plazi/treatments-xml
2
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull requests Releases Activity
treatments-xml/data/03/C9/F0/03C9F046FFC0B618C431F9F3FDC5FE82.xml
maintenance bc2564723d added 03
2024-06-21 12:22:17 +02:00

2396 lines
323 KiB
XML
Raw Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<document id="7B6E5ECA8689E161549299344BBA98D6" ID-DOI="10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1782" ID-ISSN="2201-4349" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10420945" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="jonas" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="jonas" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="jonas" IM.metadata_approvedBy="jonas" IM.tables_approvedBy="jonas" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="jonas" IM.treatments_approvedBy="jonas" checkinTime="1703106501634" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Parnaby, Harry E. &amp; Helgen, Kristofer M." docDate="2023" docId="03C9F046FFC0B618C431F9F3FDC5FE82" docLanguage="en" docName="RecAustMus.75.5.629-652.pdf" docOrigin="Records of the Australian Museum 75 (5)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:3B5953CBF7D2A3374323CE81451CB60D.2:RecAustMus.2019-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleId="3B5953CBF7D2A3374323CE81451CB60D" docStyleName="RecAustMus.2019-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Nyctophilus timoriensis Geoffroy" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="643" masterDocId="FFF0883EFFC6B609C52AFFF1FFB9FFFE" masterDocTitle="Rediscovery of the Long-eared Bat Genus Nyctophilus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in Timor and a Reassessment of Nyctophilus timoriensis" masterLastPageNumber="652" masterPageNumber="629" pageNumber="634" updateTime="1703205731752" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="70FB27BC4B10605CE63DE29E40420A6B" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="5FD0B92291BB9B1774114DB4F62B592C">
<mods:title id="A8CC2D708915A1E25D37189F45EDB9A4">Rediscovery of the Long-eared Bat Genus Nyctophilus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in Timor and a Reassessment of Nyctophilus timoriensis</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="5ED128BD62A7312EFE79C69086EDF494" type="personal">
<mods:role id="6799345DB24DB8D9826F74258F077A89">
<mods:roleTerm id="0832417CBDB9003152BBD0CAB95DBF08">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="3CFBCC8D800642D1756642FF7D010457">Parnaby, Harry E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="7A12AD36E13BDFC917D01B45D909965B">Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, 1 William Street, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="6463B098E70AB0CE700AAFAC34F6F367" type="email">Harry.Parnaby@Australian.Museum</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="2EAE361C51446350ACA1B851957DAA15" type="personal">
<mods:role id="8947291A29ACB9C0E2234B3C2F0CC36C">
<mods:roleTerm id="7E66DC094C396F64C4EA647570AE68F0">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="283D7C10D1EF957784F4FD429B211673">Helgen, Kristofer M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="E9380E2795D8A48550D853D9D9350F9E">Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, 1 William Street, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia &amp; Australian Research Council Centre for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="B2102915C0C42928DC152AFE97D901AE">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="ECA5EA0665E1E7B5C459775D8D61B1CE" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="D5BEF385BF528E67D878269878F158FD">
<mods:title id="6B17A10E874A921B13226A4C2418D67E">Records of the Australian Museum</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="9679FB873F5C9DB292AD379099F73239">
<mods:date id="E9AF6559F50A10A8F66679B5D8980087">2023</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="129166F437B46577514FCD427A44194E" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="298E7EF0817CFCC9513F766EF5F9BC75">2023-12-13</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="20555B2849C6B6A550B1AC9F1F57AE09" type="volume">
<mods:number id="E1926A6C5553F70DC8D642B07F990C9C">75</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="25E848B69D382FB900B029F8FA82A4B9" type="issue">
<mods:number id="9D8421FB531ECCE3E5314C61F3484C78">5</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="D10CC9FE1E966F5AADC7BFFFCEE3628A" unit="page">
<mods:start id="07B9F1C9AC67B24A4FBC64FE4254E44C">629</mods:start>
<mods:end id="93DE95A70E20576BCA5194DA54BDAEAB">652</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="222F78CD3562988E0489A8275E686605">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="0B8946010B9B89B04CFDBE6C97193131" type="DOI">10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1782</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="3412B6FB4430EB0D8B3B61D3F73AEC67" type="ISSN">2201-4349</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="B5E8F6460C4686E8D97A56B148C7B8C1" type="Zenodo-Dep">10420945</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="70BF49D828B83AF18CB025234610D574" type="ZooBank">35C189F0-5B18-4638-8874-70DDA925FC20</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03C9F046FFC0B618C431F9F3FDC5FE82" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10420921" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10420921" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C9F046FFC0B618C431F9F3FDC5FE82" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C9F046FFC0B618C431F9F3FDC5FE82" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="643" pageId="6" pageNumber="634">
<subSubSection id="C37A12DBFFC0B60FC431F9F3FD25F9BA" pageId="6" pageNumber="634" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFC0B60FC431F9F3FD25F9BA" blockId="6.[202,668,1538,1604]" pageId="6" pageNumber="634">
<heading id="D097F63CFFC0B60FC431F9F3FD25F9BA" bold="true" centered="true" fontSize="13" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="634" reason="4">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC0B60FC431F9F3FD25F9BA" bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="634">
A revised concept of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC0B60FC5E0F9D5FD25F9BA" ID-CoL="8LJ8L" baseAuthorityName="Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1806" box="[202,668,1572,1604]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="634" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC0B60FC5E0F9D5FDB7F9BA" bold="true" box="[202,526,1572,1604]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="634">Vespertilio timoriensis</emphasis>
Geoffroy
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37A12DBFFC0B60FC553F9A9FAF0FBDE" pageId="6" pageNumber="634" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFC0B60FC553F9A9FD2AF82E" blockId="6.[121,749,1624,2000]" pageId="6" pageNumber="634">
Since the mid nineteenth century, Geoffroy’s
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC0B60FC764F9A9FD7DF991" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1806" box="[590,708,1624,1647]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="634" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC0B60FC764F9A9FD7DF991" box="[590,708,1624,1647]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="634">timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been viewed as one of the largest members of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC0B60FC747F984FD55F973" baseAuthorityName="Steadman" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[621,748,1653,1677]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="634" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC0B60FC747F984FD55F973" box="[621,748,1653,1677]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="634">Nyctophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and its identity has been closely intertwined with
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC0B60FC7A7F962FF55F936" authority="Gray, 1844" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="634" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC0B60FC7A7F962FD54F954" box="[653,749,1683,1706]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="634">N. major</emphasis>
Gray, 1844
</taxonomicName>
from south-western
<collectingRegion id="49A48FB2FFC0B60FC497F941FDCCF936" box="[445,629,1712,1736]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="6" pageNumber="634">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
with which it has often been synonymized. We present a new concept of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC0B60FC553F91AFF54F8FC" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1806" box="[121,237,1771,1794]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="634" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC0B60FC553F91AFF54F8FC" box="[121,237,1771,1794]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="634">timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, based on details of the illustration accompanying Geoffroy’s description, a re-interpretation of measurements given in Geoffroy’s account and a detailed examination of the basis for the prevailing view that
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC0B60FC725F8B2FD3FF8A4" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1806" box="[527,646,1859,1882]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="634" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC0B60FC725F8B2FD3FF8A4" box="[527,646,1859,1882]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="634">timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is one of the largest
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC0B60FC5C7F891FE06F886" box="[237,447,1888,1912]" pageId="6" pageNumber="634">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC0B60FC5C7F891FED5F886" box="[237,364,1888,1912]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="634">Nyctophilus</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
that resembles
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC0B60FC74FF891FD7DF889" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[613,708,1888,1911]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="634" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC0B60FC74FF891FD7DF889" box="[613,708,1888,1911]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="634">N. major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. As set out below, we conclude that
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC0B60FC495F88FFD8DF86B" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1806" box="[447,564,1918,1941]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="634" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC0B60FC495F88FFD8DF86B" box="[447,564,1918,1941]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="634">timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not conspecific with
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC0B60FC593F86AFE9BF84C" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[185,290,1947,1970]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="634" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC0B60FC593F86AFE9BF84C" box="[185,290,1947,1970]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="634">N. major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, differing in important morphological distinctions that have previously been overlooked.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFC0B60FC677FBF0FAF0FBDE" blockId="6.[861,1353,1025,1057]" box="[861,1353,1025,1057]" pageId="6" pageNumber="634">
<heading id="D097F63CFFC0B60FC677FBF0FAF0FBDE" bold="true" box="[861,1353,1025,1057]" centered="true" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="634" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC0B60FC677FBF0FAF0FBDE" bold="true" box="[861,1353,1025,1057]" pageId="6" pageNumber="634">
Geoffroy’s account of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC0B60FC182FBF0FAF0FBDE" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1806" box="[1192,1353,1025,1056]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="634" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC0B60FC182FBF0FAF0FBDE" bold="true" box="[1192,1353,1025,1056]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="634">timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37A12DBFFC0B601C68FFBC4FC07FC71" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="636" pageId="6" pageNumber="634" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFC0B60FC68FFBC4FAB8FBB1" blockId="6.[933,1281,1077,1103]" box="[933,1281,1077,1103]" pageId="6" pageNumber="634">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC0B60FC68FFBC4FAB8FBB1" bold="true" box="[933,1281,1077,1103]" pageId="6" pageNumber="634">The illustration of the head</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFC0B60FC630FB94FAE3F8C2" blockId="6.[793,1422,1124,1999]" pageId="6" pageNumber="634">
A frontal drawing of the head (with the skull
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC0B60FC011FB94FA3CFB82" box="[1339,1413,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="634">in situ</emphasis>
) in
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFC0B60FC611FB73FBA9FB64" author="Geoffroy St. - Hilaire, E." box="[827,1040,1154,1178]" journalOrPublisher="Annales du Musee d'Histoire naturelle, Paris" pageId="6" pageNumber="634" pagination="187 - 205" part="8" refId="ref18013" refString="Geoffroy St. - Hilaire, E. 1806. Memoire sur le genre et les especes de Vespertilion, l'un des genres de la famille des chauve-souris. Annales du Musee d'Histoire naturelle, Paris 8: 187 - 205." title="Memoire sur le genre et les especes de Vespertilion, l'un des genres de la famille des chauve-souris" type="journal article" year="1806">Geoffroy’s (1806)</bibRefCitation>
plate 47 is the sole illustration accompanying his description of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC0B60FC15DFB51FB55FB49" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1806" box="[1143,1260,1184,1207]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="634" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC0B60FC15DFB51FB55FB49" box="[1143,1260,1184,1207]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="634">timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(reproduced in
<figureCitation id="135B5DD5FFC0B60FC630FB4DFCE3FB2A" box="[794,858,1212,1236]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[794,860,743,765]" captionTargetBox="[794,1421,151,731]" captionTargetId="figure-350@6.[794,1421,151,731]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Illustration of the type specimen ofVespertilio timoriensis È. Geoffroy, 1806, reproduced from Plate 47 of Geoffroy’s original account, showing tragus and snout features characteristic of the genus Nyctophilus. A post-nasal snout mound is evident within the red ellipse of the inset. Note that the black horizontal line is part of the original illustration and represents head length but is not a scale bar for the illustration. Scale bar (white) = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10420951" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10420951/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="634">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). Two aspects of this drawing have been overlooked in previous assessments of the status of this species. First, there is an elevated mound on the rear of the snout behind the narial foliations. The oblique ventral angle of the illustration obstructs a clear view of the dorsal snout region and a rudimentary post-nasal elevation, such as that characterizing
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC0B60FC630FA9CFCC1FA7A" box="[794,888,1389,1412]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="634">
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC0B60FC630FA9CFCCDFA7A" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[794,884,1389,1412]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="634" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">N. major</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
would not be visible from this angle. The illustration resembles the distal part of the snout prominence of those
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC0B60FC630FA56FC55FA41" box="[794,1004,1447,1471]" pageId="6" pageNumber="634">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC0B60FC630FA56FC21FA41" box="[794,920,1447,1471]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="634">Nyctophilus</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
in which the post-nasal mound is well developed, such as in
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC0B60FC12FFA34FBDAFA22" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[1029,1123,1476,1500]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="634" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC0B60FC12FFA34FBDAFA22" box="[1029,1123,1476,1500]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="634">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC0B60FC15AFA34FB6DFA22" authorityName="Tomes" authorityYear="1858" box="[1136,1236,1476,1500]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="634" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gouldi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC0B60FC15AFA34FB6DFA22" box="[1136,1236,1476,1500]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="634">N. gouldi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC0B60FC022FA34FA3EFA22" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[1288,1415,1476,1500]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="634" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC0B60FC022FA34FA3EFA22" box="[1288,1415,1476,1500]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="634">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The snout mound in
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC0B60FC12AFA13FBC7FA04" baseAuthorityName="Steadman" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[1024,1150,1506,1530]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="634" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC0B60FC12AFA13FBC7FA04" box="[1024,1150,1506,1530]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="634">Nyctophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
consists of two separate bodies joined in the midline by an elastic membrane of variable extent. The bilobed structure is not seen in Geoffroy’s illustration. However, it is likely that the artist did not have an accurate understanding of the shape of this structure, which might have shrunk in the specimen, and therefore was unable to accurately depict it. The small size of the illustration might be one reason these snout features have been overlooked, but the illustration contains an impressive level of detail. The enlarged snout mound is in sharp contrast to the low, rounded mound characteristic of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC0B60FC127F8F9FBDEF8E1" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1037,1127,1800,1823]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="634" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC0B60FC127F8F9FBDEF8E1" box="[1037,1127,1800,1823]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="634">N. major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This difference alone would suggest that
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC0B60FC6B4F8D4FBAAF8C2" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1806" box="[926,1043,1829,1852]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="634" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC0B60FC6B4F8D4FBAAF8C2" box="[926,1043,1829,1852]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="634">timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC0B60FC16CF8D4FB3CF8C2" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1094,1157,1829,1852]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="634" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC0B60FC16CF8D4FB3CF8C2" box="[1094,1157,1829,1852]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="634">major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are not conspecific.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFC0B60EC612F8B3FCA2FEDA" blockId="6.[793,1422,1124,1999]" lastBlockId="7.[166,795,151,704]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="635" pageId="6" pageNumber="634">
A second notable but overlooked feature of the illustration is a scale bar adjacent to the head of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC0B60FC1ADF891FB42F889" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1806" box="[1159,1275,1888,1911]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="634" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC0B60FC1ADF891FB42F889" box="[1159,1275,1888,1911]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="634">timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on Geoffroy’s plate 47.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFC0B60FC6A9F88DFBD6F86A" author="Geoffroy St. - Hilaire, E." box="[899,1135,1916,1940]" journalOrPublisher="Annales du Musee d'Histoire naturelle, Paris" pageId="6" pageNumber="634" pagination="187 - 205" part="8" refId="ref18013" refString="Geoffroy St. - Hilaire, E. 1806. Memoire sur le genre et les especes de Vespertilion, l'un des genres de la famille des chauve-souris. Annales du Musee d'Histoire naturelle, Paris 8: 187 - 205." title="Memoire sur le genre et les especes de Vespertilion, l'un des genres de la famille des chauve-souris" type="journal article" year="1806">Geoffroy (1806: 205)</bibRefCitation>
states that head length is indicated by the scale line beside the head of each species illustrated. The head length line for
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC0B60FC1B5F849FAAFF831" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1806" box="[1183,1302,1976,1999]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="634" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC0B60FC1B5F849FAAFF831" box="[1183,1302,1976,1999]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="634">timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC0B60FC01DF849FAE9F831" box="[1335,1360,1976,1999]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="634">ca</emphasis>
.
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFC0B60EC074F846FF76FF51" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="635" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" pageId="6" pageNumber="634" unit="mm" value="17.5">17.5 mm</quantity>
long, measured on a hardcopy of the journal illustration. A comparison of his frontal and lateral illustrations of the head of “
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC1B60EC422FF22FED2FF14" authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1774" box="[264,363,211,234]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrita">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC1B60EC422FF22FED2FF14" box="[264,363,211,234]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">V. nigrita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” on the same plate clearly indicates that “length” was measured along the long axis of the head and was not measured in another manner, such as from ear to ear.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFC1B60EC5EEFEDAFCA3FD3E" blockId="7.[166,795,151,704]" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">
We suspect that the head illustrations on Geoffroy’s plate 47 are reproduced at life size, although he does not explicitly state so. Of the 19 species accounts in his paper, ear length is provided in the text only for
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC1B60EC4FBFE72FD8FFE64" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[465,566,387,410]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auritus">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC1B60EC4FBFE72FD8FFE64" box="[465,566,387,410]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">V. auritus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and his measurement of
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFC1B60EC5EFFE51FEA8FE49" box="[197,273,416,440]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" unit="mm" value="33.0">33 mm</quantity>
is an exact match against his illustration, if ear length is taken from the notch as per modern measurements. If his illustration of the head of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC1B60EC729FE2AFDC3FE0C" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1806" box="[515,634,475,498]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC1B60EC729FE2AFDC3FE0C" box="[515,634,475,498]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is roughly life size, it is far too small to be a species the size of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC1B60EC790FE09FCA3FDF1" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[698,794,504,527]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC1B60EC790FE09FCA3FDF1" box="[698,794,504,527]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">N. major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but instead approximates a species the size of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC1B60EC7BEFDE7FCAAFDD3" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[660,787,533,557]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC1B60EC7BEFDE7FCAAFDD3" box="[660,787,533,557]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Ear length measured from his illustration is
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC1B60EC750FDC2FD2AFDB4" box="[634,659,563,586]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">ca</emphasis>
.
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFC1B60EC78AFDC3FD54FDB4" box="[672,749,562,586]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" unit="mm" value="22.0">22 mm</quantity>
, but the ears are not fully erect and could easily have attained about
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFC1B60EC5C3FD9CFE8EFD7A" box="[233,311,621,645]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
. (Both of the latter ear measurements are not especially informative, as both fall within the expected range for many
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC1B60EC426FD56FE32FD41" baseAuthorityName="Steadman" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[268,395,679,703]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC1B60EC426FD56FE32FD41" box="[268,395,679,703]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">Nyctophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
including
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC1B60EC4D6FD59FDC3FD3E" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[508,634,680,704]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC1B60EC4D6FD59FDC3FD3E" box="[508,634,680,704]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC1B60EC786FD59FCB3FD41" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[684,778,680,703]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC1B60EC786FD59FCB3FD41" box="[684,778,680,703]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">N. major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFC1B60EC475FD18FDD8FCFD" blockId="7.[351,609,745,771]" box="[351,609,745,771]" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC1B60EC475FD18FDD8FCFD" bold="true" box="[351,609,745,771]" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">Body measurements</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFC1B60EC58CFCE6FD84FC03" blockId="7.[166,795,791,1666]" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">
Establishing the approximate body size of Geoffroy’s
<typeStatus id="54DBFFF2FFC1B60EC7C6FCE9FCA3FCCE" box="[748,794,792,816]" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">type</typeStatus>
specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC1B60EC403FCC7FE27FCB3" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1806" box="[297,414,822,845]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC1B60EC403FCC7FE27FCB3" box="[297,414,822,845]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
relative to other species of the genus is fundamental to an interpretation of its possible identity, and therefore requires detailed examination. The prevailing view that Geoffroy’s
<typeStatus id="54DBFFF2FFC1B60EC4ABFC7CFE16FC5B" box="[385,431,909,933]" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">type</typeStatus>
was of one of the largest species of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC1B60EC58CFC5BFE9AFC3C" baseAuthorityName="Steadman" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[166,291,938,962]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC1B60EC58CFC5BFE9AFC3C" box="[166,291,938,962]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">Nyctophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
originated from
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFC1B60EC4E4FC5AFDD4FC3C" author="Tomes, R. F." box="[462,621,938,962]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" pagination="25 - 37" part="26" refId="ref22339" refString="Tomes, R. F. 1858 a. A monograph of the genus Nyctophilus. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 26: 25 - 37." title="A monograph of the genus Nyctophilus" type="journal article" year="1858">Tomes (1858a)</bibRefCitation>
, yet as discussed below, only one of the measurements provided by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFC1B60EC793FC36FF57FC03" author="Geoffroy St. - Hilaire, E." journalOrPublisher="Annales du Musee d'Histoire naturelle, Paris" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" pagination="187 - 205" part="8" refId="ref18013" refString="Geoffroy St. - Hilaire, E. 1806. Memoire sur le genre et les especes de Vespertilion, l'un des genres de la famille des chauve-souris. Annales du Musee d'Histoire naturelle, Paris 8: 187 - 205." title="Memoire sur le genre et les especes de Vespertilion, l'un des genres de la famille des chauve-souris" type="journal article" year="1806">Geoffroy (1806)</bibRefCitation>
implies a large-bodied species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFC1B60EC5EFFBF3FD81F97C" blockId="7.[166,795,791,1666]" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">
Three measurements are cited in Geoffroy’s brief description of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC1B60EC46DFBD1FE07FBC9" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1806" box="[327,446,1056,1079]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC1B60EC46DFBD1FE07FBC9" box="[327,446,1056,1079]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which he gave in millimetres: body length,
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFC1B60EC410FBCCFE35FBAA" box="[314,396,1085,1109]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" unit="mm" value="70.0">70 mm</quantity>
; tail length,
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFC1B60EC731FBCCFDD4FBAA" box="[539,621,1085,1109]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
; and wingspan,
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFC1B60EC58CFBABFEB1FB8C" box="[166,264,1114,1138]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" unit="mm" value="270.0">270 mm</quantity>
. These were the standard measurements given by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFC1B60EC5E7FB86FE3EFB71" author="Geoffroy St. - Hilaire, E." box="[205,391,1143,1167]" journalOrPublisher="Annales du Musee d'Histoire naturelle, Paris" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" pagination="187 - 205" part="8" refId="ref18013" refString="Geoffroy St. - Hilaire, E. 1806. Memoire sur le genre et les especes de Vespertilion, l'un des genres de la famille des chauve-souris. Annales du Musee d'Histoire naturelle, Paris 8: 187 - 205." title="Memoire sur le genre et les especes de Vespertilion, l'un des genres de la famille des chauve-souris" type="journal article" year="1806">Geoffroy (1806)</bibRefCitation>
for each species in his account of vespertilionid bats. Geoffroy provided a fourth measurement for
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC1B60EC5E1FB42FEFBFB34" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1806" box="[203,322,1203,1226]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC1B60EC5E1FB42FEFBFB34" box="[203,322,1203,1226]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, head length of
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC1B60EC4C3FB42FDBBFB34" box="[489,514,1203,1226]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">ca</emphasis>
.
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFC1B60EC724FB43FDD7FB34" box="[526,622,1202,1226]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" unit="mm" value="17.5">17.5 mm</quantity>
, as noted above. Geoffroy generally used three standard body measurements (head-body, tail, and wingspan) for bats in his other taxonomic papers (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFC1B60EC49EFAFBFDE5FADC" author="Geoffroy St. - Hilaire, E." box="[436,604,1290,1314]" journalOrPublisher="Annales du Museum d'Histoire naturelle, Paris" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" pagination="86 - 108" part="15" refId="ref18055" refString="Geoffroy St. - Hilaire, E. 1810. Description des rousettes et des cephalotes, deux nouxeaux genres de la famille des chauve-souris. Annales du Museum d'Histoire naturelle, Paris 15: 86 - 108." title="Description des rousettes et des cephalotes, deux nouxeaux genres de la famille des chauve-souris" type="journal article" year="1810">Geoffroy, 1810</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFC1B60EC741FAFBFD1CFADC" author="Geoffroy St. - Hilaire, E." box="[619,677,1290,1314]" journalOrPublisher="Annales du Museum d'Histoire naturelle, Paris" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" pagination="254 - 266" part="20" refId="ref18094" refString="Geoffroy St. - Hilaire, E. 1813. Sur un genre de chauve-souris, sous le nom de rhinolophiles. Annales du Museum d'Histoire naturelle, Paris 20: 254 - 266." title="Sur un genre de chauve-souris, sous le nom de rhinolophiles" type="journal article" year="1813">1813</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFC1B60EC790FAFBFF56FAC1" author="Geoffroy St. - Hilaire, E." journalOrPublisher="Annales du Musee d'Histoire naturelle, Paris" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" pagination="187 - 205" part="8" refId="ref18013" refString="Geoffroy St. - Hilaire, E. 1806. Memoire sur le genre et les especes de Vespertilion, l'un des genres de la famille des chauve-souris. Annales du Musee d'Histoire naturelle, Paris 8: 187 - 205." title="Memoire sur le genre et les especes de Vespertilion, l'un des genres de la famille des chauve-souris" type="journal article" year="1806">Geoffroy (1806)</bibRefCitation>
does not indicate how these measurements were taken, which could differ somewhat from modern standard measurements. His revision was published in an early phase of French taxonomic research when standard measurements for bats were evolving; e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFC1B60EC4F5FA6CFD26FA4B" author="Desmarest, A. G." box="[479,671,1437,1461]" journalOrPublisher="Paris: Veuve Agasse" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" refId="ref17584" refString="Desmarest, A. G. 1821. Mammalogie ou Description des Especes de Mammiferes. Vol. 1. Paris: Veuve Agasse. [Imprint date 1820, published 1821] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 59887" title="Mammalogie ou Description des Especes de Mammiferes. Vol. 1" type="book" year="1821">Desmarest (1821)</bibRefCitation>
used twice as many body measurements, and the taxonomic value of forearm length, now a fundamental measure of size, was not recognized until later (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFC1B60EC4BFFA04FD85F9F3" author="Geoffroy St. - Hilaire, I." box="[405,572,1525,1549]" journalOrPublisher="Magazin de Zoologei" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" part="2" refId="ref18129" refString="Geoffroy St. - Hilaire, I. 1832. Oriellard. Plectous. Magazin de Zoologei 2: [no page numbers]." title="Oriellard. Plectous" type="journal volume" year="1832">Geoffroy, 1832</bibRefCitation>
). Though we suspect that they would have been regarded at the time as having self-explanatory definitions, wingspan and body length could have been measured in several ways that would result in significantly disparate measurements.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFC1B60EC48AF96CFD99F949" blockId="7.[416,544,1693,1719]" box="[416,544,1693,1719]" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC1B60EC48AF96CFD99F949" bold="true" box="[416,544,1693,1719]" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">Wingspan</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFC1B60EC58CF93CFB3CFC91" blockId="7.[166,794,1741,1999]" lastBlockId="7.[839,1468,151,1554]" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">
The simplest interpretation of wingspan is a straight-line distance between wing tips of the extended wing. Alternatively, wingspan might have been measured along the bones of the leading edge of the wing, thus avoiding underestimates in specimens for which the wings could not be fully extended. Perhaps Geoffroy used both methods, depending on whether the specimen had fully extended wings, a procedure progressively adopted by Tomes throughout 1858. In his revision of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC1B60EC715F846FC2AFF51" authority=", Tomes (1858 a" authorityName=", Tomes" authorityYear="1858" box="[575,915,151,1999]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC1B60EC715F846FD78F831" box="[575,705,1975,1999]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">Nyctophilus</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFC1B60EC7F8F849FC2AFF51" author="Tomes, R. F." box="[722,915,151,1999]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" pagination="25 - 37" part="26" refId="ref22339" refString="Tomes, R. F. 1858 a. A monograph of the genus Nyctophilus. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 26: 25 - 37." title="A monograph of the genus Nyctophilus" type="journal article" year="1858">Tomes (1858a</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, read 12 January) gave “expanse of the wings” for some species, while for others he cites “expanse of the wings, following the phalanges”. In a subsequent paper,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFC1B60EC059FF22FC76FEF9" author="Tomes, R. F." journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" pagination="115 - 128" part="26" refId="ref22368" refString="Tomes, R. F. 1858 b. A monograph of the genus Miniopterus. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 26: 115 - 128. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1858. tb 06353. x" title="A monograph of the genus Miniopterus" type="journal article" year="1858">Tomes (1858b: 125</bibRefCitation>
, read March 9th) explains that to overcome this problem with wingspan measurement he used a thread placed along the bones of the wing to the shoulder, adding the distance between shoulders. We are uncertain what method was adopted by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFC1B60EC167FE94FB42FE83" author="Geoffroy St. - Hilaire, E." box="[1101,1275,357,381]" journalOrPublisher="Annales du Musee d'Histoire naturelle, Paris" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" pagination="187 - 205" part="8" refId="ref18013" refString="Geoffroy St. - Hilaire, E. 1806. Memoire sur le genre et les especes de Vespertilion, l'un des genres de la famille des chauve-souris. Annales du Musee d'Histoire naturelle, Paris 8: 187 - 205." title="Memoire sur le genre et les especes de Vespertilion, l'un des genres de la famille des chauve-souris" type="journal article" year="1806">Geoffroy (1806)</bibRefCitation>
in his description of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC1B60EC64DFE72FC67FE64" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1806" box="[871,990,387,410]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC1B60EC64DFE72FC67FE64" box="[871,990,387,410]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but for at least one species in his account (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFC1B60EC664FE6EFC4DFE49" author="Geoffroy St. - Hilaire, E." box="[846,1012,415,439]" journalOrPublisher="Annales du Musee d'Histoire naturelle, Paris" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" pagination="187 - 205" part="8" refId="ref18013" refString="Geoffroy St. - Hilaire, E. 1806. Memoire sur le genre et les especes de Vespertilion, l'un des genres de la famille des chauve-souris. Annales du Musee d'Histoire naturelle, Paris 8: 187 - 205." title="Memoire sur le genre et les especes de Vespertilion, l'un des genres de la famille des chauve-souris" type="journal article" year="1806">Geoffroy, 1806</bibRefCitation>
) he seems to have measured wingspan as a straight-line span between wing tips, as revealed by his life-size illustration of one of his
<typeStatus id="54DBFFF2FFC1B60EC1EAFE2AFAA7FE0D" box="[1216,1310,475,499]" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC1B60EC062FE2BFC72FDF1" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1806" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emarginatus">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC1B60EC062FE2BFC72FDF1" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">Vespertilio emarginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC1B60EC6C5FE09FB7BFDF1" baseAuthorityName="E. Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1806" box="[1007,1218,504,527]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emarginatus">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC1B60EC6C5FE09FB7BFDF1" box="[1007,1218,504,527]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">Myotis emarginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Although he does not cite a wingspan measurement for that species in the text, a comparison with the measurements of the type specimens examined by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFC1B60EC6C0FDA1FB23FD99" author="Tomes, R. F." box="[1002,1178,591,615]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" pagination="78 - 90" part="26" refId="ref22416" refString="Tomes, R. F. 1858 c. On the characters of four species of bats inhabiting Europe and Asia, and the description of a new species of Vespertilio inhabiting Madagascar. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 26: 78 - 90 + 1 pl. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1858. tb 06347. x" title="On the characters of four species of bats inhabiting Europe and Asia, and the description of a new species of Vespertilio inhabiting Madagascar" type="journal article" year="1858">Tomes (1858c)</bibRefCitation>
suggests a straight-line measurement. The linear wingspan that we measured from a hard copy of Geoffroy’s figure for
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC1B60EC1E3FD7AFAF4FD5C" baseAuthorityName="E. Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1806" box="[1225,1357,651,674]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emarginatus">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC1B60EC1E3FD7AFAF4FD5C" box="[1225,1357,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">emarginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC1B60EC046FD7AFA3CFD5C" box="[1388,1413,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">ca</emphasis>
.
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFC1B60EC0B8FD7BFCC9FD41" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.58" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" unit="mm" value="258.0">258 mm</quantity>
and wingspan measured along the bones of the leading edge of the wing is
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC1B60EC13CFD37FB96FD23" box="[1046,1071,710,733]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">ca</emphasis>
.
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFC1B60EC116FD34FB2EFD22" box="[1084,1175,709,733]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.06" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" unit="mm" value="306.0">306 mm</quantity>
. Geoffroy does not indicate which of his specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC1B60EC14FFD12FB50FD04" baseAuthorityName="E. Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1806" box="[1125,1257,739,762]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emarginatus">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC1B60EC14FFD12FB50FD04" box="[1125,1257,739,762]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">emarginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was illustrated, but our linear wingspan measurement of 258 approximates the value
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFC1B60EC6A0FCECFC5CFCCA" box="[906,997,797,821]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" unit="mm" value="254.0">254 mm</quantity>
given by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFC1B60EC17DFCECFB43FCCB" author="Tomes, R. F." box="[1111,1274,797,821]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" pagination="78 - 90" part="26" refId="ref22416" refString="Tomes, R. F. 1858 c. On the characters of four species of bats inhabiting Europe and Asia, and the description of a new species of Vespertilio inhabiting Madagascar. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 26: 78 - 90 + 1 pl. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1858. tb 06347. x" title="On the characters of four species of bats inhabiting Europe and Asia, and the description of a new species of Vespertilio inhabiting Madagascar" type="journal article" year="1858">Tomes (1858c)</bibRefCitation>
for the specimen from Abbeville (the
<typeStatus id="54DBFFF2FFC1B60EC109FCCBFB3EFCAC" box="[1059,1159,826,850]" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
) and a wingspan of
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFC1B60EC04BFCCBFA03FCAC" box="[1377,1466,826,850]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.67" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" unit="mm" value="267.0">267 mm</quantity>
for the Charlemont specimen.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFC1B60EC64FFC84FBFCF9EC" blockId="7.[839,1468,151,1554]" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">
Geoffroy’s wingspan measurement of
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFC1B60EC03AFC84FAD4FC72" box="[1296,1389,885,909]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" unit="mm" value="270.0">270 mm</quantity>
would seem to be too small for a species the size of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC1B60EC03BFC62FAD4FC54" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1297,1389,915,938]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC1B60EC03BFC62FAD4FC54" box="[1297,1389,915,938]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">N. major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It falls at the upper range for wingspan given by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFC1B60EC02DFC5EFA02FC36" author="Churchill, S." box="[1287,1467,943,968]" journalOrPublisher="Crows Nest, NSW: Allen and Unwin" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" refId="ref17459" refString="Churchill, S. 2008. Australian Bats. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen and Unwin." title="Australian Bats" type="book" year="2008">Churchill (2008)</bibRefCitation>
of
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFC1B60EC64EFC3CFC48FC1A" box="[868,1009,973,997]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.415" metricValueMax="2.75" metricValueMin="2.08" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" unit="mm" value="241.5" valueMax="275.0" valueMin="208.0">208–275 mm</quantity>
(n = 22, mean = 245) for the small-bodied species
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC1B60EC68BFC1AFB9CFBFC" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[929,1061,1002,1026]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC1B60EC68BFC1AFB9CFBFC" box="[929,1061,1002,1026]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from northern
<collectingCountry id="F37701C0FFC1B60EC1FEFC1BFA82FBFC" box="[1236,1339,1002,1026]" name="Australia" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">Australia</collectingCountry>
, and at the lower end of the intermediate-sized
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC1B60EC1E6FBF9FAF5FBE1" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1915" box="[1228,1356,1031,1055]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="daedalus">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC1B60EC1E6FBF9FAF5FBE1" box="[1228,1356,1031,1055]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">N. daedalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFC1B60EC076FBF6FCCAFBC2" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9899999999999998" metricValueMax="3.2299999999999995" metricValueMin="2.75" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" unit="mm" value="299.0" valueMax="323.0" valueMin="275.0">275–323 mm</quantity>
, mean = 300, n = 61). Few wingspan data are available for
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC1B60EC645FBB2FBA1FBA4" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[879,1048,1091,1114]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="major" subSpecies="major">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC1B60EC645FBB2FBA1FBA4" box="[879,1048,1091,1114]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">N. major major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from south-western
<collectingRegion id="49A48FB2FFC1B60EC1D1FBB2FA02FBA4" box="[1275,1467,1090,1114]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
other than from
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFC1B60EC12AFBAEFA8EFB86" author="Bullen, R. D. &amp; N. L. McKenzie" box="[1024,1335,1119,1144]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Experimental Biology" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" pagination="2615 - 2626" part="205" refId="ref17414" refString="Bullen, R. D., and N. L. McKenzie. 2002. Scaling bat wingbeat frequency and amplitude. Journal of Experimental Biology 205: 2615 - 2626. https: // doi. org / 10.1242 / jeb. 205.17.2615" title="Scaling bat wingbeat frequency and amplitude" type="journal article" year="2002">Bullen &amp; McKenzie (2002)</bibRefCitation>
, who cite a mean of
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFC1B60EC680FB8CFBA1FB6A" box="[938,1048,1149,1173]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.495" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" unit="mm" value="349.5">349.5 mm</quantity>
(n = 8) but do not provide maximum or minimum measurements.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFC1B60EC1ADFB6BFA02FB4C" author="Bullen, R. &amp; N. L. McKenzie" box="[1159,1467,1178,1202]" journalOrPublisher="Australian Journal of Zoology" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" pagination="235 - 261" part="49" refId="ref17363" refString="Bullen, R., and N. L. McKenzie. 2001. Bat airframe design: flight performance, stability and control in relation to foraging ecology. Australian Journal of Zoology 49: 235 - 261. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / ZO 00037" title="Bat airframe design: flight performance, stability and control in relation to foraging ecology" type="journal article" year="2001">Bullen &amp; McKenzie (2001)</bibRefCitation>
provide a mean wingspan of
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFC1B60EC151FB49FB5EFB31" box="[1147,1255,1208,1232]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.219" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" unit="mm" value="321.9">321.9 mm</quantity>
(standard deviation =
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFC1B60EC671FB24FC03FB12" box="[859,954,1237,1261]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.08" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" unit="mm" value="10.8">10.8 mm</quantity>
, n = 11) for
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC1B60EC11EFB27FB0CFB13" authorityName="Parnaby" authorityYear="2009" box="[1076,1205,1238,1261]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="major" subSpecies="tor">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC1B60EC11EFB27FB0CFB13" box="[1076,1205,1238,1261]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">N. major tor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, from which we estimate the sample range to fall within
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFC1B60EC18BFB03FA88FAF4" box="[1185,1329,1266,1290]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.22" metricValueMax="3.54" metricValueMin="2.9" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" unit="mm" value="322.0" valueMax="354.0" valueMin="290.0">290–354 mm</quantity>
(based on 3 standard deviations from sample mean) but that form has a significantly smaller body size than
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC1B60EC02BFADFFA0DFABB" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1281,1460,1326,1349]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="major" subSpecies="major">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC1B60EC02BFADFFA0DFABB" box="[1281,1460,1326,1349]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">N. major major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. An important consideration is that wingspan taken along the bones of the leading edge of both wings will exceed the straight-line span between wingtips. Consequently, had Geoffroy measured the
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC1B60EC1ACFA52FAB9FA44" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1806" box="[1158,1280,1443,1466]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC1B60EC1ACFA52FAB9FA44" box="[1158,1280,1443,1466]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
wingspan along the leading wing edge, the straight-line span would be appreciably less than
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFC1B60EC102FA2CFB39FA0A" box="[1064,1152,1501,1525]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" unit="mm" value="270.0">270 mm</quantity>
, further indicating a relatively small-bodied specimen.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFC1B60EC6F9F9B7FA96F99E" blockId="7.[979,1327,1605,1632]" box="[979,1327,1605,1632]" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC1B60EC6F9F9B7FA96F99E" bold="true" box="[979,1327,1605,1632]" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">Head length and tail length</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFC1B601C66DF984FDB3FE83" blockId="7.[839,1467,1653,2000]" lastBlockId="8.[121,749,152,381]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="636" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">
Head length measured on a study skin might seem a fairly imprecise measurement, although perhaps less so if the skull was
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC1B60EC691F941FBB8F939" box="[955,1025,1712,1735]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">in situ</emphasis>
, as indicated in Geoffroy’s illustration. Nevertheless, the head length measurement given by Geoffroy suggests that his specimen might not have been as large as
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC1B60EC695F8F9FBA6F8E1" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[959,1055,1800,1823]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC1B60EC695F8F9FBA6F8E1" box="[959,1055,1800,1823]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">N. major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Geoffroy’s measurement of
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFC1B60EC071F8F6FA03F8E1" box="[1371,1466,1799,1823]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" unit="mm" value="17.5">17.5 mm</quantity>
(“8 lines”; 1 line =
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFC1B60EC131F8D4FBC9F8C3" box="[1051,1136,1829,1853]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" unit="mm" value="2.1">2.1 mm</quantity>
) is smaller than the “10 lines” given by Tomes for his
<specimenCount id="9D668AD9FFC1B60EC17DF8B2FB43F8A4" box="[1111,1274,1858,1882]" count="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC1B60EC00FF8B2FA31F8A4" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1317,1416,1859,1882]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC1B60EC00FF8B2FA31F8A4" box="[1317,1416,1859,1882]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">N. major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, yet falls within the range of species regarded by Tomes to be of small and intermediate body size (given as 7.5–9 lines), i.e.
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC1B60EC66DF86AFC7EF84C" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[839,967,1946,1970]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC1B60EC66DF86AFC7EF84C" box="[839,967,1946,1970]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC1B60EC6D5F86AFBDDF84C" authorityName="Tomes" authorityYear="1858" box="[1023,1124,1946,1970]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gouldi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC1B60EC6D5F86AFBDDF84C" box="[1023,1124,1946,1970]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">N. gouldi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The range for GL of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC1B60EC070F86AFC30F831" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="major" subSpecies="major">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC1B60EC070F86AFC30F831" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="635">N. major major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFC1B60EC6BFF849FB8DF831" box="[917,1076,1976,2000]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.975" metricValueMax="2.07" metricValueMin="1.88" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" unit="mm" value="19.75" valueMax="20.7" valueMin="18.8">18.8–20.7 mm</quantity>
, n = 20,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFC1B60EC1B8F846FA95F82E" author="Parnaby, H. E." box="[1170,1324,1975,2000]" journalOrPublisher="Australian Zoologist" pageId="7" pageNumber="635" pagination="39 - 81" part="35" refId="ref20941" refString="Parnaby, H. E. 2009. A taxonomic review of Australian Greater Long-eared Bats previously known as Nyctophilus timoriensis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) and some associated taxa. Australian Zoologist 35: 39 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.7882 / AZ. 2009.005" title="A taxonomic review of Australian Greater Long-eared Bats previously known as Nyctophilus timoriensis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) and some associated taxa" type="journal article" year="2009">Parnaby, 2009</bibRefCitation>
) also implies that Geoffroy’s
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCEB601C406FF69FE1FFF51" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1806" box="[300,422,152,175]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCEB601C406FF69FE1FFF51" box="[300,422,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
might belong to a relatively smaller-bodied species. Tail length (
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFCEB601C4D7FF44FDF5FF33" box="[509,588,181,205]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
) is a relatively uninformative discriminator between species of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCEB601C743FF23FD5FFF14" authorityName=", Tomes" authorityYear="1858" box="[617,742,210,234]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCEB601C743FF23FD5FFF14" box="[617,742,210,234]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">Nyctophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, e.g., Geoffroy’s measurement of
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFCEB601C4E2FF01FDA9FEF9" box="[456,528,240,264]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
falls within the range of both the small-bodied
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCEB601C4A3FEFFFDB1FEDB" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[393,520,269,293]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCEB601C4A3FEFFFDB1FEDB" box="[393,520,269,293]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the large-bodied
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCEB601C553FEDAFF5EFEBC" authorityName="Parnaby" authorityYear="2009" box="[121,231,298,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corbeni">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCEB601C553FEDAFF5EFEBC" box="[121,231,298,322]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">N. corbeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCEB601C437FEDBFE7EFEBC" author="Churchill, S." box="[285,455,298,322]" journalOrPublisher="Crows Nest, NSW: Allen and Unwin" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" refId="ref17459" refString="Churchill, S. 2008. Australian Bats. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen and Unwin." title="Australian Bats" type="book" year="2008">Churchill, 2008</bibRefCitation>
). (This applies regardless of whether tail length is measured from the root of the tail, or from the vent as for
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCEB601C478FE94FE47FE83" author="Churchill, S." box="[338,510,357,381]" journalOrPublisher="Crows Nest, NSW: Allen and Unwin" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" refId="ref17459" refString="Churchill, S. 2008. Australian Bats. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen and Unwin." title="Australian Bats" type="book" year="2008">Churchill, 2008</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCEB601C44CFE4FFDB9FE26" blockId="8.[358,512,446,472]" box="[358,512,446,472]" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCEB601C44CFE4FFDB9FE26" bold="true" box="[358,512,446,472]" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">Body length</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCEB601C553FE1CFD8BFC24" blockId="8.[119,750,493,1984]" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">
The different interpretations of “body length” need to be considered, given that we do not know how this measurement was taken and that modern concepts of the term might not have applied in the early 19th century. We assume Geoffroy’s “body length” included the head, and thus equates to “head-body length”. The latter interpretation was applied by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCEB601C5B1FD6CFEE5FD4B" author="Desmarest, A. G." box="[155,348,669,693]" journalOrPublisher="Paris: Veuve Agasse" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" refId="ref17584" refString="Desmarest, A. G. 1821. Mammalogie ou Description des Especes de Mammiferes. Vol. 1. Paris: Veuve Agasse. [Imprint date 1820, published 1821] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 59887" title="Mammalogie ou Description des Especes de Mammiferes. Vol. 1" type="book" year="1821">Desmarest (1821)</bibRefCitation>
, who gave Geoffroy’s body length of
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFCEB601C553FD4BFF7AFD2C" box="[121,195,698,722]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" unit="mm" value="70.0">70 mm</quantity>
for
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCEB601C5DBFD4AFED1FD2C" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1806" box="[241,360,699,722]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCEB601C5DBFD4AFED1FD2C" box="[241,360,699,722]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as “length of body and head”. Body length was presumably taken from nose tip to base of tail on a stuffed specimen. An alternative interpretation could be that it was taken from the ear tips, because in long-eared bats such as
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCEB601C5E5FCC1FE92FCB6" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1818" box="[207,299,816,840]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCEB601C5E5FCC1FE92FCB6" box="[207,299,816,840]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">Plecotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCEB601C475FCC1FE67FCB6" authorityName=", Tomes" authorityYear="1858" box="[351,478,816,840]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCEB601C475FCC1FE67FCB6" box="[351,478,816,840]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">Nyctophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the ears project forward well past the nose tip. However, for the one species for which
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCEB601C553FC9BFE9DFC7C" author="Geoffroy St. - Hilaire, E." box="[121,292,874,898]" journalOrPublisher="Annales du Musee d'Histoire naturelle, Paris" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" pagination="187 - 205" part="8" refId="ref18013" refString="Geoffroy St. - Hilaire, E. 1806. Memoire sur le genre et les especes de Vespertilion, l'un des genres de la famille des chauve-souris. Annales du Musee d'Histoire naturelle, Paris 8: 187 - 205." title="Memoire sur le genre et les especes de Vespertilion, l'un des genres de la famille des chauve-souris" type="journal article" year="1806">Geoffroy (1806)</bibRefCitation>
provided ear length in the text in addition to “body” length (
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCEB601C432FC79FE78FC61" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[280,449,904,928]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auritus">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCEB601C432FC79FE78FC61" box="[280,449,904,928]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">Plecotus auritus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a species with exceptionally long ears), it is apparent that he measured body length from snout tip and not to the projecting ear tip.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCEB601C5BDFC11FDBCFAFE" blockId="8.[119,750,493,1984]" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">
Head-body measurements for small mammals are generally reported as a linear measurement and have been for more than a century, but it is possible that Geoffroy measured head-body length along the body contours of the dorsal surface along the midline, as was often done with skin mounts of large mammals, at least in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Our dorsal measurement on the apparent
<typeStatus id="54DBFFF2FFCEB601C5F1FB5CFEB0FB3B" box="[219,265,1197,1221]" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">type</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCEB601C407FB5FFE1DFB3B" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1806" box="[301,420,1198,1221]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCEB601C407FB5FFE1DFB3B" box="[301,420,1198,1221]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
taken along the spine (
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFCEB601C7B0FB5CFD51FB3A" box="[666,744,1197,1221]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.7" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" unit="mm" value="67.0">67 mm</quantity>
, Anja Divljan pers. comm. 2019) is a close match to the
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFCEB601C7F8FB3BFF1BFB01" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" unit="mm" value="70.0">70 mm</quantity>
given in the original description.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCEB601C5BDFAF4FC76FE83" blockId="8.[119,750,493,1984]" lastBlockId="8.[794,1422,151,381]" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">
A body length of
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFCEB601C467FAF4FE21FAE2" box="[333,408,1285,1309]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" unit="mm" value="70.0">70 mm</quantity>
is the only measurement give in Geoffroy’s description that matches a large species such as
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCEB601C553FAB1FF6FFAA9" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[121,214,1344,1367]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCEB601C553FAB1FF6FFAA9" box="[121,214,1344,1367]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">N. major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but only if this represents a linear measurement. If so,
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFCEB601C5B7FAACFF5EFA8A" box="[157,231,1373,1397]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" unit="mm" value="70.0">70 mm</quantity>
would seem to exclude all but the largest species of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCEB601C5BFFA8BFEAFFA6C" authorityName=", Tomes" authorityYear="1858" box="[149,278,1402,1426]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCEB601C5BFFA8BFEAFFA6C" box="[149,278,1402,1426]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">Nyctophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Geoffroy’s head-body measurement would be some
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFCEB601C5F0FA66FEA1FA51" box="[218,280,1431,1455]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
longer if he had measured from the rear of the body, rather than the current practice of measuring from the vent. Head-body measurements provided by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCEB601C7ACFA23FF7AF9F6" author="Churchill, S." journalOrPublisher="Crows Nest, NSW: Allen and Unwin" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" refId="ref17459" refString="Churchill, S. 2008. Australian Bats. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen and Unwin." title="Australian Bats" type="book" year="2008">Churchill (2008)</bibRefCitation>
show that small and intermediate-sized species of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCEB601C5B0F9FCFEA5F9DB" authorityName=", Tomes" authorityYear="1858" box="[154,284,1549,1573]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCEB601C5B0F9FCFEA5F9DB" box="[154,284,1549,1573]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">Nyctophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
do not exceed about
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFCEB601C73EF9FCFDDFF9DA" box="[532,614,1549,1573]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 mm</quantity>
. Head-body measurements are available only for
<specimenCount id="9D668AD9FFCEB601C70AF9DBFD21F9BC" box="[544,664,1578,1602]" count="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" type="adult">three adult</specimenCount>
female and
<specimenCount id="9D668AD9FFCEB601C581F9B9FEADF99E" box="[171,276,1608,1632]" count="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" type="male">two male</specimenCount>
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCEB601C434F9B9FE76F9A1" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[286,463,1608,1631]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="major" subSpecies="major">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCEB601C434F9B9FE76F9A1" box="[286,463,1608,1631]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">N. major major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as the species is poorly represented in collections. These field measurements of snout-vent length were taken from specimens now in the
<collectionCode id="ED71D995FFCEB601C553F951FF1DF946" box="[121,164,1696,1720]" country="Australia" name="Australian Museum" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" type="Museum">AM</collectionCode>
and range from
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFCEB601C465F96EFE7CF949" box="[335,453,1695,1719]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.9" metricValueMax="6.2" metricValueMin="5.6" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" unit="mm" value="59.0" valueMax="62.0" valueMin="56.0">56–62 mm</quantity>
. However,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCEB601C710F951FD54F946" author="Churchill, S." box="[570,749,1696,1720]" journalOrPublisher="Crows Nest, NSW: Allen and Unwin" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" refId="ref17459" refString="Churchill, S. 2008. Australian Bats. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen and Unwin." title="Australian Bats" type="book" year="2008">Churchill (2008)</bibRefCitation>
provides snout-vent measurements of
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFCEB601C732F94CFD34F92A" box="[536,653,1725,1749]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.25" metricValueMax="7.5" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" unit="mm" value="62.5" valueMax="75.0" valueMin="50.0">50–75 mm</quantity>
(n = 33) for
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCEB601C5B4F92AFEA9F90C" authorityName="Parnaby" authorityYear="2009" box="[158,272,1754,1778]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corbeni">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCEB601C5B4F92AFEA9F90C" box="[158,272,1754,1778]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">N. corbeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which is of comparable size to
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCEB601C775F92AFD07F90C" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[607,702,1755,1778]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCEB601C775F92AFD07F90C" box="[607,702,1755,1778]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">N. major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We compared body measurements given in fourteen nineteenth century accounts of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCEB601C471F8E7FE6DF8D3" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1806" box="[347,468,1814,1837]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCEB601C471F8E7FE6DF8D3" box="[347,468,1814,1837]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
published in the decades after Geoffroy’s description (see below) in the hope that subsequent authors might have re-measured Geoffroy’s
<typeStatus id="54DBFFF2FFCEB601C553F89CFF11F87B" box="[121,168,1901,1925]" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">type</typeStatus>
but all appear to be re-iterations of his account. There is no indication that any of those authors had examined Geoffroy’s material, contrary to
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCEB601C4D2F859FD14F83E" author="Parnaby, H. E." box="[504,685,1960,1984]" journalOrPublisher="Australian Zoologist" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" pagination="39 - 81" part="35" refId="ref20941" refString="Parnaby, H. E. 2009. A taxonomic review of Australian Greater Long-eared Bats previously known as Nyctophilus timoriensis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) and some associated taxa. Australian Zoologist 35: 39 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.7882 / AZ. 2009.005" title="A taxonomic review of Australian Greater Long-eared Bats previously known as Nyctophilus timoriensis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) and some associated taxa" type="journal article" year="2009">Parnaby (2009)</bibRefCitation>
, who mistakenly believed that
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCEB601C118FF66FB4EFF4E" author="Temminck, C. J." box="[1074,1271,151,176]" editor="C. J. Temminck" journalOrPublisher="Leiden: C. C. van der Hoek" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" pagination="141 - 272" refId="ref21968" refString="Temminck, C. J. 1840. Treizieme monographie. Sur le cheiropteres vespertilionides formant les genres Nyctice, Vespertilion et Furie. In Monographies de Mammalogie Vol. 2, ed. C. J. Temminck, pp. 141 - 272. Leiden: C. C. van der Hoek." title="Treizieme monographie. Sur le cheiropteres vespertilionides formant les genres Nyctice, Vespertilion et Furie" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Monographies de Mammalogie Vol. 2" year="1840">Temminck (1840)</bibRefCitation>
had done so. Some accounts are short (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCEB601C101FF44FB7BFF33" author="Griffith, E." box="[1067,1218,181,205]" journalOrPublisher="London: G. B. Whittaker" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" refId="ref18481" refString="Griffith, E. 1827. The Animal Kingdom: Arranged in Conformity with its Organization. Vol. 5 Mammalia. London: G. B. Whittaker." title="The Animal Kingdom: Arranged in Conformity with its Organization. Vol. 5 Mammalia" type="book" year="1827">Griffith, 1827</bibRefCitation>
; I.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCEB601C1C8FF44FA3CFF33" author="Geoffroy St. - Hilaire, I." box="[1250,1413,181,205]" journalOrPublisher="Magazin de Zoologei" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" part="2" refId="ref18129" refString="Geoffroy St. - Hilaire, I. 1832. Oriellard. Plectous. Magazin de Zoologei 2: [no page numbers]." title="Oriellard. Plectous" type="journal volume" year="1832">Geoffroy, 1832</bibRefCitation>
) while others seem to provide identical measurements when accounting for possible error from conversion to mm from the variety of European definitions of the inch of that time (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCEB601C60BFEDBFC6FFEBC" author="Desmarest, A. G." box="[801,982,298,322]" editor="C. Sonnini" journalOrPublisher="Paris: Chez Deterville" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" pagination="461 - 481" refId="ref17511" refString="Desmarest, A. G. 1819. Vespertilion. In Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle, appliquee aux arts, a l'agriculture, a l'economie rurale et domestique, a la medecine, etc. Par une societe de natualistes et d'agriculteurs. Nouv. Edn. Presqu'entierement refondue et considerablement augmentee. Volume 35, ed. C. Sonnini, pp. 461 - 481. Paris: Chez Deterville." title="Vespertilion" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle, appliquee aux arts, a l'agriculture, a l'economie rurale et domestique, a la medecine, etc. Par une societe de natualistes et d'agriculteurs. Nouv. Edn. Presqu'entierement refondue et considerablement augmentee. Volume 35" year="1819">Desmarest, 1819</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCEB601C6F5FEDBFBAEFEBC" author="Desmarest, A. G." box="[991,1047,298,322]" journalOrPublisher="Paris: Veuve Agasse" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" refId="ref17584" refString="Desmarest, A. G. 1821. Mammalogie ou Description des Especes de Mammiferes. Vol. 1. Paris: Veuve Agasse. [Imprint date 1820, published 1821] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 59887" title="Mammalogie ou Description des Especes de Mammiferes. Vol. 1" type="book" year="1821">1821</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCEB601C10AFEDAFB17FEBC" author="Lesson, R. P." box="[1056,1198,298,322]" journalOrPublisher="Paris: Roret" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" refId="ref20526" refString="Lesson, R. P. 1827. Manuel de Mammalogie, ou histoire naturelle des Mammiferes. Paris: Roret. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 137811" title="Manuel de Mammalogie, ou histoire naturelle des Mammiferes" type="book" year="1827">Lesson, 1827</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCEB601C192FEDBFAF1FEBC" author="Fischer, J. B." bookContentInfo="527 pp." box="[1208,1352,298,322]" journalOrPublisher="Stuttgart: J. G. Cottae" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" refId="ref17878" refString="Fischer, J. B. 1829. Synopsis Mammalium. Stuttgart: J. G. Cottae. xlii + 527 pp." title="Synopsis Mammalium" type="book" year="1829">Fischer, 1829</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCEB601C07BFEDBFA30FEBC" author="Fischer, J. B." bookContentInfo="752 pp." box="[1361,1417,298,322]" journalOrPublisher="Stuttgart: J. G. Cottae" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" refId="ref17902" refString="Fischer, J. B. 1830. Addenda, Emendanda et Index ad Synopsis Mammalium. Stuttgart: J. G. Cottae. xlii + 752 pp. [Volume 1]." title="Addenda, Emendanda et Index ad Synopsis Mammalium" type="book" year="1830">1830</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCEB601C630FEB6FC68FE9E" author="Temminck, C. J." box="[794,977,327,352]" editor="C. J. Temminck" journalOrPublisher="Leiden: C. C. van der Hoek" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" pagination="141 - 272" refId="ref21968" refString="Temminck, C. J. 1840. Treizieme monographie. Sur le cheiropteres vespertilionides formant les genres Nyctice, Vespertilion et Furie. In Monographies de Mammalogie Vol. 2, ed. C. J. Temminck, pp. 141 - 272. Leiden: C. C. van der Hoek." title="Treizieme monographie. Sur le cheiropteres vespertilionides formant les genres Nyctice, Vespertilion et Furie" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Monographies de Mammalogie Vol. 2" year="1840">Temminck, 1840</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCEB601C6F0FEB6FBDCFEA1" author="Giebel, C. G. A." bookContentInfo="1108 pp." box="[986,1125,327,351]" journalOrPublisher="Leipzig: Verlag Von Ambrosius Abel" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" refId="ref18154" refString="Giebel, C. G. A. 1855. Die Saugethiere in Zoologischer, anatomischer und palaeontologischer Beziehung umfassend dargestellt. Leipzig: Verlag Von Ambrosius Abel. xii + 1108 pp." title="Die Saugethiere in Zoologischer, anatomischer und palaeontologischer Beziehung umfassend dargestellt" type="book" year="1855">Giebel, 1855</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCEB601C145FEB6FB11FEA1" author="Giebel, C. G. A." bookContentInfo="1008 pp." box="[1135,1192,327,351]" journalOrPublisher="Leipzig: Verlag Von Ambrosius Abel" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" refId="ref18188" refString="Giebel, C. G. A. 1859. Die Saugethiere in Zoologischer, anatomischer und palaeontologischer Beziehung umfassend dargestellt. Leipzig: Verlag Von Ambrosius Abel. xvi + 1008 pp." title="Die Saugethiere in Zoologischer, anatomischer und palaeontologischer Beziehung umfassend dargestellt" type="book" year="1859">1859</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCEB601C19BFEB9FAFFFE9E" author="Wagner, J. A." box="[1201,1350,328,352]" editor="J. C. D. v. Schrebe" journalOrPublisher="Lepzig: Weigel" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31071628" refId="ref22642" refString="Wagner, J. A. 1840. Supplementband. Abt. 1. Die Affen und Flederthiere. In Die Saugthiere in Abbildungen nach der natur mit Beschreibungen, ed. J. C. D. v. Schrebe. Lepzig: Weigel. https: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 31071628" title="Supplementband. Abt. 1. Die Affen und Flederthiere" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Die Saugthiere in Abbildungen nach der natur mit Beschreibungen" year="1840">Wagner, 1840</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCEB601C07AFEB6FA30FEA1" author="Wagner, J. A." box="[1360,1417,327,351]" editor="J. C. D. v. Schrebe" journalOrPublisher="Lepzig: Weigel" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31544144" refId="ref22698" refString="Wagner, J. A. 1855. Supplementband. Abt. 5. Die Affen, Zahnlucker, Beutelthiere, Hufthiere, Insektenfresser und Handfluger. In Die Saugthiere in Abbildungen nach der natur mit Beschreibungen, ed. J. C. D. v. Schrebe. Lepzig: Weigel. https: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 31544144" title="Supplementband. Abt. 5. Die Affen, Zahnlucker, Beutelthiere, Hufthiere, Insektenfresser und Handfluger" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Die Saugthiere in Abbildungen nach der natur mit Beschreibungen" year="1855">1855</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCEB601C630FE94FC7AFE83" author="Fitzinger, L. J." box="[794,963,357,381]" journalOrPublisher="Abtheilung. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftliche Classe" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" pagination="57 - 106" part="66" refId="ref17937" refString="Fitzinger, L. J. 1872. Kritische Durchsicht der Ordnung der Flatterthiere oder Handflugler (Chrioptera). Familie der Fledermause (Vespertiliones). VIII. Abtheilung. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 66: 57 - 106." title="Kritische Durchsicht der Ordnung der Flatterthiere oder Handflugler (Chrioptera). Familie der Fledermause (Vespertiliones). VIII" type="journal article" year="1872">Fitzinger, 1872</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCEB601C649FE5CFAFDFE36" blockId="8.[867,1348,429,456]" box="[867,1348,429,456]" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCEB601C649FE5CFAFDFE36" bold="true" box="[867,1348,429,456]" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">Reconciling Geoffroy’s measurements</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCEB601C630FE2CFC07FC71" blockId="8.[794,1422,477,911]" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">
To summarize, the only clear indication of large body size, Geoffroy’s measurement of
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFCEB601C1BFFE0BFB5CFDEC" box="[1173,1253,506,530]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" unit="mm" value="70.0">70 mm</quantity>
for head-body length, seems to clash with other measurements given in his account. The wingspan of
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFCEB601C175FDC4FB01FDB2" box="[1119,1208,565,589]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" unit="mm" value="270.0">270 mm</quantity>
would appear to be too small for such a large body length. Perhaps the wings were not fully extended on the
<typeStatus id="54DBFFF2FFCEB601C1A3FD81FB01FD76" box="[1161,1208,624,648]" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">type</typeStatus>
specimen, but the smaller body size implied by wingspan is supported by the head length measurement provided by Geoffroy, and the small size of the head illustration, which we suspect was reproduced at approximately life size. As noted above, we suspect that the head-body length reported by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCEB601C006FCF3FCD8FCC9" author="Geoffroy St. - Hilaire, E." journalOrPublisher="Annales du Musee d'Histoire naturelle, Paris" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" pagination="187 - 205" part="8" refId="ref18013" refString="Geoffroy St. - Hilaire, E. 1806. Memoire sur le genre et les especes de Vespertilion, l'un des genres de la famille des chauve-souris. Annales du Musee d'Histoire naturelle, Paris 8: 187 - 205." title="Memoire sur le genre et les especes de Vespertilion, l'un des genres de la famille des chauve-souris" type="journal article" year="1806">Geoffroy (1806)</bibRefCitation>
seems disproportionally large because it is measured as an arc length along the dorsal contours of the prepared specimen, and not as a linear measurement as usually reported today.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37A12DBFFCEB600C6C9FC4BFD3EF853" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="637" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCEB601C6C9FC4BFAFBFBFD" blockId="8.[869,1346,954,1028]" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">
<heading id="D097F63CFFCEB601C6C9FC4BFAFBFBFD" bold="true" centered="true" fontSize="13" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" reason="4">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCEB601C6C9FC4BFAFBFBFD" bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">
The account of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCEB601C64FFC14FB88FBFA" baseAuthorityName="Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1806" box="[869,1073,997,1028]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCEB601C64FFC14FB88FBFA" bold="true" box="[869,1073,997,1028]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">N. timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCEB601C143FC14FAFBFBFD" author="Tomes, R. F." box="[1129,1346,996,1028]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" pagination="25 - 37" part="26" refId="ref22339" refString="Tomes, R. F. 1858 a. A monograph of the genus Nyctophilus. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 26: 25 - 37." title="A monograph of the genus Nyctophilus" type="journal article" year="1858">Tomes (1858a)</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCEB601C630FBE6FBE9F8F3" blockId="8.[794,1422,1047,1981]" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">
The entrenched view that
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCEB601C162FBE9FB7AFBD1" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1806" box="[1096,1219,1048,1071]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCEB601C162FBE9FB7AFBD1" box="[1096,1219,1048,1071]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a large-bodied species similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCEB601C6F6FBC7FB82FBB3" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[988,1083,1078,1101]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCEB601C6F6FBC7FB82FBB3" box="[988,1083,1078,1101]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">N. major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that arose from
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCEB601C1C6FBC4FA34FBB3" author="Tomes, R. F." box="[1260,1421,1077,1101]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" pagination="25 - 37" part="26" refId="ref22339" refString="Tomes, R. F. 1858 a. A monograph of the genus Nyctophilus. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 26: 25 - 37." title="A monograph of the genus Nyctophilus" type="journal article" year="1858">Tomes (1858a)</bibRefCitation>
has remained unchallenged. Significantly,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCEB601C1C0FBA2FA34FB94" author="Tomes, R. F." box="[1258,1421,1106,1130]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" pagination="25 - 37" part="26" refId="ref22339" refString="Tomes, R. F. 1858 a. A monograph of the genus Nyctophilus. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 26: 25 - 37." title="A monograph of the genus Nyctophilus" type="journal article" year="1858">Tomes (1858a)</bibRefCitation>
had examined “the” original specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCEB601C1DFFB81FAD7FB79" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1806" box="[1269,1390,1136,1159]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCEB601C1DFFB81FAD7FB79" box="[1269,1390,1136,1159]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Paris, but his statement that it was “absolutely identical” to his
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCEB601C674FB5BFC64FB3C" authorityName=", Tomes" authorityYear="1858" box="[862,989,1194,1218]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCEB601C674FB5BFC64FB3C" box="[862,989,1194,1218]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">Nyctophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens from south-western
<collectingRegion id="49A48FB2FFCEB601C01CFB5AFCC5FB21" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
is not tenable in light of modern understanding of morphological variation in
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCEB601C14DFB14FB5FFB03" authorityName=", Tomes" authorityYear="1858" box="[1127,1254,1253,1277]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCEB601C14DFB14FB5FFB03" box="[1127,1254,1253,1277]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">Nyctophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. As previously mentioned, Tomes did not recognize differences in external morphology, other than size, between
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCEB601C196FAD1FA85FAC6" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[1212,1340,1312,1336]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCEB601C196FAD1FA85FAC6" box="[1212,1340,1312,1336]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCEB601C05FFAD1FCE3FAAB" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCEB601C05FFAD1FCE3FAAB" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">N. major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(for which he used the name
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCEB601C1BDFACFFAB7FAAB" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1806" box="[1175,1294,1342,1365]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCEB601C1BDFACFFAB7FAAB" box="[1175,1294,1342,1365]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), which are distinctive species. His account is bereft of a description or measurements of the Paris
<typeStatus id="54DBFFF2FFCEB601C168FA89FBC9FA6E" box="[1090,1136,1400,1424]" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">type</typeStatus>
specimen and we suspect that his assessment of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCEB601C6D4FA67FBCAFA53" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1806" box="[1022,1139,1430,1453]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCEB601C6D4FA67FBCAFA53" box="[1022,1139,1430,1453]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was based only on external features of the apparent
<typeStatus id="54DBFFF2FFCEB601C11BFA42FBD9FA35" box="[1073,1120,1459,1483]" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">type</typeStatus>
skin. In particular, Tomes seemed unaware of the diagnostic value of the relative size and structure of the snout mound, which he does not cite as a character for differentiating
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCEB601C14AF9FAFB59F9DC" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[1120,1248,1546,1570]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCEB601C14AF9FAFB59F9DC" box="[1120,1248,1546,1570]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCEB601C00CF9FAFA3EF9DC" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1318,1415,1547,1570]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCEB601C00CF9FAFA3EF9DC" box="[1318,1415,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">N. major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, two species that exhibit opposite extremes of development of that character. Most of the material available to Tomes consisted of dry skins, in which snout morphology might have been difficult to assess. A full appreciation of the diagnostic value of snout morphology in the genus was first recognized by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCEB601C6CEF94BFB2CF92C" author="Thomas, O." box="[996,1173,1722,1746]" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" pagination="493 - 499" part="15" refId="ref22161" refString="Thomas, O. 1915 a. Notes on the genus Nyctophilus. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (series 8) 15: 493 - 499. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931508693662" title="Notes on the genus Nyctophilus" type="journal article" year="1915">Thomas (1915a)</bibRefCitation>
, who assembled a large collection of fluid-preserved
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCEB601C178F926FB68F911" authorityName=", Tomes" authorityYear="1858" box="[1106,1233,1751,1775]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCEB601C178F926FB68F911" box="[1106,1233,1751,1775]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">Nyctophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on loan from the Australian Museum, Sydney.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCEB600C612F8E3FD8FFC39" blockId="8.[794,1422,1047,1981]" lastBlockId="9.[166,795,151,1965]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="637" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">
Further doubt regarding Tomes’ emphatic judgement that
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCEB601C661F8C1FC7AF8B9" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1806" box="[843,963,1840,1863]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCEB601C661F8C1FC7AF8B9" box="[843,963,1840,1863]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCEB601C6D6F8C1FB85F8B9" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1020,1084,1840,1863]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCEB601C6D6F8C1FB85F8B9" box="[1020,1084,1840,1863]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="636">major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were “identical” or at least of similar body size arises from a comparison of Geoffroy’s measurements with those of Tomes (Tomes himself did not make that comparison.) When compared to Tomes’s measurements of his four species, head-body length of
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFCEB600C059F854FF69FF51" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="637" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="636" unit="mm" value="70.0">70 mm</quantity>
(=
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFCFB600C5D0FF69FE86FF51" box="[250,319,151,176]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" unit="in" value="2.0">2 inch</quantity>
9 lines) is the only one of Geoffroy’s four measurements that unequivocally fits the largest
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCFB600C7B6FF44FCA3FF33" authorityName=", Tomes" authorityYear="1858" box="[668,794,181,205]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C7B6FF44FCA3FF33" box="[668,794,181,205]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">Nyctophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
recognized by Tomes, i.e. the southwestern Western Australian material that Tomes called
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCFB600C778FF01FD55FEF9" baseAuthorityName="Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1806" box="[594,748,240,263]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C778FF01FD55FEF9" box="[594,748,240,263]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">N. timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. As noted above, Geoffroy’s remaining three measurements (tail length, wingspan, and head length), when compared to measurements provided by Tomes, fit the species considered to be
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C5C0FE94FECAFE83" box="[234,371,357,381]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">intermediate</emphasis>
in size by Tomes, i.e.
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCFB600C750FE97FD58FE83" authorityName="Tomes" authorityYear="1858" box="[634,737,357,381]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gouldi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C750FE97FD58FE83" box="[634,737,357,381]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">N. gouldi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCFB600C58CFE72FE9EFE64" authorityName="Tomes" authorityYear="1858" box="[166,295,386,410]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unicolor">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C58CFE72FE9EFE64" box="[166,295,386,410]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">N. unicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingRegion id="49A48FB2FFCFB600C45AFE73FE61FE64" box="[368,472,386,410]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
(currently a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCFB600C62BFE72FEB3FE46" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C62BFE72FEB3FE46" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Tomes appeared to place some credence in wingspan as a character, as it was the only measurement directly cited by him when discussing size differences between his species. Had Tomes compared the wingspan of
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFCFB600C58CFDE4FF45FDD2" box="[166,252,533,557]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" unit="mm" value="270.0">270 mm</quantity>
given by Geoffroy against wingspan measurements for his own material, the intermediate size suggested by that measurement would have been apparent. Wingspans given by Tomes are:
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCFB600C4AFFD9CFE5CFD7B" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[389,485,621,645]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C4AFFD9CFE5CFD7B" box="[389,485,621,645]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFCFB600C4C6FD9CFDD4FD7B" box="[492,621,621,645]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.413" metricValueMax="2.54" metricValueMin="2.286" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" unit="in" value="9.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="9.0">9–10 inches</quantity>
(
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFCFB600C750FD9CFCB7FD7B" box="[634,782,621,645]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.41" metricValueMax="2.54" metricValueMin="2.28" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" unit="mm" value="241.0" valueMax="254.0" valueMin="228.0">228–254 mm</quantity>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCFB600C58CFD7BFF52FD5C" authorityName="Tomes" authorityYear="1858" box="[166,235,650,674]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gouldi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C58CFD7BFF52FD5C" box="[166,235,650,674]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">gouldi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCFB600C40AFD7BFEC2FD5C" authorityName="Tomes" authorityYear="1858" box="[288,379,650,674]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unicolor">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C40AFD7BFEC2FD5C" box="[288,379,650,674]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">unicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C4A3FD7AFE1BFD5C" box="[393,418,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">ca</emphasis>
.
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFCFB600C49AFD7BFD87FD5C" box="[432,574,650,674]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.667" metricValueMax="2.794" metricValueMin="2.54" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" unit="in" value="10.5" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="10.0">10–11 inches</quantity>
(
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFCFB600C766FD7BFD58FD5C" box="[588,737,650,674]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.665" metricValueMax="2.79" metricValueMin="2.54" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" unit="mm" value="266.5" valueMax="279.0" valueMin="254.0">254–279 mm</quantity>
), and
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCFB600C58CFD59FE9BFD41" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1806" box="[166,290,680,703]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C58CFD59FE9BFD41" box="[166,290,680,703]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingRegion id="49A48FB2FFCFB600C444FD59FD82FD41" box="[366,571,679,703]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
,
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFCFB600C760FD56FCA0FD41" box="[586,793,679,703]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3337499999999998" metricValueMax="3.429" metricValueMin="3.2384999999999997" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" unit="in" value="13.125" valueMax="13.5" valueMin="12.75">12.75–13.5 inches</quantity>
(
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFCFB600C584FD34FEFBFD23" box="[174,322,709,733]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.335" metricValueMax="3.4299999999999997" metricValueMin="3.2399999999999998" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" unit="mm" value="333.5" valueMax="343.0" valueMin="324.0">324–343 mm</quantity>
). Tomes measured wingspan for
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCFB600C788FD37FCA3FD23" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1806" box="[674,794,710,733]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C788FD37FCA3FD23" box="[674,794,710,733]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as “expanse of the wings, following the phalanges” which is not equivalent to measurements of the remaining three species, measured as “expanse of the wings”, implying a direct tip to tip measurement. His measurements of
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C7D3FCCAFCABFCAC" box="[761,786,827,850]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">ca</emphasis>
.
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFCFB600C58CFCA9FE88FC91" box="[166,305,856,880]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3299999999999996" metricValueMax="3.4299999999999997" metricValueMin="3.2299999999999995" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" unit="mm" value="333.0" valueMax="343.0" valueMin="323.0">323–343 mm</quantity>
are much larger than Geoffroy’s
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFCFB600C7ACFCA9FD66FC91" box="[646,735,856,880]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" unit="mm" value="270.0">270 mm</quantity>
, even when accounting for the fact that wingspan measured along the bones of the leading edge of the wing will be greater than a direct span between wing tips.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCFB600C5EFFC3CFD3EF853" blockId="9.[166,795,151,1965]" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">
In conclusion, we suggest that the concept of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCFB600C788FC3FFCA3FC1B" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1806" box="[674,794,974,997]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C788FC3FFCA3FC1B" box="[674,794,974,997]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a large-bodied species has a far weaker foundation than previously thought and it seems more likely to be of intermediate size in the genus. The concept of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCFB600C78BFBD7FCA3FBC3" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1806" box="[673,794,1062,1085]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C78BFBD7FCA3FBC3" box="[673,794,1062,1085]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a large bodied species rests largely with the outdated assessment by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCFB600C46AFB91FE67FB89" author="Tomes, R. F." box="[320,478,1119,1143]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" pagination="25 - 37" part="26" refId="ref22339" refString="Tomes, R. F. 1858 a. A monograph of the genus Nyctophilus. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 26: 25 - 37." title="A monograph of the genus Nyctophilus" type="journal article" year="1858">Tomes (1858a)</bibRefCitation>
and on the body measurement of
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFCFB600C5ECFB8CFEACFB6A" box="[198,277,1149,1173]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" unit="mm" value="70.0">70 mm</quantity>
given in Geoffroy’s account. Although Tomes examined Geoffroy’s original specimen, he based his understanding of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCFB600C444FB49FE51FB31" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1806" box="[366,488,1208,1231]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C444FB49FE51FB31" box="[366,488,1208,1231]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on specimens from south-western
<collectingRegion id="49A48FB2FFCFB600C42FFB24FE72FB13" box="[261,459,1237,1261]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
from Gould’s collection, one of which was later designated the type (
<typeStatus id="54DBFFF2FFCFB600C743FB03FD69FAF4" box="[617,720,1266,1290]" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
) of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCFB600C62BFB02FF5EFAD9" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C62BFB02FF5EFAD9" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">N. major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCFB600C439FAFEFE07FAD6" author="Thomas, O." box="[275,446,1295,1320]" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" pagination="381 - 383" part="14" refId="ref22120" refString="Thomas, O. 1914. A new genus of bats allied to Nyctophilus. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (series 8) 14: 381 - 383. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931408693589" title="A new genus of bats allied to Nyctophilus" type="journal article" year="1914">Thomas (1914)</bibRefCitation>
. In effect, Tomes published the first diagnosis of what was later to become known as
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCFB600C58DFABAFF5EFA9C" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[167,231,1355,1378]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C58DFABAFF5EFA9C" box="[167,231,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but under the name
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCFB600C4F1FABAFDEDFA9C" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1806" box="[475,596,1355,1378]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C4F1FABAFDEDFA9C" box="[475,596,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A further source of confusion arose because Tomes did not mention the name
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCFB600C5C7FA77FE97FA63" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[237,302,1414,1437]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C5C7FA77FE97FA63" box="[237,302,1414,1437]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
anywhere in his paper. This omission was noted by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCFB600C432FA52FE0FFA44" author="Peters, W." box="[280,438,1442,1466]" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" pagination="123 - 137" part="1860" refId="ref21185" refString="Peters, W. 1861. Uber die chiropterengattung Nyctophilus. Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1860: 123 - 137." title="Uber die chiropterengattung Nyctophilus" type="journal article" year="1861">Peters (1861)</bibRefCitation>
, who proposed, in a footnote, that
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCFB600C5F0FA31FEA2FA29" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[218,283,1472,1495]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C5F0FA31FEA2FA29" box="[218,283,1472,1495]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should therefore be placed in the synonymy of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCFB600C5ECFA2FFE86FA0B" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1806" box="[198,319,1502,1525]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C5ECFA2FFE86FA0B" box="[198,319,1502,1525]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Perhaps Tomes did not consider
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCFB600C791FA2FFD45FA0B" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[699,764,1502,1525]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C791FA2FFD45FA0B" box="[699,764,1502,1525]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be a published name. The fact that
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCFB600C769FA0AFD10F9EC" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[579,681,1531,1554]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C769FA0AFD10F9EC" box="[579,681,1531,1554]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">N. major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
remained undiagnosed throughout the nineteenth century has also contributed to the erroneous conflation of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCFB600C741F9C7FD5DF9B3" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1806" box="[619,740,1590,1613]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C741F9C7FD5DF9B3" box="[619,740,1590,1613]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCFB600C58CF9A2FF5EF994" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[166,231,1619,1642]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C58CF9A2FF5EF994" box="[166,231,1619,1642]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The first diagnosis of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCFB600C4D8F9A2FDEFF994" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[498,598,1619,1642]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C4D8F9A2FDEFF994" box="[498,598,1619,1642]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">N. major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was provided by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCFB600C58CF99EFEE5F979" author="Thomas, O." box="[166,348,1647,1671]" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" pagination="493 - 499" part="15" refId="ref22161" refString="Thomas, O. 1915 a. Notes on the genus Nyctophilus. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (series 8) 15: 493 - 499. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931508693662" title="Notes on the genus Nyctophilus" type="journal article" year="1915">Thomas (1915a)</bibRefCitation>
. The written account of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCFB600C74EF981FD7DF979" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[612,708,1648,1671]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C74EF981FD7DF979" box="[612,708,1648,1671]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">N. major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the accompanying illustration of an animal from southwestern
<collectingRegion id="49A48FB2FFCFB600C58CF95AFED1F93C" box="[166,360,1706,1730]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
was published by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCFB600C712F95BFD07F93C" author="Gray, J. E." box="[568,702,1706,1730]" editor="J. Richardson &amp; J. E. Gray" journalOrPublisher="London: E. W. Janson" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" pagination="12 a - 12 d" refId="ref18385" refString="Gray, J. E. 1875. Miscellanea. In The Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Erebus and Terror, under the Command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross, N. N., F. R. S., during the years 1839 to 1843. Mammalia, birds. Volume 1. Beasts., ed. J. Richardson and J. E. Gray, pp. 12 a - 12 d. London: E. W. Janson. [Publication date 1844 - 1875]" title="Miscellanea" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Erebus and Terror, under the Command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross, N. N., F. R. S., during the years 1839 to 1843. Mammalia, birds. Volume 1. Beasts" year="1875">Gray (1875)</bibRefCitation>
but that illustration, accompanied with the name
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCFB600C765F936FCAAF921" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[591,787,1735,1759]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C765F936FCAAF921" box="[591,787,1735,1759]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">Nyctophilus major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, was published separately and widely circulated privately in the 1840s (the publication date of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCFB600C74CF8F2FD10F8E4" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[614,681,1795,1818]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C74CF8F2FD10F8E4" box="[614,681,1795,1818]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been determined to be 1844 by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCFB600C491F8EEFD6AF8C6" author="Mahoney, J. A. &amp; D. W. Walton" box="[443,723,1823,1848]" editor="D. W. Walton" journalOrPublisher="Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" pagination="128 - 145" refId="ref20744" refString="Mahoney, J. A., and D. W. Walton. 1988. Vespertilionidae. In Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 5. Mammalia, ed. D. W. Walton, pp. 128 - 145. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service." title="Vespertilionidae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 5. Mammalia" year="1988">Mahoney &amp; Walton, 1988</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCFB600C7CEF8D1FF56F8AB" author="Gray, J. E." editor="J. Richardson &amp; J. E. Gray" journalOrPublisher="London: E. W. Janson" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" pagination="12 a - 12 d" refId="ref18385" refString="Gray, J. E. 1875. Miscellanea. In The Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Erebus and Terror, under the Command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross, N. N., F. R. S., during the years 1839 to 1843. Mammalia, birds. Volume 1. Beasts., ed. J. Richardson and J. E. Gray, pp. 12 a - 12 d. London: E. W. Janson. [Publication date 1844 - 1875]" title="Miscellanea" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Erebus and Terror, under the Command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross, N. N., F. R. S., during the years 1839 to 1843. Mammalia, birds. Volume 1. Beasts" year="1875">Gray (1875)</bibRefCitation>
did not provide measurements or a description of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCFB600C62BF8CFFF5FF88C" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C62BF8CFFF5FF88C" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">N. major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. His brief account consisted solely of a statement that he could not determine what species of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCFB600C761F886FD74F871" authorityName=", Tomes" authorityYear="1858" box="[587,717,1911,1935]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C761F886FD74F871" box="[587,717,1911,1935]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">Nyctophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should be applied to his previously published plate.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37A12DBFFCFB602C642FF66FDC7FE2A" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="639" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCFB600C642FF66FA20FF48" blockId="9.[872,1433,151,182]" box="[872,1433,151,182]" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">
<heading id="D097F63CFFCFB600C642FF66FA20FF48" bold="true" box="[872,1433,151,182]" centered="true" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C642FF66FA20FF48" bold="true" box="[872,1433,151,182]" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">
The suspected
<typeStatus id="54DBFFF2FFCFB600C16DFF66FB70FF48" box="[1095,1225,151,182]" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCFB600C1D2FF66FA20FF48" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1806" box="[1272,1433,151,182]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C1D2FF66FA20FF48" bold="true" box="[1272,1433,151,182]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCFB600C66DFF22FA87FDB5" blockId="9.[839,1467,211,1965]" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCFB600C66DFF22FC65FF15" author="Jansen, J. J. F. J." box="[839,988,211,235]" journalOrPublisher="Zoosystematics and Evolution" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" pagination="467 - 492" part="93" refId="ref19302" refString="Jansen, J. J. F. J. 2017. Rene Mauge's ornithological collections from Kupang Bay, West-Timor, Indonesia, August-November 1801, with special regard to type-specimens. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93: 467 - 492. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zse. 93.19964" title="Rene Mauge's ornithological collections from Kupang Bay, West-Timor, Indonesia, August-November 1801, with special regard to type-specimens" type="journal article" year="2017">Jansen (2017)</bibRefCitation>
noted that for birds collected by the Baudin expedition, none of the specimens have original field tags attached, and no original tags are known to have survived. Jansen indicates that original specimen data was communicated by the naturalists Peron and Lesueur to
<collectingRegion id="49A48FB2FFCFB600C64FFE97FC0FFE83" box="[869,950,358,381]" country="Ireland" name="Monaghan" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">MNHN</collectingRegion>
taxidermists and transcribed to pedestal bases. We suspect that the same applies to the Baudin mammal material, and we note that the identity of the
<typeStatus id="54DBFFF2FFCFB600C008FE51FAE9FE46" box="[1314,1360,416,440]" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">type</typeStatus>
specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCFB600C649FE4FFC63FE2B" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1806" box="[867,986,446,469]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C649FE4FFC63FE2B" box="[867,986,446,469]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is uncertain. The earliest registers of bird and mammal specimens in the
<collectingRegion id="49A48FB2FFCFB600C15CFE2AFB71FE0C" box="[1142,1224,475,498]" country="Ireland" name="Monaghan" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">MNHN</collectingRegion>
that assign specimen numbers began in the early 1840s (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCFB600C19BFE09FA3AFDEE" author="Jackson, S. M. &amp; J. J. F. J. Jansen &amp; G. Baglione &amp; C. Callou" box="[1201,1411,504,528]" journalOrPublisher="Zoosystema" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" pagination="387 - 548" part="43" refId="ref19136" refString="Jackson, S. M., J. J. F. J. Jansen, G. Baglione, and C. Callou. 2021. Mammals collected and illustrated by the Baudin Expedition to Australia and Timor (1800 - 1804): a review of the current taxonomy of specimens in the Museum national d'Histoire naturelle de Paris and the illustrations in the Museum d'Histoire naturelle du Havre. Zoosystema 43: 387 - 548. https: // doi. org / 10.5252 / zoosystema 2021 v 43 a 21" title="Mammals collected and illustrated by the Baudin Expedition to Australia and Timor (1800 - 1804): a review of the current taxonomy of specimens in the Museum national d'Histoire naturelle de Paris and the illustrations in the Museum d'Histoire naturelle du Havre" type="journal article" year="2021">
Jackson
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C021FE08FA80FDEE" box="[1291,1337,504,528]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">et al</emphasis>
., 2021
</bibRefCitation>
), and it is possible that the identity of Geoffroy’s original material might have become confused before the 1840s.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCFB600C64FFDA1FB6BFA0B" blockId="9.[839,1467,211,1965]" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">
<materialsCitation id="3B084B0DFFCFB600C64FFDA1FA02FD7B" collectionCode="MNHN" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" specimenCode="CG1990-36" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
The
<specimenCount id="9D668AD9FFCFB600C6B4FDA1FBB4FD96" box="[926,1037,592,616]" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" type="generic">specimen</specimenCount>
currently labelled the
<typeStatus id="54DBFFF2FFCFB600C005FDA1FA2FFD96" box="[1327,1430,592,616]" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of “
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCFB600C679FD9CFBE0FD7B" baseAuthorityName="Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1806" box="[851,1113,621,645]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C679FD9CFBE0FD7B" box="[851,1113,621,645]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">Nyctophilus timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” is
<specimenCode id="DBC6E92BFFCFB600C1A6FD9CFAB5FD7B" box="[1164,1292,621,645]" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">
CG1990-
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFCFB600C1DBFD9CFA92FD7B" box="[1265,1323,621,645]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.144" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" unit="in" value="36.0">36 in</quantity>
</specimenCode>
the
<collectionCode id="ED71D995FFCFB600C04BFD9FFA0EFD7B" box="[1377,1463,622,645]" collectionName="France, Paris, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">MNHN</collectionCode>
.
</materialsCitation>
Although forearm length is not given in the original description, this specimen is a medium-sized
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCFB600C011FD59FA03FD3E" authorityName=", Tomes" authorityYear="1858" box="[1339,1466,680,704]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C011FD59FA03FD3E" box="[1339,1466,680,704]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">Nyctophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with forearm length of
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFCFB600C16AFD34FB37FD23" box="[1088,1166,709,733]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" unit="mm" value="43.0">43 mm</quantity>
. It is a puppet skin (see
<figureCitation id="135B5DD5FFCFB600C0BAFD34FCCDFD05" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[121,189,1861,1883]" captionTargetBox="[121,1305,151,1851]" captionTargetId="figure-133@10.[121,1305,151,1851]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. MNHN CG1990-36, study skin with skull extracted, alleged holotype of Vespertilio timoriensis È. Geoffroy, 1806. (a), skin dorsal view, scale bar = 2 cm (photo: Ken Aplin); (b), skin ventral view, scale bar = 2 cm (photo: Ken Aplin); (c), dorsal view of snout (photo: Ken Aplin); (d), oblique view of snout showing nose-leaf (photo: Ken Aplin); (e), lateral view of snout (photo:Anja Divljan); (f), old writing and numerals on ventral surface of left plagiopatagium (photo:Anja Divljan); (g), front and reverse view of associated, presumed 19th century tag (photo: Anja Divljan); (h), front and reverse view of contemporary skin tag (photo: Anja Divljan)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10420953" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10420953/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">Fig. 4a,b</figureCitation>
) from which the skull has been extracted at an unknown date and is now apparently lost (
<figureCitation id="135B5DD5FFCFB600C19CFCF1FA9FFCE6" box="[1206,1318,768,792]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[121,189,1861,1883]" captionTargetBox="[121,1305,151,1851]" captionTargetId="figure-133@10.[121,1305,151,1851]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. MNHN CG1990-36, study skin with skull extracted, alleged holotype of Vespertilio timoriensis È. Geoffroy, 1806. (a), skin dorsal view, scale bar = 2 cm (photo: Ken Aplin); (b), skin ventral view, scale bar = 2 cm (photo: Ken Aplin); (c), dorsal view of snout (photo: Ken Aplin); (d), oblique view of snout showing nose-leaf (photo: Ken Aplin); (e), lateral view of snout (photo:Anja Divljan); (f), old writing and numerals on ventral surface of left plagiopatagium (photo:Anja Divljan); (g), front and reverse view of associated, presumed 19th century tag (photo: Anja Divljan); (h), front and reverse view of contemporary skin tag (photo: Anja Divljan)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10420953" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10420953/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">Figs 4c–e</figureCitation>
). Three other numbers are associated with the skin. The first published attribution of type status to this specimen is the catalogue of bat type specimens by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCFB600C172FCA9FB59FC8E" author="Rode, P." box="[1112,1248,856,880]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" pagination="227 - 252" part="13" refId="ref21437" refString="Rode, P. 1941. Catalogue des types de mammiferes du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle. Ordre des Chiropteres. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (Series 2) 13: 227 - 252." title="Catalogue des types de mammiferes du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle. Ordre des Chiropteres" type="journal article" year="1941">Rode (1941)</bibRefCitation>
, stated that the skull was lost and who might have assigned the number 217 to the skin. We have not found any other reference in the literature to the skull. The skin has 884 written in old ink on the right wing, to the left of which is some partially obliterated writing (
<figureCitation id="135B5DD5FFCFB600C136FC1AFBD1FBFD" box="[1052,1128,1003,1027]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[121,189,1861,1883]" captionTargetBox="[121,1305,151,1851]" captionTargetId="figure-133@10.[121,1305,151,1851]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. MNHN CG1990-36, study skin with skull extracted, alleged holotype of Vespertilio timoriensis È. Geoffroy, 1806. (a), skin dorsal view, scale bar = 2 cm (photo: Ken Aplin); (b), skin ventral view, scale bar = 2 cm (photo: Ken Aplin); (c), dorsal view of snout (photo: Ken Aplin); (d), oblique view of snout showing nose-leaf (photo: Ken Aplin); (e), lateral view of snout (photo:Anja Divljan); (f), old writing and numerals on ventral surface of left plagiopatagium (photo:Anja Divljan); (g), front and reverse view of associated, presumed 19th century tag (photo: Anja Divljan); (h), front and reverse view of contemporary skin tag (photo: Anja Divljan)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10420953" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10420953/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">Fig. 4f</figureCitation>
). There were no tags associated with the skin when examined in Sydney by HP in 1990. Later in 1990, Michel Tranier inventoried the
<collectingRegion id="49A48FB2FFCFB600C1D3FBD7FAF3FBC3" box="[1273,1354,1062,1085]" country="Ireland" name="Monaghan" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">MNHN</collectingRegion>
collection and apparently registered the specimen as
<collectionCode id="ED71D995FFCFB600C025FBB2FA8CFBA5" box="[1295,1333,1091,1115]" country="Brazil" name="Embrapa Collection of Fungi of Invertebrates" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">CG</collectionCode>
1990-36 and concluded that there were no other specimens in the collection that could be Geoffroy’s type material (see
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCFB600C039FB8CFA09FB6B" author="Parnaby, H. E." box="[1299,1456,1149,1173]" journalOrPublisher="Australian Zoologist" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" pagination="39 - 81" part="35" refId="ref20941" refString="Parnaby, H. E. 2009. A taxonomic review of Australian Greater Long-eared Bats previously known as Nyctophilus timoriensis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) and some associated taxa. Australian Zoologist 35: 39 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.7882 / AZ. 2009.005" title="A taxonomic review of Australian Greater Long-eared Bats previously known as Nyctophilus timoriensis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) and some associated taxa" type="journal article" year="2009">Parnaby, 2009</bibRefCitation>
). It appears that Tranier also added numbers to an old board label that could have originated from the 19th century when the species was referred to
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCFB600C15FFB24FB68FB13" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1818" box="[1141,1233,1237,1261]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C15FFB24FB68FB13" box="[1141,1233,1237,1261]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">Plecotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="135B5DD5FFCFB600C1C8FB24FA8DFB13" box="[1250,1332,1237,1261]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[121,189,1861,1883]" captionTargetBox="[121,1305,151,1851]" captionTargetId="figure-133@10.[121,1305,151,1851]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. MNHN CG1990-36, study skin with skull extracted, alleged holotype of Vespertilio timoriensis È. Geoffroy, 1806. (a), skin dorsal view, scale bar = 2 cm (photo: Ken Aplin); (b), skin ventral view, scale bar = 2 cm (photo: Ken Aplin); (c), dorsal view of snout (photo: Ken Aplin); (d), oblique view of snout showing nose-leaf (photo: Ken Aplin); (e), lateral view of snout (photo:Anja Divljan); (f), old writing and numerals on ventral surface of left plagiopatagium (photo:Anja Divljan); (g), front and reverse view of associated, presumed 19th century tag (photo: Anja Divljan); (h), front and reverse view of contemporary skin tag (photo: Anja Divljan)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10420953" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10420953/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">
Fig.
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFCFB600C03CFB24FA8DFB13" box="[1302,1332,1237,1261]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" unit="g" value="4.0">4g</quantity>
</figureCitation>
). A tag now attached to the specimen, presumably by Tranier, has an additional number 160a, evidently an old pedestal number (
<figureCitation id="135B5DD5FFCFB600C665FADCFC19FABB" box="[847,928,1325,1349]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[121,189,1861,1883]" captionTargetBox="[121,1305,151,1851]" captionTargetId="figure-133@10.[121,1305,151,1851]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. MNHN CG1990-36, study skin with skull extracted, alleged holotype of Vespertilio timoriensis È. Geoffroy, 1806. (a), skin dorsal view, scale bar = 2 cm (photo: Ken Aplin); (b), skin ventral view, scale bar = 2 cm (photo: Ken Aplin); (c), dorsal view of snout (photo: Ken Aplin); (d), oblique view of snout showing nose-leaf (photo: Ken Aplin); (e), lateral view of snout (photo:Anja Divljan); (f), old writing and numerals on ventral surface of left plagiopatagium (photo:Anja Divljan); (g), front and reverse view of associated, presumed 19th century tag (photo: Anja Divljan); (h), front and reverse view of contemporary skin tag (photo: Anja Divljan)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10420953" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10420953/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">Fig. 4h</figureCitation>
). That number is listed in the
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C1CFFADFFC77FA9D" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">Nouveau Catalogue des Galeries</emphasis>
(New Catalogue of Galleries for skin mounts) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCFB600C664FA99FB9BFA7E" author="Jackson, S. M. &amp; J. J. F. J. Jansen &amp; G. Baglione &amp; C. Callou" box="[846,1058,1384,1408]" journalOrPublisher="Zoosystema" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" pagination="387 - 548" part="43" refId="ref19136" refString="Jackson, S. M., J. J. F. J. Jansen, G. Baglione, and C. Callou. 2021. Mammals collected and illustrated by the Baudin Expedition to Australia and Timor (1800 - 1804): a review of the current taxonomy of specimens in the Museum national d'Histoire naturelle de Paris and the illustrations in the Museum d'Histoire naturelle du Havre. Zoosystema 43: 387 - 548. https: // doi. org / 10.5252 / zoosystema 2021 v 43 a 21" title="Mammals collected and illustrated by the Baudin Expedition to Australia and Timor (1800 - 1804): a review of the current taxonomy of specimens in the Museum national d'Histoire naturelle de Paris and the illustrations in the Museum d'Histoire naturelle du Havre" type="journal article" year="2021">
Jackson
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C683FA98FC6EFA7E" box="[937,983,1384,1408]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">et al</emphasis>
., 2021
</bibRefCitation>
), which commenced around the 1840s. We do not know the source of the pedestal number 160a. Perhaps it originated from the initial taxidermy procedures immediately following the Baudin expedition, as described for bird specimens by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCFB600C11CFA2FFB77FA0B" author="Jansen, J. J. F. J." box="[1078,1230,1501,1525]" journalOrPublisher="Zoosystematics and Evolution" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" pagination="467 - 492" part="93" refId="ref19302" refString="Jansen, J. J. F. J. 2017. Rene Mauge's ornithological collections from Kupang Bay, West-Timor, Indonesia, August-November 1801, with special regard to type-specimens. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93: 467 - 492. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zse. 93.19964" title="Rene Mauge's ornithological collections from Kupang Bay, West-Timor, Indonesia, August-November 1801, with special regard to type-specimens" type="journal article" year="2017">Jansen (2017)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCFB602C64FFA0AFDC7FE2A" blockId="9.[839,1467,211,1965]" lastBlockId="11.[166,794,151,468]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="639" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">
We are unable to definitely establish that
<collectionCode id="ED71D995FFCFB600C009FA0AFAF3F9ED" box="[1315,1354,1531,1555]" country="Brazil" name="Embrapa Collection of Fungi of Invertebrates" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">CG</collectionCode>
1990-36 is Geoffroy’s original specimen, but we have no reason for rejecting it, other than the incongruent head-body length of
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFCFB600C642F9A2FC03F994" box="[872,954,1619,1643]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" unit="mm" value="70.0">70 mm</quantity>
. However, detecting a mis-matched skin of a similar-sized
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCFB600C6F2F981FB15F976" box="[984,1196,1648,1672]" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C6F2F981FBEEF976" box="[984,1111,1648,1672]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">Nyctophilus</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
is hampered by the poor condition of the skin. Our measurements of the putative
<typeStatus id="54DBFFF2FFCFB600C66DF95AFCCCF93D" box="[839,885,1707,1731]" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">type</typeStatus>
wingspan and tail length are consistent with
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCFB600C063F95AFC37F91E" author="Geoffroy St. - Hilaire, E." journalOrPublisher="Annales du Musee d'Histoire naturelle, Paris" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" pagination="187 - 205" part="8" refId="ref18013" refString="Geoffroy St. - Hilaire, E. 1806. Memoire sur le genre et les especes de Vespertilion, l'un des genres de la famille des chauve-souris. Annales du Musee d'Histoire naturelle, Paris 8: 187 - 205." title="Memoire sur le genre et les especes de Vespertilion, l'un des genres de la famille des chauve-souris" type="journal article" year="1806">Geoffroy’s (1806)</bibRefCitation>
account: our wingspan measurement of 264 matches his
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFCFB600C641F914FC78F903" box="[875,961,1765,1789]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" unit="mm" value="270.0">270 mm</quantity>
given that part of the wing tip is missing (
<figureCitation id="135B5DD5FFCFB600C05EF914FA0BF903" box="[1396,1458,1765,1789]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[121,189,1861,1883]" captionTargetBox="[121,1305,151,1851]" captionTargetId="figure-133@10.[121,1305,151,1851]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. MNHN CG1990-36, study skin with skull extracted, alleged holotype of Vespertilio timoriensis È. Geoffroy, 1806. (a), skin dorsal view, scale bar = 2 cm (photo: Ken Aplin); (b), skin ventral view, scale bar = 2 cm (photo: Ken Aplin); (c), dorsal view of snout (photo: Ken Aplin); (d), oblique view of snout showing nose-leaf (photo: Ken Aplin); (e), lateral view of snout (photo:Anja Divljan); (f), old writing and numerals on ventral surface of left plagiopatagium (photo:Anja Divljan); (g), front and reverse view of associated, presumed 19th century tag (photo: Anja Divljan); (h), front and reverse view of contemporary skin tag (photo: Anja Divljan)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10420953" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10420953/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
) and our measurement of tail length, taken from the base of the body, equates to his
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFCFB600C160F8D1FB20F8C9" box="[1098,1177,1824,1848]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCFB600C189F8D1FAF1F8C6" author="Thomas, O." box="[1187,1352,1824,1848]" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" pagination="381 - 383" part="14" refId="ref22120" refString="Thomas, O. 1914. A new genus of bats allied to Nyctophilus. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (series 8) 14: 381 - 383. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931408693589" title="A new genus of bats allied to Nyctophilus" type="journal article" year="1914">Thomas (1914)</bibRefCitation>
reported a forearm length of
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFCFB600C12EF8CCFBF4F8AB" box="[1028,1101,1853,1877]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" unit="mm" value="42.0">42 mm</quantity>
for the alleged
<typeStatus id="54DBFFF2FFCFB600C1C5F8CFFAA4F8A8" box="[1263,1309,1854,1878]" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">type</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCFB600C017F8CFFA0DF8AB" box="[1341,1460,1854,1877]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCFB600C017F8CFFA0DF8AB" box="[1341,1460,1854,1877]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, taken by Trouessart at
<collectingRegion id="49A48FB2FFCFB600C104F8AAFB3BF88C" box="[1070,1154,1883,1906]" country="Ireland" name="Monaghan" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">MNHN</collectingRegion>
. This is a close match with our measurement of
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFCFB600C6DCF889FB86F871" box="[1014,1087,1912,1936]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="9" pageNumber="637" unit="mm" value="43.0">43 mm</quantity>
taken on the putative
<typeStatus id="54DBFFF2FFCFB600C00EF889FAEBF86E" box="[1316,1362,1912,1936]" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">type</typeStatus>
<collectionCode id="ED71D995FFCFB600C07DF889FAC7F86E" box="[1367,1406,1912,1936]" country="Brazil" name="Embrapa Collection of Fungi of Invertebrates" pageId="9" pageNumber="637">CG</collectionCode>
1990- 36. Crucially, we have not been able to determine the nature of the post-nasal elevation, which is hidden in the shrivelled skin folds. Finally, we note that
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCDB602C73AFF45FD7BFF32" author="Geoffroy St. - Hilaire, E." box="[528,706,180,204]" journalOrPublisher="Annales du Musee d'Histoire naturelle, Paris" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" pagination="187 - 205" part="8" refId="ref18013" refString="Geoffroy St. - Hilaire, E. 1806. Memoire sur le genre et les especes de Vespertilion, l'un des genres de la famille des chauve-souris. Annales du Musee d'Histoire naturelle, Paris 8: 187 - 205." title="Memoire sur le genre et les especes de Vespertilion, l'un des genres de la famille des chauve-souris" type="journal article" year="1806">Geoffroy (1806)</bibRefCitation>
did not state the number of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCDB602C458FF23FE51FF17" box="[370,488,210,233]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCDB602C458FF23FE51FF17" box="[370,488,210,233]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens that he examined, but he does not mention more than one and it has generally been assumed that his description was based on a single
<typeStatus id="54DBFFF2FFCDB602C7C6FEFCFCA3FEDB" box="[748,794,269,293]" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">type</typeStatus>
specimen.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCDB602C436FED8FE7DFEBC" author="Parnaby, H. E." box="[284,452,297,322]" journalOrPublisher="Australian Zoologist" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" pagination="39 - 81" part="35" refId="ref20941" refString="Parnaby, H. E. 2009. A taxonomic review of Australian Greater Long-eared Bats previously known as Nyctophilus timoriensis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) and some associated taxa. Australian Zoologist 35: 39 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.7882 / AZ. 2009.005" title="A taxonomic review of Australian Greater Long-eared Bats previously known as Nyctophilus timoriensis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) and some associated taxa" type="journal article" year="2009">Parnaby (2009)</bibRefCitation>
mistakenly believed that there were
<specimenCount id="9D668AD9FFCDB602C5F4FEB6FEC2FEA1" box="[222,379,327,351]" count="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
; his confusion arose from a statement by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCDB602C58CFE95FEDFFE82" author="Temminck, C. J." box="[166,358,356,380]" editor="C. J. Temminck" journalOrPublisher="Leiden: C. C. van der Hoek" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" pagination="141 - 272" refId="ref21968" refString="Temminck, C. J. 1840. Treizieme monographie. Sur le cheiropteres vespertilionides formant les genres Nyctice, Vespertilion et Furie. In Monographies de Mammalogie Vol. 2, ed. C. J. Temminck, pp. 141 - 272. Leiden: C. C. van der Hoek." title="Treizieme monographie. Sur le cheiropteres vespertilionides formant les genres Nyctice, Vespertilion et Furie" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Monographies de Mammalogie Vol. 2" year="1840">Temminck (1840)</bibRefCitation>
to that effect, but Temminck was instead referring to material of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCDB602C4B3FE70FCADFE64" authority="I. Geoffroy, 1832" authorityName="I. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1832" box="[409,788,385,410]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peronii">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCDB602C4B3FE70FDE2FE67" box="[409,603,385,409]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">Vespertilio peronii</emphasis>
I.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCDB602C759FE70FCADFE64" author="Geoffroy St. - Hilaire, I." box="[627,788,385,410]" journalOrPublisher="Magazin de Zoologei" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" part="2" refId="ref18129" refString="Geoffroy St. - Hilaire, I. 1832. Oriellard. Plectous. Magazin de Zoologei 2: [no page numbers]." title="Oriellard. Plectous" type="journal volume" year="1832">Geoffroy, 1832</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. On balance, we accept that
<collectingRegion id="49A48FB2FFCDB602C4E1FE6EFDA5FE48" box="[459,540,415,438]" country="Ireland" name="Monaghan" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">MNHN</collectingRegion>
<collectionCode id="ED71D995FFCDB602C70EFE6EFDF2FE49" box="[548,587,415,439]" country="Brazil" name="Embrapa Collection of Fungi of Invertebrates" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">CG</collectionCode>
1990-36 is possibly Geoffroy’s original specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCDB602C72BFE4CFDC1FE2A" box="[513,632,445,468]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCDB602C72BFE4CFDC1FE2A" box="[513,632,445,468]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF1F11D8FFCCB603C553F8B4FD92F81E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10420953" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10420953" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10420953/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="638" startId="10.[121,189,1861,1883]" targetBox="[121,1305,151,1851]" targetPageId="10" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCCB603C553F8B4FD92F81E" blockId="10.[121,1305,1861,2016]" pageId="10" pageNumber="638">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCCB603C553F8B4FF74F8A4" bold="true" box="[121,205,1861,1883]" pageId="10" pageNumber="638">Figure 4</emphasis>
. MNHN CG1990-36, study skin with skull extracted, alleged holotype of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCCB603C6A4F8B4FAACF8A5" authority="E. Geoffroy, 1806" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1806" box="[910,1301,1861,1885]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="638" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCCB603C6A4F8B4FBDCF8A5" box="[910,1125,1861,1883]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="638">Vespertilio timoriensis</emphasis>
È.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCCB603C1A9F8B4FAACF8A5" author="Geoffroy St. - Hilaire, E." box="[1155,1301,1861,1883]" journalOrPublisher="Annales du Musee d'Histoire naturelle, Paris" pageId="10" pageNumber="638" pagination="187 - 205" part="8" refId="ref18013" refString="Geoffroy St. - Hilaire, E. 1806. Memoire sur le genre et les especes de Vespertilion, l'un des genres de la famille des chauve-souris. Annales du Musee d'Histoire naturelle, Paris 8: 187 - 205." title="Memoire sur le genre et les especes de Vespertilion, l'un des genres de la famille des chauve-souris" type="journal article" year="1806">Geoffroy, 1806</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. (
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCCB603C5ABF891FF34F88B" box="[129,141,1888,1909]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="638">a</emphasis>
), skin dorsal view, scale bar = 2 cm (photo: Ken Aplin); (
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCCB603C796F891FD71F88B" box="[700,712,1888,1909]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="638">b</emphasis>
), skin ventral view, scale bar = 2 cm (photo: Ken Aplin); (
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCCB603C02AF891FAB2F88B" box="[1280,1291,1888,1909]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="638">c</emphasis>
), dorsal view of snout (photo: Ken Aplin); (
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCCB603C725F88BFDA2F871" box="[527,539,1914,1935]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="638">d</emphasis>
), oblique view of snout showing nose-leaf (photo: Ken Aplin); (
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCCB603C1A3F88AFB2DF86E" box="[1161,1172,1915,1936]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="638">e</emphasis>
), lateral view of snout (photo:Anja Divljan); (
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCCB603C49AF864FE0EF854" box="[432,439,1941,1962]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="638">f</emphasis>
), old writing and numerals on ventral surface of left plagiopatagium (photo: Anja Divljan); (
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCCB603C5ABF841FF34F83B" box="[129,141,1968,1989]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="638">g</emphasis>
), front and reverse view of associated, presumed 19th century tag (photo: Anja Divljan); (
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCCB603C12BF841FBB4F83B" box="[1025,1037,1968,1989]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="638">h</emphasis>
), front and reverse view of contemporary skin tag (photo: Anja Divljan).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C37A12DBFFCDB618C593FDF5FDC5FE82" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="645" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCDB602C593FDF5FCBEFDDD" blockId="11.[185,775,516,591]" box="[185,775,516,547]" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">
<heading id="D097F63CFFCDB602C593FDF5FCBEFDDD" bold="true" box="[185,775,516,547]" centered="true" fontSize="13" level="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" reason="4">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCDB602C593FDF5FCBEFDDD" bold="true" box="[185,775,516,547]" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">Comparisons with Maubisse specimens</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCDB602C5D0FDC5FD7FFDB1" blockId="11.[185,775,516,591]" box="[250,710,564,591]" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">
<heading id="D097F63CFFCDB602C5D0FDC5FD7FFDB1" bold="true" box="[250,710,564,591]" centered="true" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCDB602C5D0FDC5FD7FFDB1" bold="true" box="[250,710,564,591]" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCDB602C5D0FDC5FDA6FDB1" baseAuthorityName="Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1806" box="[250,543,564,591]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCDB602C5D0FDC5FDA6FDB1" bold="true" box="[250,543,564,591]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">Nyctophilus timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2272039FFCDB602C70DFDC4FD7FFDB1" box="[551,710,565,591]" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCDB602C58CFD95FD28FC5C" blockId="11.[166,795,612,930]" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">
The Maubisse specimens share several features with our revised concept of Geoffroy’s
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCDB602C4DCFD73FD37FD67" baseAuthorityName="Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1806" box="[502,654,642,665]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCDB602C4DCFD73FD37FD67" box="[502,654,642,665]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">N. timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: both are of medium body size, with a conspicuously developed post-nasal mound, similar to species such as
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCDB602C747FD4CFD49FD2A" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[621,752,700,724]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCDB602C747FD4CFD49FD2A" box="[621,752,700,724]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCDB602C62BFD4CFF5AFD0F" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCDB602C62BFD4CFF5AFD0F" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCDB602C433FD2BFEC1FD0F" authorityName="Tomes" authorityYear="1858" box="[281,376,729,753]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gouldi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCDB602C433FD2BFEC1FD0F" box="[281,376,729,753]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">N. gouldi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The largest Maubisse specimen, though not fully mature, is of medium body size for the genus as reflected by a forearm length of
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFCDB602C4C2FCE5FD89FCD2" box="[488,560,788,812]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
compared with
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFCDB602C7F8FCE5FCA3FCD2" box="[722,794,788,812]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" unit="mm" value="43.0">43 mm</quantity>
for the suspected
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCDB602C44EFCC3FE40FCB7" baseAuthorityName="Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1806" box="[356,505,818,841]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCDB602C44EFCC3FE40FCB7" box="[356,505,818,841]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">N. timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="54DBFFF2FFCDB602C72BFCC0FDD8FCB7" box="[513,609,817,841]" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. Field head-body measurements for male
<collectionCode id="ED71D995FFCDB602C497FCBEFE50FC99" box="[445,489,847,871]" country="Australia" name="Australian Museum" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" type="Museum">AM</collectionCode>
M.38841 and female
<collectionCode id="ED71D995FFCDB602C7C4FCBEFCA0FC99" box="[750,793,847,871]" country="Australia" name="Australian Museum" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" type="Museum">AM</collectionCode>
M.37639 from Maubisse approximate that of the suspected type specimen (56 and
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFCDB602C4B1FC78FE5CFC5F" box="[411,485,905,929]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 mm</quantity>
vs.
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCDB602C73BFC7BFD93FC5F" box="[529,554,906,929]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">ca</emphasis>
.
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFCDB602C71DFC78FD3FFC5C" box="[567,646,905,930]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" unit="mm" value="53.0">53 mm</quantity>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCDB602C42FFC4EFD02FC27" blockId="11.[261,699,959,986]" box="[261,699,959,986]" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">
<heading id="D097F63CFFCDB602C42FFC4EFD02FC27" bold="true" box="[261,699,959,986]" centered="true" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCDB602C42FFC4EFD02FC27" bold="true" box="[261,699,959,986]" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCDB602C42FFC4EFE53FC24" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[261,490,959,986]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCDB602C42FFC4EFE53FC24" bold="true" box="[261,490,959,986]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">Nyctophilus heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCDB602C703FC31FD02FC27" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[553,699,959,986]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCDB602C703FC31FD02FC27" bold="true" box="[553,699,959,986]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCDB602C58DFC1BFD77FA62" blockId="11.[166,795,1001,1583]" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">
Our comparison with these two species focuses on the Maubisse male
<collectionCode id="ED71D995FFCDB602C448FBF6FE37FBE1" box="[354,398,1031,1055]" country="Australia" name="Australian Museum" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" type="Museum">AM</collectionCode>
M.38841, given that sexual size dimorphism occurs within
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCDB602C4F8FBD5FDEAFBC2" authorityName=", Tomes" authorityYear="1858" box="[466,595,1060,1084]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCDB602C4F8FBD5FDEAFBC2" box="[466,595,1060,1084]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">Nyctophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(males averaging smaller) and that the unique specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCDB602C7AFFBB3FD51FBA7" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[645,744,1089,1113]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCDB602C7AFFBB3FD51FBA7" box="[645,744,1089,1113]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the
<typeStatus id="54DBFFF2FFCDB602C5FBFBAEFE80FB89" box="[209,313,1119,1143]" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" type="holotype">holotypes</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCDB602C44BFBAEFE79FB89" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[353,448,1119,1143]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCDB602C44BFBAEFE79FB89" box="[353,448,1119,1143]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCDB602C4D0FBAEFDD0FB89" box="[506,617,1119,1143]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">pallescens</emphasis>
included in our analyses are all males. Measurements of an extensive series of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCDB602C5E2FB6BFEF5FB4C" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[200,332,1178,1202]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCDB602C5E2FB6BFEF5FB4C" box="[200,332,1178,1202]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from throughout
<collectingCountry id="F37701C0FFCDB602C73DFB68FDC2FB4F" box="[535,635,1177,1201]" name="Australia" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">Australia</collectingCountry>
indicates that Tasmanian animals average larger than those from mainland Australian. Tasmanian specimens are excluded from further consideration here, given that mainland Australian “
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCDB602C62BFB03FEBCFAD9" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCDB602C62BFB03FEBCFAD9" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” is a composite of at least two species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCDB602C78EFAFEFEBBFABA" author="Eldridge, M. D. B. &amp; S. Ingleby &amp; A. G. King &amp; S. V. Mahony &amp; H. E. Parnaby &amp; A. Divljan &amp; G. J. Frankham &amp; A. C. Hay &amp; R. E. Major &amp; S. E. Reader &amp; L. Tsang" journalOrPublisher="Technical Reports of the Australian Museum Online" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" pagination="1 - 26" part="30" refId="ref17770" refString="Eldridge, M. D. B., S. Ingleby, A. G. King, S. V. Mahony, H. E. Parnaby, A. Divljan, G. J. Frankham, A. C. Hay, R. E. Major, S. E. Reader, and L. Tsang. 2020. Australian Museum surveys of the vertebrate fauna of Coolah Tops National Park, NSW. Technical Reports of the Australian Museum Online 30: 1 - 26. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 1835 - 4211.30.2020.1757" title="Australian Museum surveys of the vertebrate fauna of Coolah Tops National Park, NSW" type="journal article" year="2020">
Eldridge
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCDB602C62CFAE1FF7BFABA" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">et al.</emphasis>
, 2020
</bibRefCitation>
) and the taxonomic status of Tasmanian populations has not been assessed. Our analyses treat
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCDB602C77CFABBFD6AFA9C" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[598,723,1354,1378]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCDB602C77CFABBFD6AFA9C" box="[598,723,1354,1378]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as one entity because we did not identify any obvious geographic or morphological groupings in the morphometric data.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCDB602C5EFFA50FEC9F9D1" blockId="11.[166,795,1001,1583]" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">
The Maubisse specimens undoubtedly most resemble
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCDB602C62BFA53FEBCFA29" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCDB602C62BFA53FEBCFA29" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCDB602C414FA31FE27FA29" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[318,414,1471,1495]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCDB602C414FA31FE27FA29" box="[318,414,1471,1495]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in overall morphology rather than any other species of the genus (other than
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCDB602C753FA2CFCA8FA0A" baseAuthorityName="Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1806" box="[633,785,1501,1524]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timoriensis">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCDB602C753FA2CFCA8FA0A" box="[633,785,1501,1524]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">N. timoriensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) based on the following combination of external, cranial and bacular characters:
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1F11D8FFCDB602C66DFA6EFBB6F9E1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10420955" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10420955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10420955/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" startId="11.[839,907,1439,1461]" targetBox="[839,1466,151,1423]" targetPageId="11" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCDB602C66DFA6EFBB6F9E1" blockId="11.[839,1468,1439,1568]" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCDB602C66DFA6EFC24FA4A" bold="true" box="[839,925,1439,1461]" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">Figure 5</emphasis>
. Snout morphology of (
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCDB602C1A7FA51FB20FA4B" box="[1165,1177,1440,1461]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">a</emphasis>
) subadult female
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCDB602C062FA6EFA02FA4A" authorityName=", Tomes" authorityYear="1858" box="[1352,1467,1439,1460]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCDB602C062FA6EFA02FA4A" box="[1352,1467,1439,1460]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">Nyctophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Maubisse (AM M.37639, ET3), and (
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCDB602C1DDFA4BFABAFA31" box="[1271,1283,1466,1487]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">b</emphasis>
) an adult male
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCDB602C08FFA4AFC1BFA14" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCDB602C08FFA4AFC1BFA14" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Napier Downs Station, Kimberleys, Western Australia (AM M.22122) (imaging: Sue Lindsay). Scale bar represents
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCDB602C684F9FAFC75F9DE" box="[942,972,1547,1568]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">ca.</emphasis>
1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCDB602C5E6F9BBFD5AF99C" blockId="11.[204,789,1609,1985]" box="[204,739,1609,1634]" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">1 Overall body size is medium within the genus.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCDB602C5E6F996FE4FF90A" blockId="11.[204,789,1609,1985]" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">
2 The post-nasal prominence is well developed, consisting of two elevated mounds tapering to their distal tips and joined in the midline by an elastic membrane, forming the “Y” shape characteristic of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCDB602C5D8F92CFEC9F90A" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[242,368,1756,1780]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCDB602C5D8F92CFEC9F90A" box="[242,368,1756,1780]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<figureCitation id="135B5DD5FFCDB602C483F92DFE51F90A" box="[425,488,1756,1780]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[839,907,1439,1461]" captionTargetBox="[839,1466,151,1423]" captionTargetId="figure-646@11.[839,1466,151,1423]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Snout morphology of (a) subadult female Nyctophilus from Maubisse (AM M.37639, ET3), and (b) an adult male N. geoffroyi from Napier Downs Station, Kimberleys, Western Australia (AM M.22122) (imaging: Sue Lindsay). Scale bar represents ca. 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10420955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10420955/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCDB602C5E6F90BFE5FF879" blockId="11.[204,789,1609,1985]" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">3 The external ears are large relative to body size, and joined in the midline for a substantial proportion of the length of the ear and general colour of body fur is a mouse-brown dorsally, with much paler ventral fur.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCDB602C5E6F87DFEFEF83F" blockId="11.[204,789,1609,1985]" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">
3 The auditory bullae are large relative to skull size (
<figureCitation id="135B5DD5FFCDB602C5D3F858FE83F83F" box="[249,314,1961,1985]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="12.[121,189,1410,1432]" captionTargetBox="[121,748,151,1396]" captionTargetId="figure-10@12.[121,748,151,1396]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 6. Micro CT scans of skull and dentary of AM M.38841. Scale bar represents ca. 2 mm. (images: Fred Ford)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10420959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10420959/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCDB605C647F997FE8AF9D9" blockId="11.[877,1465,1637,1984]" lastBlockId="12.[197,742,1522,1575]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="640" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">
4 Baculum shape is consistent with
<specimenCount id="9D668AD9FFCDB602C1D7F997FA34F983" box="[1277,1421,1637,1662]" count="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" type="generic">12 specimens</specimenCount>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCDB602C69AF975FB97F965" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[944,1070,1667,1691]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCDB602C69AF975FB97F965" box="[944,1070,1667,1691]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
examined from mainland
<collectingCountry id="F37701C0FFCDB602C06CF972FA11F965" box="[1350,1448,1667,1691]" name="Australia" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">Australia</collectingCountry>
and resembles that of the
<typeStatus id="54DBFFF2FFCDB602C18EF951FAB8F946" box="[1188,1281,1696,1720]" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCDB602C00FF950FBBBF92B" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1913" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="geoffroyi" subSpecies="pallescens">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCDB602C00FF950FBBBF92B" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">N. geoffroyi pallescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
illustrated by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCDB602C1B1F94CFA2CF928" author="Hill, J. E. &amp; D. L. Harrison" box="[1179,1429,1725,1750]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" pagination="225 - 305" part="52" refId="ref18793" refString="Hill, J. E., and D. L. Harrison. 1987. The baculum of the Vespertilioninae (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) with a systematic review, a synopsis of Pipistrellus and Eptesicus, and the descriptions of a new genus and subgenus. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology 52: 225 - 305. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 18307" title="The baculum of the Vespertilioninae (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) with a systematic review, a synopsis of Pipistrellus and Eptesicus, and the descriptions of a new genus and subgenus" type="journal article" year="1987">Hill &amp; Harrison (1987)</bibRefCitation>
. A slight groove is evident in the distal tip of M.38841 (
<figureCitation id="135B5DD5FFCDB602C6B1F909FC65F8EE" box="[923,988,1784,1808]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="12.[794,862,738,760]" captionTargetBox="[794,1421,151,724]" captionTargetId="figure-34@12.[794,1421,151,724]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 7. Micro CT scan of baculum of AM M.38841. (a) lateral view; (b) dorsal view. Distal end of bone faces left. Scale bar represents ca. 2 mm (images: Fred Ford)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10420957" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10420957/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). It is not clear if this represents incomplete ossification in this subadult animal, but a similar indentation is apparent in the
<typeStatus id="54DBFFF2FFCDB602C1E5F8C2FA95F8B5" box="[1231,1324,1843,1867]" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
baculum of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCDB602C69AF8A0FB1DF896" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1913" box="[944,1188,1872,1896]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="geoffroyi" subSpecies="pallescens">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCDB602C69AF8A0FB1DF896" box="[944,1188,1872,1896]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">N. geoffroyi pallescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Baculum length of
<collectionCode id="ED71D995FFCDB602C057F8A1FA11F896" box="[1405,1448,1872,1896]" country="Australia" name="Australian Museum" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" type="Museum">AM</collectionCode>
M.38841 falls within the range for
<specimenCount id="9D668AD9FFCDB602C023F89FFA20F87B" box="[1289,1433,1901,1926]" count="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" type="generic">12 specimens</specimenCount>
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCDB602C08AF89FFC40F85D" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="639">
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCDB602C08AF89FFC4CF85D" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">N. geoffroyi</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and height and breadth are smaller in this subadult animal (
<tableCitation id="C6E274EBFFCDB602C160F859FB24F83E" box="[1098,1181,1960,1984]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="13.[166,229,168,192]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Table 2. Selected cranial and external measurements of AM M.38841 from Maubisse, Timor-Leste, and the holotypes of N. heran, pacificus, and pallescens, compared to male N. geoffroyi from the Australian mainland. * Measurements from Kitchener et al. (1991)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1F11D8FFCBB604C58CFF59FE19FF05" pageId="11" pageNumber="639" tableUuid="DF1F11D8FFCBB604C58CFF59FE19FF05">Table 2</tableCitation>
). Baculum morphology of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCAB605C5EFFA02FE9BF9F4" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[197,290,1522,1546]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C5EFFA02FE9BF9F4" box="[197,290,1522,1546]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
remains imperfectly defined (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCAB605C74BFA03FE9FF9D9" author="Kitchener, D. J. &amp; R. A. How" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" pagination="97 - 107" refId="ref19553" refString="Kitchener, D. J., R. A. How, and Maharadatunkamsi. 1991. A new species of Nyctophilus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Lembata Island, Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 15: 97 - 107." type="journal article" year="1991">
Kitchener
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C7F9FA02FF63F9D9" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">et al</emphasis>
., 1991
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1F11D8FFCAB605C630FD13FB11FCD0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10420957" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10420957" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10420957/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" startId="12.[794,862,738,760]" targetBox="[794,1421,151,724]" targetPageId="12" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCAB605C630FD13FB11FCD0" blockId="12.[794,1421,738,814]" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C630FD13FCD6FD09" bold="true" box="[794,879,738,760]" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">Figure 7</emphasis>
. Micro CT scan of baculum of AM M.38841. (
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C01DFD12FAFAFD06" box="[1335,1347,739,760]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">a</emphasis>
) lateral view; (
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C64BFD0CFCD4FCEC" box="[865,877,765,786]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">b</emphasis>
) dorsal view. Distal end of bone faces left. Scale bar represents
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C6ABFCE9FC27FCD3" box="[897,926,792,813]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">ca.</emphasis>
2 mm (images: Fred Ford).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF1F11D8FFCAB605C553FA73FDD5FA4C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10420959" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10420959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10420959/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" startId="12.[121,189,1410,1432]" targetBox="[121,748,151,1396]" targetPageId="12" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCAB605C553FA73FDD5FA4C" blockId="12.[121,749,1410,1458]" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C553FA73FF76FA69" bold="true" box="[121,207,1410,1432]" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">Figure 6</emphasis>
. Micro CT scans of skull and dentary of AM M.38841. Scale bar represents
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C415FA6CFEE5FA4C" box="[319,348,1437,1458]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">ca.</emphasis>
2 mm. (images: Fred Ford).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCAB605C5BDF9CCFE76F971" blockId="12.[121,749,1597,1679]" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">
The Maubisse male M.38841 is compared against the following differences between
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCAB605C4E4F9AAFD96F98C" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[462,559,1626,1650]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C4E4F9AAFD96F98C" box="[462,559,1626,1650]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCAB605C740F9AAFD54F98C" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[618,749,1626,1650]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C740F9AAFD54F98C" box="[618,749,1626,1650]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cited by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCAB605C5FFF986FE72F971" author="Kitchener, D. J. &amp; R. A. How" box="[213,459,1655,1679]" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" pagination="97 - 107" refId="ref19553" refString="Kitchener, D. J., R. A. How, and Maharadatunkamsi. 1991. A new species of Nyctophilus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Lembata Island, Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 15: 97 - 107." type="journal article" year="1991">
Kitchener
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C46FF989FEC3F971" box="[325,378,1655,1679]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">et al.</emphasis>
(1991)
</bibRefCitation>
:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCAB605C5B5F954FA8DFA96" blockId="12.[159,745,1701,1989]" lastBlockId="12.[831,1418,891,2000]" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">
1
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCAB605C5EEF954FE3AF943" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[196,387,1701,1725]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C5EEF954FE3AF943" box="[196,387,1701,1725]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">Nyctophilus heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has smaller and less inflated bullae relative to skull length. The bullae of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCAB605C7A4F932FD50F924" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[654,745,1730,1754]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C7A4F932FD50F924" box="[654,745,1730,1754]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are smaller and less inflated than
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCAB605C737F911FD21F909" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[541,664,1759,1783]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C737F911FD21F909" box="[541,664,1759,1783]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In absolute size,
<collectionCode id="ED71D995FFCAB605C47CF90CFE33F8EA" box="[342,394,1789,1812]" country="Zimbabwe" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13738" name="Natural History Museum of Zimbabwe" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" type="Herbarium">BUL</collectionCode>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCAB605C481F90CFDBEF8EB" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[427,519,1789,1813]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C481F90CFDBEF8EB" box="[427,519,1789,1813]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
falls within the size range for
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCAB605C403F8EAFE1DF8CC" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[297,420,1818,1842]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C403F8EAFE1DF8CC" box="[297,420,1818,1842]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, the larger skull size of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCAB605C425F8C9FED3F8B1" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[271,362,1847,1871]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C425F8C9FED3F8B1" box="[271,362,1847,1871]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
results in relatively smaller and less inflated bullae, as illustrated in a plot of
<collectionCode id="ED71D995FFCAB605C7B8F8A4FD7FF892" box="[658,710,1877,1900]" country="Zimbabwe" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13738" name="Natural History Museum of Zimbabwe" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" type="Herbarium">BUL</collectionCode>
vs GL (
<figureCitation id="135B5DD5FFCAB605C438F883FEE2F874" box="[274,347,1906,1930]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="14.[121,189,1066,1088]" captionTargetBox="[125,1416,151,1051]" captionTargetId="figure-10@14.[121,1421,144,1057]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 8. Bivariate plots of adult male Nyctophilus: (a) BUL vs GL (n = 71 for N. geoffroyi); (b) ZYG vs GL (n = 79 for N. geoffroyi); (c) GL vs FA (mm) for male Nyctophilus geoffroyi (n = 50), and (d) BRH v GL (n = 75). Symbols are: N. geoffroyi from throughout mainland Australia (○); holotype of Nyctophilus geoffroyi pallescens (●); holotype of Nyctophilus geoffroyi pacificus (▲); holotype of N. heran (■); subadult male M.38841 from Maubisse, Timor-Leste (♦); N. daedalus are small dots bounded by polygon, for a comparison with a similar-sized species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10420961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10420961/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">Fig. 8a</figureCitation>
) and BTB vs MAS (
<figureCitation id="135B5DD5FFCAB605C719F883FDCBF874" box="[563,626,1906,1930]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="15.[166,234,612,634]" captionTargetBox="[173,791,151,595]" captionTargetId="figure-145@15.[167,794,147,601]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 9. Plot of BTB vs MAS, for adult males: N. geoffroyi (n = 50) from throughout mainland Australia (○); holotype of N. heran (■); subadult male M.38841 from Maubisse, Timor-Leste (♦); N. daedalus (n = 15) are small dots bounded by polygon, for a comparison with a similar-sized species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10420963" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10420963/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
). The bullae of M.38841 appear to be relatively larger than those of the
<typeStatus id="54DBFFF2FFCAB605C45CF85CFE68F83B" box="[374,465,1965,1989]" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCAB605C4D9F85CFDF7F83B" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[499,590,1965,1989]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C4D9F85CFDF7F83B" box="[499,590,1965,1989]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as evident in the lateral skull view (compare
<figureCitation id="135B5DD5FFCAB605C186FC8AFB51FC6D" box="[1196,1256,891,915]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="12.[121,189,1410,1432]" captionTargetBox="[121,748,151,1396]" captionTargetId="figure-10@12.[121,748,151,1396]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 6. Micro CT scans of skull and dentary of AM M.38841. Scale bar represents ca. 2 mm. (images: Fred Ford)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10420959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10420959/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
with figure 2 of
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCAB605C6BEFC69FBC1FC4E" author="Kitchener, D. J. &amp; R. A. How" box="[916,1144,920,944]" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" pagination="97 - 107" refId="ref19553" refString="Kitchener, D. J., R. A. How, and Maharadatunkamsi. 1991. A new species of Nyctophilus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Lembata Island, Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 15: 97 - 107." type="journal article" year="1991">
Kitchener
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C12BFC68FB82FC4E" box="[1025,1083,920,944]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">et al.,</emphasis>
1991
</bibRefCitation>
), in which M.38841 is far more typical of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCAB605C106FC47FB11FC30" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[1068,1192,950,974]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C106FC47FB11FC30" box="[1068,1192,950,974]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However,
<collectionCode id="ED71D995FFCAB605C035FC47FAEAFC33" box="[1311,1363,950,973]" country="Zimbabwe" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13738" name="Natural History Museum of Zimbabwe" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" type="Herbarium">BUL</collectionCode>
of M.38841 is at the low end of the size range for
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCAB605C065FC25FC7BFBF6" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C065FC25FC7BFBF6" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation id="C6E274EBFFCAB605C6E5FC01FBA6FBF6" box="[975,1055,1008,1032]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="13.[166,229,168,192]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Table 2. Selected cranial and external measurements of AM M.38841 from Maubisse, Timor-Leste, and the holotypes of N. heran, pacificus, and pallescens, compared to male N. geoffroyi from the Australian mainland. * Measurements from Kitchener et al. (1991)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1F11D8FFCBB604C58CFF59FE19FF05" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" tableUuid="DF1F11D8FFCBB604C58CFF59FE19FF05">Table 2</tableCitation>
) and a bivariate plot of
<collectionCode id="ED71D995FFCAB605C03FFC00FAF0FBF6" box="[1301,1353,1009,1032]" country="Zimbabwe" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13738" name="Natural History Museum of Zimbabwe" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" type="Herbarium">BUL</collectionCode>
vs GL (
<figureCitation id="135B5DD5FFCAB605C6BFFBFFFC67FBD8" box="[917,990,1038,1062]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="14.[121,189,1066,1088]" captionTargetBox="[125,1416,151,1051]" captionTargetId="figure-10@14.[121,1421,144,1057]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 8. Bivariate plots of adult male Nyctophilus: (a) BUL vs GL (n = 71 for N. geoffroyi); (b) ZYG vs GL (n = 79 for N. geoffroyi); (c) GL vs FA (mm) for male Nyctophilus geoffroyi (n = 50), and (d) BRH v GL (n = 75). Symbols are: N. geoffroyi from throughout mainland Australia (○); holotype of Nyctophilus geoffroyi pallescens (●); holotype of Nyctophilus geoffroyi pacificus (▲); holotype of N. heran (■); subadult male M.38841 from Maubisse, Timor-Leste (♦); N. daedalus are small dots bounded by polygon, for a comparison with a similar-sized species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10420961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10420961/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">Fig. 8a</figureCitation>
) indicates that relative to GL,
<collectionCode id="ED71D995FFCAB605C030FBFFFAF7FBDB" box="[1306,1358,1038,1061]" country="Zimbabwe" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13738" name="Natural History Museum of Zimbabwe" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" type="Herbarium">BUL</collectionCode>
is smaller relative to most specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCAB605C1C7FBDDFAD1FBBD" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[1261,1384,1067,1091]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C1C7FBDDFAD1FBBD" box="[1261,1384,1067,1091]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Kitchener
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C6F8FBB8FBBFFB9E" box="[978,1030,1096,1120]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">et al.</emphasis>
contrast the smaller ratio
<collectionCode id="ED71D995FFCAB605C038FBB9FAFFFB9E" box="[1298,1350,1096,1120]" country="Zimbabwe" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13738" name="Natural History Museum of Zimbabwe" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" type="Herbarium">BUL</collectionCode>
/ GL of the
<typeStatus id="54DBFFF2FFCAB605C6E5FB97FB93FB80" box="[975,1066,1126,1150]" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCAB605C166FB97FB1EFB80" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[1100,1191,1126,1150]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C166FB97FB1EFB80" box="[1100,1191,1126,1150]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(0.233) compared to the smallest ratio of
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFCAB605C178FB72FB1EFB65" box="[1106,1191,1155,1179]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.2738" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" unit="in" value="0.247">0.247 in</quantity>
their sample of
<specimenCount id="9D668AD9FFCAB605C065FB72FC21FB46" count="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" type="male">six male</specimenCount>
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCAB605C6B4FB50FBA0FB46" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[926,1049,1184,1208]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C6B4FB50FBA0FB46" box="[926,1049,1184,1208]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The ratio of 0.232 for M.38841 is similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCAB605C13DFB4FFBCBFB28" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[1047,1138,1214,1238]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C13DFB4FFBCBFB28" box="[1047,1138,1214,1238]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but this ratio ranged from
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFCAB605C64FFB2AFBB8FB0D" box="[869,1025,1243,1267]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.8453" metricValueMax="7.9756" metricValueMin="5.715" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" unit="in" value="0.2695" valueMax="0.314" valueMin="0.225">
<geoCoordinate id="EE542797FFCAB605C64FFB2AFC26FB0D" box="[869,927,1243,1267]" degrees="0.225" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" precision="55" value="0.225">0.225</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE542797FFCAB605C6B5FB2AFC5EFB0D" box="[927,999,1243,1267]" degrees="0.314" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" precision="55" value="-0.314">–0.314</geoCoordinate>
in
</quantity>
our sample of
<specimenCount id="9D668AD9FFCAB605C1B6FB2AFB48FB0D" box="[1180,1265,1243,1267]" count="53" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" type="adult">53 adult</specimenCount>
male skulls of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCAB605C6ABFB08FC45FAEE" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[897,1020,1272,1296]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C6ABFB08FC45FAEE" box="[897,1020,1272,1296]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from throughout mainland
<collectingCountry id="F37701C0FFCAB605C033FB09FAC5FAEE" box="[1305,1404,1272,1296]" name="Australia" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">Australia</collectingCountry>
. However, the ratio exceeded
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFCAB605C1B9FAE7FB5EFAD0" box="[1171,1255,1302,1326]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0198" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" unit="in" value="0.237">0.237 in</quantity>
all but one of the
<specimenCount id="9D668AD9FFCAB605C6A1FAC2FC51FAB5" box="[907,1000,1331,1355]" count="53" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" type="male">53 males</specimenCount>
that we measured, and the trend for a relatively larger
<collectionCode id="ED71D995FFCAB605C125FAA0FBFAFA96" box="[1039,1091,1361,1384]" country="Zimbabwe" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13738" name="Natural History Museum of Zimbabwe" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" type="Herbarium">BUL</collectionCode>
in
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCAB605C149FAA0FB67FA96" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[1123,1246,1360,1384]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C149FAA0FB67FA96" box="[1123,1246,1360,1384]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is clear.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCAB605C615FA9FFA33F955" blockId="12.[831,1418,891,2000]" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">
2
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCAB605C64FFA9FFB9FFA78" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[869,1062,1390,1414]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C64FFA9FFB9FFA78" box="[869,1062,1390,1414]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">Nyctophilus heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a more sharply angled anterior edge of the mesopterygoid fossa. The anterior edge of the mesopterygoid fossa is gently curved toward the base of the post-palatal spine in M.38841 (
<figureCitation id="135B5DD5FFCAB605C6C4FA12FB94FA05" box="[1006,1069,1507,1531]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="12.[121,189,1410,1432]" captionTargetBox="[121,748,151,1396]" captionTargetId="figure-10@12.[121,748,151,1396]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 6. Micro CT scans of skull and dentary of AM M.38841. Scale bar represents ca. 2 mm. (images: Fred Ford)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10420959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10420959/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
), similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCAB605C181FA15FA9EFA05" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[1195,1319,1507,1531]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C181FA15FA9EFA05" box="[1195,1319,1507,1531]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but in contrast to the more linear margin in the
<typeStatus id="54DBFFF2FFCAB605C025F9F1FAD2F9E6" box="[1295,1387,1536,1560]" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCAB605C6ABF9EFFC64F9C8" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[897,989,1566,1590]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C6ABF9EFFC64F9C8" box="[897,989,1566,1590]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We have examined photographs of the
<typeStatus id="54DBFFF2FFCAB605C64FF9CAFC78F9AD" box="[869,961,1595,1619]" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
skulls of
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C10DF9CAFB2DF9AD" box="[1063,1172,1595,1619]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">pallescens</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCAB605C1EDF9CAFA9DF9AD" box="[1223,1316,1595,1619]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Barbastellus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacificus">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C1EDF9CAFA9DF9AD" box="[1223,1316,1595,1619]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">pacificus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, both of which resemble that of M.38841. However, this feature is not invariant, and occasional mainland Australian
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCAB605C6F2F965FBECF955" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[984,1109,1683,1707]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C6F2F965FBECF955" box="[984,1109,1683,1707]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens had angled edges.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCAB605C615F941FAF9F8C3" blockId="12.[831,1418,891,2000]" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">
3
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCAB605C64FF941FB90F936" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[869,1065,1712,1736]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C64FF941FB90F936" box="[869,1065,1712,1736]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">Nyctophilus heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a more pronounced post-palatal spine. The post-palatal spine of M.38841 is relatively shorter, similar to that of the
<typeStatus id="54DBFFF2FFCAB605C02CF91AFAD7F8FD" box="[1286,1390,1771,1795]" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" type="holotype">holotypes</typeStatus>
of
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C6A8F8F9FC48F8DE" box="[898,1009,1800,1824]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">pallescens</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCAB605C10FF8F9FB3DF8DE" box="[1061,1156,1800,1824]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Barbastellus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacificus">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C10FF8F9FB3DF8DE" box="[1061,1156,1800,1824]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">pacificus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and other
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCAB605C1DFF8F8FACAF8DE" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[1269,1395,1800,1824]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C1DFF8F8FACAF8DE" box="[1269,1395,1800,1824]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens examined, compared to
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCAB605C1F1F8D7FA81F8C0" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[1243,1336,1830,1854]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C1F1F8D7FA81F8C0" box="[1243,1336,1830,1854]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCAB604C615F8B2FCB9FA05" blockId="12.[831,1418,891,2000]" lastBlockId="13.[204,792,1214,2000]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="641" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">
4 Hypocones on M
<superScript id="7C15EC18FFCAB605C131F8B0FB9AF8B1" attach="left" box="[1051,1059,1857,1871]" fontSize="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">1</superScript>
and M
<superScript id="7C15EC18FFCAB605C145F8B0FBCEF8B1" attach="left" box="[1135,1143,1857,1871]" fontSize="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">2</superScript>
more developed in
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCAB605C062F8B5FC1AF886" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C062F8B5FC1AF886" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The hypocones of M.38841 are present but are relatively undeveloped.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCAB605C199F88FFC15F84D" author="Kitchener, D. J. &amp; R. A. How" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" pagination="97 - 107" refId="ref19553" refString="Kitchener, D. J., R. A. How, and Maharadatunkamsi. 1991. A new species of Nyctophilus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Lembata Island, Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 15: 97 - 107." type="journal article" year="1991">
Kitchener
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C00BF88FFAEEF868" box="[1313,1367,1918,1942]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">et al.</emphasis>
(1991)
</bibRefCitation>
state that the hypocones are more developed than in
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCAB605C69EF848FB8BF82E" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[948,1074,1976,2000]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="640" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCAB605C69EF848FB8BF82E" box="[948,1074,1976,2000]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="640">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and we assume that hypocone development in the latter species is variable, given that they are absent in the
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCBB604C72DFB2DFD3DFB0D" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[519,644,1243,1267]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCBB604C72DFB2DFD3DFB0D" box="[519,644,1243,1267]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that we examined. We are unable to evaluate this further because we cannot clearly discern hypocone morphology from the illustrations of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCBB604C750FAC5FD6EFAB5" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[634,727,1331,1355]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCBB604C750FAC5FD6EFAB5" box="[634,727,1331,1355]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
given by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCBB604C439FAA1FDBCFA96" author="Kitchener, D. J. &amp; R. A. How" box="[275,517,1360,1384]" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" pagination="97 - 107" refId="ref19553" refString="Kitchener, D. J., R. A. How, and Maharadatunkamsi. 1991. A new species of Nyctophilus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Lembata Island, Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 15: 97 - 107." type="journal article" year="1991">
Kitchener
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCBB604C4ABFAA0FE0EFA96" box="[385,439,1360,1384]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">et al.</emphasis>
(1991)
</bibRefCitation>
, although it appears that they are more developed than those of M.38841. We note that the latter authors did not include this character in their diagnosis of the species. Cusp terminology used by those authors is possibly the same as in figure 2 of
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCBB604C4F1FA12FD42FA05" author="Kitchener, D. J. &amp; N. Caputi" box="[475,763,1507,1531]" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" pagination="85 - 146" refId="ref19414" refString="Kitchener, D. J., and N. Caputi. 1985. Systematic revision of Australian Scoteanax and Scotorepens, with remarks on relationships to other Nycticeiini. Records of the Western Australian Museum 12: 85 - 146." type="journal article" year="1985">Kitchener &amp; Caputi (1985)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1F11D8FFCBB604C58CFF59FE19FF05" ID-Table-UUID="DF1F11D8FFCBB604C58CFF59FE19FF05" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1F11D8FFCBB604C58CFF59FE19FF05" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" start="Table 2" startId="13.[166,229,168,192]" targetBox="[204,1433,277,1160]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="13" targetType="table">
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCBB604C58CFF59FE19FF05" blockId="13.[166,1467,168,251]" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCBB604C58CFF59FF40FF3E" bold="true" box="[166,249,168,192]" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">Table 2</emphasis>
. Selected cranial and external measurements of AM M.38841 from Maubisse, Timor-Leste, and the holotypes of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCBB604C58CFF37FEBCFF23" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[166,261,197,221]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCBB604C58CFF37FEBCFF23" box="[166,261,197,221]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCBB604C43EFF34FECAFF23" box="[276,371,197,221]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Barbastellus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacificus">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCBB604C43EFF34FECAFF23" box="[276,371,197,221]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">pacificus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCBB604C49AFF34FDA6FF23" box="[432,543,197,221]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">pallescens</emphasis>
, compared to male
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCBB604C7D3FF37FCC1FF23" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[761,888,197,221]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCBB604C7D3FF37FCC1FF23" box="[761,888,197,221]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Australian mainland. * Measurements from
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCBB604C58CFF13FE25FF05" author="Kitchener, D. J. &amp; R. A. How" box="[166,412,226,251]" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" pagination="97 - 107" refId="ref19553" refString="Kitchener, D. J., R. A. How, and Maharadatunkamsi. 1991. A new species of Nyctophilus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Lembata Island, Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 15: 97 - 107." type="journal article" year="1991">
Kitchener
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCBB604C43CFF12FEF5FF04" box="[278,332,226,250]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">et al.</emphasis>
(1991)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCBB604C5E6FEE4FA35FB76" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">
<table id="F960B3F0FFCB49F6C5E6FEE4FA20FB76" box="[204,1433,277,1160]" gridcols="7" gridrows="26" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">
<tr id="35504312FFCB49F6C5E6FEE4FA20FE7B" box="[204,1433,277,389]" gridrow="0" isHeader="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" rowspan-6="1">
<th id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C5E6FEE4FEF4FE7B" box="[204,333,277,389]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">Character</th>
<th id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C4ACFEE4FDA2FE7B" box="[390,539,277,389]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">AM M.38841 (ET12) subadult male</th>
<th id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C77BFEE4FD17FE7B" box="[593,686,277,389]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCBB604C77BFEE7FD17FED3" box="[593,686,277,301]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">N. heran</emphasis>
holotype male *
</th>
<th id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C636FEE4FC36FE7B" box="[796,911,277,389]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCBB604C636FEE4FCC2FED3" box="[796,891,277,301]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="heran" subSpecies="pacificus">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCBB604C636FEE4FCC2FED3" box="[796,891,277,301]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">pacificus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
holotype BM84.410 male
</th>
<th id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C6CCFEE4FBE0FE7B" box="[998,1113,277,389]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCBB604C6CCFEE4FBECFED3" box="[998,1109,277,301]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">pallescens</emphasis>
holotype BM7.1.4.1 male
</th>
<th id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C19BFEE4FA96FE7B" box="[1201,1327,277,389]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCBB604C19BFEE7FA96FED3" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[1201,1327,277,301]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCBB604C19BFEE7FA96FED3" box="[1201,1327,277,301]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
adult male, Australian mainland
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="35504312FFCB49F6C5E6FE51FA20FE46" box="[204,1433,416,440]" gridrow="1" isHeader="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C19BFE51FA96FE46" box="[1201,1327,416,440]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">range</th>
<th id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C05BFE51FA20FE46" box="[1393,1433,416,440]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">n</th>
</tr>
<tr id="35504312FFCB49F6C5E6FE3CFA20FE1B" box="[204,1433,461,485]" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">
<th id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C5E6FE3CFEF4FE1B" box="[204,333,461,485]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">GL</th>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C4ACFE3CFDA2FE1B" box="[390,539,461,485]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">15.23</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C77BFE3CFD17FE1B" box="[593,686,461,485]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">16.70</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C636FE3CFC36FE1B" box="[796,911,461,485]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">16.1</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C6CCFE3CFBE0FE1B" box="[998,1113,461,485]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">15.75</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C19BFE3CFA96FE1B" box="[1201,1327,461,485]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">14.5–16.3</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C05BFE3CFA20FE1B" box="[1393,1433,461,485]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">74</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35504312FFCB49F6C5E6FE1BFA20FDFD" box="[204,1433,490,515]" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">
<th id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C5E6FE1BFEF4FDFD" box="[204,333,490,515]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">CON</th>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C4ACFE1BFDA2FDFD" box="[390,539,490,515]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">14.44</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C77BFE1BFD17FDFD" box="[593,686,490,515]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">—</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C636FE1BFC36FDFD" box="[796,911,490,515]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">—</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C6CCFE1BFBE0FDFD" box="[998,1113,490,515]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">—</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C19BFE1BFA96FDFD" box="[1201,1327,490,515]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">13.5–15.4</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C05BFE1BFA20FDFD" box="[1393,1433,490,515]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">78</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35504312FFCB49F6C5E6FDF9FA20FDDE" box="[204,1433,520,544]" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">
<th id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C5E6FDF9FEF4FDDE" box="[204,333,520,544]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">ZYG</th>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C4ACFDF9FDA2FDDE" box="[390,539,520,544]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">9.12</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C77BFDF9FD17FDDE" box="[593,686,520,544]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">10.64</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C636FDF9FC36FDDE" box="[796,911,520,544]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">9.90</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C6CCFDF9FBE0FDDE" box="[998,1113,520,544]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">9.24</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C19BFDF9FA96FDDE" box="[1201,1327,520,544]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">8.6–10.0</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C05BFDF9FA20FDDE" box="[1393,1433,520,544]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">77</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35504312FFCB49F6C5E6FDD4FA20FDC3" box="[204,1433,549,573]" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">
<th id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C5E6FDD4FEF4FDC3" box="[204,333,549,573]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">ANT</th>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C4ACFDD4FDA2FDC3" box="[390,539,549,573]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">4.12</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C77BFDD4FD17FDC3" box="[593,686,549,573]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">4.73</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C636FDD4FC36FDC3" box="[796,911,549,573]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">4.78</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C6CCFDD4FBE0FDC3" box="[998,1113,549,573]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">4.53</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C19BFDD4FA96FDC3" box="[1201,1327,549,573]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">4.1–4.8 *</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C05BFDD4FA20FDC3" box="[1393,1433,549,573]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35504312FFCB49F6C5E6FDB3FA20FDA5" box="[204,1433,578,603]" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">
<th id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C5E6FDB3FEF4FDA5" box="[204,333,578,603]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">INT</th>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C4ACFDB3FDA2FDA5" box="[390,539,578,603]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">2.97</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C77BFDB3FD17FDA5" box="[593,686,578,603]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">3.76</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C636FDB3FC36FDA5" box="[796,911,578,603]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">3.40</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C6CCFDB3FBE0FDA5" box="[998,1113,578,603]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">3.45</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C19BFDB3FA96FDA5" box="[1201,1327,578,603]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">3.1–3.7</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C05BFDB3FA20FDA5" box="[1393,1433,578,603]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">64</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35504312FFCB49F6C5E6FDAFFA20FD86" box="[204,1433,606,632]" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">
<th id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C5E6FDAFFEF4FD86" box="[204,333,606,632]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">C1–C1</th>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C4ACFDAFFDA2FD86" box="[390,539,606,632]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">4.00</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C77BFDAFFD17FD86" box="[593,686,606,632]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">4.54</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C636FDAFFC36FD86" box="[796,911,606,632]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">4.53</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C6CCFDAFFBE0FD86" box="[998,1113,606,632]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">4.18</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C19BFDAFFA96FD86" box="[1201,1327,606,632]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">3.7–4.8</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C05BFDAFFA20FD86" box="[1393,1433,606,632]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">68</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35504312FFCB49F6C5E6FD8DFA20FD6B" box="[204,1433,636,661]" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">
<th id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C5E6FD8DFEF4FD6B" box="[204,333,636,661]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">CM3</th>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C4ACFD8DFDA2FD6B" box="[390,539,636,661]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">5.61</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C77BFD8DFD17FD6B" box="[593,686,636,661]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">6.05</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C636FD8DFC36FD6B" box="[796,911,636,661]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">5.36</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C6CCFD8DFBE0FD6B" box="[998,1113,636,661]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">5.63</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C19BFD8DFA96FD6B" box="[1201,1327,636,661]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">4.9–6.0</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C05BFD8DFA20FD6B" box="[1393,1433,636,661]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">78</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35504312FFCB49F6C5E6FD68FA20FD4C" box="[204,1433,665,690]" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">
<th id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C5E6FD68FEF4FD4C" box="[204,333,665,690]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">M3–M3</th>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C4ACFD68FDA2FD4C" box="[390,539,665,690]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">6.21</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C77BFD68FD17FD4C" box="[593,686,665,690]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">6.97</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C636FD68FC36FD4C" box="[796,911,665,690]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">6.37</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C6CCFD68FBE0FD4C" box="[998,1113,665,690]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">6.13</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C19BFD68FA96FD4C" box="[1201,1327,665,690]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">4.9–6.6</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C05BFD68FA20FD4C" box="[1393,1433,665,690]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">64</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35504312FFCB49F6C5E6FD49FA20FD2E" box="[204,1433,696,720]" gridrow="10" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">
<th id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C5E6FD49FEF4FD2E" box="[204,333,696,720]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">PAL</th>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C4ACFD49FDA2FD2E" box="[390,539,696,720]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">7.28</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C77BFD49FD17FD2E" box="[593,686,696,720]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">—</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C636FD49FC36FD2E" box="[796,911,696,720]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">6.97</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C6CCFD49FBE0FD2E" box="[998,1113,696,720]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">7.12</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C19BFD49FA96FD2E" box="[1201,1327,696,720]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">6.4–7.3</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C05BFD49FA20FD2E" box="[1393,1433,696,720]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">29</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35504312FFCB49F6C5E6FD24FA20FD13" box="[204,1433,725,749]" gridrow="11" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">
<th id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C5E6FD24FEF4FD13" box="[204,333,725,749]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">sinPAL</th>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C4ACFD24FDA2FD13" box="[390,539,725,749]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">5.47</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C77BFD24FD17FD13" box="[593,686,725,749]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">6.02</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C636FD24FC36FD13" box="[796,911,725,749]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">—</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C6CCFD24FBE0FD13" box="[998,1113,725,749]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">—</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C19BFD24FA96FD13" box="[1201,1327,725,749]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">5.4–5.8</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C05BFD24FA20FD13" box="[1393,1433,725,749]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35504312FFCB49F6C5E6FD03FA20FCF5" box="[204,1433,754,779]" gridrow="12" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">
<th id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C5E6FD03FEF4FCF5" box="[204,333,754,779]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">MESO</th>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C4ACFD03FDA2FCF5" box="[390,539,754,779]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">1.80</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C77BFD03FD17FCF5" box="[593,686,754,779]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">2.05</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C636FD03FC36FCF5" box="[796,911,754,779]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">1.55</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C6CCFD03FBE0FCF5" box="[998,1113,754,779]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">1.56</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C19BFD03FA96FCF5" box="[1201,1327,754,779]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">1.4–1.8 *</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C05BFD03FA20FCF5" box="[1393,1433,754,779]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35504312FFCB49F6C5E6FCE1FA20FCD6" box="[204,1433,784,808]" gridrow="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">
<th id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C5E6FCE1FEF4FCD6" box="[204,333,784,808]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">BUL</th>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C4ACFCE1FDA2FCD6" box="[390,539,784,808]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">3.66</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C77BFCE1FD17FCD6" box="[593,686,784,808]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">3.90</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C636FCE1FC36FCD6" box="[796,911,784,808]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">3.62</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C6CCFCE1FBE0FCD6" box="[998,1113,784,808]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">3.76</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C19BFCE1FA96FCD6" box="[1201,1327,784,808]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">3.6–4.1</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C05BFCE1FA20FCD6" box="[1393,1433,784,808]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">49</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35504312FFCB49F6C5E6FCDCFA20FCBB" box="[204,1433,813,837]" gridrow="14" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">
<th id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C5E6FCDCFEF4FCBB" box="[204,333,813,837]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">BTB</th>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C4ACFCDCFDA2FCBB" box="[390,539,813,837]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">1.65</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C77BFCDCFD17FCBB" box="[593,686,813,837]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">1.64</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C636FCDCFC36FCBB" box="[796,911,813,837]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">—</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C6CCFCDCFBE0FCBB" box="[998,1113,813,837]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">—</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C19BFCDCFA96FCBB" box="[1201,1327,813,837]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">1.0–1.6</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C05BFCDCFA20FCBB" box="[1393,1433,813,837]" gridcol="6" gridrow="14" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">45</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35504312FFCB49F6C5E6FCBBFA20FC9D" box="[204,1433,842,867]" gridrow="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">
<th id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C5E6FCBBFEF4FC9D" box="[204,333,842,867]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">MAS</th>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C4ACFCBBFDA2FC9D" box="[390,539,842,867]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">8.35</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C77BFCBBFD17FC9D" box="[593,686,842,867]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">8.89</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C636FCBBFC36FC9D" box="[796,911,842,867]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">8.30</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C6CCFCBBFBE0FC9D" box="[998,1113,842,867]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">7.64</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C19BFCBBFA96FC9D" box="[1201,1327,842,867]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">7.5–8.6</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C05BFCBBFA20FC9D" box="[1393,1433,842,867]" gridcol="6" gridrow="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">78</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35504312FFCB49F6C5E6FC99FA20FC7E" box="[204,1433,872,896]" gridrow="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">
<th id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C5E6FC99FEF4FC7E" box="[204,333,872,896]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">BRH</th>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C4ACFC99FDA2FC7E" box="[390,539,872,896]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">5.59</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C77BFC99FD17FC7E" box="[593,686,872,896]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">6.18</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C636FC99FC36FC7E" box="[796,911,872,896]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">4.97</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C6CCFC99FBE0FC7E" box="[998,1113,872,896]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">5.40</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C19BFC99FA96FC7E" box="[1201,1327,872,896]" gridcol="5" gridrow="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">4.5–5.7</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C05BFC99FA20FC7E" box="[1393,1433,872,896]" gridcol="6" gridrow="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">75</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35504312FFCB49F6C5E6FC75FA20FC63" box="[204,1433,900,925]" gridrow="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">
<th id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C5E6FC75FEF4FC63" box="[204,333,900,925]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">M3B</th>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C4ACFC75FDA2FC63" box="[390,539,900,925]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">1.72</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C77BFC75FD17FC63" box="[593,686,900,925]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">1.75</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C636FC75FC36FC63" box="[796,911,900,925]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">1.65</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C6CCFC75FBE0FC63" box="[998,1113,900,925]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">1.65</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C19BFC75FA96FC63" box="[1201,1327,900,925]" gridcol="5" gridrow="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">1.4–1.7 *</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C05BFC75FA20FC63" box="[1393,1433,900,925]" gridcol="6" gridrow="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35504312FFCB49F6C5E6FC50FA20FC45" box="[204,1433,929,955]" gridrow="18" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">
<th id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C5E6FC50FEF4FC45" box="[204,333,929,955]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">M3L</th>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C4ACFC50FDA2FC45" box="[390,539,929,955]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">0.72</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C77BFC50FD17FC45" box="[593,686,929,955]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">0.74</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C636FC50FC36FC45" box="[796,911,929,955]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">0.60</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C6CCFC50FBE0FC45" box="[998,1113,929,955]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">0.60</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C19BFC50FA96FC45" box="[1201,1327,929,955]" gridcol="5" gridrow="18" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">0.6–0.7 *</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C05BFC50FA20FC45" box="[1393,1433,929,955]" gridcol="6" gridrow="18" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35504312FFCB49F6C5E6FC31FA20FC26" box="[204,1433,960,984]" gridrow="19" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">
<th id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C5E6FC31FEF4FC26" box="[204,333,960,984]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">BAC length</th>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C4ACFC31FDA2FC26" box="[390,539,960,984]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">2.39</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C77BFC31FD17FC26" box="[593,686,960,984]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">—</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C636FC31FC36FC26" box="[796,911,960,984]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">—</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C6CCFC31FBE0FC26" box="[998,1113,960,984]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">—</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C19BFC31FA96FC26" box="[1201,1327,960,984]" gridcol="5" gridrow="19" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">2.4–2.8</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C05BFC31FA20FC26" box="[1393,1433,960,984]" gridcol="6" gridrow="19" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">12</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35504312FFCB49F6C5E6FC2CFA20FC06" box="[204,1433,989,1016]" gridrow="20" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">
<th id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C5E6FC2CFEF4FC06" box="[204,333,989,1016]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">CM3</th>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C4ACFC2CFDA2FC06" box="[390,539,989,1016]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">6.01</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C77BFC2CFD17FC06" box="[593,686,989,1016]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">6.53</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C636FC2CFC36FC06" box="[796,911,989,1016]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">—</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C6CCFC2CFBE0FC06" box="[998,1113,989,1016]" gridcol="4" gridrow="20" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">—</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C19BFC2CFA96FC06" box="[1201,1327,989,1016]" gridcol="5" gridrow="20" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">5.8–6.0 *</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C05BFC2CFA20FC06" box="[1393,1433,989,1016]" gridcol="6" gridrow="20" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">—</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35504312FFCB49F6C5E6FC0BFA20FBED" box="[204,1433,1018,1043]" gridrow="21" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">
<th id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C5E6FC0BFEF4FBED" box="[204,333,1018,1043]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">EAR</th>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C4ACFC0BFDA2FBED" box="[390,539,1018,1043]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">24.0</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C77BFC0BFD17FBED" box="[593,686,1018,1043]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">23.4</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C636FC0BFC36FBED" box="[796,911,1018,1043]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">—</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C6CCFC0BFBE0FBED" box="[998,1113,1018,1043]" gridcol="4" gridrow="21" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">—</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C19BFC0BFA96FBED" box="[1201,1327,1018,1043]" gridcol="5" gridrow="21" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">20.6–28.0</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C05BFC0BFA20FBED" box="[1393,1433,1018,1043]" gridcol="6" gridrow="21" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">100</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35504312FFCB49F6C5E6FBE9FA20FBCE" box="[204,1433,1048,1072]" gridrow="22" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">
<th id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C5E6FBE9FEF4FBCE" box="[204,333,1048,1072]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">FA</th>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C4ACFBE9FDA2FBCE" box="[390,539,1048,1072]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">36</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C77BFBE9FD17FBCE" box="[593,686,1048,1072]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">39</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C636FBE9FC36FBCE" box="[796,911,1048,1072]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">37</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C6CCFBE9FBE0FBCE" box="[998,1113,1048,1072]" gridcol="4" gridrow="22" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">34</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C19BFBE9FA96FBCE" box="[1201,1327,1048,1072]" gridcol="5" gridrow="22" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">30.8–37.7</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C05BFBE9FA20FBCE" box="[1393,1433,1048,1072]" gridcol="6" gridrow="22" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">132</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35504312FFCB49F6C5E6FBC4FA20FBB3" box="[204,1433,1077,1101]" gridrow="23" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">
<th id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C5E6FBC4FEF4FBB3" box="[204,333,1077,1101]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">HB</th>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C4ACFBC4FDA2FBB3" box="[390,539,1077,1101]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">41</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C77BFBC4FD17FBB3" box="[593,686,1077,1101]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">52</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C636FBC4FC36FBB3" box="[796,911,1077,1101]" gridcol="3" gridrow="23" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">—</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C6CCFBC4FBE0FBB3" box="[998,1113,1077,1101]" gridcol="4" gridrow="23" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">—</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C19BFBC4FA96FBB3" box="[1201,1327,1077,1101]" gridcol="5" gridrow="23" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">43–47</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C05BFBC4FA20FBB3" box="[1393,1433,1077,1101]" gridcol="6" gridrow="23" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">19</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35504312FFCB49F6C5E6FBA3FA20FB95" box="[204,1433,1106,1131]" gridrow="24" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">
<th id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C5E6FBA3FEF4FB95" box="[204,333,1106,1131]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">Tail L</th>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C4ACFBA3FDA2FB95" box="[390,539,1106,1131]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">36.0</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C77BFBA3FD17FB95" box="[593,686,1106,1131]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">40.7</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C636FBA3FC36FB95" box="[796,911,1106,1131]" gridcol="3" gridrow="24" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">—</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C6CCFBA3FBE0FB95" box="[998,1113,1106,1131]" gridcol="4" gridrow="24" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">—</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C19BFBA3FA96FB95" box="[1201,1327,1106,1131]" gridcol="5" gridrow="24" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">35–43</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C05BFBA3FA20FB95" box="[1393,1433,1106,1131]" gridcol="6" gridrow="24" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">18</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35504312FFCB49F6C5E6FB81FA20FB76" box="[204,1433,1136,1160]" gridrow="25" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">
<th id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C5E6FB81FEF4FB76" box="[204,333,1136,1160]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">WT</th>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C4ACFB81FDA2FB76" box="[390,539,1136,1160]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">4.5</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C77BFB81FD17FB76" box="[593,686,1136,1160]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">7.6</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C636FB81FC36FB76" box="[796,911,1136,1160]" gridcol="3" gridrow="25" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">—</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C6CCFB81FBE0FB76" box="[998,1113,1136,1160]" gridcol="4" gridrow="25" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">—</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C19BFB81FA96FB76" box="[1201,1327,1136,1160]" gridcol="5" gridrow="25" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">4–6</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFCB49F6C05BFB81FA20FB76" box="[1393,1433,1136,1160]" gridcol="6" gridrow="25" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">19</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCBB604C5E6F9F1FE55F886" blockId="13.[204,792,1214,2000]" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">
5
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCBB604C5D8F9F1FE0FF9E6" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[242,438,1536,1560]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCBB604C5D8F9F1FE0FF9E6" box="[242,438,1536,1560]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">Nyctophilus heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a relatively longer third commissure on M
<superScript id="7C15EC18FFCBB604C498F9EDFE03F9D4" attach="left" box="[434,442,1564,1578]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">3</superScript>
. The third commissure is relatively much shorter in M.38841 compared with
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCBB604C402F9A8FE3CF98E" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[296,389,1624,1648]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCBB604C402F9A8FE3CF98E" box="[296,389,1624,1648]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCBB604C4B9F9A9FD3FF98E" author="Kitchener, D. J. &amp; R. A. How" box="[403,646,1624,1648]" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" pagination="97 - 107" refId="ref19553" refString="Kitchener, D. J., R. A. How, and Maharadatunkamsi. 1991. A new species of Nyctophilus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Lembata Island, Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 15: 97 - 107." type="journal article" year="1991">
Kitchener
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCBB604C728F9A8FD81F98E" box="[514,568,1624,1648]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">et al.</emphasis>
(1991)
</bibRefCitation>
suggest that the greater development of the third commissure has resulted in a greater M
<superScript id="7C15EC18FFCBB604C727F960FDACF961" attach="left" box="[525,533,1681,1695]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">3</superScript>
width than that of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCBB604C5D8F940FEC9F936" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[242,368,1712,1736]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCBB604C5D8F940FEC9F936" box="[242,368,1712,1736]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, however M
<superScript id="7C15EC18FFCBB604C4D2F95EFDB9F943" attach="left" box="[504,512,1711,1725]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">3</superScript>
length and breadth of M.38841 approximates that given for
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCBB604C7ACF93FFD5AF918" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[646,739,1742,1766]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCBB604C7ACF93FFD5AF918" box="[646,739,1742,1766]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the likely level of measurement error suggests that M
<superScript id="7C15EC18FFCBB604C412F8F6FEF9F8EB" attach="left" box="[312,320,1799,1813]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">3</superScript>
is effectively the same size as the
<typeStatus id="54DBFFF2FFCBB604C79AF8F9FCB4F8DE" box="[688,781,1800,1824]" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCBB604C425F8D7FED5F8C0" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[271,364,1830,1854]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCBB604C425F8D7FED5F8C0" box="[271,364,1830,1854]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, both of which fall at the upper end of the range for the
<specimenCount id="9D668AD9FFCBB604C4EFF8B2FDBDF8A5" box="[453,516,1859,1883]" count="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" type="generic">
six
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCBB604C4C1F8B5FDD0F8A5" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[491,617,1859,1883]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCBB604C4C1F8B5FDD0F8A5" box="[491,617,1859,1883]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</specimenCount>
measured by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCBB604C5D8F891FE51F886" author="Kitchener, D. J. &amp; R. A. How" box="[242,488,1888,1912]" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" pagination="97 - 107" refId="ref19553" refString="Kitchener, D. J., R. A. How, and Maharadatunkamsi. 1991. A new species of Nyctophilus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Lembata Island, Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 15: 97 - 107." type="journal article" year="1991">
Kitchener
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCBB604C448F890FE2EF886" box="[354,407,1888,1912]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">et al.</emphasis>
(1991)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCBB604C5E6F88FFE21F84D" blockId="13.[204,792,1214,2000]" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">
6
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCBB604C5D8F88FFE0FF868" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[242,438,1918,1942]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCBB604C5D8F88FFE0FF868" box="[242,438,1918,1942]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">Nyctophilus heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a less rounded distal end on the glans penis.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCBB604C5E6F848FA92FAB4" blockId="13.[204,792,1214,2000]" lastBlockId="13.[877,1465,1214,1766]" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">
7 Dorsal crest on the glans penis is absent in
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCBB604C794F848FC68FB28" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[702,977,1214,2000]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCBB604C794F848FC68FB28" box="[702,977,1214,2000]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The external morphology of the glans penis of M.38841 resembles that of the
<typeStatus id="54DBFFF2FFCBB604C010FB2AFA2EFB0D" box="[1338,1431,1243,1267]" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCBB604C69AFB08FBB4FAEE" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[944,1037,1272,1296]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCBB604C69AFB08FBB4FAEE" box="[944,1037,1272,1296]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see fig. 4 of
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCBB604C1B5FB09FA33FAEE" author="Kitchener, D. J. &amp; R. A. How" box="[1183,1418,1272,1296]" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" pagination="97 - 107" refId="ref19553" refString="Kitchener, D. J., R. A. How, and Maharadatunkamsi. 1991. A new species of Nyctophilus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Lembata Island, Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 15: 97 - 107." type="journal article" year="1991">
Kitchener
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCBB604C025FB08FAF5FAEE" box="[1295,1356,1272,1296]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">et al.,</emphasis>
1991
</bibRefCitation>
), rather than that of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCBB604C172FAE7FB6FFAD0" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[1112,1238,1302,1326]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCBB604C172FAE7FB6FFAD0" box="[1112,1238,1302,1326]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in having a broadly rounded distal tip, and no dorsal crest.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCBB604C647FAA1FAE1F918" blockId="13.[877,1465,1214,1766]" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">
8 Larger absolute size of
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCBB604C1A6FAA0FB48FA96" box="[1164,1265,1360,1384]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCBB604C1A6FAA0FB57FA96" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[1164,1262,1360,1384]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">N. heran</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The
<typeStatus id="54DBFFF2FFCBB604C00DFAA1FA3DFA96" box="[1319,1412,1360,1384]" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCBB604C69AFA9FFBB4FA78" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[944,1037,1390,1414]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCBB604C69AFA9FFBB4FA78" box="[944,1037,1390,1414]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is clearly larger in overall size than mainland Australian
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCBB604C15BFA7DFB56FA5D" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[1137,1263,1419,1443]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCBB604C15BFA7DFB56FA5D" box="[1137,1263,1419,1443]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of equivalent sex, as noted by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCBB604C139FA59FAB1FA3E" author="Kitchener, D. J. &amp; R. A. How" box="[1043,1288,1448,1472]" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" pagination="97 - 107" refId="ref19553" refString="Kitchener, D. J., R. A. How, and Maharadatunkamsi. 1991. A new species of Nyctophilus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Lembata Island, Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 15: 97 - 107." type="journal article" year="1991">
Kitchener
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCBB604C1A9FA58FB01FA3E" box="[1155,1208,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">et al.</emphasis>
(1991)
</bibRefCitation>
. This is evident, for example, in bivariate plots of
<collectionCode id="ED71D995FFCBB604C1DDFA37FA97FA20" box="[1271,1326,1478,1502]" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">ZYG</collectionCode>
vs GL (
<figureCitation id="135B5DD5FFCBB604C0AEFA37FC17FA05" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="14.[121,189,1066,1088]" captionTargetBox="[125,1416,151,1051]" captionTargetId="figure-10@14.[121,1421,144,1057]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 8. Bivariate plots of adult male Nyctophilus: (a) BUL vs GL (n = 71 for N. geoffroyi); (b) ZYG vs GL (n = 79 for N. geoffroyi); (c) GL vs FA (mm) for male Nyctophilus geoffroyi (n = 50), and (d) BRH v GL (n = 75). Symbols are: N. geoffroyi from throughout mainland Australia (○); holotype of Nyctophilus geoffroyi pallescens (●); holotype of Nyctophilus geoffroyi pacificus (▲); holotype of N. heran (■); subadult male M.38841 from Maubisse, Timor-Leste (♦); N. daedalus are small dots bounded by polygon, for a comparison with a similar-sized species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10420961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10420961/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">Fig. 8b</figureCitation>
) and GL vs FA (
<figureCitation id="135B5DD5FFCBB604C175FA12FB12FA05" box="[1119,1195,1507,1531]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="14.[121,189,1066,1088]" captionTargetBox="[125,1416,151,1051]" captionTargetId="figure-10@14.[121,1421,144,1057]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 8. Bivariate plots of adult male Nyctophilus: (a) BUL vs GL (n = 71 for N. geoffroyi); (b) ZYG vs GL (n = 79 for N. geoffroyi); (c) GL vs FA (mm) for male Nyctophilus geoffroyi (n = 50), and (d) BRH v GL (n = 75). Symbols are: N. geoffroyi from throughout mainland Australia (○); holotype of Nyctophilus geoffroyi pallescens (●); holotype of Nyctophilus geoffroyi pacificus (▲); holotype of N. heran (■); subadult male M.38841 from Maubisse, Timor-Leste (♦); N. daedalus are small dots bounded by polygon, for a comparison with a similar-sized species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10420961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10420961/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">Fig. 8c</figureCitation>
), in which
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCBB604C009FA15FA39FA05" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[1315,1408,1507,1531]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCBB604C009FA15FA39FA05" box="[1315,1408,1507,1531]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
falls well outside
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCBB604C131F9F0FB20F9E6" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[1051,1177,1536,1560]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCBB604C131F9F0FB20F9E6" box="[1051,1177,1536,1560]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but close to
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCBB604C008F9F0FA18F9E6" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1915" box="[1314,1441,1536,1560]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="daedalus">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCBB604C008F9F0FA18F9E6" box="[1314,1441,1536,1560]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">N. daedalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We have added the latter species to these plots as a yardstick to the magnitude of interspecific differences that can occur for
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCBB604C1FAF9A9FA12F98E" box="[1232,1451,1624,1648]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCBB604C1FAF9A9FAF6F98E" box="[1232,1359,1624,1648]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">Nyctophilus</emphasis>
species.
</taxonomicName>
The four examples of larger skull and dental dimensions cited by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF13CA1FFCBB604C145F962FADBF955" author="Kitchener, D. J. &amp; R. A. How" box="[1135,1378,1683,1707]" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" pagination="97 - 107" refId="ref19553" refString="Kitchener, D. J., R. A. How, and Maharadatunkamsi. 1991. A new species of Nyctophilus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Lembata Island, Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 15: 97 - 107." type="journal article" year="1991">
Kitchener
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCBB604C1F4F965FAADF955" box="[1246,1300,1683,1707]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">et al.</emphasis>
(1991)
</bibRefCitation>
are GL,
<collectionCode id="ED71D995FFCBB604C6B9F941FC74F936" box="[915,973,1712,1736]" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">ZYG</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="ED71D995FFCBB604C6FDF940FBB7F936" box="[983,1038,1713,1736]" country="Belize" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15755" name="Ministry of Natural Resources, Local Government, and the Environment" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" type="Herbarium">BRH</collectionCode>
and
<collectionCode id="ED71D995FFCBB604C16BF941FBD3F936" box="[1089,1130,1712,1736]" country="China" name="Chongqing Museum" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">CM</collectionCode>
<superScript id="7C15EC18FFCBB604C141F95EFBCAF943" attach="right" box="[1131,1139,1711,1725]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">3</superScript>
, all of which are corroborated by our much larger sample sizes (
<tableCitation id="C6E274EBFFCBB604C1D2F93FFAF5F918" box="[1272,1356,1742,1766]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="13.[166,229,168,192]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Table 2. Selected cranial and external measurements of AM M.38841 from Maubisse, Timor-Leste, and the holotypes of N. heran, pacificus, and pallescens, compared to male N. geoffroyi from the Australian mainland. * Measurements from Kitchener et al. (1991)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1F11D8FFCBB604C58CFF59FE19FF05" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" tableUuid="DF1F11D8FFCBB604C58CFF59FE19FF05">Table 2</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCBB604C672F8FDFAE9F8B5" blockId="13.[856,1450,1803,1868]" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">
<heading id="D097F63CFFCBB604C672F8FDFAE9F8B5" bold="true" centered="true" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCBB604C672F8FDFAE9F8B5" bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">
Morphometric comparisons with
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCBB604C02FF8FDFACBF8D8" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[1285,1394,1803,1830]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCBB604C02FF8FDFACBF8D8" bold="true" box="[1285,1394,1803,1830]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and mainland Australian
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCBB604C194F8C3FAE9F8B5" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[1214,1360,1841,1868]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCBB604C194F8C3FAE9F8B5" bold="true" box="[1214,1360,1841,1868]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFCBB607C66DF891FA3FFADE" blockId="13.[839,1467,1888,2000]" lastBlockId="14.[793,1422,1230,2016]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="642" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">
Skull and external measurements of M.38841 fall within the size range of mainland Australian adult male
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFCBB604C010F88FFA03F868" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[1338,1466,1918,1942]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="641" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFCBB604C010F88FFA03F868" box="[1338,1466,1918,1942]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="641">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for most dimensions (though smaller than the range for INT). However, given the specimen is subadult, it likely has not attained fully adult size, compromizing morphometric comparisons overall. In contrast, this specimen is at the upper size limit of specimens measured in this study, for sinPAL, BTB and M
<superScript id="7C15EC18FFC8B607C5D7FAD5FEBCFACC" attach="both" box="[253,261,1316,1330]" fontSize="6" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">3</superScript>
B, for which it approaches the size of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC8B607C784FAD7FD55FAC0" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[686,748,1318,1342]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC8B607C784FAD7FD55FAC0" box="[686,748,1318,1342]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation id="C6E274EBFFC8B607C5AAFAB2FF6DFAA5" box="[128,212,1347,1371]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="13.[166,229,168,192]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Table 2. Selected cranial and external measurements of AM M.38841 from Maubisse, Timor-Leste, and the holotypes of N. heran, pacificus, and pallescens, compared to male N. geoffroyi from the Australian mainland. * Measurements from Kitchener et al. (1991)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1F11D8FFCBB604C58CFF59FE19FF05" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" tableUuid="DF1F11D8FFCBB604C58CFF59FE19FF05">Table 2</tableCitation>
).
<collectionCode id="ED71D995FFC8B607C5CDFAB2FEABFAA5" box="[231,274,1347,1371]" country="Australia" name="Australian Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" type="Museum">AM</collectionCode>
M.38841 falls within the range of variation of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC8B607C5BEFA90FEA9FA86" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[148,272,1376,1400]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC8B607C5BEFA90FEA9FA86" box="[148,272,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as illustrated in bivariate plots of
<collectionCode id="ED71D995FFC8B607C745FA90FD1EFA86" box="[623,679,1377,1400]" country="Zimbabwe" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13738" name="Natural History Museum of Zimbabwe" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" type="Herbarium">BUL</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="ED71D995FFC8B607C785FA91FD51FA86" box="[687,744,1376,1400]" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">ZYG</collectionCode>
, and
<collectionCode id="ED71D995FFC8B607C58EFA8FFF62FA6B" box="[164,219,1406,1429]" country="Belize" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15755" name="Ministry of Natural Resources, Local Government, and the Environment" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" type="Herbarium">BRH</collectionCode>
vs GL, GL vs FA (
<figureCitation id="135B5DD5FFC8B607C4B4FA8FFDBDFA68" box="[414,516,1406,1430]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="14.[121,189,1066,1088]" captionTargetBox="[125,1416,151,1051]" captionTargetId="figure-10@14.[121,1421,144,1057]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 8. Bivariate plots of adult male Nyctophilus: (a) BUL vs GL (n = 71 for N. geoffroyi); (b) ZYG vs GL (n = 79 for N. geoffroyi); (c) GL vs FA (mm) for male Nyctophilus geoffroyi (n = 50), and (d) BRH v GL (n = 75). Symbols are: N. geoffroyi from throughout mainland Australia (○); holotype of Nyctophilus geoffroyi pallescens (●); holotype of Nyctophilus geoffroyi pacificus (▲); holotype of N. heran (■); subadult male M.38841 from Maubisse, Timor-Leste (♦); N. daedalus are small dots bounded by polygon, for a comparison with a similar-sized species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10420961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10420961/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">Fig. 8a–d</figureCitation>
), and
<collectionCode id="ED71D995FFC8B607C76AFA8FFDCCFA68" box="[576,629,1406,1430]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:12963" name="Earlham College" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" type="Herbarium">EAR</collectionCode>
vs FA (
<figureCitation id="135B5DD5FFC8B607C7E8FA8FFF2EFA4D" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="15.[839,906,1117,1139]" captionTargetBox="[845,1464,156,1095]" captionTargetId="figure-9@15.[839,1466,151,1099]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 10. Plotof Ear vs FA (mm) of Nyctophilus:(a) males:adult male N.geoffroyi (n= 122) from throughout mainlandAustralia (○); holotype of N. heran (■); subadult male M.38841 from Maubisse, Timor-Leste (♦); N. daedalus (n = 18, small dots) are bounded by polygon, for acomparison with a species of similarsize to N.heran. (b) Adult female N. geoffroyi from throughout mainland Australia (n = 99); subadult female M.37639 from Maubisse, Timor-Leste (▲). Locality codes for N.geoffroyi are: centralAustralia (c); NSW (n), Queensland (q); Victoria (v), northern Western Australia and northern Northern Territory (z). Thirty specimens from Danggali, SA (d), are bounded by a polygon, indicating extent of within locality variation relative to total variation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10420965" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10420965/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
). In contrast, the
<typeStatus id="54DBFFF2FFC8B607C47CFA6AFE0AFA4D" box="[342,435,1435,1459]" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC8B607C4F0FA6DFD81FA4D" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[474,568,1435,1459]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC8B607C4F0FA6DFD81FA4D" box="[474,568,1435,1459]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
falls outside the range of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC8B607C656FB3FFC42FB18" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[892,1019,1230,1254]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC8B607C656FB3FFC42FB18" box="[892,1019,1230,1254]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in these plots and exceeds the upper range of mainland
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC8B607C6C7FB1DFBD7FAFD" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[1005,1134,1259,1283]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC8B607C6C7FB1DFBD7FAFD" box="[1005,1134,1259,1283]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for most characters other than
<collectionCode id="ED71D995FFC8B607C664FAF8FC3BFADE" box="[846,898,1289,1312]" country="Zimbabwe" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13738" name="Natural History Museum of Zimbabwe" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" type="Herbarium">BUL</collectionCode>
and
<collectionCode id="ED71D995FFC8B607C69CFAF8FC57FADF" box="[950,1006,1289,1313]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:12963" name="Earlham College" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" type="Herbarium">EAR</collectionCode>
, which fall within the range (
<tableCitation id="C6E274EBFFC8B607C00CFAF9FAC3FADE" box="[1318,1402,1288,1312]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="13.[166,229,168,192]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Table 2. Selected cranial and external measurements of AM M.38841 from Maubisse, Timor-Leste, and the holotypes of N. heran, pacificus, and pallescens, compared to male N. geoffroyi from the Australian mainland. * Measurements from Kitchener et al. (1991)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1F11D8FFCBB604C58CFF59FE19FF05" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" tableUuid="DF1F11D8FFCBB604C58CFF59FE19FF05">Table 2</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1F11D8FFC8B607C553FBDBFE31FB55" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10420961" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10420961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10420961/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" startId="14.[121,189,1066,1088]" targetBox="[125,1416,151,1051]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFC8B607C553FBDBFE31FB55" blockId="14.[121,1422,1066,1195]" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC8B607C553FBDBFF76FBC1" bold="true" box="[121,207,1066,1088]" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">Figure 8</emphasis>
. Bivariate plots of adult male
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC8B607C4D2FBDBFDD2FBC1" authorityName=", Tomes" authorityYear="1858" box="[504,619,1066,1087]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC8B607C4D2FBDBFDD2FBC1" box="[504,619,1066,1087]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">Nyctophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: (
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC8B607C7AAFBDAFD35FBBE" box="[640,652,1067,1088]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">a</emphasis>
) BUL vs GL (n = 71 for
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC8B607C654FBDAFC49FBC1" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[894,1008,1066,1088]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC8B607C654FBDAFC49FBC1" box="[894,1008,1066,1088]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); (
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC8B607C126FBDBFBA1FBC1" box="[1036,1048,1066,1087]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">b</emphasis>
) ZYG vs GL (n = 79 for
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC8B607C026FBDAFAC7FBC1" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[1292,1406,1066,1088]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC8B607C026FBDAFAC7FBC1" box="[1292,1406,1066,1088]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); (
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC8B607C5ABFBB7FF35FBA5" box="[129,140,1094,1115]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">c</emphasis>
) GL vs FA (mm) for male
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC8B607C4B2FBB4FDD1FBA4" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[408,616,1093,1114]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC8B607C4B2FBB4FDD1FBA4" box="[408,616,1093,1114]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">Nyctophilus geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(n = 50), and (
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC8B607C7D5FBB4FCB2FBA4" box="[767,779,1093,1114]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">d</emphasis>
) BRH v GL (n = 75). Symbols are:
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC8B607C159FBB7FB5FFBA4" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[1139,1254,1093,1115]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC8B607C159FBB7FB5FFBA4" box="[1139,1254,1093,1115]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from throughout mainland Australia (
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC8B607C411FBADFEF4FB88" bold="true" box="[315,333,1116,1142]" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">○</emphasis>
); holotype of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC8B607C4F8FB91FCB0FB8B" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1913" box="[466,777,1120,1141]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="geoffroyi" subSpecies="pallescens">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC8B607C4F8FB91FCB0FB8B" box="[466,777,1120,1141]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">Nyctophilus geoffroyi pallescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(●); holotype of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC8B607C680FB91FB68FB8B" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1831" box="[938,1233,1120,1141]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="geoffroyi" subSpecies="pacificus">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC8B607C680FB91FB68FB8B" box="[938,1233,1120,1141]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">Nyctophilus geoffroyi pacificus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(▲); holotype of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC8B607C05DFB91FF08FB71" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC8B607C05DFB91FF08FB71" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(■); subadult male M.38841 from Maubisse, Timor-Leste (♦);
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC8B607C63BFB8AFC3DFB71" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1915" box="[785,900,1146,1168]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="daedalus">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC8B607C63BFB8AFC3DFB71" box="[785,900,1146,1168]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">N. daedalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are small dots bounded by polygon, for a comparison with a similar-sized species.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFC8B607C612FAD7FAA5F85B" blockId="14.[793,1422,1230,2016]" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">
A comparison of M.38841 with
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC8B607C1AFFAD7FAB8FAC0" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[1157,1281,1318,1342]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC8B607C1AFFAD7FAB8FAC0" box="[1157,1281,1318,1342]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC8B607C018FAD7FA34FAC0" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[1330,1421,1318,1342]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC8B607C018FAD7FA34FAC0" box="[1330,1421,1318,1342]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was explored further in a principal components analysis based on 9 skull and dental dimensions of 75 mainland Australian adult male
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC8B607C6D4FA8FFBC3FA68" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[1022,1146,1406,1430]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC8B607C6D4FA8FFBC3FA68" box="[1022,1146,1406,1430]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Separate analyses using a correlation matrix and a variance-covariance matrix yielded similar trends, with the
<typeStatus id="54DBFFF2FFC8B607C13AFA49FBD5FA2E" box="[1040,1132,1464,1488]" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC8B607C1A4FA48FB53FA2E" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[1166,1258,1464,1488]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC8B607C1A4FA48FB53FA2E" box="[1166,1258,1464,1488]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a clear outliner in both. The PCA explained 59.6 and 12.1% of variance on the first and second PC axes respectively, compared to 71.1 and 7.6% in the variance-covariance analysis and we only present results of the latter. The first three PC axes account for a substantial percentage of the measurement variance (
<tableCitation id="C6E274EBFFC8B607C60BF999FCC9F97E" box="[801,880,1640,1664]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="14.[121,184,1524,1548]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Table 3. Standardized character coefficients on the first three PC axes based on 9 skull and dental measurements of 75 adult male specimens of N. geoffroyi, the holotype of N. heran and M.38841 from Timor-Leste." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1F11D8FFC8B607C553FA05FDA1F99A" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" tableUuid="DF1F11D8FFC8B607C553FA05FDA1F99A">Table 3</tableCitation>
) and character coefficients suggest the first PC axis is dominated by overall size, while PC 2 contrasts
<collectionCode id="ED71D995FFC8B607C07AF977FA30F963" box="[1360,1417,1670,1693]" country="Belize" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15755" name="Ministry of Natural Resources, Local Government, and the Environment" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" type="Herbarium">BRH</collectionCode>
, with M
<superScript id="7C15EC18FFC8B607C642F950FCC9F951" attach="left" box="[872,880,1697,1711]" fontSize="6" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">3</superScript>
–M
<superScript id="7C15EC18FFC8B607C6BEF950FC25F951" attach="left" box="[916,924,1697,1711]" fontSize="6" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">3</superScript>
and
<collectionCode id="ED71D995FFC8B607C6F8F955FBB3F945" box="[978,1034,1700,1723]" country="Zimbabwe" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13738" name="Natural History Museum of Zimbabwe" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" type="Herbarium">BUL</collectionCode>
. A plot of PC scores on the first two PC axes, and on PC 1 vs. PC 3 (
<figureCitation id="135B5DD5FFC8B607C141F931FB0FF926" box="[1131,1206,1728,1752]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="16.[316,384,1523,1545]" captionTargetBox="[324,1222,156,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-84@16.[316,1227,151,1511]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 11. Plot of PC scores for the first three axes of a PCA based on 9 skull and dental measurements of 75 adult male specimens of N. geoffroyi; AM M.38841 from Maubisse (ET), holotype specimens of pacificus (P), pallescens (A) and the holotype of N. heran (H). Mainland Australian N. geoffroyi symbols designate specimen localities: central Australia (c); NSW (n), Queensland (q); Victoria (v) and northern Western Australia and northern NT (z)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10420967" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10420967/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
) indicate that scores for
<collectionCode id="ED71D995FFC8B607C617F92FFCD1F908" box="[829,872,1758,1782]" country="Australia" name="Australian Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" type="Museum">AM</collectionCode>
M.38841 fall within the range of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC8B607C1E0F92FFAFFF908" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[1226,1350,1758,1782]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC8B607C1E0F92FFAFFF908" box="[1226,1350,1758,1782]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, while those of the
<typeStatus id="54DBFFF2FFC8B607C6B4F90AFC43F8ED" box="[926,1018,1787,1811]" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC8B607C10AF90DFBC4F8ED" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[1056,1149,1787,1811]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC8B607C10AF90DFBC4F8ED" box="[1056,1149,1787,1811]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are an outlier on the first two axes but not on PC 3. A minimum spanning tree fitted to each specimen in the PCA plots (not shown) revealed that the
<typeStatus id="54DBFFF2FFC8B607C66BF8A2FC24F895" box="[833,925,1875,1899]" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC8B607C6EAF8A5FBA5F895" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[960,1052,1875,1899]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC8B607C6EAF8A5FBA5F895" box="[960,1052,1875,1899]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a clear outlier on a plot of PC 1 vs. PC2, and PC 1 vs. PC 3, while that of the Maubisse male falls within the range of variation of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC8B607C1B3F87FFAACF858" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[1177,1301,1934,1958]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC8B607C1B3F87FFAACF858" box="[1177,1301,1934,1958]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1F11D8FFC8B607C553FA05FDA1F99A" ID-Table-UUID="DF1F11D8FFC8B607C553FA05FDA1F99A" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1F11D8FFC8B607C553FA05FDA1F99A" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" start="Table 3" startId="14.[121,184,1524,1548]" targetBox="[140,723,1664,2001]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="14" targetType="table">
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFC8B607C553FA05FDA1F99A" blockId="14.[121,749,1524,1636]" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC8B607C553FA05FF76F9F2" bold="true" box="[121,207,1524,1548]" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">Table 3</emphasis>
. Standardized character coefficients on the first three PC axes based on 9 skull and dental measurements of 75 adult male specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC8B607C488F9DEFD99F9B9" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[418,544,1583,1607]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC8B607C488F9DEFD99F9B9" box="[418,544,1583,1607]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the holotype of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC8B607C7FEF9DEFF0EF99A" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC8B607C7FEF9DEFF0EF99A" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and M.38841 from Timor-Leste.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFC8B607C416F971FD6AF82F" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">
<table id="F960B3F0FFC849F6C5A6F971FD6AF82F" box="[140,723,1664,2001]" gridcols="5" gridrows="12" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">
<tr id="35504312FFC849F6C5A6F971FD6AF968" box="[140,723,1664,1686]" gridrow="0" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="76812A6EFFC849F6C416F971FE20F968" box="[316,409,1664,1686]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">Character</th>
<th id="76812A6EFFC849F6C49CF971FE41F968" box="[438,504,1664,1686]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">PC 1</th>
<th id="76812A6EFFC849F6C70EF971FDDFF968" box="[548,614,1664,1686]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">PC 2</th>
<th id="76812A6EFFC849F6C7BBF971FD6AF968" box="[657,723,1664,1686]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">PC 3</th>
</tr>
<tr id="35504312FFC849F6C5A6F941FD6AF938" box="[140,723,1712,1734]" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">
<th id="76812A6EFFC849F6C5A6F941FE82F865" box="[140,315,1712,1947]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" rowspan="9" rowspanBelow="8">character loadings</th>
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C416F941FE20F938" box="[316,409,1712,1734]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">GL</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C49CF941FE41F938" box="[438,504,1712,1734]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">0.634</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C70EF941FDDFF938" box="[548,614,1712,1734]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">0.000</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C7BBF941FD6AF938" box="[657,723,1712,1734]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">–0.551</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35504312FFC849F6C5A6F938FD6AF91F" box="[140,723,1737,1761]" gridrow="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C416F938FE20F91F" box="[316,409,1737,1761]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">CM3</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C49CF938FE41F91F" box="[438,504,1737,1761]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">0.245</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C70EF938FDDFF91F" box="[548,614,1737,1761]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">–0.079</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C7BBF938FD6AF91F" box="[657,723,1737,1761]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">–0.309</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35504312FFC849F6C5A6F912FD6AF902" box="[140,723,1763,1788]" gridrow="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C416F912FE20F902" box="[316,409,1763,1788]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">C1–C1</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C49CF912FE41F902" box="[438,504,1763,1788]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">0.247</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C70EF912FDDFF902" box="[548,614,1763,1788]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">–0.133</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C7BBF912FD6AF902" box="[657,723,1763,1788]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">–0.125</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35504312FFC849F6C5A6F8F1FD6AF8E8" box="[140,723,1792,1814]" gridrow="4" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C416F8F1FE20F8E8" box="[316,409,1792,1814]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">ZYG</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C49CF8F1FE41F8E8" box="[438,504,1792,1814]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">0.412</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C70EF8F1FDDFF8E8" box="[548,614,1792,1814]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">0.076</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C7BBF8F1FD6AF8E8" box="[657,723,1792,1814]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">0.645</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35504312FFC849F6C5A6F8EAFD6AF8CF" box="[140,723,1819,1841]" gridrow="5" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C416F8EAFE20F8CF" box="[316,409,1819,1841]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">INT</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C49CF8EAFE41F8CF" box="[438,504,1819,1841]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">0.114</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C70EF8EAFDDFF8CF" box="[548,614,1819,1841]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">–0.063</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C7BBF8EAFD6AF8CF" box="[657,723,1819,1841]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">0.130</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35504312FFC849F6C5A6F8C2FD6AF8B2" box="[140,723,1843,1868]" gridrow="6" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C416F8C2FE20F8B2" box="[316,409,1843,1868]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">M3–M3</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C49CF8C2FE41F8B2" box="[438,504,1843,1868]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">0.354</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C70EF8C2FDDFF8B2" box="[548,614,1843,1868]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">–0.368</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C7BBF8C2FD6AF8B2" box="[657,723,1843,1868]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">0.142</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35504312FFC849F6C5A6F8A1FD6AF898" box="[140,723,1872,1894]" gridrow="7" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C416F8A1FE20F898" box="[316,409,1872,1894]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">BRH</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C49CF8A1FE41F898" box="[438,504,1872,1894]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">0.193</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C70EF8A1FDDFF898" box="[548,614,1872,1894]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">0.886</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C7BBF8A1FD6AF898" box="[657,723,1872,1894]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">0.012</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35504312FFC849F6C5A6F89AFD6AF87F" box="[140,723,1899,1921]" gridrow="8" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C416F89AFE20F87F" box="[316,409,1899,1921]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">MAS</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C49CF89AFE41F87F" box="[438,504,1899,1921]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">0.352</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C70EF89AFDDFF87F" box="[548,614,1899,1921]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">0.019</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C7BBF89AFD6AF87F" box="[657,723,1899,1921]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">0.294</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35504312FFC849F6C5A6F877FD6AF865" box="[140,723,1926,1947]" gridrow="9" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C416F877FE20F865" box="[316,409,1926,1947]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">BUL</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C49CF877FE41F865" box="[438,504,1926,1947]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">0.090</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C70EF877FDDFF865" box="[548,614,1926,1947]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">–0.214</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C7BBF877FD6AF865" box="[657,723,1926,1947]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">0.214</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35504312FFC849F6C5A6F851FD6AF848" box="[140,723,1952,1974]" gridrow="10" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" rowspan-1="1">
<th id="76812A6EFFC849F6C5A6F851FE82F848" box="[140,315,1952,1974]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">Eigenvalue</th>
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C49CF851FE41F848" box="[438,504,1952,1974]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">0.511</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C70EF851FDDFF848" box="[548,614,1952,1974]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">0.055</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C7BBF851FD6AF848" box="[657,723,1952,1974]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">0.046</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35504312FFC849F6C5A6F84AFD6AF82F" box="[140,723,1979,2001]" gridrow="11" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" rowspan-1="1">
<th id="76812A6EFFC849F6C5A6F84AFE82F82F" box="[140,315,1979,2001]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">% variance</th>
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C49CF84AFE41F82F" box="[438,504,1979,2001]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">71.106</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C70EF84AFDDFF82F" box="[548,614,1979,2001]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">7.620</td>
<td id="76812A6EFFC849F6C7BBF84AFD6AF82F" box="[657,723,1979,2001]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">6.424</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFC8B606C612F85DFE1EFBB0" blockId="14.[793,1422,1230,2016]" lastBlockId="15.[166,794,814,1307]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="643" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">
We further compared skull and dental measurements of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC8B607C630F838FCC1F81E" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[794,888,1992,2016]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="642" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC8B607C630F838FCC1F81E" box="[794,888,1992,2016]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="642">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and M.38841 with the same sample of mainland Australian
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC9B606C40DFCDFFE16FCB8" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[295,431,814,838]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC9B606C40DFCDFFE16FCB8" box="[295,431,814,838]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="643">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in dendrograms from
<collectionCode id="ED71D995FFC9B606C792FCDFFCA0FCB8" box="[696,793,814,838]" pageId="15" pageNumber="643">UPGMA</collectionCode>
cluster analyses using euclidean distance as a measure of similarity. The
<typeStatus id="54DBFFF2FFC9B606C46DFC99FE1DFC7E" box="[327,420,872,896]" pageId="15" pageNumber="643" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC9B606C4E2FC98FD9CFC7E" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[456,549,872,896]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC9B606C4E2FC98FD9CFC7E" box="[456,549,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="643">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
formed an outgroup to both M.38841 and all mainland
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC9B606C72DFC77FD3EFC60" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[519,647,902,926]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC9B606C72DFC77FD3EFC60" box="[519,647,902,926]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="643">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in all 10,000 boot-strap replications, in which there was little or no support for subgroupings within
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC9B606C49BFC30FD89FC26" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[433,560,960,984]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC9B606C49BFC30FD89FC26" box="[433,560,960,984]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="643">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and M.38841 was an outgroup to mainland
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC9B606C4A3FC2FFDBDFC08" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[393,516,990,1014]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC9B606C4A3FC2FFDBDFC08" box="[393,516,990,1014]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="643">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 37% of replications (not shown). This suggests that no meaningful substructure was detected within
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC9B606C461FBE8FE7FFBCE" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[331,454,1048,1072]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC9B606C461FBE8FE7FFBCE" box="[331,454,1048,1072]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="643">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and M.38841 with this character set using this technique.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1F11D8FFC9B606C58CFD95FD85FD1B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10420963" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10420963" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10420963/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="643" startId="15.[166,234,612,634]" targetBox="[173,791,151,595]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFC9B606C58CFD95FD85FD1B" blockId="15.[166,795,612,741]" pageId="15" pageNumber="643">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC9B606C58CFD95FF44FD87" bold="true" box="[166,253,612,634]" pageId="15" pageNumber="643">Figure 9</emphasis>
. Plot of BTB vs MAS, for adult males:
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC9B606C7A6FD94FD46FD87" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[652,767,612,634]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC9B606C7A6FD94FD46FD87" box="[652,767,612,634]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="643">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(n = 50) from throughout mainland Australia (○); holotype of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC9B606C629FD8EFF67FD50" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC9B606C629FD8EFF67FD50" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="643">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(■); subadult male M.38841 from Maubisse, Timor-Leste (♦);
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC9B606C5FBFD44FEFDFD37" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1915" box="[209,324,692,714]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="daedalus">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC9B606C5FBFD44FEFDFD37" box="[209,324,692,714]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="643">N. daedalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(n = 15) are small dots bounded by polygon, for a comparison with a similar-sized species.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFC9B606C5EFFBA2FD81FAE5" blockId="15.[166,794,814,1307]" pageId="15" pageNumber="643">
The subadult female specimen M.37639 was at the most advanced growth stage of the three Maubisse specimens and falls at the upper end of the size range of
<specimenCount id="9D668AD9FFC9B606C75AFB7FFD71FB58" box="[624,712,1166,1190]" count="70" pageId="15" pageNumber="643" type="adult">70 adult</specimenCount>
female mainland Australian
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC9B606C4ACFB5DFDBCFB3D" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[390,517,1195,1219]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC9B606C4ACFB5DFDBCFB3D" box="[390,517,1195,1219]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="643">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as shown in a plot of Ear Length vs. FA (
<figureCitation id="135B5DD5FFC9B606C466FB39FE24FB1E" box="[332,413,1224,1248]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="15.[839,906,1117,1139]" captionTargetBox="[845,1464,156,1095]" captionTargetId="figure-9@15.[839,1466,151,1099]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 10. Plotof Ear vs FA (mm) of Nyctophilus:(a) males:adult male N.geoffroyi (n= 122) from throughout mainlandAustralia (○); holotype of N. heran (■); subadult male M.38841 from Maubisse, Timor-Leste (♦); N. daedalus (n = 18, small dots) are bounded by polygon, for acomparison with a species of similarsize to N.heran. (b) Adult female N. geoffroyi from throughout mainland Australia (n = 99); subadult female M.37639 from Maubisse, Timor-Leste (▲). Locality codes for N.geoffroyi are: centralAustralia (c); NSW (n), Queensland (q); Victoria (v), northern Western Australia and northern Northern Territory (z). Thirty specimens from Danggali, SA (d), are bounded by a polygon, indicating extent of within locality variation relative to total variation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10420965" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10420965/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="643">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
). Its measurement of C
<superScript id="7C15EC18FFC9B606C7BDFB36FD26FB2B" attach="left" box="[663,671,1223,1237]" fontSize="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="643">1</superScript>
–C
<superScript id="7C15EC18FFC9B606C794FB36FD7FFB2B" attach="left" box="[702,710,1223,1237]" fontSize="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="643">1</superScript>
of
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFC9B606C7C1FB39FF76FB03" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.26" pageId="15" pageNumber="643" unit="mm" value="4.26">4.26 mm</quantity>
falls within the range of
<quantity id="4C98ECB5FFC9B606C4FFFB17FDEDFB03" box="[469,596,1254,1278]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" metricValueMax="4.8" metricValueMin="3.8" pageId="15" pageNumber="643" unit="mm" value="4.3" valueMax="4.8" valueMin="3.8">3.8–4.8 mm</quantity>
of
<specimenCount id="9D668AD9FFC9B606C75CFB17FD72FB00" box="[630,715,1254,1278]" count="70" pageId="15" pageNumber="643" type="adult">70 adult</specimenCount>
female
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC9B606C58CFAF5FE9DFAE5" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[166,292,1283,1307]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC9B606C58CFAF5FE9DFAE5" box="[166,292,1283,1307]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="643">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from mainland
<collectingCountry id="F37701C0FFC9B606C4E4FAF2FD8AFAE5" box="[462,563,1283,1307]" name="Australia" pageId="15" pageNumber="643">Australia</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1F11D8FFC9B606C66DFBACFB5DFA67" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10420965" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10420965" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10420965/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="643" startId="15.[839,906,1117,1139]" targetBox="[845,1464,156,1095]" targetPageId="15" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFC9B606C66DFBACFB5DFA67" blockId="15.[839,1467,1117,1433]" pageId="15" pageNumber="643">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC9B606C66DFBACFC1EFB8C" bold="true" box="[839,935,1117,1139]" pageId="15" pageNumber="643">Figure 10</emphasis>
. Plot of Ear vs FA (mm) of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC9B606C180FBACFAA5FB8C" authorityName=", Tomes" authorityYear="1858" box="[1194,1308,1117,1138]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC9B606C180FBACFAA5FB8C" box="[1194,1308,1117,1138]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="643">Nyctophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: (
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC9B606C005FBAFFA82FB8D" box="[1327,1339,1118,1139]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="643">a</emphasis>
) males: adult male
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC9B606C653FB88FC5FFB73" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[889,998,1144,1166]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC9B606C653FB88FC5FFB73" box="[889,998,1144,1166]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="643">N.geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(n = 122) from throughout mainland Australia (○); holotype of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC9B606C690FB62FBB4FB56" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[954,1037,1171,1192]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC9B606C690FB62FBB4FB56" box="[954,1037,1171,1192]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="643">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(■); subadult male M.38841 from Maubisse, Timor-Leste (♦);
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC9B606C6C4FB5FFBD9FB3C" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1915" box="[1006,1120,1197,1219]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="daedalus">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC9B606C6C4FB5FFBD9FB3C" box="[1006,1120,1197,1219]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="643">N. daedalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(n = 18, small dots) are bounded by polygon, for a comparison with a species of similar size to
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC9B606C049FB38FA0DFB23" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[1379,1460,1224,1246]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC9B606C049FB38FA0DFB23" box="[1379,1460,1224,1246]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="643">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. (
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC9B606C665FB12FCE2FB06" box="[847,859,1251,1272]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="643">b</emphasis>
) Adult female
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC9B606C6C0FB12FBE5FB06" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[1002,1116,1251,1272]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC9B606C6C0FB12FBE5FB06" box="[1002,1116,1251,1272]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="643">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from throughout mainland Australia (n = 99); subadult female M.37639 from Maubisse, Timor-Leste (▲). Locality codes for
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC9B606C10FFAE8FB2DFAD3" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[1061,1172,1304,1326]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC9B606C10FFAE8FB2DFAD3" box="[1061,1172,1304,1326]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="643">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are: central Australia (c); NSW (n), Queensland (q); Victoria (v), northern Western Australia and northern Northern Territory (z). Thirty specimens from Danggali, SA (d), are bounded by a polygon, indicating extent of within locality variation relative to total variation.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFC9B606C426FABDFD0DFA98" blockId="15.[268,692,1356,1382]" box="[268,692,1356,1382]" pageId="15" pageNumber="643">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC9B606C426FABDFD0DFA98" bold="true" box="[268,692,1356,1382]" pageId="15" pageNumber="643">Summary of species comparisons</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFC9B606C58CFA72FC14F9D5" blockId="15.[166,795,1411,1641]" lastBlockId="15.[839,1468,1497,1638]" pageId="15" pageNumber="643">
Seven potentially diagnostic criteria are available to compare the Maubisse male with
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC9B606C4E1FA50FDECFA46" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[459,597,1440,1464]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC9B606C4E1FA50FDECFA46" box="[459,597,1440,1464]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="643">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the original description of the
<typeStatus id="54DBFFF2FFC9B606C44EFA4FFE78FA28" box="[356,449,1470,1494]" pageId="15" pageNumber="643" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC9B606C4CBFA4FFD84FA28" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[481,573,1470,1494]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC9B606C4CBFA4FFD84FA28" box="[481,573,1470,1494]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="643">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The character states shared by the three entities are summarized in
<tableCitation id="C6E274EBFFC9B606C7BFFA2AFD5FFA0D" box="[661,742,1499,1523]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="15.[166,229,1699,1723]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Table 4. Characters of Maubisse Nyctophilus specimens shared (+) with N. heran and N. geoffroyi complex." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1F11D8FFC9B606C58CF952FA96F945" pageId="15" pageNumber="643" tableUuid="DF1F11D8FFC9B606C58CF952FA96F945">Table 4</tableCitation>
. The Maubisse male has a unique combination of characters shared with both
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC9B606C441F9E7FE74F9D0" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[363,461,1558,1582]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC9B606C441F9E7FE74F9D0" box="[363,461,1558,1582]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="643">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(glans penis morphology and BTB) and
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC9B606C43CF9C5FE2DF9B5" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[278,404,1587,1611]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC9B606C43CF9C5FE2DF9B5" box="[278,404,1587,1611]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="643">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(skull and dental morphology). This suggests that the Maubisse animals could be a separate taxon. The Maubisse male has only three of the seven criteria in common with the
<typeStatus id="54DBFFF2FFC9B606C13BFA07FBD7F9F0" box="[1041,1134,1526,1550]" pageId="15" pageNumber="643" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC9B606C1BDFA06FB4EF9F0" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[1175,1271,1526,1550]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC9B606C1BDFA06FB4EF9F0" box="[1175,1271,1526,1550]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="643">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but four with
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFC9B606C088FA06FC1FF9D5" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFC9B606C088FA06FC1FF9D5" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="643">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDF4150FFC9B618C64FF9C0FDC5FE82" blockId="15.[839,1468,1497,1638]" lastBlockId="17.[166,794,151,381]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="645" pageId="15" pageNumber="643">
Ontogenetic changes in size and shape potentially influence at least three of the five criteria this specimen shares with
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFD6B619C5DAF94BFED0F92F" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[240,361,1721,1745]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="644" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFD6B619C5DAF94BFED0F92F" box="[240,361,1721,1745]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="644">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The relatively enlarged bullae, which are very characteristic of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFD6B619C4A0F926FDB0F911" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[394,521,1751,1775]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="644" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFD6B619C4A0F926FDB0F911" box="[394,521,1751,1775]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="644">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, possibly result from differential skull growth. If the cranial cavity and auditory regions attain near adult dimensions earlier than rostral dimensions, the Maubisse male might be a subadult specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFD6B619C5BEF8BCFF49F89A" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[148,240,1868,1892]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="644" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFD6B619C5BEF8BCFF49F89A" box="[148,240,1868,1892]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="644">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
irrespective of its relatively large bullae. Further support for this interpretation stems from the large absolute size of BTB, for which the Maubisse male matches that of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFD6B619C7FEF876FF0EF842" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="644" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFD6B619C7FEF876FF0EF842" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="644">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and exceeds the largest of
<specimenCount id="9D668AD9FFD6B619C4E4F855FD9BF842" box="[462,546,1956,1980]" count="45" pageId="16" pageNumber="644" type="male">45 male</specimenCount>
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFD6B619C70DF854FD1DF842" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[551,676,1956,1980]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="644" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFD6B619C70DF854FD1DF842" box="[551,676,1956,1980]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="644">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation id="C6E274EBFFD6B619C79AF855FF30F827" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="13.[166,229,168,192]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Table 2. Selected cranial and external measurements of AM M.38841 from Maubisse, Timor-Leste, and the holotypes of N. heran, pacificus, and pallescens, compared to male N. geoffroyi from the Australian mainland. * Measurements from Kitchener et al. (1991)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1F11D8FFCBB604C58CFF59FE19FF05" pageId="16" pageNumber="644" tableUuid="DF1F11D8FFCBB604C58CFF59FE19FF05">Table 2</tableCitation>
). However, this is contradicted by
<collectionCode id="ED71D995FFD6B619C729F833FD8EF827" box="[515,567,1986,2009]" country="Zimbabwe" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13738" name="Natural History Museum of Zimbabwe" pageId="16" pageNumber="644" type="Herbarium">BUL</collectionCode>
of the Maubisse male, which is at the lower end of the range of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFD6B619C1C0F94BFADBF92F" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[1258,1378,1721,1745]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="644" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFD6B619C1C0F94BFADBF92F" box="[1258,1378,1721,1745]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="644">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and is substantially smaller than
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFD6B619C110F926FB2DF911" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[1082,1172,1751,1775]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="644" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFD6B619C110F926FB2DF911" box="[1082,1172,1751,1775]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="644">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.Although the Maubisse male could have skull proportions not shared with either
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFD6B619C05FF904FCE1F8D7" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="644" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFD6B619C05FF904FCE1F8D7" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="644">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFD6B619C6A8F8E3FBBDF8D7" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[898,1028,1809,1833]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="644" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFD6B619C6A8F8E3FBBDF8D7" box="[898,1028,1809,1833]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="644">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, these differences potentially result from differential growth rates of bullae relative to the cranial vault. This could be resolved when adult material becomes available from Timor, and additional material enables an assessment of intraspecific variation in
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFD6B619C195F876FAA4F861" authorityName="Kitchener, How, &amp; Maharadatunkamsi" authorityYear="1991" box="[1215,1309,1927,1951]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="644" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heran">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFD6B619C195F876FAA4F861" box="[1215,1309,1927,1951]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="644">N. heran</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Although the overall size of the Maubisse male falls within the range of
<taxonomicName id="4C603AD3FFD6B619C612F833FC01F827" authorityName="Leach. Based" authorityYear="1821" box="[824,952,1985,2009]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="644" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
<emphasis id="B9149D42FFD6B619C612F833FC01F827" box="[824,952,1985,2009]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="644">N. geoffroyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for most individual dimensions and also in the PCA based on skull and dental dimensions, the animal is at a fairly early stage of development based on the extent of fusion of the wing epiphyses and it might not have attained full adult size. The relative length of the post-palatal spine is similarly problematic, and further growth in the length of this structure cannot be discounted. However, we suspect that the anteriorly more rounded shape of the mesopterygoid fossa of the Maubisse male reflects the adult state.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
Reference in a new issue View git blame Copy permalink