treatments-xml/data/03/BD/18/03BD1870C01B9E5420D72EC07519ABCA.xml

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<mods:title id="82B874340197099A2D2B4DEF4D08C9E8">Introduced leaf beetles of the Maritime Provinces, 7: Cassida rubiginosa Müller and Cassida flaveola Thunberg (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3585818B400A03DC3A134B88B4048FEC">Majka, Christopher G.</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="C30EFAEDC01B9E5020D72EC074A0AFFC" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BABA966C01B9E5020D72EC07463AF11" blockId="9.[151,554,1271,1297]" box="[151,554,1271,1297]" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">
<heading id="D0E31E0AC01B9E5020D72EC07463AF11" bold="true" box="[151,554,1271,1297]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01B9E5020D72EC07463AF11" ID-CoL="7RYKH" authority="Thunberg, 1794" authorityName="Thunberg" authorityYear="1794" box="[151,554,1271,1297]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cassida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flaveola">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01B9E5020D72EC07463AF11" bold="true" box="[151,554,1271,1297]" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01B9E5020D72EC07714AF11" bold="true" box="[151,349,1271,1297]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">Cassida flaveola</emphasis>
Thunberg, 1794
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BABA966C01B9E5020D72F7574A0AFFC" blockId="9.[151,1437,1346,1932]" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01B9E5020D72F75770EAF5C" bold="true" box="[151,327,1346,1372]" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">Identification.</emphasis>
Keys for the identification of adult 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01B9E5023412F7475CCAF5C" box="[769,901,1347,1372]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cassida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flaveola">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01B9E5023412F7475CCAF5C" box="[769,901,1347,1372]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">C. flaveola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are found in 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C01B9E50246D2F757291AF5C" author="Barber" box="[1069,1240,1346,1372]" pageId="9" pageNumber="51" refString="Barber, H. S. (1916) A review of North American tortoise beetles. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 18, 113 - 127." type="journal article" year="1916">Barber (1916)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C01B9E5024A72F7573DEAF5C" author="Wilcox" box="[1255,1431,1346,1372]" pageId="9" pageNumber="56" refString="Wilcox, J. A. (1954) The leaf beetles of Ohio (Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera). Bulletin of the Ohio Biological Survey, 43, 353 - 506." type="journal article" year="1954">Wilcox (1954)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C01B9E5020D72F5D7786AF84" author="Chagnon" box="[151,463,1386,1412]" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" refString="Chagnon, G. &amp; Robert, A. (1962) Principaux coleopteres de la province de Quebec. Les Presses de l'Universite de Montreal, Montreal. 440 pp." type="book" year="1962">Chagnon &amp; Robert (1962)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C01B9E50219A2F5D743FAF84" author="Riley" box="[474,630,1386,1412]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" refString="Riley, E. G. (1986 a) Review of the tortoise beetle genera of the tribe Cassidini occurring in America North of Mexico (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 94, 98 - 114." type="journal article" year="1986" yearSuffix="a">Riley (1986a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C01B9E5022C22F5D7487AF84" author="Riley" box="[642,718,1386,1412]" pageId="9" pageNumber="55" refString="Riley, E. G. (1986 b) Notes on Cassida relicta, a tortoise beetle endemic to North America, with a key to the Nearctic species of Cassida (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Entomological News, 97, 141 - 146." type="journal article" year="1986" yearSuffix="b">1986b</bibRefCitation>
), 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C01B9E5022A42F5D7240AF84" author="Downie" box="[740,1033,1386,1412]" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" refString="Downie, N. M. &amp; Arnett, R. H., Jr. (1996) The beetles of Northeastern North America. Sandhill Crane Press, Gainsville, Florida. Volume II, pp. 891 - 1721." type="book chapter" year="1996">Downie &amp; Arnett (1996)</bibRefCitation>
, and 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C01B9E5024072F5D736AAF84" box="[1095,1315,1386,1412]" pageId="9" pageNumber="55" refString="Riley, E. G., Clark, S. M., Flowers, R. W., &amp; Gilbert, A. J. (2002) 124. Chrysomelidae Latreille 1802. In: Arnett, R. H., Jr., Thomas, M. C., Skelley, P. E., and Frank, J. H. (Eds.), American beetles Volume 2: Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionoidea. CRC Press, New York, Washington D. C., pp. 617 - 691." type="book chapter">
Riley 
<emphasis id="B9607574C01B9E5024CE2F5C7280AF84" box="[1166,1225,1387,1412]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">et al.</emphasis>
(2002)
</bibRefCitation>
. Adults of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01B9E5020D72FA47750AFAC" box="[151,281,1427,1452]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cassida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flaveola">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01B9E5020D72FA47750AFAC" box="[151,281,1427,1452]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">C. flaveola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are distinctly smaller (
<quantity id="4CEC0483C01B9E50226C2FA574C2AFAC" box="[556,651,1426,1452]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="4.0">4-5 mm</quantity>
) than those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01B9E50237F2FA475ABAFAC" box="[831,994,1427,1452]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cassida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubiginosa">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01B9E50237F2FA475ABAFAC" box="[831,994,1427,1452]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">C. rubiginosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<quantity id="4CEC0483C01B9E5023B42FA5721FAFAC" box="[1012,1110,1426,1452]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="7.0" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="6.0">6-8 mm</quantity>
), their elytral punctures are arranged in regular rows whereas they are confused in 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01B9E5023582F8C75F0AFD4" box="[792,953,1467,1492]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cassida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubiginosa">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01B9E5023582F8C75F0AFD4" box="[792,953,1467,1492]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">C. rubiginosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="132FB5E3C01B9E5023892F8D7244AFD4" box="[969,1037,1466,1492]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1679,1703]" captionText="FIGURE 1. Habitus of Cassida rubiginosa, dorsal view." pageId="9" pageNumber="46">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
), and the pronotum and elytra are yellowish brown with translucent margins (
<figureCitation id="132FB5E3C01B9E5022D42FD57492AFFC" box="[660,731,1506,1532]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="10.[151,255,1889,1913]" captionTargetBox="[257,1332,197,1863]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[245,1343,176,1871]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 2. Habitus of Cassida flaveola, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/182783/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30EFAEDC01B9E5020862C3D77FAAD8C" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BABA966C01B9E5020862C3D77FAAD8C" blockId="9.[151,1437,1346,1932]" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01B9E5020862C3D77B5AC24" bold="true" box="[198,508,1546,1572]" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">History and distribution.</emphasis>
Early records of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01B9E5022852C3C750CAC24" box="[709,837,1547,1572]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cassida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flaveola">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01B9E5022852C3C750CAC24" box="[709,837,1547,1572]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">C. flaveola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
reported by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C01B9E5023982C3D7235AC24" author="Barber" box="[984,1148,1546,1572]" pageId="9" pageNumber="51" refString="Barber, H. S. (1916) A review of North American tortoise beetles. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 18, 113 - 127." type="journal article" year="1916">Barber (1916)</bibRefCitation>
were from Beaver Dam, Wisconsin (
<date id="FFAA8FA6C01B9E5021612C05779DAC4C" box="[289,468,1586,1612]" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" value="1896" valueMax="1911">1896 and 1911</date>
), Rigaud, Québec (1902), and Duluth and Mora, Minnesota (1907). 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C01B9E5024B62C0573D5AC4C" author="Barber" box="[1270,1436,1586,1612]" pageId="9" pageNumber="51" refString="Barber, H. S. (1916) A review of North American tortoise beetles. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 18, 113 - 127." type="journal article" year="1916">Barber (1916)</bibRefCitation>
also indicated that a specimen reported as 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01B9E5022CD2C6C7549AC74" box="[653,768,1627,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cassida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nobilis">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01B9E5022CD2C6C7549AC74" box="[653,768,1627,1652]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">C. nobilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C01B9E50230F2C6D7272AC74" author="Mannerheim" box="[847,1083,1626,1652]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="9" pageNumber="53" refString="Mannerheim, C. G. von. (1853) Dritter Nachtrag zur Kaefer-Fauna der Nord-Amerikanischen Laender der Russischen Reiches. Bulletin de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou, 26 (3), 95 - 273." type="journal article" year="1853">Mannerheim (1853)</bibRefCitation>
from Sitka, Alaska may have been 
<emphasis id="B9607574C01B9E5020962CB47716AC9C" box="[214,351,1667,1692]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01B9E5020962CB47712AC9C" box="[214,347,1667,1692]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cassida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flaveola">C. flaveola</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
However, this specimen is no longer in the Zoological Institute collection in St. Petersburg, 
<collectingCountry id="F303E9F6C01B9E5020D72C9D76ACACC4" box="[151,229,1706,1732]" name="Russia" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">Russia</collectingCountry>
and may now be lost (
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C01B9E5021AD2C9D74CDACC4" author="Riley" box="[493,644,1706,1732]" pageId="9" pageNumber="55" refString="Riley, E. G. (1986 b) Notes on Cassida relicta, a tortoise beetle endemic to North America, with a key to the Nearctic species of Cassida (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Entomological News, 97, 141 - 146." type="journal article" year="1986" yearSuffix="b">Riley 1986b</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01B9E5022D72C9C7512ACC4" box="[663,859,1707,1732]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cassida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flaveola">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01B9E5022D72C9C7512ACC4" box="[663,859,1707,1732]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">Cassida flaveola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has subsequently been broadly reported in North 
<collectingCountry id="F303E9F6C01B9E5020D72CE576B5ACEC" box="[151,252,1746,1772]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">America</collectingCountry>
from the Yukon, Northwest Territories, and British 
<collectingCountry id="F303E9F6C01B9E5023222CE57590ACEC" box="[866,985,1746,1772]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">Columbia</collectingCountry>
, east across 
<collectingCountry id="F303E9F6C01B9E50242B2CE5728AACEC" box="[1131,1219,1746,1772]" name="Canada" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">Canada</collectingCountry>
to Québec, and in the 
<collectingCountry id="F303E9F6C01B9E5020832CCD7729AD14" box="[195,352,1786,1812]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">United States</collectingCountry>
from New Hampshire south to Maryland and West Virginia, and west to Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana (
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C01B9E5021EE2D157419AD3C" author="LeSage" box="[430,592,1826,1852]" pageId="9" pageNumber="53" refString="LeSage, L. (1991) Family Chrysomelidae: leaf beetles. In: Bousquet, Y. (Ed.), Checklist of Beetles of Canada and Alaska. Agriculture Canada: Research Branch, Publication 1861 / E, pp. 301 - 323." type="book chapter" year="1991">LeSage 1991</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C01B9E5022202D15757BAD3C" author="Riley" box="[608,818,1826,1852]" pageId="9" pageNumber="55" refString="Riley, E. G., Clark, S. M., &amp; Seeno, T. N. (2003) Catalog of the leaf beetles of America north of Mexico. Coleopterists Society Special Publication No. 1, 290 pp." type="book" year="2003">
Riley 
<emphasis id="B9607574C01B9E5022EA2D1474A1AD3C" box="[682,744,1827,1852]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">et al.</emphasis>
2003
</bibRefCitation>
). In the Old 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01B9E5023922D157257AD3C" box="[978,1054,1826,1852]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Anetia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="world">World</taxonomicName>
, its distribution is similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01B9E5025C12D14775FAD64" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cassida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubiginosa">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01B9E5025C12D14775FAD64" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">C. rubiginosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
except that in Europe it has not been recorded from 
<collectingCountry id="F303E9F6C01B9E50233C2D7D75ABAD64" box="[892,994,1866,1892]" name="Portugal" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">Portugal</collectingCountry>
, Sicily, 
<collectingCountry id="F303E9F6C01B9E50247F2D7D72D1AD64" box="[1087,1176,1866,1892]" name="Croatia" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">Croatia</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F303E9F6C01B9E5024E42D7D72B3AD64" box="[1188,1274,1866,1892]" name="Greece" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">Greece</collectingCountry>
, and southern 
<collectingCountry id="F303E9F6C01B9E5020D72D4576ACAD8C" box="[151,229,1906,1932]" name="Russia" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">Russia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C01B9E5020B42D4577EFAD8C" author="Audisio" box="[244,422,1906,1932]" pageId="9" pageNumber="51" refString="Audisio, P. (2005 a) Cassida flaveola Thunberg, 1794. Fauna Europea, version 1.3. Available from http: // www. faunaeur. org / (accessed 1 September 2007)" type="journal article" year="2005" yearSuffix="a">Audisio 2005a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF6BF9EEC0189E5320D72D567491AD79" box="[151,728,1889,1913]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/182783/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="47" targetBox="[257,1332,197,1863]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BABA966C0189E5320D72D567491AD79" blockId="10.[151,728,1889,1913]" box="[151,728,1889,1913]" pageId="10" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="B9607574C0189E5320D72D56775BAD79" bold="true" box="[151,274,1889,1913]" pageId="10" pageNumber="47">FIGURE 2</emphasis>
. Habitus of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C0189E5321D62D557401AD79" box="[406,584,1890,1913]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cassida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flaveola">
<emphasis id="B9607574C0189E5321D62D557401AD79" box="[406,584,1890,1913]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="47">Cassida flaveola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, dorsal view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C30EFAEDC0189E5220862D9B7343AD6A" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="10" pageNumber="47" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BABA966C0189E5220862D9B72BAAAB2" blockId="10.[151,1436,1964,2030]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="10" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="B9607574C0189E5320862D9B7763ADC6" bold="true" box="[198,298,1964,1990]" pageId="10" pageNumber="47">Biology.</emphasis>
Little is known of the biology of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C0189E5322852D9B75C2ADC5" box="[709,907,1964,1989]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cassida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flaveola">
<emphasis id="B9607574C0189E5322852D9B75C2ADC5" box="[709,907,1964,1989]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="47">Cassida flaveola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in North 
<collectingCountry id="F303E9F6C0189E5324422D9B7222ADC6" box="[1026,1131,1964,1990]" name="United States of America" pageId="10" pageNumber="47">America</collectingCountry>
. Open habitats are apparently preferred. Most Nova 
<collectingCountry id="F303E9F6C0189E53219B2DE3746DADEE" box="[475,548,2004,2030]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="10" pageNumber="47">Scotia</collectingCountry>
specimens were collected in pastures, one was found on seashore on coastal dunes, and one specimen preserved in the CNC was collected in an alvar in Almonte (Ontario).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BABA966C0199E5220852AF77261A932" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C0199E5220852AF77724AADA" author="Kosior" box="[197,365,192,218]" pageId="11" pageNumber="53" refString="Kosior, A. (1975) Biology, ecology, and economic importance of cassids (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae) of the Ojcow National Park. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 20, 251 - 393." type="journal article" year="1975">Kosior (1975)</bibRefCitation>
investigated the developmental biology of the species in Ojcow National Park in 
<collectingCountry id="F303E9F6C0199E5225032AF773D1AADA" box="[1347,1432,192,218]" name="Poland" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">Poland</collectingCountry>
. The following account of the biology of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C0199E5222C12ADF754CAB01" box="[641,773,232,257]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cassida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flaveola">
<emphasis id="B9607574C0199E5222C12ADF754CAB01" box="[641,773,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">C. flaveola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is based largely on his investigations. One to two eggs (average 1.6) are laid on host plants. Eggs are laid on the underside of leaves and are covered with a yellowish-brown protective layer (
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C0199E5221A72B0F74D9AB52" author="Kleine" box="[487,656,312,338]" pageId="11" pageNumber="53" refString="Kleine, R., (1917 b) Cassidenstudien V. Uber Cassida flaveola Thunberg. Entomologische Blatter, 13, 91 - 97." type="journal article" year="1917" yearSuffix="b">Kleine 1917b</bibRefCitation>
). Eggs took an average of 18 days to hatch and then the larvae developed through four instars averaging 6.7, 6.5, 7.5, and 7.0 days at each stage. The larvae then pass through a pre-pupal stage (3.2 days) and then pupate, the adults emerging after 9.0 days. Thus, complete development averaged 57.9 days in 1971. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C0199E5222C42B877497ABCA" author="In" box="[644,734,432,458]" pageId="11" pageNumber="53" refString="Loktin, Yu. G. &amp; Ivanova, S. G. (1970) [A parasitic nematode - Neoaplectana - in the control of insect pests]. Trudy Sakhalin Oblast St Zashchity Rast, 1, 55 - 56. (in Russian)." type="journal article" year="1970">In 1970</bibRefCitation>
when ambient temperatures averaged slightly warmer (14.0 ºC versus 11.8ºC) the development time averaged 53.3 days. This was the shortest development time of the four species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C0199E52210A283777E1A819" box="[330,424,512,537]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cassida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9607574C0199E52210A283777E1A819" box="[330,424,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">Cassida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that were investigated at the same site. Larvae were present in the field for a period of 2.0-2.5 months. In contrast to many other species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C0199E522356281F753DA841" box="[790,884,552,577]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cassida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9607574C0199E522356281F753DA841" box="[790,884,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">Cassida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C0199E522466281F72E0A841" box="[1062,1193,552,577]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cassida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flaveola">
<emphasis id="B9607574C0199E522466281F72E0A841" box="[1062,1193,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">C. flaveola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
do not form a fecal shield of clumps of excrement and exuviae of larval skins. The larvae leave these on the surfaces of leaves on which they are feeding. The larvae feed by perforating the leaves, which can sometimes turn brown and die, however, feeding does not usually kill the plants (
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C0199E522349289775FDA8BA" author="Kleine" box="[777,948,672,698]" pageId="11" pageNumber="53" refString="Kleine, R., (1917 b) Cassidenstudien V. Uber Cassida flaveola Thunberg. Entomologische Blatter, 13, 91 - 97." type="journal article" year="1917" yearSuffix="b">Kleine 1917b</bibRefCitation>
). Pupation takes place on neighbouring grasses or herbaceous plants. Preceding pupation, the larvae (in the pre-pupal stage) sit motionless on the underside of leaves attached to the substratum with a brown sticky substance secreted from the fifth, sixth, and seventh segments. Pupation then takes place very quickly, in 2-3 minutes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BABA966C0199E522085297777C3AF62" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">
Adult emergence is also quite rapid, taking only 5 minutes in field conditions. In general, females are larger than males. The adult coloration is light creamy on both dorsal and ventral surfaces. The young imagos sit motionless for approximately 6 hours and begin to feed after 6-9 hours. After 24 hours the colouration has changed to light brown. Adults feed either on the edges of leaves, or else directly on the surface of leaves, however, the opposite 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C0199E5221E029D77786A9FA" box="[416,463,992,1018]" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" genus="Conura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="side">side</taxonomicName>
of the epidermis remains untouched (
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C0199E5223CB29D77278A9FA" author="Kleine" box="[907,1073,992,1018]" pageId="11" pageNumber="53" refString="Kleine, R., (1917 b) Cassidenstudien V. Uber Cassida flaveola Thunberg. Entomologische Blatter, 13, 91 - 97." type="journal article" year="1917" yearSuffix="b">Kleine 1917b</bibRefCitation>
). Adult beetles were present in the field for 1.0 to 2.5 months after which dipause commenced (triggered by temperature, humidity, and day length) and the adults moved from the fields where they fed, to neighbouring forests where they burrowed into forest litter to a depth of 
<quantity id="4CEC0483C0199E52218C2E6F746BAE72" box="[460,546,1112,1138]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" unit="cm" value="6.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="5.0">5-8 cm</quantity>
to hibernate for the winter. In 
<collectingCountry id="F303E9F6C0199E5223DD2E6F75B8AE72" box="[925,1009,1112,1138]" name="Poland" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">Poland</collectingCountry>
, adults emerged the following year between 
<date id="FFAA8FA6C0199E5221422EB77796AE9A" box="[258,479,1152,1178]" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">9 May and 7 June</date>
. After mating, first-year females lay an average of 
<specimenCount id="9D1262EFC0199E5224072EB772FAAE9A" box="[1095,1203,1152,1178]" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" type="egg">242 eggs</specimenCount>
(range 179-299) in small batches (average 1.6) on suitable vegetation. Second year females also lay eggs, but in much reduced numbers (an average of 38; range 27-48; 1.4 eggs/batch). Females live up to 24 months (average 13.9), whereas males live a maximum of 22 months (average 12.6). Air temperature, wind, rain, and exposure to sunlight all influence the populations and development of all species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C0199E5223A62F177221AF3A" box="[998,1128,1312,1338]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cassidinae">Cassidinae</taxonomicName>
, including those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C0199E5225102F1777CFAF62" authority="Kosior 1975" authorityName="Kosior" authorityYear="1975" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cassida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flaveola">
<emphasis id="B9607574C0199E5225102F17769EAF61" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">C. flaveola</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C0199E5220A52F7F7734AF62" author="Kosior" box="[229,381,1352,1378]" pageId="11" pageNumber="53" refString="Kosior, A. (1975) Biology, ecology, and economic importance of cassids (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae) of the Ojcow National Park. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 20, 251 - 393." type="journal article" year="1975">Kosior 1975</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BABA966C0199E5220852F477699AC02" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">
<bibRef id="52B43D90C0199E5220852F477699AC02" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" type="book chapter">
<author id="53A94183C0199E5220852F47772BAF89" box="[197,354,1392,1418]" fns="I" npo="LF" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">
In 
<collectingCountry id="F303E9F6C0199E5220A62F477773AF8A" box="[230,314,1392,1418]" name="Poland" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">Poland</collectingCountry>
, 
<emphasis id="B9607574C0199E5221072F47772BAF89" box="[327,354,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">C.</emphasis>
</author>
flaveola is an abundant species in meadows throughout the country. Adults are found from May to October (
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C0199E5221212FAF746EAFB2" author="Wasowska" box="[353,551,1432,1458]" pageId="11" pageNumber="55" refString="Wasowska, M. (2004) Impact of humidity and mowing on chrysomelid communities (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) in meadows of the Wierzbanowka valley (Pogorze Wielickie hills, Southern Poland). Biologia Bratislava, 59 (5), 601 - 611." type="journal article" year="2004">
Wasowska 
<year id="FFBCE835C0199E5221A82FAF746EAFB2" box="[488,551,1432,1458]" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">2004</year>
</bibRefCitation>
). 
<title id="F9104250C0199E52227C2FAF7554AFB2" box="[572,797,1432,1458]" jopScore="0.34044015" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" type="_" typeScore="165">
In southern 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C0199E5222892FAF7554AFB2" box="[713,797,1432,1458]" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" refString="In Poland, C. flaveola is an abundant species in meadows throughout the country. Adults are found from May to October (Wasowska 2004). In southern Poland, Wasowska (2004) found it to be the sixth most abundant chrysomelid in both mown and un-mown meadows, with a very stable population structure from year to year." type="book chapter">
<collectingCountry id="F303E9F6C0199E5222892FAF7554AFB2" box="[713,797,1432,1458]" name="Poland" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">Poland</collectingCountry>
</bibRefCitation>
</title>
, 
<journalOrPublisher id="51D5A3AAC0199E52236A2FAF75EEAFB2" box="[810,935,1432,1458]" jopScore="0.36863756" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" type="_" typeScore="165">Wasowska</journalOrPublisher>
(
<pagination id="B2DD5792C0199E5223F62FAF75BDAFB2" box="[950,1012,1432,1458]" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" type="pagination">2004</pagination>
) found it to be the sixth most abundant chrysomelid in both mown and un-mown meadows, with a very stable population structure from year to year.
</bibRef>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BABA966C0199E5220862C387343AD6A" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B9607574C0199E5220862C38771AAC29" bold="true" box="[198,339,1551,1577]" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">Parasitism.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C0199E52211C2C27744DAC2A" author="Kosior" box="[348,516,1552,1578]" pageId="11" pageNumber="53" refString="Kosior, A. (1975) Biology, ecology, and economic importance of cassids (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae) of the Ojcow National Park. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 20, 251 - 393." type="journal article" year="1975">Kosior (1975)</bibRefCitation>
found that different developmental stages of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C0199E5224672C2772E3AC29" box="[1063,1194,1552,1577]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cassida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flaveola">
<emphasis id="B9607574C0199E5224672C2772E3AC29" box="[1063,1194,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">C. flaveola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were parasitized by 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C0199E5220D72C0F7708AC51" box="[151,321,1592,1617]" class="Adenophorea" family="Mermithidae" genus="Agamomermis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mermithida" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9607574C0199E5220D72C0F7708AC51" box="[151,321,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">Agamomermis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (Nematoda: 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C0199E5222432C0F74E9AC52" box="[515,672,1592,1618]" class="Adenophorea" family="Mermithidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mermithida" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Nematoda" rank="family">Mermithidae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C0199E5222F32C0F725DAC52" authority="Forster" authorityName="Forster" box="[691,1044,1592,1618]" class="Insecta" family="Tetracampidae" genus="Foersterella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavipes">
<emphasis id="B9607574C0199E5222F32C0F75EFAC51" box="[691,934,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">Foersterella flavipes</emphasis>
(Förster)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C0199E52240E2C0F73D5AC52" authority="Boucek" authorityName="Boucek" box="[1102,1436,1592,1618]" class="Insecta" family="Tetracampidae" genus="Foersterella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erdoesi">
<emphasis id="B9607574C0199E52240E2C0F7373AC51" box="[1102,1338,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">Foersterella erdoesi</emphasis>
Boucek
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C0199E5220DF2C57770CAC7A" box="[159,325,1632,1658]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C0199E5221122C57744AAC7A" box="[338,515,1632,1658]" class="Insecta" family="Tetracampidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tetracampidae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C0199E5222582C5775C5AC7A" authority="Ratzeburg" authorityName="Ratzeburg" box="[536,908,1632,1658]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Entedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cassidarum">
<emphasis id="B9607574C0199E5222582C577543AC79" box="[536,778,1632,1657]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">Entedon cassidarum</emphasis>
Ratzeburg
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C0199E5223DD2C57720AAC7A" box="[925,1091,1632,1658]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C0199E5224102C577293AC7A" box="[1104,1242,1632,1658]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eulophidae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C0199E5224B02C577338AC79" box="[1264,1393,1632,1657]" class="Insecta" family="Mymaridae" genus="Ferrierella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9607574C0199E5224B02C577338AC79" box="[1264,1393,1632,1657]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">Ferrierella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C0199E5220DF2CBF770CACA2" box="[159,325,1672,1698]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C0199E5221132CBF7796ACA2" box="[339,479,1672,1698]" class="Insecta" family="Mymaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mymaridae</taxonomicName>
), and 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C0199E52226C2CBF74AFACA1" box="[556,742,1672,1697]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Dufouria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitida">
<emphasis id="B9607574C0199E52226C2CBF74AFACA1" box="[556,742,1672,1697]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">Dufouria nitida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
von Röder (
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C0199E5223C42CBF75ABACA2" box="[900,994,1672,1698]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C0199E5223B02CBF723FACA2" box="[1008,1142,1672,1698]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tachinidae</taxonomicName>
). Parasitic 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C0199E5224BC2CBF73D5ACA2" box="[1276,1436,1672,1698]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
generally laid one egg inside each 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C0199E52226C2C8774E4ACC9" box="[556,685,1712,1737]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cassida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flaveola">
<emphasis id="B9607574C0199E52226C2C8774E4ACC9" box="[556,685,1712,1737]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">C. flaveola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
egg, although instances of as many as four eggs were observed. The proportion of parasitized eggs ranged from 34.5% in 1970 to 31% in 1971. The most important hymenopteran parasite was 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C0199E5221A22D37742AAD19" box="[482,611,1792,1817]" class="Insecta" family="Mymaridae" genus="Ferrierella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9607574C0199E5221A22D37742AAD19" box="[482,611,1792,1817]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">Ferrierella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. which accounted for 97% of the parasitism in eggs, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C0199E52257A2D377757AD41" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Entedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cassidarum">
<emphasis id="B9607574C0199E52257A2D377757AD41" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">Entedon cassidarum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which accounted for 100% of parasitism in larvae and pupae. The principal parasite affecting adult 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C0199E5220992D677710AD69" box="[217,345,1872,1897]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cassida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flaveola">
<emphasis id="B9607574C0199E5220992D677710AD69" box="[217,345,1872,1897]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">C. flaveola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C0199E5221D52D677405AD69" box="[405,588,1872,1897]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Dufouria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitida">
<emphasis id="B9607574C0199E5221D52D677405AD69" box="[405,588,1872,1897]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">Dufouria nitida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which parasitized and caused a mortality of 20% of adults.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30EFAEDC0199E5520862D4075E5AF12" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BABA966C0199E5520862D407481AB52" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B9607574C0199E5220862D407700AD91" bold="true" box="[198,329,1911,1937]" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">Predation.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C0199E5221112D4F77B1AD92" author="Kosior" box="[337,504,1912,1938]" pageId="11" pageNumber="53" refString="Kosior, A. (1975) Biology, ecology, and economic importance of cassids (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae) of the Ojcow National Park. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 20, 251 - 393." type="journal article" year="1975">Kosior (1975)</bibRefCitation>
found that different developmental stages of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C0199E5224562D4F72D1AD91" box="[1046,1176,1912,1937]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cassida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flaveola">
<emphasis id="B9607574C0199E5224562D4F72D1AD91" box="[1046,1176,1912,1937]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">C. flaveola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were preyed upon by 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C0199E5220D72D977442ADBA" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[151,523,1952,1978]" class="Insecta" family="Anthocoridae" genus="Anthocoris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nemorum">
<emphasis id="B9607574C0199E5220D72D9777DAADB9" box="[151,403,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">Anthocoris nemorum</emphasis>
Linnaeus
</taxonomicName>
(Heteroptera: 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C0199E5222812D97752CADBA" box="[705,869,1952,1978]" class="Insecta" family="Anthocoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anthocoridae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C0199E52233E2D9772E8ADBA" authority="Fabricius" authorityName="Fabricius" box="[894,1185,1952,1978]" class="Insecta" family="Nabidae" genus="Nabis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apterus">
<emphasis id="B9607574C0199E52233E2D977261ADB9" box="[894,1064,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">Nabis apterus</emphasis>
Fabricius
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C0199E5224A62D97774FADE2" authority="Dahlborn" authorityName="Dahlborn" class="Insecta" family="Nabidae" genus="Nabis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limbatus">
<emphasis id="B9607574C0199E5224A62D9773D5ADB9" box="[1254,1436,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">Nabis limbatus</emphasis>
Dahlborn
</taxonomicName>
(Heteroptera: 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C0199E5221EF2DFF745FADE2" box="[431,534,1992,2018]" class="Insecta" family="Nabidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nabidae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C0199E5222692DFF753FADE2" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[553,886,1992,2018]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Picromerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidens">
<emphasis id="B9607574C0199E5222692DFF754AADE1" box="[553,771,1992,2017]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="48">Picromerus bidens</emphasis>
Linnaeus
</taxonomicName>
(Heteroptera: 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C0199E52245F2DFF728DADE2" box="[1055,1220,1992,2018]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pentatomidae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C0199E5224972DFF732DADE2" box="[1239,1380,1992,2018]" class="Insecta" family="Cantharidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cantharidae</taxonomicName>
species larvae (
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5521612AAF77E1AAB2" box="[289,424,152,178]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
), Linyphilidae species (Araneida), 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5523002AAF75FEAAB2" box="[832,951,152,178]" class="Arachnida" family="Lycosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lycosidae</taxonomicName>
species (Araneida), 
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E5524E52AAF736FAAB1" box="[1189,1318,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">Phalagium</emphasis>
sp. (
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E55251C2AAF7690AADA" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Opiliones</taxonomicName>
: Phalangiide), 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5521D42AF77508AADA" authority="Vitzthum" authorityName="Vitzthum" box="[404,833,192,218]" class="Arachnida" family="Parasitidae" genus="Poecilochirus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="necrophori">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E5521D42AF7748FAAD9" box="[404,710,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">Poecilochirus necrophori</emphasis>
Vitzthum
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5523182AF775D6AADA" box="[856,927,192,218]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acari" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Acari</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5523F02AF7727FAADA" box="[944,1078,192,218]" class="Arachnida" family="Parasitidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Parasitidae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5524102AF77761AB02" authority="Oudemans" authorityName="Oudemans" class="Arachnida" family="Parasitidae" genus="Pergamasus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septentrionalis">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E5524102AF773D5AAD9" box="[1104,1436,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">Pergamasus septentrionalis</emphasis>
(Oudemans)
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E55217E2ADF77CCAB02" box="[318,389,232,258]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acari" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Acari</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5521D72ADF7455AB02" box="[407,540,232,258]" class="Arachnida" family="Parasitidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Parasitidae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5522772ADF754FAB01" box="[567,774,232,257]" class="Arachnida" family="Microtrombidiidae" genus="Microtrombidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Prostigmata" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E5522772ADF754FAB01" box="[567,774,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">Microtrombidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E55230C2ADF75DAAB02" box="[844,915,232,258]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acari" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Acari</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5523E52ADF7201AB02" box="[933,1096,232,258]" class="Arachnida" family="Trombidiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actinedida" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Trombidiidae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5524232ADF72F8AB01" box="[1123,1201,232,257]" class="Insecta" family="Cucujidae" genus="Leptus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E5524232ADF72F8AB01" box="[1123,1201,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">Leptus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5524B82ADF7376AB02" box="[1272,1343,232,258]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acari" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Acari</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5525112ADF76B9AB2A" class="Arachnida" family="Erythraeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Prostigmata" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Erythraeidae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5521442B2777CFAB29" box="[260,390,272,297]" class="Arachnida" family="Erythraeidae" genus="Erythraeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Prostigmata" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E5521442B2777CFAB29" box="[260,390,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">Erythraeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5521FE2B27744CAB2A" box="[446,517,272,298]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acari" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Acari</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E55224F2B2774E3AB2A" box="[527,682,272,298]" class="Arachnida" family="Erythraeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Prostigmata" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Erythraeidae</taxonomicName>
), and 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5522AE2B27750AAB29" box="[750,835,272,297]" class="Arachnida" family="Anystidae" genus="Anystis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Prostigmata" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E5522AE2B27750AAB29" box="[750,835,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">Anystis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E55233A2B277588AB2A" box="[890,961,272,298]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acari" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Acari</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E55238C2B277201AB2A" box="[972,1096,272,298]" class="Arachnida" family="Anystidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Prostigmata" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anystidae</taxonomicName>
). The rate of predation found by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C01E9E5520FC2B0F7728AB52" author="Kosior" box="[188,353,312,338]" pageId="12" pageNumber="53" refString="Kosior, A. (1975) Biology, ecology, and economic importance of cassids (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae) of the Ojcow National Park. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 20, 251 - 393." type="journal article" year="1975">Kosior (1975)</bibRefCitation>
in 
<quantity id="4CEC0483C01E9E5521C62B0F7796AB52" box="[390,479,312,338]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0038" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" unit="in" value="1970.0">1970 in</quantity>
the field was 6.7%.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BABA966C01E9E5520862B687314A8BA" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E5520862B687714AB79" bold="true" box="[198,349,351,377]" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">Host plants.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5521252B577463AB79" box="[357,554,352,377]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cassida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flaveola">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E5521252B577463AB79" box="[357,554,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">Cassida flaveola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a polyphagous species and has been associated with a number of plants in the 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5520A32BBF77E1ABA2" box="[227,424,392,418]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caryophyllaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Caryophyllaceae</taxonomicName>
including 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5522692BBF7545ABA1" box="[553,780,392,417]" class="Aves" family="Scolopacidae" genus="Arenaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peploides">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E5522692BBF7545ABA1" box="[553,780,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">Arenaria peploides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L., 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E55237E2BBF7266ABA1" box="[830,1071,392,417]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caryophyllaceae" genus="Cerastium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulgatum">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E55237E2BBF7266ABA1" box="[830,1071,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">Cerastium vulgatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L., 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5524222BBF7317ABA1" box="[1122,1374,392,417]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caryophyllaceae" genus="Honckenya" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="peploides">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E5524222BBF7317ABA1" box="[1122,1374,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">Honckenya peploides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.), 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5520D72B8777E8ABC9" box="[151,417,432,457]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caryophyllaceae" genus="Malachium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aquaticum">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E5520D72B8777E8ABC9" box="[151,417,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">Malachium aquaticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Fr., 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5522502B8774CEABC9" box="[528,647,432,457]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caryophyllaceae" genus="Minuartia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E5522502B8774CEABC9" box="[528,647,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">Minuartia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5522812B8775FAABC9" box="[705,947,432,457]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caryophyllaceae" genus="Myosoton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aquaticim">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E5522812B8775FAABC9" box="[705,947,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">Myosoton aquaticim</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Moench, 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5524222B8772FAABC9" box="[1122,1203,432,457]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caryophyllaceae" genus="Sagina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E5524222B8772FAABC9" box="[1122,1203,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">Sagina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5524AF2B877694ABF2" authority="Poiret" authorityName="Poiret" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caryophyllaceae" genus="Silene" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="latifolia">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E5524AF2B8773D5ABC9" box="[1263,1436,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">Silene latifolia</emphasis>
Poiret
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E5520AB2BEF7401ABF1" box="[235,584,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5520AB2BEF7722ABF1" box="[235,363,472,497]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caryophyllaceae" genus="Silene" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulgaris">S. vulgaris</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5521362BEF7401ABF1" box="[374,584,472,497]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caryophyllaceae" genus="Spergula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arvensis">Spergula arvensis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
L., 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5522362BEF751BABF1" box="[630,850,472,497]" class="Gastropoda" family="Xenophoridae" genus="Stellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="graminea">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E5522362BEF751BABF1" box="[630,850,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">Stellaria graminea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L., 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5523C02BEF7248ABF1" box="[896,1025,472,497]" class="Gastropoda" family="Xenophoridae" genus="Stellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="holostea">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E5523C02BEF7248ABF1" box="[896,1025,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">S. holostea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L., 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E55246F2BEF72DDABF1" box="[1071,1172,472,497]" class="Gastropoda" family="Xenophoridae" genus="Stellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="media">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E55246F2BEF72DDABF1" box="[1071,1172,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">S. media</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Vill., 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5525502BEF73D2ABF1" box="[1296,1435,472,497]" class="Insecta" family="Anthocoridae" genus="Anthocoris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nemorum">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E5525502BEF73D2ABF1" box="[1296,1435,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">S. nemorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L., and 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5520B528377787A81A" authority="Murr." authorityName="Murr." box="[245,462,512,538]" class="Gastropoda" family="Xenophoridae" genus="Stellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="uliginosa">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E5520B5283777C8A819" box="[245,385,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">S. uliginosa</emphasis>
Murr.
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C01E9E55219E2837743EA81A" author="Kosior" box="[478,631,512,538]" pageId="12" pageNumber="53" refString="Kosior, A. (1975) Biology, ecology, and economic importance of cassids (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae) of the Ojcow National Park. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 20, 251 - 393." type="journal article" year="1975">Kosior 1975</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C01E9E5522C62837751EA81A" author="Clark" box="[646,855,512,538]" pageId="12" pageNumber="52" refString="Clark, S. M., LeDoux, D. G, Seeno, T. N., Riley, E. G., Gilbert, A. J., &amp; Sullivan, J. M. (2004) Host plants of leaf beetle species occurring in the United States and Canada (Coleoptera: Megalopodidae, Orsodacnidae and Chrysomelidae, excluding Bruchinae). Coleopterists Society Special Publication, 2, 1 - 476." type="journal article" year="2004">
Clark 
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E55229028377544A819" box="[720,781,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">et al.</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C01E9E55232C2837725DA81A" author="Kosior" box="[876,1044,512,538]" pageId="12" pageNumber="53" refString="Kosior, A. (1975) Biology, ecology, and economic importance of cassids (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae) of the Ojcow National Park. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 20, 251 - 393." type="journal article" year="1975">Kosior (1975)</bibRefCitation>
reported that the preferred hosts were species in the genera 
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E552192281F74FDA841" box="[466,692,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E552192281F7470A841" box="[466,569,552,577]" class="Gastropoda" family="Xenophoridae" genus="Stellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Stellaria</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E552204281F74F9A841" box="[580,688,552,577]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caryophyllaceae" genus="Spergula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Spergula</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5522AD281F7538A841" box="[749,881,552,577]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caryophyllaceae" genus="Honckenya" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E5522AD281F7538A841" box="[749,881,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">Honckenya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the most preferred species is 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E552547281F73DDA841" box="[1287,1428,552,577]" class="Gastropoda" family="Xenophoridae" genus="Stellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="graminea">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E552547281F73DDA841" box="[1287,1428,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">S. graminea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Of these host plant genera all except 
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E5522132867752FA869" box="[595,870,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E55221328677495A869" box="[595,732,592,617]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caryophyllaceae" genus="Malachium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Malachium</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5522A82867752BA869" box="[744,866,592,617]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caryophyllaceae" genus="Minuartia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Minuartia</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5523E32867725EA869" box="[931,1047,592,617]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caryophyllaceae" genus="Myosoton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E5523E32867725EA869" box="[931,1047,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">Myosoton</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are found in the Maritime Provinces and many species are widely distributed in the region (
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C01E9E55233C284F7269A892" author="Erskine" box="[892,1056,632,658]" pageId="12" pageNumber="52" refString="Erskine, D. S. (1960) Plants of Prince Edward Island. Canada Department of Agriculture Research Branch, Publication 1088. Ottawa, Ontario. 270 pp." type="book" year="1960">Erskine 1960</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C01E9E552470284F72F6A892" author="Hinds" box="[1072,1215,632,658]" pageId="12" pageNumber="52" refString="Hinds, H. R. (1986) Flora of New Brunswick. Primrose Press, Fredericton, N. B. 460 pp." type="book" year="1986">Hinds 1986</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C01E9E55248E284F7325A892" author="Roland" box="[1230,1388,632,658]" pageId="12" pageNumber="55" refString="Roland, A. E. (1998) Roland's Flora of Nova Scotia. Revised by M. Zinck. Nova Scotia Museum, Halifax, Nova Scotia. 1297 pp." type="book" year="1998">Roland 1998</bibRefCitation>
). In Bible Hill (Nova 
<collectingCountry id="F303E9F6C01E9E552123289777F8A8BA" box="[355,433,672,698]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">Scotia</collectingCountry>
), the species was found feeding on 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E55231028977262A8B9" box="[848,1067,672,697]" class="Gastropoda" family="Xenophoridae" genus="Stellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="graminea">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E55231028977262A8B9" box="[848,1067,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">Stellaria graminea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(grass-leaved stitchwort).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BABA966C01E9E55208628F0731FA9AA" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E55208628F07780A8E1" bold="true" box="[198,457,711,737]" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">Biocontrol potential.</emphasis>
Although it feeds on various species of plants sometimes considered &quot;weeds,&quot; 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5525C128FF76BCA909" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cassida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flaveola">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E5525C128FF76BCA909" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">C. flaveola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a minimal potential as a biocontrol agent (at least in North 
<collectingCountry id="F303E9F6C01E9E55239D28C7720DA90A" box="[989,1092,752,778]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">America</collectingCountry>
) due to its rarity and its incapability to build up to large populations which could affect the growth or dispersal of weeds. In 
<collectingCountry id="F303E9F6C01E9E552503292F73DEA932" box="[1347,1431,792,818]" name="Poland" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">Poland</collectingCountry>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C01E9E5520D729777775A95A" author="Kosior" box="[151,316,832,858]" pageId="12" pageNumber="53" refString="Kosior, A. (1975) Biology, ecology, and economic importance of cassids (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae) of the Ojcow National Park. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 20, 251 - 393." type="journal article" year="1975">Kosior (1975)</bibRefCitation>
found that 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E55218129777408A959" box="[449,577,832,857]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cassida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flaveola">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E55218129777408A959" box="[449,577,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">C. flaveola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does have an impact on 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5523222977725DA959" box="[866,1044,832,857]" class="Gastropoda" family="Xenophoridae" genus="Stellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="media">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E5523222977725DA959" box="[866,1044,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">Stellaria media</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. He found that all four species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5520D7295F76BFA981" box="[151,246,872,897]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cassida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E5520D7295F76BFA981" box="[151,246,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">Cassida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that he studied can develop in large numbers under favorable conditions and hence (pp. 371), &quot;a very real possibility occurs of using beetles and larvae of these species in the control of troublesome weeds.&quot;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BABA966C01E9E55208629807531A9D2" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,2018]" box="[198,888,951,978]" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E552086298077D0A9D1" bold="true" box="[198,409,951,977]" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">Locality records.</emphasis>
A total of 
<specimenCount id="9D1262EFC01E9E552258298F74FEA9D2" box="[536,695,952,978]" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" type="generic">36 specimens</specimenCount>
were examined.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BABA966C01E9E55208629E875E5AF12" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E55208629E8743BA9F9" bold="true" box="[198,626,991,1017]" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">
NOVA 
<collectingCountry id="F303E9F6C01E9E55216529E877D3A9F9" box="[293,410,991,1017]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">SCOTIA</collectingCountry>
: Colchester Co.:
</emphasis>
Truro, 
<date id="FFAA8FA6C01E9E55229329D7751EA9FA" box="[723,855,992,1018]" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" value="1982-07-06">6.VII.1982</date>
, L.H. Lutz &amp; M.A. Bulger, (2, NSAC); Truro, 
<date id="FFAA8FA6C01E9E5520D72E3F7753AE22" box="[151,282,1032,1058]" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" value="1984-07-03">3.VII.1984</date>
, J.A. Adams, (1, NSAC); Bible Hill, 
<date id="FFAA8FA6C01E9E55229A2E3F751CAE22" box="[730,853,1032,1058]" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" value="2005-05-31">31.V.2005</date>
, S.M. Townsend, pasture, (10, CBU); Bible Hill, 
<date id="FFAA8FA6C01E9E5520D72E077756AE4A" box="[151,287,1072,1098]" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" value="2005-06-14">14.VI.2005</date>
, S.M. Townsend, pasture, (5, CBU); Bible Hill, 
<date id="FFAA8FA6C01E9E5523212E0775A0AE4A" box="[865,1001,1072,1098]" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" value="2005-06-23">23.VI.2005</date>
, S.M. Townsend, pasture, (8, CBU); Bible Hill, 
<date id="FFAA8FA6C01E9E55215A2E6F77EBAE72" box="[282,418,1112,1138]" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" value="2005-06-30">30.VI.2005</date>
, S.M. Townsend, pasture, (1, CBU); Bible Hill, 
<date id="FFAA8FA6C01E9E55239A2E6F7225AE72" box="[986,1132,1112,1138]" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" value="2005-07-14">14.VII.2005</date>
, S.M. Townsend, pasture, (1, CBU); Bible Hill, 
<date id="FFAA8FA6C01E9E5521F62EB7740EAE9A" box="[438,583,1152,1178]" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" value="2005-07-21">21.VII.2005</date>
, S.M. Townsend, pasture, (4, CBU); Bible Hill, 
<date id="FFAA8FA6C01E9E5524FD2EB77306AE9A" box="[1213,1359,1152,1178]" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" value="2005-07-28">28.VII.2005</date>
, S.M. Townsend, pasture, (2, CBU); Bible Hill, 
<date id="FFAA8FA6C01E9E5522E62E9F7508AEC2" box="[678,833,1192,1218]" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" value="2005-08-12">12.VIII.2005</date>
, S.M. Townsend, pasture, (1, CBU); Bible Hill, 
<date id="FFAA8FA6C01E9E5520D72EE7776DAEEA" box="[151,292,1232,1258]" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" value="2007-08-03">3.VIII.2007</date>
, C.W. D'Orsay, pasture on 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E55221D2EE7757EAEE9" box="[605,823,1232,1257]" class="Gastropoda" family="Xenophoridae" genus="Stellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="graminea">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E55221D2EE7757EAEE9" box="[605,823,1232,1257]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">Stellaria graminea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (6, CNC). 
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E5523802EF87685AF11" bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">
PRINCE EDWARD 
<collectingCountry id="F303E9F6C01E9E5524802EF8737AAEE9" box="[1216,1331,1231,1257]" name="Iceland" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">ISLAND</collectingCountry>
: Queens Co.:
</emphasis>
Wood Islands, 
<date id="FFAA8FA6C01E9E5521C12ECF7443AF12" box="[385,522,1272,1298]" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" value="2003-06-30">30.VI.2003</date>
, C.G. Majka, seashore, (1, CGMC).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30EFAEDC01E9E5420862F287519ABCA" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BABA966C01E9E5520862F287552AF8A" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E5520862F28772EAF39" bold="true" box="[198,359,1311,1337]" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">Distribution.</emphasis>
The collection sites of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5522C52F17754EAF39" box="[645,775,1312,1337]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cassida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flaveola">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E5522C52F17754EAF39" box="[645,775,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">C. flaveola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Maritime Provinces are indicated in 
<figureCitation id="132FB5E3C01E9E5525562F177329AF3A" box="[1302,1376,1312,1338]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="13.[151,255,1576,1600]" captionTargetBox="[186,1417,531,1518]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,514,1552]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 3. Distribution of Cassida rubiginosa and Cassida flaveola in the Maritime Provinces of Canada." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/182784/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
. The species is newly recorded on Prince Edward Island, Nova 
<collectingCountry id="F303E9F6C01E9E5523102F7F75D5AF62" box="[848,924,1352,1378]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">Scotia</collectingCountry>
, and in the Maritime Provinces as a whole and has been recorded in the region from at least 1982.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BABA966C01E9E5520852FAF75FFAD42" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">
The discovery of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5521DA2FAF7454AFB1" box="[410,541,1432,1457]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cassida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flaveola">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E5521DA2FAF7454AFB1" box="[410,541,1432,1457]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">C. flaveola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at Woods Islands, PEI poses interesting questions. It was found in coastal dunes adjacent to the Northumberland Ferries terminal which connects Prince Edward Island to Nova 
<collectingCountry id="F303E9F6C01E9E5525132FF773D5AFDA" box="[1363,1436,1472,1498]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">Scotia</collectingCountry>
by ferry. This is an important transportation corridor and raises the possibility that it may have been introduced via human-assisted dispersal. 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5522022C2775D1AC2A" authority="Mulsant" authorityName="Mulsant" box="[578,920,1552,1578]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Scymnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tenebrosus">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E5522022C277567AC29" box="[578,814,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">Scymnus tenebrosus</emphasis>
Mulsant
</taxonomicName>
, a native coccinellid, has also been found at Wood Islands. It is otherwise absent on PEI, prompting 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C01E9E5523652C0F72E4AC52" author="Majka" box="[805,1197,1592,1618]" pageId="12" pageNumber="53" refString="Majka, C. G. &amp; McCorquodale, D. B. (2006) The Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) of the Maritime Provinces of Canada: new records, biogeographic notes, and conservation concerns. Zootaxa, 1154, 49 - 68." type="journal article" year="2006">Majka and McCorquodale (2006)</bibRefCitation>
to consider whether its presence there may have been assisted by human activities. Similarly, the introduced carabid, 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5525722C5777D2ACA2" authority="Stephens" authorityName="Stephens" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Ophonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puncticeps">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E5525722C57775DACA1" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">Ophonus puncticeps</emphasis>
(Stephens)
</taxonomicName>
, has been found at Caribou, the Nova 
<collectingCountry id="F303E9F6C01E9E55231D2CBF75EFACA2" box="[861,934,1672,1698]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">Scotia</collectingCountry>
terminus of this same ferry route, prompting Majka 
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E5521552C877706ACC9" box="[277,335,1712,1737]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">et al.</emphasis>
(2006) to consider if human agency was responsible for its presence at that site. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C01E9E5524BD2C87773BACF2" author="Majka" pageId="12" pageNumber="53" refString="Majka, C. G., &amp; Klimaszewski, J. (2004) Phloeocharis subtilissima Mannerheim (Staphylinidae: Phloeocharinae) and Cephennium gallicum Ganglbauer (Scydmaenidae) new to North America: a case study in the introduction of exotic Coleoptera to the port of Halifax, with new records of other species. Zootaxa, 781, 1 - 15. Available from http: // www. mapress. com / zootaxa / 2004 f / zt 00781. pdf (accessed 1 September 2007)" type="journal article" year="2004">Majka &amp; Klimaszewski (2004)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C01E9E5521F42CEF74A9ACF2" author="Majka" box="[436,736,1752,1778]" pageId="12" pageNumber="53" refString="Majka, C. G. &amp; LeSage, L. (2006) Introduced leaf beetles of the Maritime Provinces, 1: Sphaeroderma testaceum (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 108, 243 - 247." type="journal article" year="2006">Majka &amp; LeSage (2006)</bibRefCitation>
both discuss seaports and transportation corridors in the region as conduits for the introduction of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E5522C72D377545AD1A" box="[647,780,1792,1818]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
. Further fieldwork in the Maritime Provinces would be desirable to better understand the status of this species in the region.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BABA966C01E9E5420862D787519ABCA" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1436,152,458]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E5520862D7877C8AD69" bold="true" box="[198,385,1871,1897]" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">Zoogeography.</emphasis>
Although 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C01E9E5522402D6774E0AD6A" author="Barber" box="[512,681,1872,1898]" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" refString="Barber, H. S. (1916) A review of North American tortoise beetles. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 18, 113 - 127." type="journal article" year="1916">Barber (1916)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C01E9E5522F62D67753CAD6A" author="Lindroth" box="[694,885,1872,1898]" pageId="12" pageNumber="53" refString="Lindroth, C. H. (1957) The faunal connections between Europe and North America. Almqvist and Wiksell, Stockholm, Sweden. 344 pp." type="book" year="1957">Lindroth (1957)</bibRefCitation>
, Riley (1986), 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C01E9E5524682D677291AD6A" author="LeSage" box="[1064,1240,1872,1898]" pageId="12" pageNumber="53" refString="LeSage, L. (1991) Family Chrysomelidae: leaf beetles. In: Bousquet, Y. (Ed.), Checklist of Beetles of Canada and Alaska. Agriculture Canada: Research Branch, Publication 1861 / E, pp. 301 - 323." type="book chapter" year="1991">LeSage (1991)</bibRefCitation>
, and 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C01E9E5525582D6776ACAD92" pageId="12" pageNumber="55" refString="Riley, E. G., Clark, S. M., &amp; Seeno, T. N. (2003) Catalog of the leaf beetles of America north of Mexico. Coleopterists Society Special Publication No. 1, 290 pp." type="book">
Riley 
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E5525202D6773D5AD69" box="[1376,1436,1872,1897]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">et al.</emphasis>
(2003)
</bibRefCitation>
have all regarded 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01E9E55218F2D4F741CAD91" box="[463,597,1912,1937]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cassida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flaveola">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01E9E55218F2D4F741CAD91" box="[463,597,1912,1937]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">C. flaveola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a Palearctic species introduced, or probably introduced, to North 
<collectingCountry id="F303E9F6C01E9E5520D72D9776B6ADBA" box="[151,255,1952,1978]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">America</collectingCountry>
, there is reason to reconsider this supposition. As 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C01E9E5523242D977243ADBA" author="Riley" box="[868,1034,1952,1978]" pageId="12" pageNumber="55" refString="Riley, E. G. (1986 b) Notes on Cassida relicta, a tortoise beetle endemic to North America, with a key to the Nearctic species of Cassida (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Entomological News, 97, 141 - 146." type="journal article" year="1986" yearSuffix="b">Riley (1986b)</bibRefCitation>
points out, &quot;considering its wide range in North 
<collectingCountry id="F303E9F6C01E9E5521112DFF77FFADE2" box="[337,438,1992,2018]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="49">America</collectingCountry>
and the fact that its site of introduction and subsequent spread has not been documented, the possibility that its natural range includes the Nearctic can not be rejected.&quot; Supporting this are the archeological discoveries reported by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85D497C01F9E5422202AF775D1AADA" author="Matthews" box="[608,920,192,218]" pageId="13" pageNumber="54" refString="Matthews, J. V., Jr. &amp; Telka, A. (1997) Fossil insects from the Yukon. In: Danks, H. V. &amp; Downes, J. A., (Eds.), Insects of the Yukon. Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods), Ottawa, Ontario, pp. 911 - 962." type="book chapter" year="1997">Matthews &amp; Telka (1997)</bibRefCitation>
of fossil specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01F9E5424F42AF77371AAD9" box="[1204,1336,192,217]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cassida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flaveola">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01F9E5424F42AF77371AAD9" box="[1204,1336,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="50">C. flaveola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in sediments at Ch'ijee's Bluff, Yukon from the mid-Wisconsinian glaciation circa 52,000 years B.P. (and possibly also from the Interglacial period 125,000 years B.P.), as well as from Cape Deceit in western Alaska, from the late Pleistocene, circa 1.8 million years B.P. This clearly establishes 
<taxonomicName id="4C14D2E5C01F9E5423F82B0F7270AB51" box="[952,1081,312,337]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cassida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flaveola">
<emphasis id="B9607574C01F9E5423F82B0F7270AB51" box="[952,1081,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="50">C. flaveola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, at least in part, as a Holarctic species (not excluding the possibility of later, additional human-assisted introductions). Thus its present range in North 
<collectingCountry id="F303E9F6C01F9E5420BF2BBF772DABA2" box="[255,356,392,418]" name="United States of America" pageId="13" pageNumber="50">America</collectingCountry>
might be a composite of indigenous, Holarctic populations, and more recent adventive ones. Further research would be required to resolve this question.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>