210 lines
16 KiB
XML
210 lines
16 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331155" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-49-1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6331155" approvalRequired="75" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="4" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="26" approvalRequired_for_treatments="42" checkinTime="1646522525642" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2009" docId="03ACCF40BF28FFE97BA5F990FB57DF83" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_1_Canidae_0352.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Vulpes ferilata Frisch 1775" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="443" masterDocId="FF95B738BF37FFC97E1BFF90FFDBDD06" masterDocTitle="Canidae" masterLastPageNumber="446" masterPageNumber="352" pageNumber="442" updateTime="1653508776756" updateUser="tatiana">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Canidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2009</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2009-01-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>352</mods:start>
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<mods:end>446</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331155</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-96553-49-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6331155</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ACCF40BF28FFE97BA5F990FB57DF83" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ACCF40BF28FFE97BA5F990FB57DF83" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="443" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">
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<subSubSection box="[1470,1527,1536,1582]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[1467,2207,1536,1662]" box="[1470,1527,1536,1582]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">
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<heading box="[1470,1527,1536,1582]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">
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<figureCitation box="[1470,1527,1536,1582]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="30.[143,173,3404,3429]" captionTargetBox="[12,2792,14,3638]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="On following pages: 28. Corsac Fox (Vulpes corsac); 29. Tibetan Fox (Vulpes ferrilata); 30. Indian Fox (Vulpes bengalensis); 31. Pale Fox (Vulpes pallida); 32. Riippell's Fox (Vulpes rueppellii; 33. Cape Fox (Vulpes chamal); 34. Blanford’s Fox (Vulpes cana); 35. Fennec Fox (Vulpes zerda)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331241" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6331241/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">29.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1543,1795,1536,1582]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[1467,2207,1536,1662]" box="[1543,1795,1536,1582]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">
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<heading box="[1543,1795,1536,1582]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">
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<vernacularName box="[1543,1795,1536,1582]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">Tibetan Fox</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1814,2093,1536,1582]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[1467,2207,1536,1662]" box="[1814,2093,1536,1582]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">
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<heading box="[1814,2093,1536,1582]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Frisch" authorityYear="1775" box="[1814,2093,1536,1582]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="31" pageNumber="442" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferilata">
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<emphasis box="[1814,2093,1536,1582]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">Vulpes ferilata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="442" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[1467,2207,1536,1662]" box="[1469,2207,1599,1620]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">
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<heading box="[1469,2207,1599,1620]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">
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<emphasis box="[1469,1546,1599,1620]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1556,1712,1599,1620]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">
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Renard du
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<collectingRegion box="[1664,1712,1599,1620]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">Tibet</collectingRegion>
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</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis box="[1732,1823,1599,1620]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1831,1946,1599,1620]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">Tibet-Fuchs</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis box="[1967,2057,1599,1620]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[2067,2207,1599,1620]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">Zorro tibetano</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="31.[1467,2207,1536,1662]" box="[1468,2001,1639,1660]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">
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<heading box="[1468,2001,1639,1660]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">
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<emphasis box="[1468,1715,1639,1660]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1724,1817,1639,1660]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">Sand Fox</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName box="[1829,2001,1639,1660]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">Tibetan Sand Fox</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="442" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[2084,2669,1704,2131]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">
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<emphasis box="[2084,2239,1704,1737]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Hodgson, 1842" authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1842" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="31" pageNumber="442" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferrilatus">Vulpes ferrilatus Hodgson, 1842</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation box="[2169,2420,1752,1777]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">
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near Lhasa,
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<collectingRegion box="[2339,2415,1752,1777]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">Tibet</collectingRegion>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="31.[2084,2669,1704,2131]" box="[2085,2241,1788,1817]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">Monotypic.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="442" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331219" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6331219" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6331219/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="442" targetBox="[1469,2056,1718,2129]" targetPageId="31">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[2084,2669,1704,2131]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">
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<emphasis box="[2084,2260,1822,1855]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Widespread in the Tibetan Plateau from Ladakh in
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<collectingCountry box="[2453,2527,1870,1895]" name="India" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">India</collectingCountry>
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, E across
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<collectingCountry box="[2085,2169,1901,1934]" name="China" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">China</collectingCountry>
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including parts of the
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<collectingRegion box="[2540,2662,1901,1934]" country="China" name="Xinjiang Uygur" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">Xinjiang</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[2085,2174,1949,1974]" country="China" name="Gansu" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">Gansu</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[2198,2313,1949,1974]" country="China" name="Qinghai" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">Qinghai</collectingRegion>
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, and
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<collectingRegion box="[2407,2519,1949,1974]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
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provinces and all of the
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<collectingRegion box="[2288,2388,1980,2013]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">Xizang</collectingRegion>
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. In
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<collectingCountry box="[2447,2531,1980,2013]" name="Nepal" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">Nepal</collectingCountry>
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, N of the Himalaya, especially in the Mustang area.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="442" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[2084,2669,1704,2131]" lastBlockId="31.[1468,2672,2138,3468]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">
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<emphasis box="[2084,2333,2059,2092]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
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<quantity box="[2508,2669,2059,2092]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="6.5" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="31" pageNumber="442" unit="cm" value="35.0" valueMax="65.0" valueMin="5.0">51-5-65 cm</quantity>
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for males and
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<quantity box="[2296,2433,2102,2131]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="6.1" metricValueMin="4.9" pageId="31" pageNumber="442" unit="cm" value="55.0" valueMax="61.0" valueMin="49.0">49-61 cm</quantity>
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for females, tail
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<quantity box="[1470,1603,2138,2171]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="2.9" metricValueMin="2.6" pageId="31" pageNumber="442" unit="cm" value="27.5" valueMax="29.0" valueMin="26.0">26-29 cm</quantity>
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for males and
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<quantity box="[1816,1949,2138,2171]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="31" pageNumber="442" unit="cm" value="24.0" valueMax="26.0" valueMin="22.0">22-26 cm</quantity>
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for females; weight
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<quantity box="[2236,2382,2138,2171]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="442" unit="kg" value="6.0">3-2—4-6 kg</quantity>
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for males and
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<quantity metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="442" unit="kg" value="1.0">3-4-1 kg</quantity>
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for females. Small and compact, with a soft, dense coat, a conspicuously narrow muzzle, and a bushy gray tail with a white tip. Tan to rufous-colored on the muzzle, crown, neck, back, and lower legs. The cheeks, sides, upper legs, and rump are gray. The back of the relatively short ears is tan to grayish tan and the inside is white. The undersides are whitish to pale gray.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="442" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[1468,2672,2138,3468]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">
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<emphasis box="[1469,1580,2373,2406]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Upland plains and hills from about
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<quantity box="[2115,2305,2373,2406]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.85" metricValueMax="5.2" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="31" pageNumber="442" unit="m" value="3850.0" valueMax="5200.0" valueMin="2500.0">2500-5200 m</quantity>
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. Found in treeless alpine meadow, alpine steppe, and desert steppe. Most of the range lies in semi-arid to arid environments with average annual precipitation of
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<quantity box="[2184,2362,2452,2485]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="442" unit="mm" value="300.0" valueMax="500.0" valueMin="100.0">100-500 mm</quantity>
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, most of which occurs in summer. The climate is harsh, with temperatures reaching +30 °C in summer and dropping to —40°C in winter.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="442" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[1468,2672,2138,3468]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">
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<emphasis box="[1469,1738,2570,2603]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Principal diet consists of pikas (Ochotona spp.) and rodents. An analysis of 113 droppings from north-western
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<collectingRegion box="[2118,2193,2610,2643]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">Tibet</collectingRegion>
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revealed 95% Plateau Pika (Ochotona curzoniae) and small rodents (Pitymus, Alticola, and Cricetulus spp.). A further 2-7% consisted of Tibetan Antelope (Pantholops hodgsoni), probably scavenged, and the remainder was made up of insects, feathers, Ephedra berries, and other vegetation. Other reported prey items in the diet include Tibetan Woolly Hare (Lepus oiostolus), and a lizard species (Phrynocephalus spp.). Himalayan Marmot (Marmota himalayana), musk deer (Moschus sp.), Bharal (Pseudois nayaur), and livestock were present in droppings from eastern
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<collectingRegion box="[1744,1991,2884,2917]" country="China" name="Qinghai" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">Qinghai Province</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[2007,2093,2884,2917]" name="China" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">China</collectingCountry>
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. The foxes mainly hunt alone by trotting through or stalking in Pika colonies.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="442" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[1468,2672,2138,3468]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">
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<emphasis box="[1468,1705,2963,2996]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Often hunts during the day, on account of the diurnal activity patterns of pikas and other main prey species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="442" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[1468,2672,2138,3468]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">
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<emphasis box="[1470,2180,3042,3075]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Most aspects of the Tibetan Fox's reproductive and social behavior remain largely unknown. They are usually seen alone or in male-female pairs (of 90 foxes observed, all but six pairs were solitary), although one family of
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<specimenCount box="[1667,1833,3160,3193]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442" type="adult">three adults</specimenCount>
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and
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<specimenCount box="[1908,2086,3160,3193]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442" type="juvenile">two juveniles</specimenCount>
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was observed. Burrows are located at the base of boulders, along old beach lines, low on slopes, and other such sites. There may be one to four entrances to a den.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="442" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[1468,2672,2138,3468]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">
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<emphasis box="[1470,1604,3278,3311]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Mating is thought to occur in February, with 2-5 young born in May. Main habitat factors associated with the location of 54 summer dens were, in order of importance: distance to water, slope degree, position along the slope, small mammal den numbers, and vegetation
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<typeStatus box="[1899,1959,3396,3429]" pageId="31" pageNumber="442">type</typeStatus>
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. Most dens were located in grasslands (96%) with moderate slope.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="443" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="32.[145,1352,297,649]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
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<emphasis box="[147,498,297,330]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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CITES not listed. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Species legally protected in several large Chinese reserves, but actual protection remains minimal, and there is no special protection outside reserves. Hunting pressure for fur is reported to be high on the entire Tibetan plateau since the 1960s. Over 300 foxes have been killed per year since the 1990s in Shiqu County,
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<collectingRegion country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Sichuan Province</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[288,374,498,527]" name="China" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">China</collectingCountry>
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. In general, Fox density appears to be low. Population abundanceis limited partly by prey availability and partly by human hunting pressure.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="443" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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<paragraph blockId="32.[145,1352,297,649]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
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<emphasis box="[147,298,581,606]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Bibliography.</emphasis>
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Clark et al. (2008), Feng et al. (1986), Gao et al. (1987), Nowak (1999), Piao (1989), Schaller (1998), Schaller & Ginsberg (2004), Wang Zhenghuan et al. (2003), Wu Wei et al. (2002), Zheng (1985).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |