FAF07742" author="Payraudeau, B. C." box="[1166,1354,804,828]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refId="ref119165" refString="Payraudeau, B. C. (1826) Catalogue descriptif et Methodique des annelides et des mollusques de l'i ˆ le de Corse. s. n., Paris, 218 pp." type="book" year="1826">Payraudeau, 1826</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
].
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C320965FF1DFCA5FE787725" ID-CoL="LXY2" authority="(Mayer, 1864)" baseAuthorityName="Mayer" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[151,450,835,859]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cerithiidae" genus="Bittium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nanum">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C320965FF1DFCA5FE977725" box="[151,301,836,859]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Bittium nanum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C320965FEB0FCA2FE017725" author="Mayer, K." box="[314,443,835,859]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refId="ref114600" refString="Mayer, K. (1864). Die Tertiar-fauna der Azoren und Madeiren. Zurich, published by the author. Z ¸ rich: vi + 107 pp. + 7 pls." type="book" year="1864">Mayer, 1864</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
—
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C320965FE56FCA2FD357725" author="Moreno, D." box="[476,655,835,859]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="59 - 74" refId="ref116847" refString="Moreno, D. (2011) Bittium nanum (Gastropoda, Cerithiidae), una especie valida de las islas Azores. Iberus, 29, 59 - 74." type="journal article" year="2011">Moreno 2011: 61</bibRefCitation>
, figs. 1-32.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37C65012C320965FF1DFC68FCF67071" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C320965FF1DFC68FCF677B6" blockId="32.[151,1437,905,2012]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C320965FF1DFC68FEFD77DD" bold="true" box="[151,327,905,931]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<typeStatus id="54DD88282C320965FF1DFC68FF6877DD" box="[151,210,905,931]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Type</typeStatus>
material.
</emphasis>
<collectingCounty id="62B84E062C320965FEDAFC68FE2277DD" box="[336,408,905,931]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Single</collectingCounty>
specimen height 5.0 mm, width 2.0 mm,
<collectingRegion id="49A2F8682C320965FCF1FC68FC0F77DD" box="[891,949,905,931]" country="Cape Verde" name="Praia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Praia</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingMunicipality id="6BBDACF02C320965FC65FC68FBFF77DD" box="[1007,1093,905,931]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Prainha</collectingMunicipality>
(Pleistocene localities), Santa Maria
<location id="8EB960512C320965FF6BFC4CFE9277B9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CF879C2C320964FF1DFDA6FC9A719B:8EB960512C320965FF6BFC4CFE9277B9" box="[225,296,941,967]" county="Single" municipality="Prainha" name="Island" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" stateProvince="Praia">Island</location>
,
<collectingRegion id="49A2F8682C320965FEB8FC4FFE3F77B6" box="[306,389,942,968]" country="Portugal" name="Acores" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Azores</collectingRegion>
; whereabouts unknown (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C320965FD11FC4CFCFA77B6" author="Beu, A. G." box="[667,832,941,968]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="119 - 222" refId="ref94683" refString="Beu, A. G. (2017) Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum, 69, 119 - 222. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 2201 - 4349.69.2017.1666" type="journal article" year="2017">Beu 2017:165</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C320965FF4DFC30FCF67071" blockId="32.[151,1437,905,2012]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C320965FF4DFC30FDF77795" bold="true" box="[199,589,977,1003]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Santa Maria material examined.</emphasis>
Maximum height 4.9 mm, width 2.0 mm.
<collectionCode id="ED77AE4F2C320965FBB8FC33FB207792" box="[1074,1178,978,1004]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">DBUA-F</collectionCode>
1296-2 (1), Malbusca, Santa Maria Island,
<collectingRegion id="49A2F8682C320965FEFDFC17FE73706E" box="[375,457,1014,1040]" country="Portugal" name="Acores" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Azores</collectingRegion>
, Touril Complex, Lower Pliocene.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37C65012C320964FF4DFBF8FE047487" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C320965FF4DFBF8FE2A72E9" blockId="32.[151,1437,905,2012]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C320965FF4DFBF8FE7F704D" bold="true" box="[199,453,1049,1075]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Original description.</emphasis>
“
<emphasis id="B912EA982C320965FE56FBF8FB497128" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
Obwohl dieses kleine Ding wahrscheinlich quartär ist und also wohl auch lebend vorkömmt, so muss ich es doch als neu ansehen, indem nicht gelungen ist, trotz Nachfragen bei den Herrn Deshayes und Hoernes und gelegentlichem Nachsehen in Reeve, ein benanntes Analogon dafür zu finden. Oberflächlich betrachtet, sieht dieses Schneckchen der
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C320965FDD4FB64FC9470E1" box="[606,814,1157,1183]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cerithiidae" genus="Cerithiopis" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="scabra">Cerithiopis scabra</taxonomicName>
ähnlich; allein bei genauer Prüfung entdeckt man, dass sein Bau bedeutend von dem der genannten Art abweicht. Eine viel grössere Aehnlichkeit besitzt die Species mit
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C320965FF1DFB2CFE337099" authorityName="Eichwald" authorityYear="1830" box="[151,393,1229,1255]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cerithiidae" genus="Cerithium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="lignitarum">Cerithium lignitarum</taxonomicName>
: es ist fast ein Miniaturbild davon; doch fehlt ihr unter Anderem der Columellarzahn. Von
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C320965FA09FB2FFEA57175" baseAuthorityName="Montagu" baseAuthorityYear="1803" class="Gastropoda" family="Cerithiidae" genus="Cerithium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tubercularis">C. tubercularis</taxonomicName>
und Verwandten scheidet sie das ganz verschiedene, sehr enge Körnernetz. Es ist nicht zu bezweifeln, dass diese organische Form ausgewachsen und zwerghaft sei; die Menge der gleich grossen Stücke, welche der Tuff von
<collectingRegion id="49A2F8682C320965FF4CFADBFEBC712D" box="[198,262,1338,1363]" country="Cape Verde" name="Praia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Praia</collectingRegion>
und Prainha, in Gesellschaft von fast lauter kleinen Arten birgt spricht entschieden daf̧r
</emphasis>
[Although this little thing is probably Quaternary and therefore is probably also extant, I nevertheless have to consider it new, in that it has not been possible to find a named analogue for it, despite inquiries with Mr. Deshayes and Hoernes and occasional look in Reeve. Generally, this snail looks similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C320965FCDAFA44FBE271C1" box="[848,1112,1445,1472]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cerithiidae" genus="Cerithiopis" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="scabra">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C320965FCDAFA44FC7471C1" box="[848,974,1445,1471]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Cerithiopis</emphasis>
[
<emphasis id="B912EA982C320965FC57FA47FC4671C1" box="[989,1020,1446,1471]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">sic</emphasis>
]
<emphasis id="B912EA982C320965FB86FA44FBE271C1" box="[1036,1112,1445,1471]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">scabra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; however, close examination reveals that its construction differs significantly from that of the mentioned species. The species has a much greater similarity with
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C320965FECDFA0CFD827279" authorityName="Eichwald" authorityYear="1830" box="[327,568,1517,1543]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cerithiidae" genus="Cerithium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="lignitarum">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C320965FECDFA0CFD827279" box="[327,568,1517,1543]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Cerithium lignitarum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: it is almost a miniature version of it; but it lacks, among other things, the columellar tooth. From
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C320965FE26F9F3FDE37255" baseAuthorityName="Montagu" baseAuthorityYear="1803" box="[428,601,1553,1580]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cerithiidae" genus="Cerithium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tubercularis">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C320965FE26F9F3FDE37255" box="[428,601,1553,1580]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">C. tubercularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and relatives it is separated in the very different, very narrow granular network. There is no doubt that this organic form is fully grown and dwarf-like; the number of specimens of the same size, from the tuff of
<collectingRegion id="49A2F8682C320965FE46F9B8FDBC720D" box="[460,518,1625,1651]" country="Cape Verde" name="Praia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Praia</collectingRegion>
and Prainha, in the assemblage with almost all small sizes, speaks decisively for it]” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C320965FF41F99CFE3E72E9" author="Mayer, K." box="[203,388,1661,1687]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refId="ref114600" refString="Mayer, K. (1864). Die Tertiar-fauna der Azoren und Madeiren. Zurich, published by the author. Z ¸ rich: vi + 107 pp. + 7 pls." type="book" year="1864">Mayer 1864: 66</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C320965FF4DF940FE6A7359" blockId="32.[151,1437,905,2012]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C320965FF4DF940FE1F72C5" bold="true" box="[199,421,1697,1723]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Latin description.</emphasis>
“
<emphasis id="B912EA982C320965FE4BF943FF4A7359" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C320965FE4BF943FDE672C5" box="[449,604,1698,1723]" class="Gastropoda" family="Chilodontaidae" genus="Testa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seguenziida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="minuta">Testa minuta</taxonomicName>
, turrito-conica, turgidula, solidula interdum varicosa; anfractibus 7, applanatis, sutura profunda separatis, primis serie 2, ultimis series 4 granulorum transversas exhibentus; granis majuscolis, densis in serie longitudinali recta dispositis; apertura subquadrata, in canalem brevem exenute; labio simplici
</emphasis>
” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C320965FE81F8ECFE797359" author="Mayer, K." box="[267,451,1805,1831]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refId="ref114600" refString="Mayer, K. (1864). Die Tertiar-fauna der Azoren und Madeiren. Zurich, published by the author. Z ¸ rich: vi + 107 pp. + 7 pls." type="book" year="1864">Mayer 1864: 66</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C320964FF4DF8D0FE047487" blockId="32.[151,1437,905,2012]" lastBlockId="33.[151,1437,151,1509]" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C320965FF4DF8D0FE047335" bold="true" box="[199,446,1841,1867]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Revised description.</emphasis>
Shell small, turriculate, with tall, moderately slender spire. Protoconch and earliest whorls missing. Five weakly convex teleoconch whorls preserved with periphery at abapical cord, just above suture. Suture weakly impressed. Sculpture on penultimate whorl of about 14 low ribs and five cords forming small, rounded tubercles at sculptural intersection. Last whorl weakly convex, moderately constricted at base, bearing six tuberculose cords above the level of the aperture, single varix placed just above outer lip; base slightly concave, delimited by double smooth peribasal cords bearing five further smooth cords medially. Aperture ovate, outer lip thin, convex, ending in short siphonal canal. Columella slightly thickened, almost rectilinear. Columellar callus narrow, poorly developed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37C65012C330964FF4DFEE3FD2A71E3" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C330964FF4DFEE3FD8D75F7" blockId="33.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C330964FF4DFEE3FEF67562" bold="true" box="[199,332,258,284]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Discussion.</emphasis>
We have interpreted this specimen to represent
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C330964FCFEFEE2FB637563" authority="Mayer, 1864" authorityName="Mayer" authorityYear="1864" box="[884,1241,259,285]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cerithiopsidae" genus="Cerithiopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nana">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C330964FCFEFEE2FB847562" box="[884,1086,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Cerithiopsis nana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C330964FBCDFEE2FB637563" author="Mayer, K." box="[1095,1241,259,285]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref114600" refString="Mayer, K. (1864). Die Tertiar-fauna der Azoren und Madeiren. Zurich, published by the author. Z ¸ rich: vi + 107 pp. + 7 pls." type="book" year="1864">Mayer, 1864</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. The wide apical angle and the strongly tubercular sculpture agree with the rather schematic picture given by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C330964FB12FEC6FA97753F" author="Mayer, K." box="[1176,1325,295,321]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref114600" refString="Mayer, K. (1864). Die Tertiar-fauna der Azoren und Madeiren. Zurich, published by the author. Z ¸ rich: vi + 107 pp. + 7 pls." type="book" year="1864">Mayer (1864</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 6, fig. 46). The presence of a varix on the last whorl and cords over the base suggest that this is a
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C330964FBF1FEAAFAEB751B" authority="Gray, 1847" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1847" box="[1147,1361,331,357]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cerithiidae" genus="Bittium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C330964FBF1FEAAFB77751A" box="[1147,1229,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Bittium</emphasis>
Gray, 1847
</taxonomicName>
, rather than a member of the
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C330964FE06FE8EFD8975F7" authorityName="H. Adams &amp; A. Adams" authorityYear="1853" box="[396,563,367,393]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cerithiopsidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Cerithiopsidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C330964FF4DFE72FC8C7667" blockId="33.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
The
<typeStatus id="54DD88282C330964FF76FE72FE9675D3" box="[252,300,403,429]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">type</typeStatus>
material was collected from the deposits of
<collectingRegion id="49A2F8682C330964FCA1FE72FCDF75D3" box="[811,869,403,429]" country="Cape Verde" name="Praia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Praia</collectingRegion>
and Prainha which are Pleistocene in age.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C330964FAD9FE72FEB575AF" author="Mayer, K." pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref114600" refString="Mayer, K. (1864). Die Tertiar-fauna der Azoren und Madeiren. Zurich, published by the author. Z ¸ rich: vi + 107 pp. + 7 pls." type="book" year="1864">Mayer (1864: 67)</bibRefCitation>
misidentify specimens from the Pliocene locality of Feteirinhas (= Ponta das
<collectingRegion id="49A2F8682C330964FB05FE56FB5B75AF" box="[1167,1249,439,465]" country="Puerto Rico" name="Salinas" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Salinas</collectingRegion>
) as
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C330964FA99FE56FEC5758B" authority="(Olivi, 1792)" baseAuthorityName="Olivi" baseAuthorityYear="1792" class="Gastropoda" family="Cerithiopsidae" genus="Cerithiopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="scabra">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C330964FA99FE56FF59758B" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Cerithiopsis scabra</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C330964FF7EFE3AFECD758B" author="Olivi, G." box="[244,375,475,501]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref117997" refString="Olivi, G. (1792) Zoologia Adriatica, ossia catalogo ragionato degli animali del golfo e delle lagune di Venezia; preceduto da una dissertazione sulla storia fisica e naturale del golfo; e accompagnato da memorie, ed osservazioni di fisica storia naturale ed economia. Remondini F. L. G., Bassano, 334 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 60887" type="book" year="1792">Olivi, 1792</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
[=
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C330964FE22FE3AFD39758B" baseAuthorityName="da Costa" baseAuthorityYear="1778" box="[424,643,475,501]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cerithiidae" genus="Bittium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="reticulatum">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C330964FE22FE3AFD39758B" box="[424,643,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Bittium reticulatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(da
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C330964FD3DFE3AFCFE758B" author="Costa, E. M. da" box="[695,836,475,501]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref99554" refString="Costa, E. M. da (1778) Historia naturalis testaceorum Britanniae. Millan, White, Elmsley &amp; Robson, London, XII + 254 + VIII pp." type="book" year="1778">Costa, 1778</bibRefCitation>
)]. We confirm its presence in the Lower Pliocene assemblages of Santa Maria and add the locality of Malbusca.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C330964FF4DFDC2FE3C768F" blockId="33.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C330964FF4DFDC2FECE7643" author="Moreno, D." box="[199,372,547,573]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="59 - 74" refId="ref116847" refString="Moreno, D. (2011) Bittium nanum (Gastropoda, Cerithiidae), una especie valida de las islas Azores. Iberus, 29, 59 - 74." type="journal article" year="2011">Moreno (2011)</bibRefCitation>
recognized the species as occurring in the extant Azorean faunas and it is one of the most abundant components of the rocky shore environments (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C330964FCB8FDA6FB93761F" author="Costa, A. C. &amp; Avila, S. P." box="[818,1065,583,611]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="117 - 126" refId="ref99494" refString="Costa, A. C. &amp; Avila, S. P. (2001) Macrobenthic mollusc fauna inhabiting Halopteris spp. subtidal fronds in S &quot; o Miguel Island, Azores. Scientia Marina, 65 (2), 117 - 126. https: // doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2001.65 n 2117" type="journal article" year="2001">
<collectingRegion id="49A2F8682C330964FCB8FDA6FCCE761F" box="[818,884,583,609]" country="New Zealand" name="West Coast" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Costa</collectingRegion>
&amp; Ávila 2001
</bibRefCitation>
). The species was confused by numerous authors with similar congeners such as
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C330964FD48FD8AFCDA76FB" baseAuthorityName="da Costa" baseAuthorityYear="1778" box="[706,864,619,645]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cerithiidae" genus="Bittium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="reticulatum">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C330964FD48FD8AFCDA76FB" box="[706,864,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">B. reticulatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(da
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C330964FC1BFD8AFBA276FB" author="Costa, E. M. da" box="[913,1048,619,645]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref99554" refString="Costa, E. M. da (1778) Historia naturalis testaceorum Britanniae. Millan, White, Elmsley &amp; Robson, London, XII + 254 + VIII pp." type="book" year="1778">Costa, 1778</bibRefCitation>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C330964FBA4FD8AFAB876FB" author="Mac Andrew, R." box="[1070,1282,618,645]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref113423" refString="Mac Andrew, R. (1856) Report on the marine testaceous Mollusca of the North-East Atlantic and neighbouring Seas and the physical conditions affecting their development. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, London, 158 pp." type="book" year="1856">Mac Andrew 1856</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C330964FA84FD8AFF6876D7" author="Dautzenberg, P." pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref100051" refString="Dautzenberg, P. (1889) Contribution a`la faune malacologique des Iles Ac ¸ ores. Re´sultats des dragages effectue´s par le yacht l' Hirondelle pendant sa campagne scientifique de 1887. Re´vision des mollusques marins des Ac ¸ ores. Re´sultats des Campagnes Scientifiques du Prince de Monaco, 1, 1 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 13198" type="journal article" year="1889">Dautzenberg 1889</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C330964FF54FD6EFEDF76D7" author="Nobre, A." box="[222,357,655,681]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="41 - 90" refId="ref117569" refString="Nobre, A. (1924) Contribuicies para a fauna dos Acores. Anais do Instituto de Zoologia da Universidade do Porto, 1, 41 - 90." type="journal article" year="1924">Nobre 1924</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C330964FEFAFD6EFE1176D7" author="Nobre, A." box="[368,427,655,681]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref117599" refString="Nobre, A. (1930) Materiais para o estudo da fauna dos Acores. Instituto de Zoologia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, 108 pp." type="book" year="1930">1930</bibRefCitation>
; Azevedo 1990, 1991;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C330964FD23FD6EFC0E76D7" author="Azevedo, J. M. N. &amp; Gofas, S." box="[681,948,655,681]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="83 - 87" refId="ref92549" refString="Azevedo, J. M. N. &amp; Gofas, S. (1990) Moluscos marinhos litorais da ilha das Flores. Expedic &quot; o Cientifica Flores 1989 (Relatorio Preliminar). Relatorios e Comunicacles do Departamento de Biologia da Universidade dos Acores, 18, 83 - 87." type="journal article" year="1990">Azevedo &amp; Gofas 1990</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C330964FC35FD6EFB2D76D7" author="Bullock, R. C. &amp; Turner, R. D. &amp; Fralick, A." box="[959,1175,655,681]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="39 - 58" refId="ref96819" refString="Bullock, R. C., Turner, R. D. &amp; Fralick, A. (1990) Species richness and diversity of algal - associated micromolluscan communities from S &quot; o Miguel, Acores. Acoreana, 2, 39 - 58." type="journal article" year="1990">
Bullock
<emphasis id="B912EA982C330964FB94FD6EFBF576D7" box="[1054,1103,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al</emphasis>
. 1990
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C330964FB29FD6EFA8276D7" author="Morton, B." box="[1187,1336,655,681]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="3 - 20" refId="ref116920" refString="Morton, B. (1990) The intertidal ecology of ilheu de Vila Franca - a drowned volcanic crater in the Azores. Acoreana, 2, 3 - 20." type="journal article" year="1990">Morton 1990</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C330964FACEFD6EFF6876B3" author="Bullock, R. C." pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="9 - 55" refId="ref96866" refString="Bullock, R. C. (1995) The distribution of the molluscan fauna associated with the intertidal coralline algal turf of a partially submerged volcanic crater, the Ilheu de Vila Franca, S &quot; o Miguel, Azores. Acoreana, 4, 9 - 55." type="journal article" year="1995">Bullock 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C330964FF57FD52FE5F76B3" author="Morton, B. &amp; Britton, J. C." box="[221,485,690,717]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="65 - 77" refId="ref116952" refString="Morton, B. &amp; Britton, J. C. (1995) Partitioning of shell resources by Aspydosiphon muelleri (Sipuncula) and Anapagurus laevis (Crustacea) in the Azores. Acoreana, 4, 65 - 77." type="journal article" year="1995">Morton &amp; Britton 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C330964FE7AFD55FD1476B3" author="Avila, S. P. &amp; Azevedo, J. M. N." box="[496,686,691,719]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="323 - 330" refId="ref89925" refString="Avila, S. P. &amp; Azevedo, J. M. N. (1997) Shallow-water molluscs from the Formigas islets, Azores, collected during the &quot; Santa Maria e Formigas 1990 &quot; scientific expedition. Acoreana, 8 (3), 323 - 330." type="journal article" year="1997">
Ávila
<emphasis id="B912EA982C330964FDBFFD52FDD776B3" box="[565,621,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
1997
</bibRefCitation>
, 1998, 2000;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C330964FCCEFD52FBAF76B3" author="Morton, B. &amp; Britton, J. C. &amp; de Frias Martins, A. M." box="[836,1045,691,717]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref116994" refString="Morton, B., Britton, J. C. &amp; de Frias Martins, A. M. (1998) Ecologia Costeira dos Acores. Sociedade Afonso Chaves, Ponta Delgada, Acores, x + 249 pp." type="book" year="1998">
Morton
<emphasis id="B912EA982C330964FC14FD52FC7576B3" box="[926,975,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al</emphasis>
. 1998
</bibRefCitation>
) or
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C330964FBC8FD52FE38768F" authority="(Payraudeau, 1826) (Martins et al. 2009)" authorityName="Martins et al." authorityYear="2009" baseAuthorityName="Payraudeau" baseAuthorityYear="1826" class="Gastropoda" family="Cerithiidae" genus="Bittium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="latreillii">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C330964FBC8FD52FB0176B3" box="[1090,1211,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">B. latreillii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C330964FB43FD52FA2E76B3" author="Payraudeau, B. C." box="[1225,1428,691,717]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref119165" refString="Payraudeau, B. C. (1826) Catalogue descriptif et Methodique des annelides et des mollusques de l'i ˆ le de Corse. s. n., Paris, 218 pp." type="book" year="1826">Payraudeau, 1826</bibRefCitation>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C330964FF15FD36FEC1768F" author="Martins, A. M. F. de &amp; Borges, J. P. &amp; Aivila, S. P. &amp; Costa, A. C. &amp; Madeira, P. &amp; Morton, B." box="[159,379,727,753]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="15 - 103" refId="ref114478" refString="Martins, A. M. F. de, Borges, J. P., Aivila, S. P., Costa, A. C., Madeira, P. &amp; Morton, B. (2009) Illustrated checklist of the infralittoral molluscs off Vila Franca do Campo. Ac ¸ oreana, 6, 15 - 103." type="journal article" year="2009">
Martins
<emphasis id="B912EA982C330964FF75FD36FE8A768F" box="[255,304,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al</emphasis>
. 2009
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C330964FF4DFD1AFC2B7097" blockId="33.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
European
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C330964FEB2FD1AFE58776B" box="[312,482,763,789]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C330964FEB2FD1AFE30776A" box="[312,394,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Bittium</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
are in some cases difficult to separate in the absence of the protoconch, which is missing in the Azorean fossil material. The specimen at hand is characterized by relatively flat whorls, weakly impressed suture, finely beaded sculpture with six rows of beads on the penultimate and last whorls above the aperture, and the base delimited by a double peribasal cords plus five further weaker smooth cords entirely covering the base. This species is most similar to the extant
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C330964FDBAFC6AFD5F77DB" authorityName="Martins et al." authorityYear="2009" baseAuthorityName="Payraudeau" baseAuthorityYear="1826" box="[560,741,907,933]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cerithiidae" genus="Bittium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="latreillii">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C330964FDBAFC6AFD5F77DB" box="[560,741,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Bittium latreillii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The Azorean species seems to have a wider apical angle, the number of ribs and cords is similar, but the cords are more closely spaced and develop strong tubercles on all the cords whereas in
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C330964FEEAFC32FE667793" authorityName="Martins et al." authorityYear="2009" baseAuthorityName="Payraudeau" baseAuthorityYear="1826" box="[352,476,979,1005]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cerithiidae" genus="Bittium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="latreillii">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C330964FEEAFC32FE667793" box="[352,476,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">B. latreillii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the beading weakens from the adapical cord downwards.
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C330964FBFCFC32FF63706F" authority="(Philippi, 1836)" baseAuthorityName="Philippi" baseAuthorityYear="1836" class="Gastropoda" family="Cerithiidae" genus="Bittium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="lacteum">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C330964FBFCFC32FA917793" box="[1142,1323,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Bittium lacteum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C330964FAB1FC32FF6A706F" author="Philippi, R. A." pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref119932" refString="Philippi, R. A. (1836) Enumeratio molluscorum siciliae cum viventium tum in tellure tertiaria fossilium quae in itinere suo observavit auctor. Schropp, Berlin, XIV + 268 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 100735" type="book" year="1836">Philippi, 1836</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
also has strongly beaded cords but it is immediately separated by having fewer cords on the whorls and on the base.
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C330964FE8AFBFAFD80704B" authority="Watson, 1897" authorityName="Watson" authorityYear="1897" box="[256,570,1051,1077]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cerithiidae" genus="Bittium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="incile">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C330964FE8AFBFAFE2D704B" box="[256,407,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Bittium incile</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C330964FE14FBFAFD80704B" author="Watson, R. B." box="[414,570,1051,1077]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="233 - 327" refId="ref128603" refString="Watson, R. B. (1897) On the marine Mollusca of Madeira. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 26, 233 - 327. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1897. tb 00033. x" type="journal article" year="1897">Watson, 1897</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, reported from to
<collectingRegion id="49A2F8682C330964FC88FBFAFCD8704B" box="[770,866,1051,1077]" country="Portugal" name="Madeira" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Madeira</collectingRegion>
, Selvagens,
<collectingRegion id="49A2F8682C330964FC66FBFAFB29704B" box="[1004,1171,1051,1077]" country="Spain" name="Canarias" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Canary Islands</collectingRegion>
and the Mediterranean, differs in having only three or occasionally four spiral rows of tubercles (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C330964FC37FBDEFB2A7027" author="Verduin, A." box="[957,1168,1087,1113]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="133 - 142" refId="ref128142" refString="Verduin, A. (1976) On characters, variability, and distribution of the European marine gastropods Bittium latreilii (Payraudeau) and Bittium lacteum (Philippi). Basteria, 40, 133 - 142." type="journal article" year="1976">Verduin 1976: 114</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C330964FB28FBDEFE887003" authority="Watson, 1897" authorityName="Watson" authorityYear="1897" class="Gastropoda" family="Cerithiidae" genus="Bittium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="depauperatum">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C330964FB28FBDEFA267027" box="[1186,1436,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Bittium depauperatum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C330964FF1DFB82FE887003" author="Watson, R. B." box="[151,306,1123,1149]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="233 - 327" refId="ref128603" refString="Watson, R. B. (1897) On the marine Mollusca of Madeira. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 26, 233 - 327. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1897. tb 00033. x" type="journal article" year="1897">Watson, 1897</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, was described as endemic from
<collectingRegion id="49A2F8682C330964FD16FB82FD437003" box="[668,761,1123,1149]" country="Portugal" name="Madeira" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Madeira</collectingRegion>
and was later found also in the
<collectingRegion id="49A2F8682C330964FBDEFB82FB407003" box="[1108,1274,1123,1149]" country="Spain" name="Canarias" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Canary Islands</collectingRegion>
(Hernández
<emphasis id="B912EA982C330964FA02FB82FF1770DF" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al</emphasis>
. 2011).
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C330964FE82FB66FE5B70DF" baseAuthorityName="da Costa" baseAuthorityYear="1778" box="[264,481,1159,1185]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cerithiidae" genus="Bittium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="reticulatum">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C330964FE82FB66FE5B70DF" box="[264,481,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Bittium reticulatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs in only having four spiral cords of which the first and second are more closely spaced than the third and fourth and has numerous varices distributed over all the teleoconch whorls. Based on the scant material available, we provisionally accept this taxon as valid.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C330964FF4DFB12FD2A71E3" blockId="33.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C330964FF4DFB12FE357173" author="Mayer, K." box="[199,399,1267,1293]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref114600" refString="Mayer, K. (1864). Die Tertiar-fauna der Azoren und Madeiren. Zurich, published by the author. Z ¸ rich: vi + 107 pp. + 7 pls." type="book" year="1864">Mayer (1864: 66)</bibRefCitation>
considered the specimen available to him to be Quaternary. A specimen from the DBUA-F collection is labelled as coming from Lower Pliocene strata, and at Malbusca only Pliocene deposits occur. We tentatively include the specimen herein although we remain uncertain if the specimen is Pliocene or Pleistocene, and
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C330964FF1DFABEFE877106" baseAuthorityName="Mayer" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[151,317,1375,1400]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cerithiidae" genus="Bittium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nanum">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C330964FF1DFABEFE877106" box="[151,317,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Bittium nanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may have been endemic in the
<collectingRegion id="49A2F8682C330964FD15FABEFD547107" box="[671,750,1375,1401]" country="Portugal" name="Acores" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Azores</collectingRegion>
since at least lower Pliocene times and is still present and an abundant component of rocky shore habitats.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37C65012C330964FF4DFA47FC9A719B" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C330964FF4DFA47FC9A719B" blockId="33.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C330964FF4DFA47FEDB71BE" bold="true" box="[199,353,1446,1472]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Distribution.</emphasis>
Lower Pliocene:?Atlantic, Santa Maria Island,
<collectingRegion id="49A2F8682C330964FC12FA46FC5D71BF" box="[920,999,1447,1473]" country="Portugal" name="Acores" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Azores</collectingRegion>
(Bronn in
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C330964FBE7FA46FB4A71BF" author="Reiss, W." box="[1133,1264,1447,1473]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref122153" refString="Reiss, W. (1862) Mittheilungen u ¨ ber die tertia ¨ ren Schichten von Santa Maria, der su ¨ dlichsten der Azoren, und ihre organischen Einschlu ¨ sse. Nebst Beschreibung dieser letzten und Abbildung der neuen Arten, von H. G. Bronn. Neues Jahrbuch fu ¨ r Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefactunkunde, 1862, 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1862">Reiss 1862</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C330964FA8AFA46FA2A71BF" author="Mayer, K." box="[1280,1424,1447,1473]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref114600" refString="Mayer, K. (1864). Die Tertiar-fauna der Azoren und Madeiren. Zurich, published by the author. Z ¸ rich: vi + 107 pp. + 7 pls." type="book" year="1864">Mayer 1864</bibRefCitation>
). Present-day:
<collectingRegion id="49A2F8682C330964FEA3FA2AFEC2719B" box="[297,376,1483,1509]" country="Portugal" name="Acores" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Azores</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C330964FE0CFA2AFD98719B" author="Moreno, D." box="[390,546,1483,1509]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="59 - 74" refId="ref116847" refString="Moreno, D. (2011) Bittium nanum (Gastropoda, Cerithiidae), una especie valida de las islas Azores. Iberus, 29, 59 - 74." type="journal article" year="2011">Moreno 2011</bibRefCitation>
; Cordeiro
<emphasis id="B912EA982C330964FD12FA2AFD73719B" box="[664,713,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al</emphasis>
. 2015).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>