treatments-xml/data/03/AC/CF/03ACCF40BF17FFE97B96FBEDF7C0D179.xml
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<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331155" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-49-1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6331155" approvalRequired="1" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="1" checkinTime="1646522525642" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson &amp; Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2009" docId="03ACCF40BF17FFE97B96FBEDF7C0D179" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_1_Canidae_0352.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World Volume 1 Carnivores, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Vulpes pallida Frisch 1775" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="443" masterDocId="FF95B738BF37FFC97E1BFF90FFDBDD06" masterDocTitle="Canidae" masterLastPageNumber="446" masterPageNumber="352" pageNumber="443" updateTime="1653592492572" updateUser="tatiana">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Canidae</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:originInfo>
<mods:dateIssued>2009</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2009-01-31</mods:dateOther>
<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
<mods:place>
<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
</mods:place>
</mods:originInfo>
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World Volume 1 Carnivores</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>352</mods:start>
<mods:end>446</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331155</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-96553-49-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6331155</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6335057" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6335057" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ACCF40BF17FFE97B96FBEDF7C0D179" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ACCF40BF17FFE97B96FBEDF7C0D179" lastPageNumber="443" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
<subSubSection box="[1421,1477,1149,1195]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" type="multiple">
<paragraph blockId="32.[1418,2090,1149,1273]" box="[1421,1477,1149,1195]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
<heading box="[1421,1477,1149,1195]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
<figureCitation box="[1421,1477,1149,1195]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="30.[143,173,3404,3429]" captionTargetBox="[12,2792,14,3638]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="On following pages: 28. Corsac Fox (Vulpes corsac); 29. Tibetan Fox (Vulpes ferrilata); 30. Indian Fox (Vulpes bengalensis); 31. Pale Fox (Vulpes pallida); 32. Riippell's Fox (Vulpes rueppellii; 33. Cape Fox (Vulpes chamal); 34. Blanfords Fox (Vulpes cana); 35. Fennec Fox (Vulpes zerda)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331241" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6331241/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">31.</figureCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[1494,1671,1149,1195]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph blockId="32.[1418,2090,1149,1273]" box="[1494,1671,1149,1195]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
<heading box="[1494,1671,1149,1195]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
<vernacularName box="[1494,1671,1149,1195]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Pale Fox</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[1690,1952,1149,1195]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="32.[1418,2090,1149,1273]" box="[1690,1952,1149,1195]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
<heading box="[1690,1952,1149,1195]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Frisch" authorityYear="1775" baseAuthorityName="Cretzschmar" baseAuthorityYear="1826" box="[1690,1952,1149,1195]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis box="[1690,1952,1149,1195]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Vulpes pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="443" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph blockId="32.[1418,2090,1149,1273]" box="[1419,2089,1213,1234]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
<heading box="[1419,2089,1213,1234]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
<emphasis box="[1419,1496,1213,1234]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName box="[1506,1623,1213,1234]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Renard pale</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis box="[1644,1735,1213,1234]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName box="[1745,1852,1213,1234]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Blassfuchs</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis box="[1872,1963,1213,1234]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName box="[1972,2089,1213,1234]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Zorro palido</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[1418,2090,1149,1273]" box="[1419,1951,1252,1273]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
<heading box="[1419,1951,1252,1273]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
<emphasis box="[1419,1665,1252,1273]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Other common names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName box="[1675,1769,1252,1273]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Pallid Fox</vernacularName>
,
<vernacularName box="[1782,1951,1252,1273]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">African Sand Fox</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="443" type="reference_group">
<paragraph blockId="32.[2034,2621,1327,1745]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
<emphasis box="[2034,2188,1327,1352]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Cretzschmar, 1826" authorityName="Cretzschmar" authorityYear="1826" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pallidus">Canis pallidus Cretzschmar, 1826</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[2119,2212,1362,1391]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="32.[2034,2621,1327,1745]" box="[2119,2212,1362,1391]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
<materialsCitation box="[2119,2212,1362,1391]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
<collectingCountry box="[2119,2209,1362,1391]" name="Sudan" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Sudan</collectingCountry>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="443" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="32.[2034,2621,1327,1745]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
Has been associated with V. rueppellic and
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Zimmermann" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[2038,2141,1441,1470]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zerda">V. zerda</taxonomicName>
. It also has been suggested that these desert foxes are closely related to
<taxonomicName authorityName="Shaw" authorityYear="1800" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bengalensis">V. bengalensis</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="A. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[2261,2381,1519,1548]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chama">V. chama</taxonomicName>
. Five races have been described, four of which are recognized here. Variation may be clinal.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="443" type="synonymic_list">
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331223" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6331223" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6331223/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" targetBox="[1418,2008,1329,1743]" targetPageId="32">
<paragraph blockId="32.[2034,2621,1327,1745]" box="[2034,2433,1633,1666]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
<emphasis box="[2034,2433,1633,1666]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[2034,2621,1327,1745]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
<taxonomicName authority="Cretzschmar, 1827" authorityName="Cretzschmar" authorityYear="1827" box="[2038,2483,1676,1705]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pallida" subSpecies="pallida">V. p. pallida Cretzschmar, 1827</taxonomicName>
<collectingCountry box="[2532,2619,1676,1705]" name="Sudan" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Sudan</collectingCountry>
(Kordofan) to
<collectingCountry box="[2243,2341,1720,1745]" name="Eritrea" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Eritrea</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry box="[2419,2540,1720,1745]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[1418,2625,1759,3199]" box="[1424,2350,1759,1784]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
<taxonomicName authority="Rochebrune, 1883" authorityName="Rochebrune" authorityYear="1883" box="[1424,1863,1759,1784]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pallida" subSpecies="edwardsi">V. p. edwardsi Rochebrune, 1883</taxonomicName>
<collectingCountry box="[1898,1960,1759,1784]" name="Serbia" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Mali</collectingCountry>
, S
<collectingCountry box="[2001,2156,1759,1784]" name="Mauritania" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Mauritania</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry box="[2236,2346,1759,1784]" name="Senegal" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Senegal</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[1418,2625,1759,3199]" box="[1424,2463,1795,1824]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
<taxonomicName authority="Thomas &amp; Hinton, 1921" authorityName="Thomas &amp; Hinton" authorityYear="1921" box="[1424,1925,1795,1824]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pallida" subSpecies="harterti">V. p. harterti Thomas &amp; Hinton, 1921</taxonomicName>
<collectingCountry box="[1963,2149,1795,1824]" name="Burkina Faso" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Burkina Faso</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry box="[2164,2242,1795,1824]" name="Niger" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Niger</collectingCountry>
, and N
<collectingCountry box="[2354,2459,1795,1824]" name="Nigeria" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[1418,2625,1759,3199]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
<taxonomicName authority="Matschie, 1910" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1910" box="[1424,1798,1838,1863]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pallida" subSpecies="oertzeni">V. p. oertzeni Matschie, 1910</taxonomicName>
— N
<collectingCountry box="[1868,2018,1838,1863]" name="Cameroon" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry box="[2035,2111,1838,1863]" name="Chad" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Chad</collectingCountry>
, and NE
<collectingCountry box="[2244,2347,1838,1863]" name="Nigeria" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
to S
<collectingCountry box="[2420,2495,1838,1863]" name="Libya" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Libya</collectingCountry>
in the N and
<collectingCountry box="[1482,1569,1869,1902]" name="Sudan" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Sudan</collectingCountry>
(Darfur province) in the S.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="443" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="32.[1418,2625,1759,3199]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
<emphasis box="[1419,1668,1908,1941]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head-body
<quantity box="[1844,1973,1908,1941]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.65" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="3.8" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" unit="cm" value="46.5" valueMax="55.0" valueMin="38.0">38-55 cm</quantity>
,tail
<quantity box="[2051,2186,1908,1941]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" metricValueMax="2.9" metricValueMin="2.3" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" unit="cm" value="26.0" valueMax="29.0" valueMin="23.0">23-29 cm</quantity>
; weight
<quantity box="[2306,2427,1908,1941]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" unit="kg" value="6.0">2-3-6 kg</quantity>
. A small, very pale fox with longish legs and large ears. Pale face, elongated muzzle with relatively long whiskers, and a black eye-ring. Large ears, white inside and rufous-brown on the outer surface. Body creamy-white to sandy fawn, relatively thin coat, back sometimes flecked with black or rufous, with darker mid-dorsal line. Flanks paler than dorsal pelage, merging into white or buffy-white undersides, and legs rufous. Long, bushy tail, reddish brown with conspicuous black tip and a dark patch above tail gland. Females have three pairs of mammae. The skull is small, with a relatively short maxillary region, and well-developed upper molars in relation to relatively weak carnassial teeth. Bullae of the Pale Fox are slightly larger and the nasals appreciably longer than in Ruippells Fox. Dental formulais13/3,C1/1,PM 4/4, M 2/3 = 42.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="443" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph blockId="32.[1418,2625,1759,3199]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
<emphasis box="[1419,1530,2340,2373]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Habitat.</emphasis>
Typically inhabits very dry sandy and stony sub-Saharan desert and semi-desert areas, but its distribution extends southwards into moister Guinean savannahs to some extent. May occur near human habitation and cultivated fields where food is more readily available than in natural habitats.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="443" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph blockId="32.[1418,2625,1759,3199]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
<emphasis box="[1419,1683,2497,2530]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
Well-developed molars suggest Pale Foxes are essentially herbivorous, eating mainly berries, wild fruit such as melons, and vegetable matter. They also feed on small rodents, ground-nesting birds, small reptiles, and invertebrates. Foraging habits are unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="443" type="activity">
<paragraph blockId="32.[1418,2625,1759,3199]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
<emphasis box="[1418,1654,2659,2688]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
Active from dusk till dawn, resting during the day in extensive burrows occupied by several individuals.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="443" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph blockId="32.[1418,2625,1759,3199]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
<emphasis box="[1419,2128,2733,2766]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
Movements and home ranges unknown. Little is known of their habits, but Pale Foxes are gregarious and have been observed in pairs and small family groups.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="443" type="breeding">
<paragraph blockId="32.[1418,2625,1759,3199]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
<emphasis box="[1419,1553,2851,2884]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Breeding.</emphasis>
Gestation period in captivity is 51-53 days. Three to six young are born; weaning takes six to eight weeks. Pale Foxes dig extensive burrows,
<quantity box="[2388,2474,2891,2924]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" unit="m" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2-3 m</quantity>
deep and up to
<quantity box="[1513,1582,2930,2963]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" unit="m" value="15.0">15 m</quantity>
in length, often under sandy tracks or near villages, and line the inner chambers with dry vegetation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="443" type="conservation">
<paragraph blockId="32.[1418,2625,1759,3199]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
<emphasis box="[1421,1772,3008,3041]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
CITES notlisted. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red Lust. Threats are unknown, although occasional persecution due to livestock depredation (i.e. poultry) may take place.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="443" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph blockId="32.[1418,2625,1759,3199]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
<emphasis box="[1421,1572,3134,3159]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Bueler (1973), Coetzee (1977), Dorst &amp; Dandelot (1970), Haltenorth &amp; Diller (1980), Happold (1987), Kingdon (1997), Rosevear (1974), Sillero-Zubiri (2004).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>