180 lines
21 KiB
XML
180 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document id="993D14F855BB4947E26BD1E008E20AB1" ID-CLB-Dataset="67690" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6623649" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5be7e52f-9b9c-4c03-99ed-f346bbcde1d0" ID-ISBN="978-84-941892-3-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6623649" IM.illustrations_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1654607780702" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2016" docId="03C5A071FFC4FFF0FF735EB153B2FCC9" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_6_Echimyidae_0552.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Toromys grandis" docType="treatment" docVersion="16" lastPageNumber="593" masterDocId="FFFCD809FFEDFFD9FFBC58095A61FF94" masterDocTitle="Echimyidae" masterLastPageNumber="604" masterPageNumber="552" pageNumber="593" updateTime="1732490168941" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="9E7C2149C65C029A426C0109D2EE1BD3">
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<mods:title id="2BE43B8CCC45CA8CE928F6B54A2E1CC3">Echimyidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DC82B1A7FBC02346D029639E96B45FD3">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="42EAEE79EEE8709D1BC7C89060A6E821">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="0641F6652DDAB1823CF604C4E03C0B15" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="3E105B77E89D853BB874407F0DCC3600">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="D0B7A87A816B53490476361183DBD343">2016</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="4A0D15D61AB694C820C5142B0BD51378" type="pubDate">2016-07-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="EEB0FD885EB61DF183576D3AF2F55F4D">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="8807A3E16D7239A5CD9B54642A77FA15">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="A7D5D024FFD94B64C69AB9A873B7516D">
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<mods:title id="9E7DE2EFA1A4C51BAE510E08AE52F21E">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I</mods:title>
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<mods:classification id="B169374A611CA41F86C610C62432D992">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="03C5A071FFC4FFF0FF735EB153B2FCC9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6633534" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195810082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6633534" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C5A071FFC4FFF0FF735EB153B2FCC9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C5A071FFC4FFF0FF735EB153B2FCC9" lastPageNumber="593" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" scope_class="MAMMALIA" scope_family="ECHIMYIDAE" scope_infraOrder="HYSTRICOGNATHI" scope_order="RODENTIA" scope_subOrder="HYSTRICOMORPHA">
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFC4FFF0FF735EB15B69F972" box="[207,264,1720,1766]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFC4FFF0FF735EB15B69F972" blockId="41.[205,1088,1720,1844]" box="[207,264,1720,1766]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">
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<heading id="D09BA60BFFC4FFF0FF735EB15B69F972" box="[207,264,1720,1766]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">
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<figureCitation id="13570DE2FFC4FFF0FF735EB15B69F972" box="[207,264,1720,1766]" captionStart="Plate 35: Echimyidae" captionStartId="8.[107,137,3323,3348]" captionTargetBox="[14,2758,14,3643]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="12. Broad-headed Spiny-rat (Clyomys laticeps), 13. Guiara (Euryzygomatomys spinosus), 14. White-spined Spiny-rat (Irinomys albispinus), 15. Elias’s Spiny-rat (Trinomys eliasi), 16. Rigid-spined Atlantic Spiny-rat (Trinomys paratus), 17. Yonenaga’s Spiny-rat (Trinomys yonenagae), 18. Elegant-spined Atlantic Spiny-rat (Trinomys setosus), 19. Moojen’s Spiny-rat (Trinomys moojeni), 20. Pau Brasil Spiny-rat (Trinomys mirapitanga), 21. Rio de Janeiro Spiny-rat (Trinomys dimidiatus), 22. Sao Paulo Spiny-rat (Trinomys thering), 23. Gracile Atlantic Spiny-rat (Trinomys gratiosus), 24. Sao Lourenco Punare (Thrichomys laurentius), 25. Jacobina Punare (Thrichomys inermis), 26. Lagoa Santa Punare (Thrichomys apereoides), 27. Pantanal Punare (Thrichomys pachyurus), 28. Foster’s Punare (Thrichomys fosteri), 29. Painted Tree-rat (Callistomys pictus), 30. Coypu (Myocastor coypus), 31. Armored Rat (Hoplomys gymnurus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6623784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6623784/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">80.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFC4FFF0FEA55EB15B9BF972" box="[281,506,1720,1766]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFC4FFF0FEA55EB15B9BF972" blockId="41.[205,1088,1720,1844]" box="[281,506,1720,1766]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">
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<heading id="D09BA60BFFC4FFF0FEA55EB15B9BF972" box="[281,506,1720,1766]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">
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<vernacularName id="056F6149FFC4FFF0FEA55EB15B9BF972" baseAuthorityName="Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[281,506,1720,1766]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Toromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandis">Black Toro</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFC4FFF0FDFA5EB15900F972" box="[582,865,1720,1766]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFC4FFF0FDFA5EB15900F972" blockId="41.[205,1088,1720,1844]" box="[582,865,1720,1766]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">
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<heading id="D09BA60BFFC4FFF0FDFA5EB15900F972" box="[582,865,1720,1766]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C6AE4FFC4FFF0FDFA5EB15900F972" ID-CoL="C3ZQG" baseAuthorityName="Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[582,865,1720,1766]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Toromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandis">
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<emphasis id="B918CD75FFC4FFF0FDFA5EB15900F972" box="[582,865,1720,1766]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">Toromys grandis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFC4FFF0FF725EF15920F8A0" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFC4FFF0FF725EF15E5EF899" blockId="41.[205,1088,1720,1844]" box="[206,1087,1784,1805]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">
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<heading id="D09BA60BFFC4FFF0FF725EF15E5EF899" box="[206,1087,1784,1805]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">
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<emphasis id="B918CD75FFC4FFF0FF725EF15B7BF899" bold="true" box="[206,282,1784,1805]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="056F6149FFC4FFF0FEA35EF15BD3F899" baseAuthorityName="Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[287,434,1784,1805]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Toromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Rodentia" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandis">Toromys géant</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B918CD75FFC4FFF0FE7B5EF15840F899" bold="true" box="[455,545,1784,1805]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="056F6149FFC4FFF0FD975EF15887F899" baseAuthorityName="Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[555,742,1784,1805]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Toromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Rodentia" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandis">Schwarze Tororatte</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B918CD75FFC4FFF0FD475EF15937F899" bold="true" box="[763,854,1784,1805]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="056F6149FFC4FFF0FCDD5EF15E5EF899" baseAuthorityName="Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[865,1087,1784,1805]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Toromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Rodentia" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandis">Rata arboricola grande</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFC4FFF0FF725F165920F8A0" blockId="41.[205,1088,1720,1844]" box="[206,833,1823,1844]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">
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<heading id="D09BA60BFFC4FFF0FF725F165920F8A0" box="[206,833,1823,1844]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">
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<emphasis id="B918CD75FFC4FFF0FF725F165BA4F8A0" bold="true" box="[206,453,1823,1844]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="056F6149FFC4FFF0FE725F1658D0F8A0" baseAuthorityName="Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[462,689,1823,1844]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Toromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandis">Giant Armored Tree-rat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="056F6149FFC4FFF0FD025F165920F8A0" baseAuthorityName="Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[702,833,1823,1844]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Toromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandis">Giant Tree-rat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFC4FFF0FC8E5F6E591AF83E" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BD31167FFC4FFF0FC8E5F6E591AF83E" blockId="41.[817,1411,1895,2317]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">
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<emphasis id="B918CD75FFC4FFF0FC8E5F6E59ACF810" bold="true" box="[818,973,1895,1924]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C6AE4FFC4FFF0FC4F5F6E5916F83E" authority="Wagner, 1845" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1845" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Loncheres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandis">Loncheres grandis Wagner, 1845</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFC4FFF0FC325F845E9EF86E" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFC4FFF0FC325F845E9EF86E" blockId="41.[817,1411,1895,2317]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">
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<materialsCitation id="3B041B3AFFC4FFF0FC325F845E9EF86E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3804303388" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">“vom Amazonenstrom.” Restricted by J. Moojen in 1952 to “Manaquiri, lower Rio Solimoes, Amazonas, Brazil.”</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFC4FFF0FC8A50095999F7E4" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFC4FFF0FC8A50095999F7E4" blockId="41.[817,1411,1895,2317]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C6AE4FFC4FFF0FC8A50095E67F7B5" baseAuthorityName="Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[822,1030,2048,2081]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Toromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandis">Toromys grandis</taxonomicName>
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was formerly classified in the genera
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C6AE4FFC4FFF0FC6950275E2EF7D3" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1811" box="[981,1103,2094,2119]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Loncheres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Loncheres</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C6AE4FFC4FFF0FBE350275EA7F7D3" authorityName="G. Cuvier" authorityYear="1809" box="[1119,1222,2094,2119]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Echimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Echimys</taxonomicName>
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, and Makalata. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFC4FFF0FC8D507F5E22F699" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF1341EFFFC4FFF0FC8D507F5E22F699" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6623860" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6623860" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6623860/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" startId="41.[817,989,2166,2199]" targetBox="[203,794,1896,2311]" targetPageId="41">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFC4FFF0FC8D507F5E22F699" blockId="41.[817,1411,1895,2317]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">
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<emphasis id="B918CD75FFC4FFF0FC8D507F5980F703" bold="true" box="[817,993,2166,2199]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Lower Brazilian Amazon at both sides of the Amazon River, from its confluence with the Rio Negro to its mouth at Caviana I.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFC4FFF0FF71511A5BA6F2CF" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFC4FFF0FF71511A5BA6F2CF" blockId="41.[204,1411,2323,3459]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">
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<emphasis id="B918CD75FFC4FFF0FF71511A5BA8F6A0" bold="true" box="[205,457,2323,2356]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body 303 mm, tail 285 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Black Toro is a large arboreal species. Dorsum and flanks have uniform mix of black and golden guard hairs, with darker mid-dorsum. Venteris yellowish gold, sometimes with median yellowish gold midline; hairs are bicolored, light brown at bases, and golden or yellow at tips. Dorsal pelt has coarse, harsh, flexible, and stiff bristles (aristiforms and setiforms). Head is black, sprinkled with golden tint. Furry tail is 80-90% of head-body length and covered with short black hairs, hiding tail scales. Tail hairs decrease in density from proximal to distal end. Hindfeet are broad and have stout claws. Dorsal surfaces of forefeet and hindfeet are dark brown or black, sprinkled with gold bicolored hairs. There are two pairs of lateral mammae. Plantar and palmar surfaces between pads are covered with tubercular rugosities. Ears are black, rounded, and hairy externally. Skull of the Black Toro is short, robust, and broad. Rostrum is distinguished by typical medial constriction of nasal bones when viewed dorsally. Squamosotympanic fenestra is narrow horizontal slit. It has extended and well-developed supraorbital region, with shelf-like supraorbital edge that curves upon frontal bone. Lateral process of supraoccipital is short and situated at mid-part of auditory meatus opening and does not extend beyond lower edge of meatus. Maxillary vein passage is located within foramen. Tympanic bulla is not inflated, with auditory meatus situated high near squamosal bone and with short auditory tubes having outward orientation. Basioccipital is narrow and short. Wide mesopterygoid fossa reach M* and M’ contact zone and make 60° angle with posterior edge of M* lamina. Incisive foramina are short and slit-like. Tooth rows are parallel, with uneven loph size occlusal patterns. Upper cheekteeth are square to rectangular and longer than wide. Tooth row is somewhat longer than in species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C6AE4FFC4FFF0FCAA549459C9F32A" authorityName="Emmons" authorityYear="2005" box="[790,936,3229,3262]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Pattonomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pattonomys</taxonomicName>
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. Lower dP, is tetralophodont. On tooth rows, anteroloph, protoloph, and metaloph are connected by slender mure, as in species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C6AE4FFC4FFF0FEC354E55870F299" authorityName="Emmons" authorityYear="2005" box="[383,529,3308,3341]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Pattonomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pattonomys</taxonomicName>
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. Lowerincisors are not strongly curved, and upperincisors are opisthodont. Angular process of jaw is slender, with well-developped massteric ridge and wide condyle.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFC4FFF0FF70556F599BF217" box="[204,1018,3430,3459]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BD31167FFC4FFF0FF70556F599BF217" blockId="41.[204,1411,2323,3459]" box="[204,1018,3430,3459]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">
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<emphasis id="B918CD75FFC4FFF0FF70556F5B5BF217" bold="true" box="[204,314,3430,3459]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Floodplain and riverine rainforests near sea level.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFC4FFF0FA70591D5DD9FEC8" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD31167FFC4FFF0FA70591D5DD9FEC8" blockId="41.[1482,2688,276,864]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918CD75FFC4FFF0FA70591D5CB5FEA1" bold="true" box="[1484,1748,276,309]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
There is no specific information available for this species, but the Black Toro is reportedly folivorous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFC4FFF0FA70596A5370FE10" box="[1484,2321,355,388]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD31167FFC4FFF0FA70596A5370FE10" blockId="41.[1482,2688,276,864]" box="[1484,2321,355,388]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918CD75FFC4FFF0FA70596A5C33FE10" bold="true" box="[1484,1618,355,388]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
There is no information available for this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFC4FFF0FA7659825D8EFE46" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD31167FFC4FFF0FA7659825D8EFE46" blockId="41.[1482,2688,276,864]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918CD75FFC4FFF0FA7659825CD9FE38" bold="true" box="[1482,1720,395,428]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
There is no specific information available for this species, but the Black Toro is reported to be nocturnal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFC4FFF0FA7059D35CB8FDDC" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD31167FFC4FFF0FA7059D35CB8FDDC" blockId="41.[1482,2688,276,864]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918CD75FFC4FFF0FA7059D352FAFE6F" bold="true" box="[1484,2203,474,507]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
There is no specific information available for this species, but the Black Toro has been reported to nest in tree hollows in riverine habitats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFC4FFF0FA705A5D5CDAFC99" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD31167FFC4FFF0FA705A5D5CDAFC99" blockId="41.[1482,2688,276,864]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918CD75FFC4FFF0FA705A5D5D4BFDE5" bold="true" box="[1484,1834,596,625]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. As a rainforest species, the Black Toro might be affected by deforestation, but it occurs in flooded forests that are not highly threatened habitats in the Amazonian region. Additional studies on distribution, habitat, ecology, abundance, and conservation threats to Black Toro are needed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37642ECFFC4FFF0FA705B1453B2FCC9" pageId="41" pageNumber="593" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD31167FFC4FFF0FA705B1453B2FCC9" blockId="41.[1482,2688,276,864]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918CD75FFC4FFF0FA705B145C05FCA2" bold="true" box="[1484,1636,797,822]" pageId="41" pageNumber="593">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Eisenberg & Redford (1999), Emmons (1990, 1997a, 2005), Emmons, Leite & Patton (2015b, 2015d), lack-Ximenes et al. (2005), Moojen (1952b), Wagner(1845), Woods & Kilpatrick (2005).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |