254 lines
28 KiB
XML
254 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document id="8F075788DA534BCBA5841100AB15E4D5" ID-CLB-Dataset="3349" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5719778" ID-GBIF-Dataset="fb7a3a15-9c77-4974-921b-49b90848f29b" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5719778" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1633680277969" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03B0E520E8135866FF1AA3CDEC6BF56D" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Equidae_0106.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Equus kiang Moorcroft 1841" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="140" masterDocId="FF899D58E8105865FFDBAA21EB53FFD7" masterDocTitle="Equidae" masterLastPageNumber="143" masterPageNumber="106" pageNumber="140" updateTime="1699459032593" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="19960EE8C93854B6A91E273DBA1DED41" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="06B03604D51B8471391ACAE28212A034">
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<mods:title id="4DCCE95639DBA1255020048364AFBE3A">Equidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="7F38119D410AAC337E82B3E4C8ECE874" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="B867C1C0FEB702D2E16CD5F3FC74832D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="DA92B02776F551EE7BAB899DB8C5072A">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="92CE01AF971BBDFF5F996DCB50DCCE5A" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="DEB721FAA3EBD03C2C7C852DD00372A4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="464AA9CB6A2825358991D16191409EB2">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="5AE968168E8516AB6786C1360CDE5EBC">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:originInfo id="15FBC5CF2C25D4CB3B54B1C9C4677BDF">
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<mods:dateIssued id="285D95A96BB3BA31F314C7657C4899DB">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="2360857F1061E33066C10F0DD510D08E" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="A1729B54A7F374870D04588BF3CB9801">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="D504C82FAEE0362B70E291FD35B5067E">
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<mods:placeTerm id="9E74265ACE21E46E432D8302FDF2F86C">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo id="EA9FF275A561A16808DB550ED51688BC">
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<mods:title id="6D23234201707F08676AF051A55EAEEF">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="679A6538C6F9FD8052A2E9EE8ADAAF00">
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<mods:extent id="5538084209D864F2A96FDD87A2F486B8" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="00AA1F3EC1A0147D21A091488308AB3B">106</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="C029AA164C203C2CBCBA30F481FE38D4">143</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="51FF249076FCFA54623941AFCD152E50">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="1A133D2E19AD8068A5EBAD7754576C68" type="CLB-Dataset">3349</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="4F22C8B56173B65233386A91F766F90E" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.5719778</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="9D7038BD9E7D627D701BA03DE063CE4E" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-77-4</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="75F34CE98877F24D4E0F26C56C28E846" type="Zenodo-Dep">5719778</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03B0E520E8135866FF1AA3CDEC6BF56D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5719792" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190543845" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5719792" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B0E520E8135866FF1AA3CDEC6BF56D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B0E520E8135866FF1AA3CDEC6BF56D" lastPageNumber="140" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">
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<subSubSection id="C30307BDE8135866FF1AA3CDEBB2F5C9" box="[193,225,2540,2590]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BA65436E8135866FF1AA3CDEBB2F5C9" blockId="3.[190,1271,2540,2673]" box="[193,225,2540,2590]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">
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<heading id="D0EEE35AE8135866FF1AA3CDEBB2F5C9" box="[193,225,2540,2590]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">
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<figureCitation id="132248B3E8135866FF1AA3CDEB89F5C9" box="[193,218,2540,2590]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="2.[106,138,3432,3453]" captionTargetBox="[13,2755,14,3632]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="On following pages 3 Tibetan Wıld Ass (Equus kiang), 4 African Wild Ass (Equus africanus), 5 Plains Zebra (Equusquagga),6ZebraGrevy's Zebra (Equus grevyi) 7Mountain Zebra (Equus zebra) pages (Equus), 5 (Equus quagga), Gravy’: Equus grevyı, (Equus zebra)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6560301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6560301/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">3</figureCitation>
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.
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C30307BDE8135866FF2BA3CDE91CF5C9" box="[240,591,2540,2590]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BA65436E8135866FF2BA3CDE91CF5C9" blockId="3.[190,1271,2540,2673]" box="[240,591,2540,2590]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">
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||
<heading id="D0EEE35AE8135866FF2BA3CDE91CF5C9" box="[240,591,2540,2590]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">
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<vernacularName id="051A2418E8135866FF2BA3CDE91CF5C9" box="[240,591,2540,2590]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Tibetan Wild Ass</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30307BDE8135866FD5AA3CDE820F5C9" box="[641,883,2540,2590]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA65436E8135866FD5AA3CDE820F5C9" blockId="3.[190,1271,2540,2673]" box="[641,883,2540,2590]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">
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<heading id="D0EEE35AE8135866FD5AA3CDE820F5C9" box="[641,883,2540,2590]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">
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<taxonomicName id="4C192FB5E8135866FD5AA3CDE820F5C9" ID-CoL="7TKMZ" authorityName="Moorcroft" authorityYear="1841" box="[641,883,2540,2590]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kiang">
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<emphasis id="B96D8824E8135866FD5AA3CDE820F5C9" box="[641,883,2540,2590]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Equus kiang</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30307BDE8135866FF1BA011EFA5F5BB" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BA65436E8135866FF1BA011E9F4F592" blockId="3.[190,1271,2540,2673]" box="[192,679,2608,2629]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">
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<heading id="D0EEE35AE8135866FF1BA011E9F4F592" box="[192,679,2608,2629]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">
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<emphasis id="B96D8824E8135866FF1BA011EA5EF592" bold="true" box="[192,269,2608,2629]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">French:</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C192FB5E8135866FECDA011EA19F592" box="[278,330,2608,2629]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kiang">
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<vernacularName id="051A2418E8135866FECDA011EA19F592" box="[278,330,2608,2629]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Kiang</vernacularName>
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</taxonomicName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B96D8824E8135866FEBBA011EAE8F592" bold="true" box="[352,443,2608,2629]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">German:</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C192FB5E8135866FE1FA011EAABF592" box="[452,504,2608,2629]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kiang">
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<vernacularName id="051A2418E8135866FE1FA011EAABF592" box="[452,504,2608,2629]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Kiang</vernacularName>
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</taxonomicName>
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/
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<taxonomicName id="4C192FB5E8135866FDD5A011E9F4F592" authority="Kiang" box="[526,679,2608,2629]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Spanish" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96D8824E8135866FDD5A011E93AF592" bold="true" box="[526,617,2608,2629]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="051A2418E8135866FDA8A011E9F4F592" box="[627,679,2608,2629]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Kiang</vernacularName>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA65436E8135866FF64A076EFA5F5BB" blockId="3.[190,1271,2540,2673]" box="[191,1270,2647,2668]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">
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<heading id="D0EEE35AE8135866FF64A076EFA5F5BB" box="[191,1270,2647,2668]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">
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<emphasis id="B96D8824E8135866FF64A076EAE6F5BB" bold="true" box="[191,437,2647,2668]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="051A2418E8135866FE1BA076E9ABF5BB" box="[448,760,2647,2668]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">
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<taxonomicName id="4C192FB5E8135866FE1BA076EAA5F5BB" box="[448,502,2647,2668]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kiang">Kiang</taxonomicName>
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; Eastern
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<taxonomicName id="4C192FB5E8135866FD8CA076E9D8F5BB" box="[599,651,2647,2668]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kiang">Kiang</taxonomicName>
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(holdereri)
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</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="051A2418E8135866FCDDA076EF5DF5BB" box="[774,1038,2647,2668]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">
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Southern
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<taxonomicName id="4C192FB5E8135866FCB2A076E8CEF5BB" box="[873,925,2647,2668]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kiang">Kiang</taxonomicName>
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(polyodon)
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</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="051A2418E8135866FBC0A076EFA5F5BB" box="[1051,1270,2647,2668]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">
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Western
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<taxonomicName id="4C192FB5E8135866FBA1A076EFFDF5BB" box="[1146,1198,2647,2668]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kiang">Kiang</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="4C192FB5E8135866FB66A076EFA3F5BB" authorityName="Moorcroft" authorityYear="1841" box="[1213,1264,2647,2668]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kiang">kiang</taxonomicName>
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)
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30307BDE8135866FCFDA080EE3EF56D" box="[806,1389,2721,2746]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BA65436E8135866FCFDA080EE3EF56D" blockId="3.[806,1392,2721,3139]" box="[806,1389,2721,2746]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">
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<emphasis id="B96D8824E8135866FCFDA080E892F56D" bold="true" box="[806,961,2721,2746]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C192FB5E8135866FC14A080EE3BF56D" ID-CoL="7TKMZ" authority="Moorcroft, 1841" authorityName="Moorcroft" authorityYear="1841" box="[975,1384,2721,2746]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kiang">Equus kiang Moorcroft, 1841</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30307BDE8135866FCFCA0E8E804F4DE" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BA65436E8135866FCFCA0E8E804F4DE" blockId="3.[806,1392,2721,3139]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">
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<materialsCitation id="3B715E6BE8135866FCFCA0E8E804F4DE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3758657301" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">
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Ladakh, state ofJammu and Kashmir,
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<collectingCountry id="F30E14A6E8135866FA91A0E8E800F4DE" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">India</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30307BDE8135866FCFDA12EEF91F4E7" box="[806,1218,2831,2864]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BA65436E8135866FCFDA12EEF91F4E7" blockId="3.[806,1392,2721,3139]" box="[806,1218,2831,2864]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Three subspecies recognized.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30307BDE8135866FCFCA11AE9C7F346" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF6604BEE8135866FCFCA11AE9C7F346" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5719788" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5719788" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5719788/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" targetBox="[190,783,2723,3139]" targetPageId="3">
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<paragraph id="8BA65436E8135866FCFCA11AEFE5F48F" blockId="3.[806,1392,2721,3139]" box="[807,1206,2875,2904]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">
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<emphasis id="B96D8824E8135866FCFCA11AEFE5F48F" bold="true" box="[807,1206,2875,2904]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA65436E8135866FCFDA143EE46F422" blockId="3.[806,1392,2721,3139]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">
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<taxonomicName id="4C192FB5E8135866FCFDA143EE46F422" authority="Moorcroft, 1841" authorityName="Moorcroft" authorityYear="1841" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="kiang" subSpecies="kiang">
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<collectingCountry id="F30E14A6E8135866FCFDA143EE46F422" name="China" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">E. k. kiangMoorcroft, 1841 — WChina (SWXinjiang, C & WXizang), NEPakistan (KhunjerabNationalPark), NIndia (Ladakh), andNNepal (Mustang).</collectingCountry>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA65436E8135866FCFDA1DEE9C7F346" blockId="3.[806,1392,2721,3139]" lastBlockId="3.[190,1392,3144,3452]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">
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<taxonomicName id="4C192FB5E8135866FCFDA1DEEE3DF394" authority="Matschie, 1911" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1911" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="kiang" subSpecies="holderers">
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<collectingCountry id="F30E14A6E8135866FCFDA1DEEE3DF394" name="China" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">E. k. holderersMatschie, 1911 — WCChina (SEXinjiang, Quinghai, Gansu & EXizang).</collectingCountry>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="4C192FB5E8135866FF64A669E918F3BE" authority="Hodgson, 1847" authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1847" box="[191,587,3144,3177]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="kiang" subSpecies="polyodon">E. k. polyodon Hodgson, 1847</taxonomicName>
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— SW
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<collectingCountry id="F30E14A6E8135866FD79A669E9A4F3BE" box="[674,759,3144,3177]" name="China" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">China</collectingCountry>
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(S
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<collectingRegion id="49DD9AD4E8135866FCFEA669E8DBF3BE" box="[805,904,3144,3177]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Xizang</collectingRegion>
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) and N
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<collectingCountry id="F30E14A6E8135866FC27A669EF16F3BE" box="[1020,1093,3144,3177]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">India</collectingCountry>
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(N
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<collectingRegion id="49DD9AD4E8135866FBA6A669EFB0F3BE" box="[1149,1251,3144,3177]" country="India" name="Sikkim" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Sikkim</collectingRegion>
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); also possibly in extreme N & NW
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<collectingCountry id="F30E14A6E8135866FDFCA651E9C3F346" box="[551,656,3184,3217]" name="Bhutan" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Bhutan</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C30307BDE8135866FF64A6BAE329FE54" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA65436E8135866FF64A6BAE329FE54" blockId="3.[190,1392,3144,3452]" lastBlockId="3.[1460,2668,275,2751]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">
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<emphasis id="B96D8824E8135866FF64A6BAEAE6F36F" bold="true" box="[191,437,3227,3256]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 182-214 cm, tail 32-45 cm, shoulder height 132-142 cm; weight 250-400 kg. Tibetan Wild Asses have large heads, thick muzzles, relatively long manes, and tails with long hairs not restricted to the tip. Their hooves are broad and rounded like the hooves of horses. Tibetan Wild Asses have dark chestnut-brown coats covering the upper flanks and thighs and white bellies, lower flanks, legs, and rump patches. The coat is paler in the winter and redder in the summer. The mane and the edges and tips of the ears are black. A dark brown dorsal stripe extends from the mane to the tail and each hoofis circled by a thin black ring. Chestnuts are found only on the forelegs. Males are slightly larger than females.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30307BDE8135866FA6EABA8EDC3FC2F" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BA65436E8135866FA6EABA8EDC3FC2F" blockId="3.[1460,2668,275,2751]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">
|
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<emphasis id="B96D8824E8135866FA6EABA8ED77FE7D" bold="true" box="[1461,1572,393,426]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
The Tibetan Wild Ass is endemic to the Tibetan Plateau of Central Asia at elevations from
|
||
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to
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|
||
. It rangesas far south as the Himalayas and north to the Kunlun-Arjin Shan Mountains. Tibetan Wild Asses inhabit three major vegetation zones: alpine meadow, alpine steppe, and desert steppe. Alpine meadows are generally found at elevations below
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<quantity id="4CE1F9D3E8135866F8F6A807ECC6FD90" box="[1837,1941,550,583]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" unit="m" value="4500.0">4500 m</quantity>
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||
in areas where precipitation exceeds
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||
per year. Vegetation in these meadows starts growing earlier than in the other areas and short sedges, such as Kobresia, and forbs cover about 25-30% of the surface. Alpine steppe is the most abundant habitat on the Tibetan Plateau, occurring at elevations between
|
||
<quantity id="4CE1F9D3E8135866F9E8A8E6EDC5FD33" box="[1587,1686,711,740]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" unit="m" value="4000.0">4000 m</quantity>
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and
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||
. Precipitation is low and vegetation is sparse, covering less than 15% of the ground, with Stipa, Festuca, and Poa being the most common grasses. Desert steppe occurs at elevations greater than
|
||
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. Although the vegetation of the desert steppe is similar to that of the alpine steppe, only 5% of the ground is covered in vegetation. Not surprisingly, the Tibetan Wild Ass occupies mostly alpine meadows and steppe. Almost 80% of Tibetan Wild Ass sightings are in the basins in these habitats. Most of the other sightings are on the hills. Open plains seem to be used as refuges from predators.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30307BDE8135866FA6DAE23E34EFB34" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" type="food_feeding">
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||
<paragraph id="8BA65436E8135866FA6DAE23E34EFB34" blockId="3.[1460,2668,275,2751]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">
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||
<emphasis id="B96D8824E8135866FA6DAE23ED95FBC8" bold="true" box="[1462,1734,1026,1055]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Tibetan Wild Asses are grazers, mostly concentrating on Stipa, which comprises up to 656% ofits diet in summer and up to 95% in winter. Small amounts of forbs and shrubs are also consumed, and in winter, digging for roots is also common. Waterholes are scarce in the summer and often frozen in the winter, when snow is eaten instead. When the vegetation is of high quality, Tibetan Wild Asses acquire most of their water from vegetation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30307BDE8135866FA6DAEC8E10DF9CA" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA65436E8135866FA6DAEC8E10DF9CA" blockId="3.[1460,2668,275,2751]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">
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||
<emphasis id="B96D8824E8135866FA6DAEC8ED6FFADD" bold="true" box="[1462,1596,1257,1290]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The mating season is late and short compared to other seasonally breeding equids, running from late July to the end of August. Gestation length appears to vary from eleven to twelve months. Females typically give birth to one foal every other year. Little is known about the age of sexual maturity in the wild, but it is likely that it is similar to the desert-living “Kulan” (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C192FB5E8135866F7DFAFA6E3F5FA7F" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1775" box="[2052,2214,1415,1448]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hemionus">E. hemionus</taxonomicName>
|
||
kulan), which begins breeding between three and four years of age. The age of maturity in males is even less certain. In captivity one male showed no signs of sexual activity by 3-5 years of age. In the wild, males occasionally injure newborn foals while attempting to mate with their mothers.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30307BDE8135866FA6FAC02E2C5F936" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA65436E8135866FA6FAC02E2C5F936" blockId="3.[1460,2668,275,2751]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96D8824E8135866FA6FAC02EDCDF993" bold="true" box="[1460,1694,1571,1604]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Tibetan Wild Asses move seasonally among habitats. They disperse in small groups into the hills during the summer in search of high-quality food. As harsh winter conditions set in, they return to basins and flatlands at lower elevations, often forming large concentrations. In the summer, they move daily from lower areas where they spend the night to higher elevations as daytime temperatures rise.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30307BDE8135866FA6DACCDE118F6DE" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA65436E8135866FA6DACCDE118F6DE" blockId="3.[1460,2668,275,2751]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96D8824E8135866FA6DACCDE3D9F8DE" bold="true" box="[1462,2186,1772,1801]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Tibetan Wild Asses are typically found alone or in small groups. Aggregations of several hundred individuals occur, but these seem to be seasonally driven. During the summer, individuals disperse and scatter, but during winter groups coalesce. Tibetan Wild Ass groups are not cohesive. The only strong bond is between mothers and their foals. Adults come together for short periods and then disperse. Tibetan Wild Asses show the same fission-fusion social system as Asiatic Wild Asses (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C192FB5E8135866F899ADF9ECB7F822" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1775" box="[1858,2020,2008,2037]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hemionus">E. hemionus</taxonomicName>
|
||
), African Wild Asses (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C192FB5E8135866F6D5ADF9E2E3F822" authorityName="Heuglin & Fitzinger" authorityYear="1866" box="[2318,2480,2008,2037]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africanus">E. africanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and Grevy’s Zebras (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C192FB5E8135866F9F4ADDEEDFAF7CB" authorityName="Oustalet" authorityYear="1882" box="[1583,1705,2047,2076]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grevyi">E. grevyi</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In this system lone males establish territories containing critical resources that females need. In the Ladakh region, territories are 0-5-5 km? in size. Young males unable to defend territories join all-male bachelor groups. Old males wander alone. Territorial males aggressively defend their territories. Ritualized displays involving a head-up, ears laid back, horizontaltail display are often accompanied by a wheezing bray. Long chases and contests involving rearing, kicking, and biting on the mane, neck, and tail occur when ritualized signals fail to determine dominance.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30307BDE8135866FA6CA331EDF9F593" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA65436E8135866FA6CA331EDF9F593" blockId="3.[1460,2668,275,2751]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96D8824E8135866FA6CA331EC43F6E6" bold="true" box="[1463,1808,2320,2353]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Current global population of the Tibetan Wild Ass is estimated at
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2D32F1E8135866F627A317E10DF680" box="[2556,2654,2358,2391]" degrees="60,000" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" precision="55" value="60.0">60,000</geoCoordinate>
|
||
-70,000 individuals, 90% of them in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30E14A6E8135866F870A37FE352F6A8" box="[1963,2049,2398,2431]" name="China" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
. This Chinese population of approximately
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2D32F1E8135866FA6CA3A4ED45F671" box="[1463,1558,2437,2470]" degrees="56,000" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" precision="55" value="56.0">56,000</geoCoordinate>
|
||
-68,500 individuals is divided between
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DD9AD4E8135866F79BA3A4E3E2F671" box="[2112,2225,2437,2470]" country="China" name="Qinghai" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Qinghai</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DD9AD4E8135866F724A3A4E205F671" box="[2303,2390,2437,2470]" country="China" name="Gansu" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Gansu</collectingRegion>
|
||
(15,000),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DD9AD4E8135866F635A3A4E134F671" box="[2542,2663,2437,2470]" country="China" name="Xinjiang Uygur" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Xinjiang</collectingRegion>
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||
(4500-5500), and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DD9AD4E8135866F96CA394EC4AF619" box="[1719,1817,2485,2510]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Xizang</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2D32F1E8135866F8F5A394ECC2F619" box="[1838,1937,2485,2510]" degrees="37,000" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" precision="55" value="37.0">37,000</geoCoordinate>
|
||
-48,000). The population outside
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30E14A6E8135866F6B3A394E2EFF619" box="[2408,2492,2485,2510]" name="China" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
is estimated at 1600-2145. Within this wide range, Tibetan Wild Ass distribution is fragmented, and currently most populations are found in protected areas or areas which are under armyjurisdiction.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30307BDE8135866FA6CA073EC6BF56D" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA65436E8135866FA6CA073EC6BF56D" blockId="3.[1460,2668,275,2751]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96D8824E8135866FA6CA073ED02F5BC" bold="true" box="[1463,1617,2642,2667]" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Feng Zuojian (1991a, 1991b), Fox et al. (1991), Goldstein & Beall (1989), Groves & Mazak (1967), Harris & Miller (1995), Schaller (1998), Schaller & Gu (1994), Shah (2002), Shah et al. (2008), St. Louis &
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DD9AD4E8135866FA0BA080ED51F56D" box="[1488,1538,2721,2746]" country="Tanzania" name="Pwani" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Coté</collectingRegion>
|
||
(2009), Zhang Chieh (1984).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |