264 lines
30 KiB
XML
264 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document id="0EBD8A22BC0B660E33AA75E2F0B3B79B" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3621.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5260220" ID-ZooBank="99CC048E-C555-4178-8932-70E93A3B255C" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629843846822" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Inclan, Diego J. & Stireman, John O." docDate="2013" docId="03BF7F25FFD7AB58FF03FBBF3B4EFE41" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03621p082.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3621 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3621.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Erythromelana" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="65" masterDocId="FF86075DFFE9AB18FF94FFDA3F74FFE1" masterDocTitle="<strong> Revision of the genus <em> Erythromelana </ em> Townsend (Diptera: Tachinidae) and analysis of its phylogeny and diversification </ strong>" masterLastPageNumber="82" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="63" updateTime="1699120162443" updateUser="plazi">
|
||
<mods:mods id="7196D038F88153BA5F37C0DE14ED3207" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="AD4A99A38082EA5061ADD832F34BFCFD">
|
||
<mods:title id="CC4DA9866A96CD61A5D623C1145FEC19"><strong> Revision of the genus <em> Erythromelana </ em> Townsend (Diptera: Tachinidae) and analysis of its phylogeny and diversification </ strong></mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="98961E4314EE5B279405EA1B6C19AB68" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="829A857EC0A9138042CFB56ED8BD8F7F">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="8F0097A727025EC4EF363E760B42BF13">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="FB6326A43AC800E367335F259724359B">Inclan, Diego J.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="498FF94879B4FD5144CB60CBECD9DA98" type="email">diegojavier.inclanluna@studenti.unipd.it</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="0824039F4A7BF08CB319D3FB6F67ED85" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="FE94AA55E5BAEC5D79EF0278AADA529A">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="59CA85BB310DB41E380DF5D6EE81E0D2">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="16086722C4EDCE8E06F9FFB93347ADED">Stireman, John O.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="29C4399B0F3643193EFDAAC3438F795D" type="email">john.stireman@wright.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="E490B54F256B0092B4ECFD9D8F4EC346">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="8C4EC307630BDBC4968F03BFF46AD11B" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="8247DB8661A0CC59FDF2A1D30887DD6B">
|
||
<mods:title id="20E7A4DF314F8EF46EF3D5D71ECAF4ED">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="122A8DE0FA181B94B5BFA56459458EE9">
|
||
<mods:date id="16032E34570C6F82082626B49304C376">2013</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="0F46BFF0CE250271DEF2434FD4FF1E4A" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="B4E91D86C08ADE8FB7A80D84555B70F7">2013-03-11</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="74904D741063BBA4D264C405B5C7B3DC" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="EACDCB208295AD8F0AABE95152DFF931">3621</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="D47A6AA493FFEEAE1D7026CEFBD8B1E7" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="8419EB9E13140F0F09AC0DB156EA0844">1</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="B5310D274FE55968BC2B2A128C39E07A" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="0EEC3B961E008F44E28C46E08E2B239C">1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="C69BBEB134B435D6948F337F7B7355B4">82</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location id="99CAA564B39D8D617E17D64124411BD9">
|
||
<mods:url id="C7038A3CB28AF53857A1D91CB158438E">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3621.1.1</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification id="C384B219CD1AEEA9C5FBC839C8F710BF">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="2B74F4F08BA929682D820C3C52E4142F" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3621.1.1</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="D155568F6472044DA03BC4782A03902A" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="E0D433A5D0E8B572D17C27549F307DC3" type="Zenodo-Dep">5260220</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="C02A6DA19CB7DD08E510B9A2AE699906" type="ZooBank">99CC048E-C555-4178-8932-70E93A3B255C</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="03BF7F25FFD7AB58FF03FBBF3B4EFE41" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BF7F25FFD7AB58FF03FBBF3B4EFE41" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF7F25FFD7AB58FF03FBBF3B4EFE41" lastPageId="64" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30C9DB8FFD7AB26FF03FBBF3ED1FB9F" box="[151,421,1125,1150]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9CE33FFD7AB26FF03FBBF3ED1FB9F" blockId="62.[151,1436,1125,1473]" box="[151,421,1125,1150]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<heading id="D0E1795FFFD7AB26FF03FBBF3ED1FB9F" bold="true" box="[151,421,1125,1150]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" reason="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9621221FFD7AB26FF03FBBF3ED1FB9F" bold="true" box="[151,421,1125,1150]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
PCA of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16B5B0FFD7AB26FF61FBBF3ED1FB9F" ID-CoL="6344M" ID-ENA="1036590" baseAuthorityName="Wood" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[245,421,1125,1150]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Erythromelana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9621221FFD7AB26FF61FBBF3ED1FB9F" bold="true" box="[245,421,1125,1150]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Erythromelana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30C9DB8FFD7AB58FF03FB533B4EFE41" lastPageId="64" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9CE33FFD7AB26FF03FB533CD9FA20" blockId="62.[151,1436,1125,1473]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
Mapping
|
||
<emphasis id="B9621221FFD7AB26FE9DFB533E95FB40" box="[265,481,1161,1185]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16B5B0FFD7AB26FE9DFB533EC5FB40" baseAuthorityName="Wood" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[265,433,1161,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Erythromelana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Erythromelana</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A251AF5AFFD7AB26FE2AFB503E95FB40" box="[446,481,1162,1185]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
specimens onto the first two PCA axes, based on 45 morphological characters, accounted for the 18.5 and 11.6% of the variance respectively. However, these first two axes allow us to illustrate a relatively clear division of two main groups (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132DD2B6FFD7AB26FD3CFB0B3C78FB08" box="[680,780,1233,1257]" captionStart="FIGURE 109" captionStartId="63.[151,250,1449,1472]" captionTargetBox="[174,1418,188,1407]" captionTargetId="figure-259@63.[151,1436,173,1429]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 109. Principal components ordination of 169 Erythromelana specimens based on the analysis of 45 morphological characters. Ovals indicate 95% confidence limits." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5260772" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5260772/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 109</figureCitation>
|
||
), although there is slight overlap in the 95% confidence intervals. Separation of specimens along the first axis (PC1) is due primarily to the number of setae on various sclerites, particularly the number of supra-alar setae on the postsutural scutum, the presence of abdominal discal setae, the number of katepisternal setae, the number of discal scutellar setae, and the number of acrostichal setae on the postsutural scutum (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C694FB88FFD7AB26FE3CFABB3D76FA98" box="[424,514,1377,1401]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="62.[151,239,1521,1545]" captionText="TABLE 2. Factor loadings for the five most important characters on the first two axes of the PCA of 169 specimens based on the analysis of 45 morphological characters of Erythromelana species." pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). Separation of specimens along the second axis (PC2) was mainly the result of contributions from the number of frontal setae, the ratio of the flagellum length to the head height, abdominal coloration, tibia coloration, and the presence of ocellar setae (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C694FB88FFD7AB26FCDCFA733CD4FA20" box="[840,928,1449,1473]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="62.[151,239,1521,1545]" captionText="TABLE 2. Factor loadings for the five most important characters on the first two axes of the PCA of 169 specimens based on the analysis of 45 morphological characters of Erythromelana species." pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF699EBBFFD7AB26FF03FA2B3C9FF9C9" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" startId="62.[151,239,1521,1545]">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9CE33FFD7AB26FF03FA2B3C9FF9C9" blockId="62.[151,1436,1521,1577]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9621221FFD7AB26FF03FA2B3E78F9E8" bold="true" box="[151,268,1521,1545]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Factor loadings for the five most important characters on the first two axes of the PCA of 169 specimens based on the analysis of 45 morphological characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16B5B0FFD7AB26FD7BF9C83C9FF9C9" box="[751,1003,1553,1577]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Erythromelana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9621221FFD7AB26FD7BF9C83CFBF9C8" box="[751,911,1554,1577]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Erythromelana</emphasis>
|
||
species.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9CE33FFD7AB26FEC6F9803A16F86E" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<table id="F9163C93FFD754E7FF31F9933AFCF841" box="[165,1416,1609,1952]" gridcols="4" gridrows="6" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<tr id="3526CC71FFD754E7FF31F9933AFCF960" box="[165,1416,1609,1665]" gridrow="0" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<th id="76F7A50DFFD754E7FF31F9933D71F960" box="[165,517,1609,1665]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9621221FFD7AB26FEC6F9803EC4F990" bold="true" box="[338,432,1626,1649]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Variable</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76F7A50DFFD754E7FDE9F9933C72F960" box="[637,774,1609,1665]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9621221FFD7AB26FDE9F9933D90F960" bold="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">PCA loading Axis 1</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76F7A50DFFD754E7FCBCF9933BFDF960" box="[808,1161,1609,1665]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9621221FFD7AB26FC40F9803B46F990" bold="true" box="[980,1074,1626,1649]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Variable</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76F7A50DFFD754E7FA94F9933AFCF960" box="[1280,1416,1609,1665]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9621221FFD7AB26FA94F9933A13F960" bold="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">PCA loading Axis 2</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3526CC71FFD754E7FF31F94D3AFCF92F" box="[165,1416,1687,1742]" gridrow="1" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<th id="76F7A50DFFD754E7FF31F94D3D71F92F" box="[165,517,1687,1742]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">number of supra-alar setae on the postsutural scutum</th>
|
||
<td id="76F7A50DFFD754E7FDE9F94D3C72F92F" box="[637,774,1687,1742]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">0.3</td>
|
||
<td id="76F7A50DFFD754E7FCBCF94D3BFDF92F" box="[808,1161,1687,1742]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">number of frontal setae</td>
|
||
<td id="76F7A50DFFD754E7FA94F94D3AFCF92F" box="[1280,1416,1687,1742]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">0.28</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3526CC71FFD754E7FF31F93E3AFCF91B" box="[165,1416,1764,1786]" gridrow="2" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<th id="76F7A50DFFD754E7FF31F93E3D71F91B" box="[165,517,1764,1786]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">presence of abdominal discal setae</th>
|
||
<td id="76F7A50DFFD754E7FDE9F93E3C72F91B" box="[637,774,1764,1786]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">0.28</td>
|
||
<td id="76F7A50DFFD754E7FCBCF93E3BFDF91B" box="[808,1161,1764,1786]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">flagellum length to the head height</td>
|
||
<td id="76F7A50DFFD754E7FA94F93E3AFCF91B" box="[1280,1416,1764,1786]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">0.27</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3526CC71FFD754E7FF31F8CA3AFCF8C7" box="[165,1416,1808,1830]" gridrow="3" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<th id="76F7A50DFFD754E7FF31F8CA3D71F8C7" box="[165,517,1808,1830]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">number of katepisternal setae</th>
|
||
<td id="76F7A50DFFD754E7FDE9F8CA3C72F8C7" box="[637,774,1808,1830]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">0.26</td>
|
||
<td id="76F7A50DFFD754E7FCBCF8CA3BFDF8C7" box="[808,1161,1808,1830]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">abdominal coloration</td>
|
||
<td id="76F7A50DFFD754E7FA94F8CA3AFCF8C7" box="[1280,1416,1808,1830]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">- 0.26</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3526CC71FFD754E7FF31F8E63AFCF8B3" box="[165,1416,1852,1874]" gridrow="4" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<th id="76F7A50DFFD754E7FF31F8E63D71F8B3" box="[165,517,1852,1874]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">number of discal scutellar setae</th>
|
||
<td id="76F7A50DFFD754E7FDE9F8E63C72F8B3" box="[637,774,1852,1874]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">0.23</td>
|
||
<td id="76F7A50DFFD754E7FCBCF8E63BFDF8B3" box="[808,1161,1852,1874]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">tibia coloration</td>
|
||
<td id="76F7A50DFFD754E7FA94F8E63AFCF8B3" box="[1280,1416,1852,1874]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">- 0.22</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3526CC71FFD754E7FF31F8B23AFCF841" box="[165,1416,1896,1952]" gridrow="5" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<th id="76F7A50DFFD754E7FF31F8B23D71F841" box="[165,517,1896,1952]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">number of acrostichal setae on the postsutural scutum</th>
|
||
<td id="76F7A50DFFD754E7FDE9F8B23C72F841" box="[637,774,1896,1952]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">- 0.23</td>
|
||
<td id="76F7A50DFFD754E7FCBCF8B23BFDF841" box="[808,1161,1896,1952]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">presence of ocellar setae</td>
|
||
<td id="76F7A50DFFD754E7FA94F8B23AFCF841" box="[1280,1416,1896,1952]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">- 0.22</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF699EBBFFD6AB27FF03FA733DF9FA3E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5260772" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5260772" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5260772/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" startId="63.[151,250,1449,1472]" targetBox="[174,1418,188,1407]" targetPageId="63">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9CE33FFD6AB27FF03FA733DF9FA3E" blockId="63.[151,1436,1449,1503]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9621221FFD6AB27FF03FA733E5AFA21" bold="true" box="[151,302,1449,1472]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">FIGURE 109.</emphasis>
|
||
Principal components ordination of 169
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16B5B0FFD6AB27FD41FA703C19FA21" baseAuthorityName="Wood" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[725,877,1450,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Erythromelana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9621221FFD6AB27FD41FA703C19FA21" box="[725,877,1450,1472]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Erythromelana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens based on the analysis of 45 morphological characters. Ovals indicate 95% confidence limits.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9CE33FFD6AB58FF53F9D13B69FEDE" blockId="63.[151,1436,1547,2003]" lastBlockId="64.[151,1436,151,319]" lastPageId="64" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
Specimens morphologically similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16B5B0FFD6AB27FDEAF9D63DA8F9C2" authorityName="Townsend. Scale" authorityYear="1919" box="[638,732,1548,1571]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Erythromelana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jaena">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9621221FFD6AB27FDEAF9D63DA8F9C2" box="[638,732,1548,1571]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">E. jaena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are grouped towards the upper-left quadrant of the ordination plot, and specimens similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16B5B0FFD6AB27FE64F9EA3D18F9A6" authorityName="Inclan & Stireman" authorityYear="2013" box="[496,620,1584,1607]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Erythromelana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cryptica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9621221FFD6AB27FE64F9EA3D18F9A6" box="[496,620,1584,1607]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">E. cryptica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are clustered along a diagonal from lower-left to upper-right portions of the ordination space. This suggests that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16B5B0FFD6AB27FDFEF98E3C19F98A" box="[618,877,1619,1644]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Erythromelana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9621221FFD6AB27FDFEF98E3C66F98D" box="[618,786,1620,1644]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Erythromelana</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be separated into two main species groups, which are referred here as the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16B5B0FFD6AB27FE7FF9A23D3CF96E" authorityName="Townsend. Scale" authorityYear="1919" box="[491,584,1656,1679]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Erythromelana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jaena">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9621221FFD6AB27FE7FF9A23D3CF96E" box="[491,584,1656,1679]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">E. jaena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16B5B0FFD6AB27FDEBF9A23D8FF96E" authorityName="Inclan & Stireman" authorityYear="2013" box="[639,763,1656,1679]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Erythromelana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cryptica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9621221FFD6AB27FDEBF9A23D8FF96E" box="[639,763,1656,1679]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">E. cryptica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species groups (see species description section). In general, most of the species in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16B5B0FFD6AB27FE22F9463D66F952" authorityName="Townsend. Scale" authorityYear="1919" box="[438,530,1692,1715]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Erythromelana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jaena">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9621221FFD6AB27FE22F9463D66F952" box="[438,530,1692,1715]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">E. jaena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group have a bright yellow abdomen (except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16B5B0FFD6AB27FB84F9463BCCF955" authorityName="Inclan & Stireman" authorityYear="2013" box="[1040,1208,1692,1716]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Erythromelana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leptoforceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9621221FFD6AB27FB84F9463BCCF955" box="[1040,1208,1692,1716]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">E. leptoforceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16B5B0FFD6AB27FB79F9463AFFF955" box="[1261,1419,1692,1716]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Erythromelana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigrithorax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9621221FFD6AB27FB79F9463AFFF955" box="[1261,1419,1692,1716]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">E. nigrithorax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), 2–3 katepisternal setae (usually 2), and the first postsutural supra-alar absent. In contrast, most of the species in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16B5B0FFD6AB27FF03F93E3E61F91A" authorityName="Inclan & Stireman" authorityYear="2013" box="[151,277,1764,1787]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Erythromelana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cryptica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9621221FFD6AB27FF03F93E3E61F91A" box="[151,277,1764,1787]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">E. cryptica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group have the abdomen mostly black with yellow laterally, usually 3 katepisternal setae, and first postsutural supra-alar usually present. Individual species do not form clear, identifiable clusters in the PCA ordination. One reason for this overlap is that this PCA only includes non-terminalic structures and within the species groups most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16B5B0FFD6AB27FE10F8953D58F886" baseAuthorityName="Wood" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[388,556,1871,1895]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Erythromelana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9621221FFD6AB27FE10F8953D58F886" box="[388,556,1871,1895]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Erythromelana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can only be separated by differences in male terminalia. Similar results have been found in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16B5B0FFD6AB27FE15F8A93EACF86A" baseAuthorityName="Cumming & Wood" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[385,472,1907,1931]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16B5B0FFD6AB27FDD6F8AE3B42F86A" authority="Tuomikoski" authorityName="Tuomikoski" authorityYear="1966" box="[578,1078,1907,1932]" class="Insecta" family="Mycetophilidae" genus="Pseudexechia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9621221FFD6AB27FDD6F8AE3DA8F86D" box="[578,732,1908,1932]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Pseudexechia</emphasis>
|
||
Tuomikoski (Mycetophilidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
flies, where a PCA of 59 nonterminalic characters showed broad overlap between species in the ordination plot and only species groups were identified (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF87B3C2FFD6AB27FE9BF8613EAFF832" author="Kjaerandsen, J." box="[271,475,1979,2003]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="1 - 45" refId="ref56101" refString="Kjaerandsen, J. (2009) The genus Pseudexechia Tuomikoski re-characterized, with a review of European species (Diptera: Mycetophilidae). Zootaxa, 2056, 1 - 45." type="journal article" year="2009">Kjaerandsen 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Morphologically cryptic species have been commonly found across
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16B5B0FFD6AB27FB77F8613A29F832" box="[1251,1373,1979,2003]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tachinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16B5B0FFA9AB58FF03FF423DC3FF4E" authority="Robineau-Desvoidy, Smith et al. 2006" authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy, Smith" authorityYear="2006" box="[151,695,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Belvosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9621221FFA9AB58FF03FF423F83FF51" box="[151,247,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Belvosia</emphasis>
|
||
Robineau-Desvoidy,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF87B3C2FFA9AB58FE7AFF4D3DC3FF4E" author="Smith, M. A. & Woodley, N. E. & Janzen, D. H. & Hallwachs, W. & Hebert, P. D." box="[494,695,151,176]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="3657 - 3662" refId="ref56947" refString="Smith, M. A., Woodley, N. E., Janzen, D. H., Hallwachs, W. & Hebert, P. D. (2006) DNA barcodes reveal cryptic host-specificity within the presumed polyphagous members of a genus of parasitoid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103, 3657 - 3662. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 0511318103" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Smith
|
||
<emphasis id="B9621221FFA9AB58FDADFF433D07FF51" box="[569,627,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16B5B0FFA9AB58FD50FF423B51FF4E" authority="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" box="[708,1061,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Winthemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9621221FFA9AB58FD50FF423C49FF51" box="[708,829,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Winthemia</emphasis>
|
||
Robineau-Desvoidy
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16B5B0FFA9AB58FBA6FF423BD9FF51" authorityName="Townsend" authorityYear="1927" box="[1074,1197,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Anoxynops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9621221FFA9AB58FBA6FF423BD9FF51" box="[1074,1197,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Anoxynops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16B5B0FFA9AB58FB28FF423A6AFF4E" box="[1212,1310,152,175]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lespesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9621221FFA9AB58FB28FF423A6AFF4E" box="[1212,1310,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Lespesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Robineau- Desvoidy,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF87B3C2FFA9AB58FE9BFF663EA6FF35" author="Smith, M. & Wood, D. M. & Janzen, D. H. & Hallwachs, W. & Hebert, P. D." box="[271,466,188,212]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="4967 - 4972" refId="ref57032" refString="Smith, M. A, Wood, D. M., Janzen, D. H., Hallwachs, W. & Hebert, P. D. (2007) DNA barcodes affirm that 16 species of apparently generalist tropical parasitoid flies (Diptera, Tachinidae) are not all generalists. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104, 4967 - 4972. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 0700050104" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Smith
|
||
<emphasis id="B9621221FFA9AB58FECDFF673EFFFF35" box="[345,395,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and many other insect groups (e.g., butterflies,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF87B3C2FFA9AB58FC62FF663BC8FF35" author="Burns, J. M. & Janzen, D. H. & Hajibabaei, M. & Hallwachs, W. & Hebert, P. D." box="[1014,1212,188,212]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="6350 - 6355" refId="ref55142" refString="Burns, J. M., Janzen, D. H., Hajibabaei, M., Hallwachs, W. & Hebert, P. D. (2008) DNA barcodes and cryptic species of skipper butterflies in the genus Perichares in Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 6350 - 6355. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 0712181105" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Burns
|
||
<emphasis id="B9621221FFA9AB58FBD4FF673B06FF35" box="[1088,1138,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; beetles,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF87B3C2FFA9AB58FAB0FF663E6DFF16" author="Monaghan, M. T. & Balke, M. & Gregory, T. R. & Vogler, A. P." pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="1925 - 1933" refId="ref56416" refString="Monaghan, M. T., Balke, M., Gregory, T. R. & Vogler, A. P. (2005) DNA-based species delineation in tropical beetles using mitochondrial and nuclear markers. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 360, 1925 - 1933. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rstb. 2005.1724" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Monaghan
|
||
<emphasis id="B9621221FFA9AB58FF03FF3B3FB8FF19" box="[151,204,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Wasps,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF87B3C2FFA9AB58FE17FF053D2FFF16" author="Molbo, D. & Machado, C. A. & Sevenster, J. G. & Keller, L. & Herre, E. A." box="[387,603,223,248]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="5867 - 5872" refId="ref56332" refString="Molbo, D., Machado, C. A., Sevenster, J. G., Keller, L. & Herre, E. A. (2003) Cryptic species of fig-pollinating wasps: implications for the evolution of the fig-wasp mutualism, sex allocation, and precision of adaptation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100, 5867 - 5872. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 0930903100" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Molbo
|
||
<emphasis id="B9621221FFA9AB58FE4CFF3B3D7AFF19" box="[472,526,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), where separation of species has required molecular techniques and/or terminalic characters. The difficulty in separating species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16B5B0FFA9AB58FCEEFEDE3B56FEFD" baseAuthorityName="Wood" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[890,1058,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Erythromelana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9621221FFA9AB58FCEEFEDE3B56FEFD" box="[890,1058,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Erythromelana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on external morphology reinforces the usefulness of incorporating terminalic characters and genetic data.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9CE33FFA9AB58FF03FE5C3B4EFE41" blockId="64.[151,1082,390,416]" box="[151,1082,390,416]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9621221FFA9AB58FF03FE5C3B4EFE41" bold="true" box="[151,1082,390,416]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16B5B0FFA9AB58FD20FE5C3B4EFE41" box="[692,1082,390,416]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Erythromelana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9621221FFA9AB58FD20FE5C3CCDFE41" bold="true" box="[692,953,390,416]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">ERYTHROMELANA</emphasis>
|
||
SPECIES
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |