321 lines
32 KiB
XML
321 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331155" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-49-1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6331155" approvalRequired="75" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="4" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="26" approvalRequired_for_treatments="42" checkinTime="1646522525642" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2009" docId="03ACCF40BF38FFD97EDEFB7AFEDADF34" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_1_Canidae_0352.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Cerdocyon thous" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="427" masterDocId="FF95B738BF37FFC97E1BFF90FFDBDD06" masterDocTitle="Canidae" masterLastPageNumber="446" masterPageNumber="352" pageNumber="426" updateTime="1653508776756" updateUser="tatiana">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Canidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2009</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2009-01-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>352</mods:start>
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<mods:end>446</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331155</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-96553-49-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6331155</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6335035" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6335035" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ACCF40BF38FFD97EDEFB7AFEDADF34" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ACCF40BF38FFD97EDEFB7AFEDADF34" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="427" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">
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<subSubSection box="[197,251,1258,1304]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="15.[192,983,1258,1385]" box="[197,251,1258,1304]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">
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<heading box="[197,251,1258,1304]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">
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<figureCitation box="[197,251,1258,1304]" captionStart="Plate 23: Canidae" captionStartId="12.[155,185,3436,3461]" captionTargetBox="[14,2796,13,3636]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="8. Dhole (Cuon alpinus), 9. African Wild Dog (Lycaon pictus), 10. Maned Wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), 11. Bush Dog (Speothos venaticus), 12. Crab-eating Fox (Cerdocyon thous), 13. Short-eared Dog (Atelocynus macrotis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331235" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6331235/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">12.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection box="[269,600,1258,1304]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="15.[192,983,1258,1385]" box="[269,600,1258,1304]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">
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<heading box="[269,600,1258,1304]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">
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<vernacularName box="[269,600,1258,1304]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Crab-eating Fox</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[618,916,1258,1304]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="15.[192,983,1258,1385]" box="[618,916,1258,1304]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">
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<heading box="[618,916,1258,1304]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[618,916,1258,1304]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Cerdocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="426" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thous">
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<emphasis box="[618,916,1258,1304]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Cerdocyon thous</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="426" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph blockId="15.[192,983,1258,1385]" box="[194,982,1322,1343]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">
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<heading box="[194,982,1322,1343]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">
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<emphasis box="[194,271,1322,1343]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[280,424,1322,1343]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Renard crabier</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis box="[445,536,1322,1343]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[545,697,1322,1343]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Savannenfuchs</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis box="[718,809,1322,1343]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[818,982,1322,1343]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Zorro cangrejero</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="15.[192,983,1258,1385]" box="[193,587,1362,1383]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">
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<heading box="[193,587,1362,1383]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">
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<emphasis box="[193,440,1362,1383]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[449,587,1362,1383]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Savannah Fox</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="426" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="15.[809,1396,1427,1853]" box="[809,1392,1427,1460]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">
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<emphasis box="[809,964,1427,1460]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Linnaeus, 1766" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[988,1388,1427,1460]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="426" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thous">Canis thous Linnaeus, 1766</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="15.[809,1396,1427,1853]" box="[811,952,1471,1500]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">
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<materialsCitation box="[811,952,1471,1500]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">
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<collectingCountry box="[811,948,1471,1500]" name="Suriname" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Suriname</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="15.[809,1396,1427,1853]" box="[810,1244,1506,1539]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Five subspecies are recognized.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="426" type="synonymic_list">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331185" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6331185" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6331185/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="426" targetBox="[196,782,1440,1851]" targetPageId="15">
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<paragraph blockId="15.[809,1396,1427,1853]" box="[810,1209,1545,1578]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">
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<emphasis box="[810,1209,1545,1578]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="15.[809,1396,1427,1853]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">
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<taxonomicName authority="Linnaeus, 1766" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[813,1173,1589,1618]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Cerdocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="426" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="thous" subSpecies="thous">C. t. thous Linnaeus, 1766</taxonomicName>
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— N
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<collectingCountry box="[1250,1331,1589,1618]" name="Brazil" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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, the Guianas, and SE
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<collectingCountry box="[1047,1194,1628,1657]" name="Venezuela" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="15.[809,1396,1427,1853]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">
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<taxonomicName authority="Bangs, 1898" authorityName="Bangs" authorityYear="1898" box="[813,1146,1663,1696]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Cerdocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="426" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="thous" subSpecies="aquilus">C. t. aquilus Bangs, 1898</taxonomicName>
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— N
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<collectingCountry box="[1216,1354,1663,1696]" name="Colombia" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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, N
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<collectingCountry box="[809,956,1707,1736]" name="Venezuela" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="15.[809,1396,1427,1853]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">
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<taxonomicName authority="Wied-Neuwied, 1824" authorityName="Wied-Neuwied" authorityYear="1824" box="[814,1270,1746,1775]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Cerdocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="426" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="thous" subSpecies="azarae">C. t. azarae Wied-Neuwied, 1824</taxonomicName>
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— NE & C
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<collectingCountry box="[842,923,1781,1814]" name="Brazil" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="15.[809,1396,1427,1853]" lastBlockId="15.[195,1401,1865,3465]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">
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<taxonomicName authority="Burmeister, 1861" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1861" box="[814,1264,1828,1853]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Cerdocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="426" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="thous" subSpecies="entrerianus">C. t. entrerianus Burmeister, 1861</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingCountry name="Argentina" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Argentina</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[268,365,1865,1894]" name="Bolivia" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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, S
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<collectingCountry box="[408,491,1865,1894]" name="Brazil" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[508,636,1865,1894]" name="Paraguay" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry box="[717,840,1865,1894]" name="Uruguay" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="15.[195,1401,1865,3465]" box="[198,1047,1900,1933]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">
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<taxonomicName authority="G. M. Allen, 1923" authorityName="G. M. Allen" authorityYear="1923" box="[198,632,1900,1933]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Cerdocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="426" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="thous" subSpecies="germanus">C. t. germanus G. M. Allen, 1923</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingCountry box="[667,804,1900,1933]" name="Colombia" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion box="[826,1033,1900,1933]" country="Colombia" name="Bogota" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Bogota region</collectingRegion>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="426" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="15.[195,1401,1865,3465]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">
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<emphasis box="[195,443,1939,1972]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
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<quantity box="[617,777,1939,1972]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.16" metricValueMax="7.75" metricValueMin="0.57" pageId="15" pageNumber="426" unit="cm" value="416.0" valueMax="775.0" valueMin="57.0">57-775 cm</quantity>
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and tail
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<quantity box="[902,1036,1939,1972]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.15" metricValueMax="4.1" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="15" pageNumber="426" unit="cm" value="31.5" valueMax="41.0" valueMin="22.0">22-41 cm</quantity>
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; weight
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<quantity box="[1154,1301,1939,1972]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="426" unit="kg" value="5.0">4-5-8-5 kg</quantity>
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. Mediums-sized, tail moderately bushy, often with black tip and dark at base. No sexual dimorphism. Rostrum long and pointed, head relatively short and narrow. Pelage generally dark gray to black along dorsum down to midline; midline to ventrum including legs gray or black, sometimes with yellow to orange flecks; neck and underparts cream to buff white. Pelage notably bristly and coarse. Substantial inter- and intra-population pelage color variation including dark to almost black (e.g. northern
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<collectingCountry box="[1162,1308,2175,2208]" name="Venezuela" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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, Amazonia, central
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<collectingCountry box="[394,480,2214,2247]" name="Brazil" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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), silver gray (e.g. Venezuelan Llanos), and pale gray-yellow rufous (e.g.
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<collectingRegion box="[267,350,2253,2286]" country="Brazil" name="Ceara" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Ceara</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[365,451,2253,2286]" name="Brazil" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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). Continuous black dorsal line from neck to tail tip variably present. The dental formulais13/3,C1/1,PM 4/4, M 1/2 = 44.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="426" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="15.[195,1401,1865,3465]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">
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<emphasis box="[195,306,2340,2365]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Occupies most habitats including marshland, savannah, cerrado, caatinga, chaco-cerrado-caatinga transitions, scrubland, woodlands, dry and semi-deciduous forests, gallery forest, Atlantic forest, Araucaria forest, isolated savannah within lowland Amazon forest, and montane forest. Records up to
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<quantity box="[1023,1131,2454,2483]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="426" unit="m" value="3000.0">3000 m</quantity>
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. Readily adapts to deforestation, agricultural and horticultural development(e.g. sugarcane, eucalyptus, melon, pineapples), and habitats in regeneration. In the arid Chaco regions of
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<collectingCountry name="Bolivia" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[270,396,2568,2601]" name="Paraguay" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry box="[473,617,2568,2601]" name="Argentina" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Argentina</collectingCountry>
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, confined to woodland edge. Vegetative habitats generally utilized in proportion to abundance, varying with individual fox’s social status and climatic season. Radio-tagged foxes in seasonally flooded savannas of Marajo,
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<collectingCountry box="[197,278,2686,2719]" name="Brazil" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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, preferred wooded savannah and regenerating scrub. In the central Llanos of
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<collectingCountry box="[195,342,2729,2758]" name="Venezuela" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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, fox home ranges were generally located in open palm savannah (68% of sightings) and closed habitats (shrub, woodlands, deciduous forest, 32% of sightings). The foxes shifted to higher ground in response to seasonal flooding. In
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<collectingRegion box="[1209,1391,2808,2837]" country="Brazil" name="Minas Gerais" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Minas Gerais</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[198,279,2843,2876]" name="Brazil" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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, two radio-tagged foxes were observed most often at the interface of livestock pasture and gallery forest “vereidas” and less frequently in eucalyptus/agricultural plantations (8%).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="426" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="15.[195,1401,1865,3465]" lastBlockId="15.[1461,2675,284,3473]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">
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<emphasis box="[197,461,2969,2994]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Omnivorous: diet includes fruit, vertebrates, insects, amphibians, crustaceans, birds, and carrion. An opportunistic predator; diet at any one location varies according to availability, season, and probably social status. In areas of human disturbance, a large proportion of the diet may comprise foods such as cultivated fruits, domestic fowl, and refuse. In the Venezuelan Llanos, the percent volume of food items from the contents of 104 fox stomachs from four different locations included: small mammals (26%), fruit (24%), amphibians (13%), insects (11%); the dry season diet was predominantly small mammals, reptiles, and amphibians, with insect and fruit becoming more frequent in the wet season. In one Venezuelan location, land crabs (Dilocarcinus spp.) were the most frequently occurring dietary item in the rainy season, and in the Ibera Wetlands (
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<collectingRegion box="[533,683,3358,3387]" country="Argentina" name="Corrientes" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Corrientes</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[701,849,3358,3387]" name="Argentina" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Argentina</collectingCountry>
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), aquatic birds were identified in 87% of 23 fox scats collected in the vicinity of a bird breeding colony. Vertebrates were the most frequently encountered food item (69%) of 74 prey items identified in 22 scats collected at elevations of above
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<quantity box="[1907,2008,284,317]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="15" pageNumber="426" unit="m" value="2600.0">2600 m</quantity>
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in the eastern Colombian Andes, but were the least favored food item (15%) in feces collected from the lowland wooded savannahs of Marajo (
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<collectingCountry box="[1618,1705,367,396]" name="Brazil" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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), where cultivated and wild fruit (57%) and insects (86%) were more frequently encountered. Crab-eating Foxes hunt individually, but most commonly as pairs; 1-3 adultsized offspring may accompany them. Cooperative hunting apparently is rare. They will tolerate close proximity when foraging on concentrated, easily available food items such as turtle eggs, fruit, insects (e.g. termites), and sizeable carrion (e.g. goat carcass). The young start to hunt with the parents at about six weeks of age. Hunting strategies include spring-pouncing to capture vertebrates, ground-level lateral head movements to snatch insects, and directional maneuvers in pursuit of land crabs. The foxes in Marajo deliver a series of shoulder blows, with face up-turned, to some food items (e.g. toads, eggs) prior to comsuming them. In the same region, foxes search for and consume small stones from specific open gravel sites, presumably as a source of minerals. Foxes cache food items but do not regularly urine-mark them. They probably act as seed dispersers of a range of wild and cultivated plant species, as indicated by the presence of germinating seeds in their scats. Examples include Acacia aroma and Celtis tala (montane
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<collectingRegion box="[2020,2110,914,947]" country="Argentina" name="Chaco" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Chaco</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[2130,2277,914,947]" name="Argentina" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Argentina</collectingCountry>
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), Butia capitata (
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<collectingCountry box="[2521,2649,914,947]" name="Uruguay" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
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), Hovenia dulcis (Iguacu National Park,
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<collectingCountry box="[1992,2078,958,987]" name="Brazil" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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), Ficus spp. (south-eastern
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||
<collectingCountry box="[2451,2537,958,987]" name="Brazil" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2562,2668,958,987]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Psidium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="15" pageNumber="426" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Psidium</taxonomicName>
|
||
guineense, Humiria balsamifera, and Anacardium occidentale (Amazonian
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2443,2529,997,1026]" name="Brazil" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1463,2222,1036,1065]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[1461,2675,284,3473]" box="[1463,2222,1036,1065]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1463,1698,1036,1065]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Primarily nocturnal and crepuscular.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="426" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[1461,2675,284,3473]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1465,2165,1071,1104]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Social groups comprise a breeding pair and 1-5 offspring (older than one year). Family members usually travel around their home ranges in pairs or,if offspring are present, in loosely knit family groups. Separated foxes maintain contact by long distance, high-pitched, bird-like trill vocalizations. In Marajo,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1734,1815,1237,1262]" name="Brazil" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, territorial breeding pairs were located less than
|
||
<quantity box="[2502,2584,1237,1262]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="426" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
|
||
apart on a mean 54% (n = 7) of occasions during the period of activity, whereas close proximity of breeding adults and their adultsized offspring varied from 7-2% to 93-3% between given pairings. In Marajo,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1961,2039,1346,1379]" name="Brazil" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
adult foxes occupied stable territories of 5-
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="426" unit="km" value="3.0">3 km</quantity>
|
||
? (range 0-5-10-
|
||
<quantity box="[1743,1823,1389,1418]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="426" unit="km" value="4.0">4 km</quantity>
|
||
?), whereas in pasture/eucalyptus habitats in
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2482,2666,1389,1418]" country="Brazil" name="Minas Gerais" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Minas Gerais</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1479,1566,1433,1458]" name="Brazil" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
), an adult male’s range was 2-
|
||
<quantity box="[1998,2074,1433,1458]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="426" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
|
||
? In dry forest sites in
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2398,2555,1433,1458]" country="Bolivia" name="Santa Cruz" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Santa Cruz</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2573,2667,1433,1458]" name="Bolivia" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
an adult female and
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1762,1892,1464,1497]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426" type="adult">two adult</specimenCount>
|
||
males occupied mean home ranges of 2-
|
||
<quantity box="[2480,2549,1464,1497]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="426" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
|
||
* (range 1-1-2-
|
||
<quantity box="[1550,1626,1507,1536]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="426" unit="km" value="8.0">8 km</quantity>
|
||
?). In the central Venezuelan Llanos,
|
||
<specimenCount box="[2149,2305,1507,1536]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426" type="adult">three adult</specimenCount>
|
||
foxes and
|
||
<specimenCount box="[2459,2614,1507,1536]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426" type="adult">three adult</specimenCount>
|
||
fox pairs showed dry season home ranges (mean
|
||
<quantity box="[2094,2179,1543,1576]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="426" unit="km" value="3.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="0.0">0-7 km</quantity>
|
||
?*range 0-5-
|
||
<quantity box="[2362,2430,1543,1576]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="426" unit="km" value="1.0">1 km</quantity>
|
||
?) to be generally larger than wet season home ranges (mean
|
||
<quantity box="[2094,2195,1582,1615]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="426" unit="km" value="3.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="0.0">0-7 km</quantity>
|
||
? range 0-3-
|
||
<quantity box="[2371,2446,1582,1615]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="426" unit="km" value="1.0">1 km</quantity>
|
||
?). Shrinkage of fox range sizes in the wet season is thought to be in response to changes in the availability of dry habitats and/or prey density. Dispersing offspring established territories adjoining their natal range. The average distance between range centers was
|
||
<quantity box="[2570,2666,1700,1733]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="426" unit="km" value="3.0" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="2.0">2-4 km</quantity>
|
||
(range 1-9-
|
||
<quantity box="[1624,1731,1739,1772]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="426" unit="km" value="5.5" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="2.0">2-9 km</quantity>
|
||
). After dispersal, these foxes interacted amicably with kin members both inside and outside their natal ranges. Four male foxes returned to their natal range 3-13 months after their dispersal, in two cases following the death of their mate and in one case after breeding. Group latrines are not usual features of Crab-eating Fox society; however, a latrine comprising over 72 scats visited by at least four adultsized individuals was observed in Maraca Ecological Station,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2347,2429,1944,1969]" name="Brazil" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The use of scat latrines located near resting sites has also been reported.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="426" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[1461,2675,284,3473]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1467,1600,2015,2048]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
In the wild, litters are produced once per breeding year. Litters were observed in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1604,1682,2054,2087]" name="Brazil" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
in the months ofJune to December. In the Venezuelan Llanos,litters were recorded between December and February and lactating females were seen in June. Elsewhere in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1734,1878,2132,2165]" name="Venezuela" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
litters were observed year round (January, May, July, and October), and lactating foxes were recorded in August. On emergence from the natal den at 2-3 months, the mean littersize is 2:6 (range 2-3). It is not known whether the presence of a dominant female inhibits ovulation in subordinate females. In captivity, births have been recorded in January, February, March, June, and October, and foxes may breed twice annually at intervals of 7-8 months. Gestation period is 56 days (range 52-59 days), and neonatal weight is
|
||
<quantity box="[1967,2106,2368,2401]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="15" pageNumber="426" unit="g" value="140.0" valueMax="160.0" valueMin="120.0">120-160 g</quantity>
|
||
. Cub rearing is the responsibility of both breeding adults. Additional helpers have not been observed directly in the wild. However, the strong social affiliations between adults and dispersed returning offspring during subsequent breeding periods are strongly suggestive ofsibling helpers. In captivity, both sexes bring solid food (they do not regurgitate) to the young who consume solids from day 16-20. Pups first leave the den around day 28, but more regularly from day 45, at which time they develop the adult pelage. Lactation lasts for approximately 90 days. Post-weaning dependency lasts for up to five months, until sexual maturity, which occurs at approximately nine months. Offspring disperse when they are 18-24 months old. Crab-eating Foxes do not regularly excavate burrows, but rest aboveground in dense undergrowth (including when rearing pups), and also occasionally adopt abandoned burrows of other animals such as armadillos (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[2363,2542,2801,2834]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasypodidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="15" pageNumber="426" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dasypodidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="426" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[1461,2675,284,3473]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1469,1814,2840,2873]" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. Crab-eating Foxes are considered common in most range countries, and populations are probably stable. The species is currently listed as “potentially vulnerable” in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1509,1705,2966,2991]" name="Argentina" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">the Argentine</collectingCountry>
|
||
Red Data Book, but not listed as threatened in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2403,2498,2966,2991]" name="Bolivia" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2517,2598,2966,2991]" name="Brazil" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1470,1609,2997,3030]" name="Colombia" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. There is little documentation for populations in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2300,2437,2997,3030]" name="Suriname" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Suriname</collectingCountry>
|
||
, French Guiana, and peripheral areas of lowland Amazon forest. No specific protective legislation exists for this species, though hunting wildlife is officially forbidden in most range countries. Crab-eating Foxes are potentially threatened by pathogens from domestic dogs. The Crab-eating Fox is also perceived as a pest of poultry throughout much ofits range (and in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1592,1713,3194,3227]" name="Uruguay" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
as a predator of lambs), and consequently is often shot, trapped, and poisoned indiscriminately. In some countries, pest control is limited by specific quotas (without official bounties), although the system is often ignored, abused, or not enforced. Trapping occurred extensively in dry forest regions in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2424,2517,3311,3344]" name="Bolivia" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
before the early 1980s, when single pelts were worth
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2069,2111,3351,3384]" name="United States of America" pageId="15" pageNumber="426">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
$ 30, but the species currently has little commercial value as a furbearer. Crab-eating Foxes are also often killed by vehicles on roadways in some areas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="427" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[151,1355,301,563]" pageId="16" pageNumber="427">
|
||
<emphasis box="[153,306,301,326]" pageId="16" pageNumber="427">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Biben (1982, 1983), Bisbal (1988), Bisbal & Ojasti (1980), Brady (1978, 1979), Cabrera (1931, 1958), Cordero-Rodriguez & Nassar (1999), Courtenay (1998), Courtenay & Maffei (2004), Courtenay, Macdonald et al. (1994), Courtenay, Quinnell & Chalmers (2001), Courtenay, Quinnell, Garcez & Dye (2002), Courtenay, Santana et al. (1996), Cravino, Calvar, Berruti et al. (1997), Cravino, Calvar, Poetti et al. (2000), Eisenberg et al. (1979), Facure & Monteiro-Filho (1996), Hill et al. (1997), Macdonald & Courtenay (1996), Maffei & Taber (2003), Montgomery & Lubin (1978), Motta-Junior et al. (1994), Parera (1996), Paz et al. (1995), Sunquist et al. (1989).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |