183 lines
22 KiB
XML
183 lines
22 KiB
XML
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<mods:titleInfo id="22D20B4DF9A86369FDB8E8D173B93BB8">
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<mods:title id="3DD95C9301AADA0360231F07BC0ECC51">Echimyidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CD29E189D491CBA7FE0CA51F6D4D3342">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EF5A4D11A80C0C6952434DEFF6D287A6">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="5ABEBE9BC4EDC6E11FDB9C7A0499A950" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="EF031EBF1710BBCC4CBE82DA8D066FD4">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="CDE40C1ED60561AA468F804A43EAE970">2016</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="EEF73AF9B6AC45BB66DD7042403E100F" type="pubDate">2016-07-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="03BDEE9C682468FA8BEBD42D3D22FD59">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="E1A10B4F92584B6468CC2FEE15C70F30">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="4F0BD5B3D427B8794DC08AD70E570FF0">
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<mods:title id="653379E2F690351CEB7151D6D781CFCC">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03C5A071FFE5FFD1FFD059FF53E7FDE2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6620147" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195810064" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6620147" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C5A071FFE5FFD1FFD059FF53E7FDE2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C5A071FFE5FFD1FFD059FF53E7FDE2" lastPageNumber="560" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFE5FFD1FFD059FF5AC3FDBC" box="[108,162,502,552]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFE5FFD1FFD059FF5AC3FDBC" blockId="8.[103,1197,502,593]" box="[108,162,502,552]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">
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<heading id="D09BA60BFFE5FFD1FFD059FF5AC3FDBC" box="[108,162,502,552]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">
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<figureCitation id="13570DE2FFE5FFD1FFD059FF5AC3FDBC" box="[108,162,502,552]" captionStart="Plate 35: Echimyidae" captionStartId="8.[107,137,3323,3348]" captionTargetBox="[14,2758,14,3643]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="12. Broad-headed Spiny-rat (Clyomys laticeps), 13. Guiara (Euryzygomatomys spinosus), 14. White-spined Spiny-rat (Irinomys albispinus), 15. Elias’s Spiny-rat (Trinomys eliasi), 16. Rigid-spined Atlantic Spiny-rat (Trinomys paratus), 17. Yonenaga’s Spiny-rat (Trinomys yonenagae), 18. Elegant-spined Atlantic Spiny-rat (Trinomys setosus), 19. Moojen’s Spiny-rat (Trinomys moojeni), 20. Pau Brasil Spiny-rat (Trinomys mirapitanga), 21. Rio de Janeiro Spiny-rat (Trinomys dimidiatus), 22. Sao Paulo Spiny-rat (Trinomys thering), 23. Gracile Atlantic Spiny-rat (Trinomys gratiosus), 24. Sao Lourenco Punare (Thrichomys laurentius), 25. Jacobina Punare (Thrichomys inermis), 26. Lagoa Santa Punare (Thrichomys apereoides), 27. Pantanal Punare (Thrichomys pachyurus), 28. Foster’s Punare (Thrichomys fosteri), 29. Painted Tree-rat (Callistomys pictus), 30. Coypu (Myocastor coypus), 31. Armored Rat (Hoplomys gymnurus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6623784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6623784/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">12.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFE5FFD1FF0F59FF58C1FDBC" box="[179,672,502,552]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFE5FFD1FF0F59FF58C1FDBC" blockId="8.[103,1197,502,593]" box="[179,672,502,552]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">
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<heading id="D09BA60BFFE5FFD1FF0F59FF58C1FDBC" box="[179,672,502,552]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">
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<vernacularName id="056F6149FFE5FFD1FF0F59FF58C1FDBC" box="[179,672,502,552]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">Broad-headed Spiny-rat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFE5FFD1FD5459FF599DFDBC" box="[744,1020,502,552]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph id="8BD31167FFE5FFD1FD5459FF599DFDBC" blockId="8.[103,1197,502,593]" box="[744,1020,502,552]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">
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<heading id="D09BA60BFFE5FFD1FD5459FF599DFDBC" box="[744,1020,502,552]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C6AE4FFE5FFD1FD5459FF599DFDBC" ID-CoL="WDVN" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1909" box="[744,1020,502,552]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Clyomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="560" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laticeps">
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<emphasis id="B918CD75FFE5FFD1FD5459FF599DFDBC" box="[744,1020,502,552]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">Clyomys laticeps</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFE5FFD1FFD55A335ECCFDDB" box="[105,1197,570,591]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph id="8BD31167FFE5FFD1FFD55A335ECCFDDB" blockId="8.[103,1197,502,593]" box="[105,1197,570,591]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">
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<heading id="D09BA60BFFE5FFD1FFD55A335ECCFDDB" box="[105,1197,570,591]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">
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<emphasis id="B918CD75FFE5FFD1FFD55A335AD5FDDB" bold="true" box="[105,180,570,591]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="056F6149FFE5FFD1FF025A335BCDFDDB" box="[190,428,570,591]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">Rat-épineux a téte large</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B918CD75FFE5FFD1FE7C5A33587BFDDB" bold="true" box="[448,538,570,591]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="056F6149FFE5FFD1FD995A33589DFDDB" box="[549,764,570,591]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">Breitkopf-Stachelratte</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B918CD75FFE5FFD1FCAD5A33590DFDDB" bold="true" box="[785,876,570,591]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="056F6149FFE5FFD1FCCA5A335ECCFDDB" box="[886,1197,570,591]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">Rata espinosa de cabeza ancha</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFE5FFD1FD725A755F78FD09" box="[718,1305,636,669]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFE5FFD1FD725A755F78FD09" blockId="8.[713,1310,636,1063]" box="[718,1305,636,669]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">
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<emphasis id="B918CD75FFE5FFD1FD725A755908FD09" bold="true" box="[718,873,636,669]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C6AE4FFE5FFD1FCCA5A755F74FD09" authority="Thomas, 1909" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1909" box="[886,1301,636,669]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Echimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="560" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laticeps">Echimys laticeps Thomas, 1909</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFE5FFD1FD735AA55999FD78" pageId="8" pageNumber="560" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFE5FFD1FD735AA55999FD78" blockId="8.[713,1310,636,1063]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">
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<materialsCitation id="3B041B3AFFE5FFD1FD735AA55994FD78" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3807664301" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">“Lagoa Santa, on the Rio Sao Francisco, Minas Gerais,” Brazil</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFE5FFD1FD6E5AFB5B64FBE2" pageId="8" pageNumber="560" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFE5FFD1FD6E5AFB5B64FBE2" blockId="8.[713,1310,636,1063]" lastBlockId="8.[100,1312,1073,3230]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C6AE4FFE5FFD1FD6E5AFB59C2FC87" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1909" box="[722,931,754,787]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Clyomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="560" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laticeps">Clyomys laticeps</taxonomicName>
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was placed originally in
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C6AE4FFE5FFD1FD725B135954FCAF" authorityName="G. Cuvier" authorityYear="1809" box="[718,821,794,827]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Echimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="560" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Echimys</taxonomicName>
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, but O. Thomas in 1916 designated
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C6AE4FFE5FFD1FCBD5B48593AFCF6" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1909" box="[769,859,833,866]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Clyomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="560" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laticeps">laticeps</taxonomicName>
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as the type species of the new genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C6AE4FFE5FFD1FC8D5B6559F4FC1D" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1916" box="[817,917,876,905]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Clyomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="560" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Clyomys</taxonomicName>
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. In the most recent review in 2015, A. M. R. Bezerra and C. R. Bonvicino regarded whartoni (named by J. Moojen in 1952 as a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C6AE4FFE5FFD1FB515BD65963FBB3" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1909" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Clyomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="560" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laticeps">laticeps</taxonomicName>
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) and bishopt (named by F. D. de Avila-Pires and M. R. C. Wutke in 1981 as a full species), as synonyms of Thomas's
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C6AE4FFE5FFD1FB075C385F77FBDA" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1909" box="[1211,1302,1073,1102]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Clyomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="560" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laticeps">laticeps</taxonomicName>
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. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFE5FFD1FFD45C895BE9FB78" pageId="8" pageNumber="560" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF1341EFFFE5FFD1FFD45C895BE9FB78" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6623679" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6623679" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6623679/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="560" targetBox="[104,695,645,1058]" targetPageId="8">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFE5FFD1FFD45C895BE9FB78" blockId="8.[100,1312,1073,3230]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">
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<emphasis id="B918CD75FFE5FFD1FFD45C895B79FB09" bold="true" box="[104,280,1152,1181]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">Distribution.</emphasis>
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C Brazilian states of Bahia, Distrito Federal, Goias, and Minas Gerais, extending S into Sao Paulo State and W to Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul states, and into E Paraguay.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFE5FFD1FFD45CFB5945F7DB" pageId="8" pageNumber="560" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFE5FFD1FFD45CFB5945F7DB" blockId="8.[100,1312,1073,3230]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">
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<emphasis id="B918CD75FFE5FFD1FFD45CFB5B13FA87" bold="true" box="[104,370,1266,1299]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 150-295 mm, tail 48-89 mm; weight 100-350 g. The Broad-headed Spiny-rat is medium-sized and semi-fossorial, with short ears, short limbs, long and powerful fore claws, short tail (¢.33% of head-body length) sparsely covered with hair only partially covering underlying scales, and coarse and spinose fur. General color varies from grizzled rufous and black to grizzled yellow and black dorsally, and whitish to buffy ventrally, with or without grayish or pale rufous patches in gular region. Skull of the Broad-headed Spiny-rat is broad, and rostrum is short and wide. Anterior projection of premaxillary bone and inferior projection of premaxillary are short, and well-developed canal for nerve passage is present on floor of infraorbital foramen. Auditory bullae are hypertrophied, extending posteriorly beyond paraoccipital processes when viewed from behind. Incisive foramina are narrow and elongate, and mesopterygoid fossa extends to middle of M* Sphenopalatine foramen and sphenopalatine vacuities are well developed. Incisors are robust, upper cheekteeth have three roots and three transverse lophs, and mandibular teeth also have three lophs. Male phallus is subcylindrical, elongated, and straight, with longitudinal grooves on sides, small spines covering epidermis and extending into the intromittent (external) sac, and lappet extending only slight beyond the crater. Baculum is simple, long, narrow, and slightly concave at proximal end. Karyotype is variable: specimens from Sao Paulo State are 2n = 34 and FN = 58 or 60; those from Distrito Federal are 2n = 34 and FN = 62; those from Mato Grosso do Sul State are 2n = 34 and FN = 58; and those from Goias State are 2n = 32 and FN = 54.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFE5FFD1FFD5505C5929F6F7" pageId="8" pageNumber="560" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFE5FFD1FFD5505C5929F6F7" blockId="8.[100,1312,1073,3230]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">
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<emphasis id="B918CD75FFE5FFD1FFD5505C5AB9F7E2" bold="true" box="[105,216,2133,2166]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Savanna with considerable structural complexity including unflooded grassland and shrubby vegetation with ground cover of grasses and areas of the Paraguayan Chaco, a drier western extension of the cerrado. In the dry season, Broad-headed Spiny-rats occupy areas with partially continuous canopy of 2-3 m tall, with discontinuous herbaceous cover; in the wet season, they occur in areas with partially continuous herbaceous cover, 0-2-1 m tall, but with 10-30% arboreal cover. Density may be positively influenced by abundance of understory palms.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFE5FFD1FFD551605BB0F5DB" pageId="8" pageNumber="560" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFE5FFD1FFD551605BB0F5DB" blockId="8.[100,1312,1073,3230]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">
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<emphasis id="B918CD75FFE5FFD1FFD551605B0AF61E" bold="true" box="[105,363,2409,2442]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Broad-headed Spiny-rats are herbivorous, consuming mostly monocots, and they store plant parts in burrow systems. They can be important consumers and dispersers of palm seeds, particularly those of
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C6AE4FFE5FFD1FCFB51B159C3F64D" box="[839,930,2488,2521]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Attalea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="8" pageNumber="560" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Attalea</taxonomicName>
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geraensis, A. phalerata, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C6AE4FFE5FFD1FFD751D65B51F594" box="[107,304,2527,2560]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Syagrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="8" pageNumber="560" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="petraea">Syagrus petraea</taxonomicName>
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(all
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C6AE4FFE5FFD1FECD51D65869F594" authorityName="Bercht. & J.Presl" authorityYear="1820" box="[369,520,2527,2560]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="8" pageNumber="560" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
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). In one comparative study, the Broad-headed Spiny-rat had the most specialized diet and microhabitat requirements of the assemblage of coexisting rodent species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFE5FFD1FFD6525C5E75F551" pageId="8" pageNumber="560" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD31167FFE5FFD1FFD6525C5E75F551" blockId="8.[100,1312,1073,3230]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918CD75FFE5FFD1FFD6525C5A91F5E2" bold="true" box="[106,240,2645,2678]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Pregnant Broad-headed Spiny-rats have been captured, with single embryos, in June-December, primarily during the dry season but extending into the wet season. Juveniles have been recorded in the wet season (December—April).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFE5FFD1FFD452C259CCF41E" pageId="8" pageNumber="560" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD31167FFE5FFD1FFD452C259CCF41E" blockId="8.[100,1312,1073,3230]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918CD75FFE5FFD1FFD452C25B32F578" bold="true" box="[104,339,2763,2796]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Broad-headed Spiny-rat is stated by some to be diurnal, but nocturnal foraging excursions on the ground have been documented. Like many fossorial-to-subterranean species, activity pattern is likely to be without an explicit diel pattern. The Broad-headed Spiny-rat exhibits a low resting O, metabolism and tolerance to hypoxia, both characteristics of other fossorial mammals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFE5FFD1FFD653995B23F3DA" pageId="8" pageNumber="560" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD31167FFE5FFD1FFD653995B23F3DA" blockId="8.[100,1312,1073,3230]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918CD75FFE5FFD1FFD65399592BF425" bold="true" box="[106,842,2960,2993]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
The Broad-headed Spiny-rat is semi-fossorial and colonial, digging complex burrow systems to maximum depths of 1-5 m and with lateral extensions up to 37 m. There is a strong relationship between presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C6AE4FFE5FFD1FE3E540F5B86F3B3" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1916" box="[386,487,3078,3111]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Clyomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="560" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Clyomys</taxonomicName>
|
||
and burrows of armadillos (Cingulata) in some parts of its distribution.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFE5FFD1FFD754505C78FE6B" pageId="8" pageNumber="560" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD31167FFE5FFD1FFD754505C78FE6B" blockId="8.[100,1312,1073,3230]" lastBlockId="8.[1378,2584,281,632]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918CD75FFE5FFD1FFD754505BBAF3E2" bold="true" box="[107,475,3161,3190]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. “Bishop’s Fossorial Spiny-rat” (C. bishopi) is treated here as a synonym of the Broadheaded Spiny-rat but is classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List because of the absence of recent information, with the caution that its taxonomic status needed clarification. The Broad-headed Spiny-rat is patchily distributed but locally abundant. There are no documented conservation threats, but habitat conversion to agriculture, especially in the southern part of its distribution, may be detrimental.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFE5FFD1FAD85A0753E7FDE2" pageId="8" pageNumber="560" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD31167FFE5FFD1FAD85A0753E7FDE2" blockId="8.[1378,2584,281,632]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918CD75FFE5FFD1FAD85A075F9DFDB3" bold="true" box="[1380,1532,526,551]" pageId="8" pageNumber="560">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
de Almeida & Galetti (2007), de Avila-Pires & Wutke (1981), Barros et al. (2004), Bezerra & Bonvicino (2015b), Bezerra & de Oliveira (2010), Bueno et al. (2004), Camilo-Alves & Mourao (2010), de Carvalho & Bueno (1975), Lacher & Alho (1989), Moojen (1952b), Thomas (1909a, 1916b), Vieira (1997 2003).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |