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<document id="DD5A7D59F3D63E8ECF339F9BE87B4B28" ID-CLB-Dataset="5247" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3878.5.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5247e933-3152-40d5-ae19-cce84a3dad7f" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4948908" ID-ZooBank="11145FA0-2CB5-460A-B7A6-9A634C778982" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623702158138" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Van Soest, Rob W. M., Meesters, Erik H. W. G. &amp; Becking, Leontine E." docDate="2014" docId="03B487DF122FA771F99C6CEFA99BB538" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03878p443.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3878 (5)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Characella poecillastroides Van Soest &amp; Meesters &amp; Becking 2014, new species" docType="treatment" docUuid="170EACF1-9FC7-47C6-9904-8CE6DFCEF220" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="411" masterDocId="FF8DFFA71226A77BF90B6821AB2FB758" masterDocTitle="Deep-water sponges (Porifera) from Bonaire and Klein Curaçao, Southern Caribbean" masterLastPageNumber="443" masterPageNumber="401" pageNumber="410" updateTime="1699015317828" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
<mods:mods id="676C18085EC4823A4F212D434DB1B383" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="E05D022259C44413535155B63EF8F724">
<mods:title id="3B13022A7C4D78136744BF473DFDDA3B">Deep-water sponges (Porifera) from Bonaire and Klein Curaçao, Southern Caribbean</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="C114556CAB806C95CF82E810B81000CB" type="personal">
<mods:role id="C7AEC94CA0716851AD96853A749DFA19">
<mods:roleTerm id="471B8A0B90F6813EE9F12AD33DE1D442">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="5C4745D3DFA65DEEAAD9C525180430AD">Van Soest, Rob W. M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="84EE98F5F0D6732C1ADDE699E8227644">Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Department of Marine Zoology, P. O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:role id="7C93A7F5F7E93A421355A0107011AFDE">
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<mods:namePart id="7A719C80E3BC56CC8969C9FFC901C518">Meesters, Erik H. W. G.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="EE79663A364FFFE68D816A1477B6B754">Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies (IMARES), Wageningen UR, P. O. Box 57, 1780 AB Den Helder, The Netherlands. E-mail: erik. meesters @ wur. nl</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="1B614BA90DA12ED5AEC7C2B12A727FB1" type="personal">
<mods:role id="485CCF537999B38046E6499D29843A48">
<mods:roleTerm id="32EED841F2FEC04ED6DB3DBE18C296DB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="A32252103B2969870DA73E8F526AC2F2">Becking, Leontine E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="06CB101637F760F21153FB403972BCF9">Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Department of Marine Zoology, P. O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands. &amp; Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies (IMARES), Wageningen UR, P. O. Box 57, 1780 AB Den Helder, The Netherlands. E-mail: erik. meesters @ wur. nl &amp; University of California Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management (ESPM), 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 - 3114, USA. E-mail: lebecking @ gmail. com</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="C33FAD572FA8B237E88B4D69467E4C0C">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="9FB2BFFBF8C3F170BB3BD0C2E304CC9B">
<mods:title id="D64701174333C56A5FF32D6980394C31">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="E65EFA3EE087AE6895C90E52B482C813">
<mods:date id="3C1DFC065FE39F82321060F6F37305FE">2014</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="871961E55C87709D423764DD0DE97C0B" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="CE0B6A32B6A4A57746BB70E0BCE425C0">2014-10-29</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="5A681A05F5E5031174EC140E7DD81468" type="volume">
<mods:number id="AC9C6F06BC8B1A4D3302B24EFAEB3C98">3878</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="38F79F5F732136C64517DF254EE68F1A" type="issue">
<mods:number id="E4922E5B7E39314E8CFEE33FF1C13FAB">5</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="CAC0FFB926CC6A4DC18E9B7EDCCD1BFC">401</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="552828B56922C3AF067F12ECF385384A">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="053DFA0B9149C10A4BA8EC62477B6B22" type="CLB-Dataset">5247</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="26412F74087ABB316E2C5E38AEE96DF9" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3878.5.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="3F761656FD60567B619482F89C8B41F5" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="3506A82D63A7FC067BAD565AAFA20467" type="Zenodo-Dep">4948908</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="8FD911BFF3EEAC6F05DE04264C30669F" type="ZooBank">11145FA0-2CB5-460A-B7A6-9A634C778982</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03B487DF122FA771F99C6CEFA99BB538" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183823292" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:170EACF1-9FC7-47C6-9904-8CE6DFCEF220" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B487DF122FA771F99C6CEFA99BB538" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="411" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">
<subSubSection id="C3076542122FA772F99C6CEFA959B3B0" box="[151,630,1230,1256]" pageId="9" pageNumber="410" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA236C9122FA772F99C6CEFA959B3B0" blockId="9.[151,630,1230,1290]" box="[151,630,1230,1256]" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">
<heading id="D0EA81A5122FA772F99C6CEFA959B3B0" bold="true" box="[151,630,1230,1256]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="410" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B969EADB122FA772F99C6CEFA959B3B0" bold="true" box="[151,630,1230,1256]" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A122FA772F99C6CEFAAF0B3B0" authority="Van Soest &amp; Meesters &amp; Becking, 2014" authorityName="Van Soest &amp; Meesters &amp; Becking" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,479,1230,1256]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="9" pageNumber="410" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="poecillastroides" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B969EADB122FA772F99C6CEFAAF0B3B0" bold="true" box="[151,479,1230,1256]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">Characella poecillastroides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25A57A0122FA772F8ED6CEFA959B3B0" box="[486,630,1230,1256]" pageId="9" pageNumber="410" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3076542122FA772F99C6CD0AA44B251" box="[151,363,1265,1290]" pageId="9" pageNumber="410" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA236C9122FA772F99C6CD0AA44B251" blockId="9.[151,630,1230,1290]" box="[151,363,1265,1290]" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">
<figureCitation id="13262A4C122FA772F99C6CD0AA04B252" box="[151,299,1265,1290]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1732,1754]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,679,1690]" captionTargetId="figure-276@10.[151,1436,679,1690]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Characella poecillastroides n. sp., holotype RMNH Por. 9247, a. in situ off the SW coast of Bonaire, b. on deck, upper surface, c. on deck, lower surface, d. cross section of skeleton showing dominance of long oxeas and microxeas." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948925" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948925/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">Figures 6a–d</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13262A4C122FA772F83D6CD3AA44B251" box="[310,363,1266,1289]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1261,1283]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,193,1239]" captionTargetId="figure-211@11.[170,1417,193,1239]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Characella poecillastroides n. sp., SEM images of spicules of the holotype RMNH Por. 9247, a. calthrops, b. oxea, c. amphiaster, d. large microxeas. d1. detail of surface of large microxea showing microspination, e. small microxea, e1. detail of small microxea." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948931" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948931/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">7a–e</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3076542122FA772F99C6D18AA1BB2C2" pageId="9" pageNumber="410" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BA236C9122FA772F99C6D18AA1BB2C2" blockId="9.[151,1436,1337,2010]" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">
<emphasis id="B969EADB122FA772F99C6D18AAA7B209" box="[151,392,1337,1362]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="410" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B969EADB122FA772F99C6D18AAAEB20A" bold="true" box="[151,385,1337,1362]" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">Material examined</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B753C94122FA772F89D6D18AA1BB2C2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3328559314" collectingDate="2013-05-31" collectionCode="RMNH" collectorName=" L. E. Becking &amp; E. Meesters" country="Caribbean Netherlands, Bonaire" elevation="168" latitude="112.137" location="Caribbean Netherlands, Bonaire" longLatPrecision="59" longitude="-68.286" pageId="9" pageNumber="410" specimenCode="BDR031" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="54A6886B122FA772F89D6D18A92CB20A" box="[406,515,1337,1362]" pageId="9" pageNumber="410" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
<collectionCode id="ED0CAE0C122FA772FB1E6D1BA946B209" box="[533,617,1338,1361]" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="9" pageNumber="410" type="Museum">RMNH</collectionCode>
<collectorName id="26E8531F122FA772FB736D1BA98AB209" box="[632,677,1338,1361]" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">Por.</collectorName>
9247,
<collectingCountry id="F30A7659122FA772FA0A6D18AF54B20A" box="[769,1147,1337,1362]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">Caribbean Netherlands, Bonaire</collectingCountry>
,
<collectorName id="26E8531F122FA772FD856D18AE0EB20A" box="[1166,1313,1337,1362]" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">Curoil Dock</collectorName>
(Dive 3),
<geoCoordinate id="EE29500E122FA772F99C6D7CAA3FB22E" box="[151,272,1373,1398]" degrees="112.137" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="410" precision="55" value="112.137">112.137°N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE29500E122FA772F8136D7CAAA4B22E" box="[280,395,1373,1398]" degrees="68.286" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="410" precision="55" value="-68.286">68.286°W</geoCoordinate>
, on a coral rock wall at
<quantity id="4CE59B2C122FA772FB946D7CA9C6B22D" box="[671,745,1373,1398]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.68" pageId="9" pageNumber="410" unit="m" value="168.0">
<elevation id="0030D1FA122FA772FB946D7CA9C6B22D" box="[671,745,1373,1398]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.68" pageId="9" pageNumber="410" unit="m" value="168.0">168 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, coll.
<collectorName id="26E8531F122FA772FA3B6D7FA8EAB22E" box="[816,965,1373,1398]" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">L.E. Becking</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="26E8531F122FA772FAE76D7FAF5BB22D" box="[1004,1140,1374,1397]" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">E. Meesters</collectorName>
, field nr. BON3/
<specimenCode id="DBBB9EB2122FA772FC386D7CAEB7B22E" box="[1331,1432,1373,1398]" collectionCode="BDR" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">BDR031</specimenCode>
,
<date id="FFA31009122FA772F99C6DA0AA1FB2C2" box="[151,304,1409,1434]" pageId="9" pageNumber="410" value="2013-05-31">
<collectingDate id="EFE7E9E1122FA772F99C6DA0AA1FB2C2" box="[151,304,1409,1434]" pageId="9" pageNumber="410" value="2013-05-31">31 May 2013</collectingDate>
</date>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3076542122FA772F9CC6D84A93BB0CA" pageId="9" pageNumber="410" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA236C9122FA772F9CC6D84AF7EB172" blockId="9.[151,1436,1337,2010]" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">
<emphasis id="B969EADB122FA772F9CC6D84AA77B2E5" box="[199,344,1445,1470]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="410" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B969EADB122FA772F9CC6D84AA7EB2E6" bold="true" box="[199,337,1445,1470]" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">Description</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Thickly massive, folded plate (
<figureCitation id="13262A4C122FA772FBBC6D84A804B2E6" box="[695,811,1445,1470]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1732,1754]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,679,1690]" captionTargetId="figure-276@10.[151,1436,679,1690]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Characella poecillastroides n. sp., holotype RMNH Por. 9247, a. in situ off the SW coast of Bonaire, b. on deck, upper surface, c. on deck, lower surface, d. cross section of skeleton showing dominance of long oxeas and microxeas." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948925" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948925/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">Figs. 6a–c</figureCitation>
) of
<quantity id="4CE59B2C122FA772FA5C6D84A886B2E5" box="[855,937,1445,1470]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="410" unit="cm" value="3.0" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="2.0">2–4 cm</quantity>
thick and approximately
<quantity id="4CE59B2C122FA772FDCE6D84AE1BB2E5" box="[1221,1332,1445,1470]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="410" unit="cm" value="30.0" valueMax="40.0" valueMin="20.0">20–40 cm</quantity>
in lateral expansion. A fragment of 8 x 2 x
<quantity id="4CE59B2C122FA772FB156DE8A943B2B9" box="[542,620,1481,1506]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="410" unit="cm" value="2.5">2.5 cm</quantity>
was preserved. Rough/hispid surface due to protruding spicules, which cause strong accumulation of sediment. No oscules visible. Color beige alive underneath greyish sediment layer, white-beige after preservation. Consistency hard, rough, but can be torn rather easily.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA236C9122FA772F9CC6E14AEB5B12A" blockId="9.[151,1436,1337,2010]" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">
<emphasis id="B969EADB122FA772F9CC6E14AA1BB115" box="[199,308,1589,1614]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="410" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B969EADB122FA772F9CC6E14AA02B116" bold="true" box="[199,301,1589,1614]" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">Skeleton</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Radiate skeleton of long oxeas (
<figureCitation id="13262A4C122FA772FBB16E14A83EB116" box="[698,785,1589,1614]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1732,1754]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,679,1690]" captionTargetId="figure-276@10.[151,1436,679,1690]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Characella poecillastroides n. sp., holotype RMNH Por. 9247, a. in situ off the SW coast of Bonaire, b. on deck, upper surface, c. on deck, lower surface, d. cross section of skeleton showing dominance of long oxeas and microxeas." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948925" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948925/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">Fig. 6d</figureCitation>
), with a relatively low presence of calthrops-like shortshafted triaenes. Microxeas form a rather dense cover at the surface and are abundantly strewn in the choanosome.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA236C9122FA772F9CC6E5CA821B1CE" blockId="9.[151,1436,1337,2010]" box="[199,782,1661,1686]" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">
<emphasis id="B969EADB122FA772F9CC6E5CAA1FB1CD" box="[199,304,1661,1686]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="410" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B969EADB122FA772F9CC6E5CAA06B1CE" bold="true" box="[199,297,1661,1686]" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">Spicules</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Calthrops, oxeas, amphiasters, microxeas.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA236C9122FA772F9CC6E80A9BCB186" blockId="9.[151,1436,1337,2010]" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">
Calthrops-like short shafted triaenes (
<figureCitation id="13262A4C122FA772FB636E80A996B1E2" box="[616,697,1697,1722]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1261,1283]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,193,1239]" captionTargetId="figure-211@11.[170,1417,193,1239]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Characella poecillastroides n. sp., SEM images of spicules of the holotype RMNH Por. 9247, a. calthrops, b. oxea, c. amphiaster, d. large microxeas. d1. detail of surface of large microxea showing microspination, e. small microxea, e1. detail of small microxea." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948931" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948931/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">Fig. 7a</figureCitation>
), cladi straight or curved, in a large size range, cladomes 400-
<emphasis id="B969EADB122FA772FC626E80AEBCB1E2" box="[1385,1427,1697,1722]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">598</emphasis>
-
<quantity id="4CE59B2C122FA772F99C6EE4ABDEB186" box="[151,241,1733,1758]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="410" unit="mm" value="800.0">800 µm</quantity>
, cladi 200–
<emphasis id="B969EADB122FA772F87A6EE4AAB4B186" box="[369,411,1733,1758]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">345</emphasis>
–500 x 20–
<emphasis id="B969EADB122FA772FB126EE4A91AB186" box="[537,565,1733,1758]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">27</emphasis>
–
<quantity id="4CE59B2C122FA772FB4F6EE4A9A0B186" box="[580,655,1733,1758]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="410" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 µm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA236C9122FA772F9CC6EC8AF92B05A" blockId="9.[151,1436,1337,2010]" box="[199,1213,1769,1794]" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">
Oxeas (
<figureCitation id="13262A4C122FA772F8176EC8AA40B05A" box="[284,367,1769,1794]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1261,1283]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,193,1239]" captionTargetId="figure-211@11.[170,1417,193,1239]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Characella poecillastroides n. sp., SEM images of spicules of the holotype RMNH Por. 9247, a. calthrops, b. oxea, c. amphiaster, d. large microxeas. d1. detail of surface of large microxea showing microspination, e. small microxea, e1. detail of small microxea." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948931" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948931/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">Fig. 7b</figureCitation>
), smooth, usually somewhat curved, 2600–
<emphasis id="B969EADB122FA772FA5E6EC8A8A2B05A" box="[853,909,1769,1794]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">3120</emphasis>
–3800 x 35–
<emphasis id="B969EADB122FA772FD126EC8AF65B05A" box="[1049,1098,1769,1794]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">46.5</emphasis>
–
<quantity id="4CE59B2C122FA772FD536EC8AF96B05A" box="[1112,1209,1769,1794]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.25" pageId="9" pageNumber="410" unit="mm" value="62.5">62.5 µm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA236C9122FA772F9CC6F2CAE06B07E" blockId="9.[151,1436,1337,2010]" box="[199,1321,1805,1830]" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">
Amphiasters (
<figureCitation id="13262A4C122FA772F86F6F2CAA9AB07E" box="[356,437,1805,1830]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1261,1283]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,193,1239]" captionTargetId="figure-211@11.[170,1417,193,1239]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Characella poecillastroides n. sp., SEM images of spicules of the holotype RMNH Por. 9247, a. calthrops, b. oxea, c. amphiaster, d. large microxeas. d1. detail of surface of large microxea showing microspination, e. small microxea, e1. detail of small microxea." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948931" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948931/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">Fig. 7c</figureCitation>
), rugose/spined all over, 10–
<emphasis id="B969EADB122FA772FBF36F2CA83BB07E" box="[760,788,1805,1830]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">17</emphasis>
–
<quantity id="4CE59B2C122FA772FA286F2CA842B07E" box="[803,877,1805,1830]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="410" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 µm</quantity>
, with 10–16 rays of 2.5–
<emphasis id="B969EADB122FA772FD8F6F2CAFBDB07E" box="[1156,1170,1805,1830]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">6</emphasis>
–
<quantity id="4CE59B2C122FA772FDAA6F2CAFC7B07E" box="[1185,1256,1805,1830]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="410" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 µm</quantity>
long.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA236C9122FA772F9CC6F10A93BB0CA" blockId="9.[151,1436,1337,2010]" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">
Microxeas, microspined/rugose, in two size classes, larger ones (1,
<figureCitation id="13262A4C122FA772FAEA6F10AF47B012" box="[993,1128,1841,1866]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1261,1283]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,193,1239]" captionTargetId="figure-211@11.[170,1417,193,1239]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Characella poecillastroides n. sp., SEM images of spicules of the holotype RMNH Por. 9247, a. calthrops, b. oxea, c. amphiaster, d. large microxeas. d1. detail of surface of large microxea showing microspination, e. small microxea, e1. detail of small microxea." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948931" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948931/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">Fig. 7d, 7d</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13262A4C122FA772FD626F10AF5CB012" box="[1129,1139,1841,1866]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1808,1830]" captionTargetBox="[169,1414,1098,1767]" captionTargetId="figure-397@2.[151,1436,1094,1770]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map showing the positions of Bonaire and Klein Curaçao (Southern Caribbean), where the present collections were obtained. Insets show details of locations and course of dives 2–4 of the Curasub." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948910" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948910/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">1</figureCitation>
), gently curved and with tapering sharp ends, 170–
<emphasis id="B969EADB122FA772F8C76F74AAD9B036" box="[460,502,1877,1902]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">232</emphasis>
–275 x 4–
<emphasis id="B969EADB122FA772FB7F6F77A9ADB035" box="[628,642,1878,1901]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">7</emphasis>
–
<quantity id="4CE59B2C122FA772FB9A6F74A9CDB036" box="[657,738,1877,1902]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="410" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 µm</quantity>
, and short ones (2,
<figureCitation id="13262A4C122FA772FAD56F74AF48B036" box="[990,1127,1877,1902]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1261,1283]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,193,1239]" captionTargetId="figure-211@11.[170,1417,193,1239]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Characella poecillastroides n. sp., SEM images of spicules of the holotype RMNH Por. 9247, a. calthrops, b. oxea, c. amphiaster, d. large microxeas. d1. detail of surface of large microxea showing microspination, e. small microxea, e1. detail of small microxea." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948931" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948931/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">Fig. 7e, 7e</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13262A4C122FA772FD6C6F74AF5DB036" box="[1127,1138,1877,1902]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1808,1830]" captionTargetBox="[169,1414,1098,1767]" captionTargetId="figure-397@2.[151,1436,1094,1770]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map showing the positions of Bonaire and Klein Curaçao (Southern Caribbean), where the present collections were obtained. Insets show details of locations and course of dives 2–4 of the Curasub." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948910" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948910/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">1</figureCitation>
), abruptly curved and/or centrotylote, 25–
<emphasis id="B969EADB122FA772F85F6F58AA5FB0CA" box="[340,368,1913,1938]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">37</emphasis>
–45 x
<quantity id="4CE59B2C122FA772F8BD6F58A93FB0CA" box="[438,528,1913,1938]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="410" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 µm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3076542122FA772F9CC6FBCAA75B082" pageId="9" pageNumber="410" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BA236C9122FA772F9CC6FBCAA75B082" blockId="9.[151,1436,1337,2010]" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">
<emphasis id="B969EADB122FA772F9CC6FBCAAD4B0ED" box="[199,507,1949,1974]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="410" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B969EADB122FA772F9CC6FBCAADCB0EE" bold="true" box="[199,499,1949,1974]" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">Ecology and distribution</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
The
<typeStatus id="54A6886B122FA772FB326FBCA9B4B0EE" box="[569,667,1949,1974]" pageId="9" pageNumber="410" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
was collected on a carbonate rock wall just below the mesophotic zone off
<collectingCountry id="F30A7659122FA772F9F16FE0AA79B082" box="[250,342,1985,2010]" name="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">Bonaire</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3076542122CA771F9CC68B6A980B78B" pageId="10" pageNumber="411" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BA236C9122CA771F9CC68B6A980B78B" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,608]" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">
<emphasis id="B969EADB122CA771F9CC68B6AA61B7E8" bold="true" box="[199,334,151,176]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="411" reason="1">Etymology.</emphasis>
The name refers to the plate-like shape which is unusual in the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A122CA771FDCF68B6AE6DB7E8" authorityName="Sollas" authorityYear="1886" box="[1220,1346,151,176]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="411" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EADB122CA771FDCF68B6AE6DB7E8" box="[1220,1346,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">Characella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but is characteristic for the related genus
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A122CA771FB14689DA987B78D" authorityName="Sollas" authorityYear="1888" box="[543,680,188,213]" class="Demospongiae" family="Vulcanellidae" genus="Poecillastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="411" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EADB122CA771FB14689DA987B78D" box="[543,680,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">Poecillastra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3076542122CA771F9CC68FEA99BB538" pageId="10" pageNumber="411" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA236C9122CA771F9CC68FEA99BB538" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,608]" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">
<emphasis id="B969EADB122CA771F9CC68FEAA14B7AF" box="[199,315,223,248]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="411" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B969EADB122CA771F9CC68FEAA1BB7A0" bold="true" box="[199,308,223,248]" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">Remarks</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
The new species is assigned to
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A122CA771FBA568FEA803B7A0" authorityName="Sollas" authorityYear="1886" box="[686,812,223,248]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="411" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EADB122CA771FBA568FEA803B7A0" box="[686,812,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">Characella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because of the occurrence of two microxea categories and the predominance of amphiaster microscleres (cf.
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B38122CA771FA1F6925AF03B645" author="Cardenas, P. &amp; Rapp, H. T." box="[788,1068,260,285]" pageId="10" pageNumber="411" pagination="1 - 52" refId="ref22442" refString="Cardenas, P. &amp; Rapp, H. T. (2012) A review of Norwegian streptaster-bearing Astrophorida (Porifera: Demospongiae: Tetractinellida), new records and a new species. Zootaxa, 3253, 1 - 52." type="journal article" year="2012">Cárdenas &amp; Rapp 2012</bibRefCitation>
). The habit resembles that of a
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A122CA771F99C6906AA0FB618" authorityName="Sollas" authorityYear="1888" box="[151,288,295,320]" class="Demospongiae" family="Vulcanellidae" genus="Poecillastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="411" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EADB122CA771F99C6906AA0FB618" box="[151,288,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">Poecillastra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but that genus has a single microxea category and diverse streptasters including spirasters.
<collectingCountry id="F30A7659122CA771FC396906AEB3B618" box="[1330,1436,295,320]" name="Barbados" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">Barbados</collectingCountry>
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A122CA771F99C696DA83BB63D" authority="sensu Van Soest &amp; Stentoft, 1988: 36" authorityName="Van Soest &amp; Stentoft" authorityPageNumber="36" authorityYear="1988" box="[151,788,332,357]" class="Demospongiae" family="Vulcanellidae" genus="Poecillastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="411" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sollasi">
<emphasis id="B969EADB122CA771F99C696DAA40B63D" box="[151,367,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">Poecillastra sollasi</emphasis>
sensu
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B38122CA771F8B0696DA83BB63D" author="Van Soest R. W. M. &amp; Stentoft, N." box="[443,788,332,357]" pageId="10" pageNumber="411" pagination="1 - 175" refId="ref26529" refString="Van Soest R. W. M. &amp; Stentoft, N. (1988) Barbados deep-water Sponges. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 70 (215), 1 - 175." type="journal article" year="1988">Van Soest &amp; Stentoft, 1988: 36</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(not sensu
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B38122CA771FA98696DAF05B63D" author="Topsent, E." box="[915,1066,332,357]" pageId="10" pageNumber="411" pagination="65 - 71" refId="ref25583" refString="Topsent, E. (1890) Notice preliminaire sur les spongiaires recueillis durant les campagnes de l'Hirondelle. Bulletin de la Societe zoologique de France, 15, 26 - 32, 65 - 71." type="journal article" year="1890">Topsent 1890</bibRefCitation>
) also has this habit, but differs in having metasters and spirasters, next to amphiasters. This
<collectingCountry id="F30A7659122CA771FA24694EA8B6B6D0" box="[815,921,367,392]" name="Barbados" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">Barbados</collectingCountry>
material was discussed by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B38122CA771FDD9694EABCBB6F5" author="Cardenas, P. &amp; Rapp, H. T." pageId="10" pageNumber="411" pagination="1 - 52" refId="ref22442" refString="Cardenas, P. &amp; Rapp, H. T. (2012) A review of Norwegian streptaster-bearing Astrophorida (Porifera: Demospongiae: Tetractinellida), new records and a new species. Zootaxa, 3253, 1 - 52." type="journal article" year="2012">Cárdenas &amp; Rapp (2012)</bibRefCitation>
, who pointed out that the species appears intermediate between
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A122CA771FAB169B5AF6CB6F5" authorityName="Sollas" authorityYear="1888" box="[954,1091,404,429]" class="Demospongiae" family="Vulcanellidae" genus="Poecillastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="411" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EADB122CA771FAB169B5AF6CB6F5" box="[954,1091,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">Poecillastra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A122CA771FD7069B5AFD6B6F5" authorityName="Sollas" authorityYear="1886" box="[1147,1273,404,429]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="411" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EADB122CA771FD7069B5AFD6B6F5" box="[1147,1273,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">Characella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having two sizes of microxeas next to diverse streptasters. Apparently, habit is not a good marker for the two genera, which have been demonstrated to be distinct genetically (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B38122CA771FBF869FDA8C1B6AD" author="Cardenas, P. &amp; Xavier, J. R. &amp; Reveillaud, J. &amp; Schander, C. &amp; Rapp, H. T." box="[755,1006,476,501]" pageId="10" pageNumber="411" pagination="18318" refId="ref22365" refString="Cardenas, P., Xavier, J. R., Reveillaud, J., Schander, C. &amp; Rapp, H. T. (2011) Molecular Phylogeny of the Astrophorida (Porifera, Demospongiae) reveals an unexpected high level of spicule homoplasy. PLoS ONE, 6 (4), e 18318. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0018318" type="journal article" year="2011">
Cárdenas
<emphasis id="B969EADB122CA771FA6269FCA889B6AD" box="[873,934,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A122CA771FD0D69FDAE57B6AD" authority="Sollas, 1886" authorityName="Sollas" authorityYear="1886" box="[1030,1400,476,501]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="411" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aspera">
<emphasis id="B969EADB122CA771FD0D69FDAFF3B6AC" box="[1030,1244,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">Characella aspera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B38122CA771FDE269FDAE57B6AD" author="Sollas, W. J." box="[1257,1400,476,501]" pageId="10" pageNumber="411" pagination="177 - 199" refId="ref25465" refString="Sollas, W. J. (1886) Preliminary account of the tetractinellid sponges dredged by H. M. S. ' Challenger' 1872 - 76. Part I. The Choristida. Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society, New Series, 5, 177 - 199." type="journal article" year="1886">Sollas, 1886</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
as reported by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B38122CA771F82A6A21A9A0B540" author="Van Soest R. W. M. &amp; Stentoft, N." box="[289,655,511,536]" pageId="10" pageNumber="411" pagination="1 - 175" refId="ref26529" refString="Van Soest R. W. M. &amp; Stentoft, N. (1988) Barbados deep-water Sponges. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 70 (215), 1 - 175." type="journal article" year="1988">Van Soest &amp; Stentoft (1988: 38)</bibRefCitation>
from
<collectingCountry id="F30A7659122CA771FBDC69DEA86EB540" box="[727,833,511,536]" name="Barbados" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">Barbados</collectingCountry>
appears close in spiculation to
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A122CA771FDA26A21AE52B540" authority="Van Soest &amp; Meesters &amp; Becking, 2014" authorityName="Van Soest &amp; Meesters &amp; Becking" authorityYear="2014" box="[1193,1405,511,536]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="411" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="poecillastroides" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B969EADB122CA771FDA26A21AE52B540" box="[1193,1405,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">C. poecillastroides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B969EADB122CA771FC8E69DEAB97B565" bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25A57A0122CA771FC8E69DEAB97B565" pageId="10" pageNumber="411" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, but is radically different in habit (see
<tableCitation id="C69F0372122CA771FB7F6A05A9E7B565" box="[628,712,548,573]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="35.[147,232,511,533]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="TABLE 2. Additional species collected during Dives 1–4 of the ‘Curasub’ submarine at Klein Curaçao and Bonaire, not described in the text. Information is given in four columns: (1) ‘Species, specimens, figures’ presenting taxonomic names, author, collection numbers, and figure numbers, (2) ‘Shape, color and size’, (3) ‘skeletal data’, including spicule size range, (4) ‘depth’ of collection." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6266411205A758F99869DEAAE1B50F" pageId="10" pageNumber="411" tableUuid="DF6266411205A758F99869DEAAE1B50F">Table 2</tableCitation>
and
<figureCitation id="13262A4C122CA771FA0A6A05A847B565" box="[769,872,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1638,1660]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1616]" captionTargetId="figure-145@32.[151,1436,193,1616]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 21. Images of specimens belonging to already known species, briefly characterized in Table 2. All scale bars 1 cm, a. Characella aspera (Sollas, 1886) photographed after collection, from the front, a1. ditto photographed from the side, b. Theonella atlantica Van Soest &amp; Stentoft, 1988, two specimens after collection, c. Discodermia dissoluta Schmidt, 1880, after collection, d. Corallistes typus Schmidt, 1870, after collection, e. Aciculites cribrophora (Schmidt, 1880), in situ, e1. ditto, after collection, f. Gastrophanella implexa Schmidt, 1870, in situ, f1. ditto, after collection, g. Daedalopelta nodosa (Schmidt, 1879), after collection, h. Neopelta perfecta Schmidt, 1880, after collection, i. Leiodermatium lynceus Schmidt, 1870, in situ, j. Hamacantha sp. after collection, k. Phakellia folium Schmidt, 1870, after collection." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948991" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948991/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">Figs 21a</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13262A4C122CA771FA6C6A05A85EB565" box="[871,881,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1808,1830]" captionTargetBox="[169,1414,1098,1767]" captionTargetId="figure-397@2.[151,1436,1094,1770]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map showing the positions of Bonaire and Klein Curaçao (Southern Caribbean), where the present collections were obtained. Insets show details of locations and course of dives 2–4 of the Curasub." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948910" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948910/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">1</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13262A4C122CA771FA746A05A885B565" box="[895,938,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1638,1660]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1616]" captionTargetId="figure-145@32.[151,1436,193,1616]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 21. Images of specimens belonging to already known species, briefly characterized in Table 2. All scale bars 1 cm, a. Characella aspera (Sollas, 1886) photographed after collection, from the front, a1. ditto photographed from the side, b. Theonella atlantica Van Soest &amp; Stentoft, 1988, two specimens after collection, c. Discodermia dissoluta Schmidt, 1880, after collection, d. Corallistes typus Schmidt, 1870, after collection, e. Aciculites cribrophora (Schmidt, 1880), in situ, e1. ditto, after collection, f. Gastrophanella implexa Schmidt, 1870, in situ, f1. ditto, after collection, g. Daedalopelta nodosa (Schmidt, 1879), after collection, h. Neopelta perfecta Schmidt, 1880, after collection, i. Leiodermatium lynceus Schmidt, 1870, in situ, j. Hamacantha sp. after collection, k. Phakellia folium Schmidt, 1870, after collection." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948991" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948991/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">21a</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13262A4C122CA771FAA16A05A896B565" box="[938,953,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1774,1796]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,831,1738]" captionTargetId="figure-353@5.[151,1436,831,1738]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Plakinastrella stinapa n. sp., holotype RMNH Por. 9252, a. habit of holotype in situ on limestone rockwall W of Bonaire, b. preserved fragments, c. light microscope image of surface skeleton, d. light microscope overview of the spicule complement." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948912" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948912/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">2</figureCitation>
). Several specimens were collected during the present submarine dives (BDR027 and 036).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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