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<document id="DC01B7F5D27D4C072CD90A42FA6D294D" ID-DOI="10.1206/0003-0090(2008)501[1:stpabo]2.0.co;2" ID-ISSN="0003-0090" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13223833" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="guilherme" checkinTime="1721342017626" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Mihlbachler, Matthew C." docDate="2008" docId="03AC87FC15603F24FF71F9853CF5FCD4" docLanguage="en" docName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2008.B311.1-475.pdf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 311 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090(2008)501[1:stpabo]2.0.co;2" docStyle="DocumentStyle:2B34016C1EBFE58B07368F9517618743.4:BulAmeMusNatHis.2000-2010.journal_article.0cover.type1" docStyleId="2B34016C1EBFE58B07368F9517618743" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2000-2010.journal_article.0cover.type1" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Rhinotitan quadridens Xu and Chiu 1962" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="354" masterDocId="FF95FF8414003E45FFE2FF81385CFFED" masterDocTitle="Species Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Biogeography of the Brontotheriidae (Mammalia: Perissodactyla)" masterLastPageNumber="475" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="353" updateTime="1722871849176" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="5ECCD290269BDEA6A85C6B0432C19E43">Species Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Biogeography of the Brontotheriidae (Mammalia: Perissodactyla)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E837310AEDBA1351289C387175505CFB">Mihlbachler, Matthew C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="148E0D77778608717294AEF605CB5406">2008</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03AC87FC15603F24FF71F9853CF5FCD4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AC87FC15603F24FF71F9853CF5FCD4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AC87FC15603F24FF71F9853CF5FCD4" lastPageId="353" lastPageNumber="354" pageId="352" pageNumber="353">
<subSubSection id="C31F656115603F25FF71F9853A26F9F6" box="[147,634,1540,1563]" pageId="352" pageNumber="353" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15603F25FF71F9853A26F9F6" blockId="352.[147,634,1540,1563]" box="[147,634,1540,1563]" pageId="352" pageNumber="353">
<heading id="D0F2818615603F25FF71F9853A26F9F6" box="[147,634,1540,1563]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="352" pageNumber="353" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915603F25FF71F9853A26F9F6" authority="Xu and Chiu, 1962" authorityName="Xu and Chiu" authorityYear="1962" box="[147,634,1540,1563]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Rhinotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="352" pageNumber="353" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridens">
<emphasis id="B971EAF815603F25FF71F98539D3F9F6" box="[147,399,1540,1563]" italics="true" pageId="352" pageNumber="353">Rhinotitan quadridens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B15603F25FE7AF9873A26F9F6" author="Xu, Y. - X. &amp; C. - S. Chiu" box="[408,634,1541,1563]" pageId="352" pageNumber="353" pagination="313 - 332" refId="ref246893" refString="Xu, Y. - X., and C. - S. Chiu. 1962. Early Tertiary mammalian fossils from Lunan, Yunnan. Vertebrata Palasiatica 6: 313 - 332." type="journal article" year="1962">Xu and Chiu, 1962</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31F656115603F25FF7EF9B03918F933" pageId="352" pageNumber="353" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15603F25FF7EF9B03A32F98B" blockId="352.[128,654,1585,1759]" pageId="352" pageNumber="353">
<materialsCitation id="3B6D3CB715603F25FF7EF9B03A32F98B" collectingDate="2651-05" collectionCode="IVPP" pageId="352" pageNumber="353" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03615603F25FF7EF9B03940F9A5" baselines="1603,1604" box="[156,284,1585,1609]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Holotype" pageId="352" pageNumber="353">
<typeStatus id="54BE884815603F25FF7EF9B03940F9A5" box="[156,284,1585,1609]" pageId="352" pageNumber="353" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
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:
<collectionCode id="ED14AE2F15603F25FEC9F9B53936F9A4" box="[299,362,1588,1609]" country="China" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wd8c-kdma" name="Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology" pageId="352" pageNumber="353">IVPP</collectionCode>
<date id="FFBB102A15603F25FE93F9B239E3F9A4" box="[369,447,1587,1609]" pageId="352" pageNumber="353" value="2651-05">
<collectingDate id="EFFFE9C215603F25FE93F9B239E3F9A4" box="[369,447,1587,1609]" pageId="352" pageNumber="353" value="2651-05">V2651</collectingDate>
</date>
, a left P3P4, and isolated left p2, and right p3, p4, and m1.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15603F25FF7EF9EC3A08F94E" blockId="352.[128,654,1585,1759]" pageId="352" pageNumber="353">
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03615603F25FF7EF9EC3880F96E" baselines="1663,1663" box="[156,220,1645,1669]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Type" pageId="352" pageNumber="353">TYPE</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03615603F25FF17F9EC3931F969" baselines="1663,1664" box="[245,365,1645,1669]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Locality" pageId="352" pageNumber="353">LOCALITY</smallCapsWord>
: Lumeiyi Formation, Lunan Basin,
<collectingRegion id="49C1F80815603F25FEC5F90F39A4F94E" box="[295,504,1677,1699]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="352" pageNumber="353">Yunnan Province</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F312767A15603F25FDE7F90C3A0CF94E" box="[517,592,1677,1699]" name="China" pageId="352" pageNumber="353">China</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15603F25FF7EF9283918F933" blockId="352.[128,654,1585,1759]" pageId="352" pageNumber="353">
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03615603F25FF7EF928388FF92D" baselines="1723,1724" box="[156,211,1705,1729]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Age" pageId="352" pageNumber="353">AGE</smallCapsWord>
: Middle Eocene (Sharamurunian land mammal age).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31F656115603F25FD38FA3A3C43FA1C" pageId="352" pageNumber="353" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15603F25FD38FA3A3C43FA1C" blockId="352.[701,1228,1467,1521]" pageId="352" pageNumber="353">
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03615603F25FD38FA3A3BF8FA3F" baselines="1485,1486" box="[730,932,1467,1491]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Determination" pageId="352" pageNumber="353">DETERMINATION</smallCapsWord>
: Nomen dubium:
<typeStatus id="54BE884815603F25FB6CFA3C3AB3FA1C" pageId="352" pageNumber="353" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
lacks diagnostic features.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31F656115603F24FD5FF99E3CF5FCD4" lastPageId="353" lastPageNumber="354" pageId="352" pageNumber="353" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15603F25FD5FF99E3B6CF9DE" blockId="352.[701,816,1567,1588]" box="[701,816,1567,1588]" pageId="352" pageNumber="353">
<smallCapsWord id="8D5CA03615603F25FD5FF99E3B6CF9DE" baselines="1583,1583" box="[701,816,1567,1588]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="9" normCase="title" normString="Remarks" pageId="352" pageNumber="353">REMARKS</smallCapsWord>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15603F24FD39F9D03A5FFB5D" blockId="352.[701,1228,1617,1759]" lastBlockId="353.[93,620,943,1759]" lastPageId="353" lastPageNumber="354" pageId="352" pageNumber="353">
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915603F25FD39F9D03B84F985" authorityName="Xu and Chiu" authorityYear="1962" box="[731,984,1617,1640]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Rhinotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="352" pageNumber="353" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridens">
<emphasis id="B971EAF815603F25FD39F9D03B84F985" box="[731,984,1617,1640]" italics="true" pageId="352" pageNumber="353">Rhinotitan quadridens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a nomen dubium based on a series of upper and lower cheek teeth (fig. 181). P3 and P4 are rectangular with parallel anterior and posterior sides, and flat lingual and labial margins. P3 has a well-developed lingual crest, while P4 does not. P4 has a poorly developed mesostyle and cusp on the anterior cingulum. The p2 trigonid is only slightly longer than the talonid and it lacks a metaconid. There is an anomalous small cusp at the lingual edge of the p2 talonid basin. The teeth identified as p3 and p4 each have a well-developed metaconid. The lower premolars lack cingulids.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7A666215613F24FF96FC8F38BFFC9C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13224196" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13224196" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13224196/files/figure.png" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" startId="353.[116,155,782,801]" targetBox="[101,610,212,751]" targetPageId="353" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15613F24FF96FC8F38BFFC9C" blockId="353.[93,620,781,881]" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">
Fig. 181. Part of the holotype of
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915613F24FE1DFC8C3933FCD6" authority="(IVPP V 2651)" baseAuthorityName="IVPP V" baseAuthorityYear="2651" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Rhinotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridens">
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FE1DFC8C3896FCD1" italics="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">Rhinotitan quadridens</emphasis>
(IVPP V2651)
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FE9CFCA939FCFCD6" bold="true" box="[382,416,808,827]" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">(A)</emphasis>
Left P3P4 (from
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B15613F24FFBFFCC23976FCBB" author="Xu, Y. - X. &amp; C. - S. Chiu" box="[93,298,835,854]" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" pagination="313 - 332" refId="ref246893" refString="Xu, Y. - X., and C. - S. Chiu. 1962. Early Tertiary mammalian fossils from Lunan, Yunnan. Vertebrata Palasiatica 6: 313 - 332." type="journal article" year="1962">Xu and Chiu, 1962</bibRefCitation>
),
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FEDCFCC23903FCBB" bold="true" box="[318,351,835,854]" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">(B)</emphasis>
left p2,
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FE5AFCC23986FCBB" bold="true" box="[440,474,835,854]" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">(C)</emphasis>
right p3, and
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FFBFFCDC38DDFC9D" bold="true" box="[93,129,861,880]" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">(D)</emphasis>
right p4.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBA36EA15613F24FF98FB383CF5FCD4" blockId="353.[93,620,943,1759]" lastBlockId="353.[667,1194,212,825]" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B1B15613F24FF98FB38393BFB23" author="Xu, Y. - X. &amp; C. - S. Chiu" box="[122,359,1208,1230]" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" pagination="313 - 332" refId="ref246893" refString="Xu, Y. - X., and C. - S. Chiu. 1962. Early Tertiary mammalian fossils from Lunan, Yunnan. Vertebrata Palasiatica 6: 313 - 332." type="journal article" year="1962">Xu and Chiu (1962)</bibRefCitation>
noted that the degree of premolar molarization resembles
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915613F24FDECFB543942FAE4" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1923" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Rhinotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mongoliensis">
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FDECFB543942FAE4" italics="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">Rhinotitan mongoliensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(a nomen dubium) and
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915613F24FDB2FB75389CFACA" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1925" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Rhinotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andrewsi">
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FDB2FB75389CFACA" italics="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">R. andrewsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but that it differs from other
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915613F24FFBFFAAC396FFAA9" box="[93,307,1325,1348]" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FFBFFAAC3889FAA9" box="[93,213,1325,1348]" italics="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">Rhinotitan</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
in its larger size, higher crowns, flatter lingual edges of P3 and P4, and well-developed secondary wrinkles (?) on P3 and P4. However, none of these specimens retains diagnostic characters that would indicate
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915613F24FF24FA413962FA3A" authorityName="Granger and Gregory" authorityYear="1943" box="[198,318,1472,1495]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Rhinotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FF24FA413962FA3A" box="[198,318,1472,1495]" italics="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">Rhinotitan</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, nor do they indicate a unique taxon. Given the considerable amount of intraspecific variation seen in the upper premolars of brontotheres, the rectangular shape of P3 and P4, prominent lingual crest on P3, lack of well-developed hypocones, and (occasional) P4 mesostyle and anterolingual cingular cusps do not sufficiently differentiate this species from several large Asian brontothere species, such as
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915613F24FD79FF543B04FF06" authorityName="Wang and Wang" authorityYear="1997" box="[667,856,212,235]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Qufutitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zhoui">
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FD79FF543B04FF06" box="[667,856,212,235]" italics="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">Qufutitan zhoui</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915613F24FC91FF543CFDFF07" authorityName="Granger and Gregory" authorityYear="1943" box="[883,1185,213,234]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Epimanteoceras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="formosus">
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FC91FF543CFDFF07" box="[883,1185,213,234]" italics="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">Epimanteoceras formosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915613F24FD79FF703BDDFEE5" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[667,897,241,264]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Rhinotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaiseni">
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FD79FF703BDDFEE5" box="[667,897,241,264]" italics="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">Rhinotitan kaiseni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915613F24FC45FF703CFDFEE5" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[935,1185,241,264]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Rhinotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andrewsi">
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FC45FF703CFDFEE5" box="[935,1185,241,264]" italics="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">Rhinotitan andrewsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915613F24FD79FE8E3B21FECB" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[667,893,271,294]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Gnathotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berkeyi">
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FD79FE8E3B21FECB" box="[667,893,271,294]" italics="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">Gnathotitan berkeyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915613F24FC69FE8E3A9DFEAE" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Aktautitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hippopotamopus">
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FC69FE8E3A9DFEAE" italics="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">Aktautitan hippopotamopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and possibly others. Moreover, size variation among these species is poorly understood because of limited sample sizes. The lower premolars are also consistent with multiple taxa, particularly
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915613F24FBCBFE223CFDFE57" authorityName="Granger and Gregory" authorityYear="1943" box="[1065,1185,419,442]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Rhinotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FBCBFE223CFDFE57" box="[1065,1185,419,442]" italics="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">Rhinotitan</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915613F24FD79FE413B7FFE3A" authorityName="Granger and Gregory" authorityYear="1943" box="[667,803,448,471]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Gnathotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FD79FE413B7FFE3A" box="[667,803,448,471]" italics="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">Gnathotitan</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915613F24FC89FE413BBAFE3A" box="[875,998,448,471]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Aktautitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FC89FE413BBAFE3A" box="[875,998,448,471]" italics="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">Aktautitan</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. To summarize, the specimens upon which
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915613F24FC35FE5E3C29FE18" baseAuthorityName="IVPP V" baseAuthorityYear="2651" box="[983,1141,478,501]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Rhinotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridens">
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FC35FE5E3C29FE18" box="[983,1141,478,501]" italics="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">R. quadridens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was based do not indicate a unique taxon; nor is there enough evidence for a species-level identification. However, it is noteworthy that the material is distinct from
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915613F24FBCDFDD43B53FD65" baseAuthorityName="Chow and Hu" baseAuthorityYear="1959" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheridae" genus="Dianotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lunanensis">
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FBCDFDD43B53FD65" italics="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">Dianotitan lunanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a species from the same formation with well-developed premolar hypocones. Other material from the Lumeiyi Formation, assigned to another nomen dubium,
<taxonomicName id="4C054D6915613F24FBA8FD4A3A81FD13" authorityName="Huang and Zheng" authorityYear="2004" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Protitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="353" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B971EAF815613F24FBA8FD4A3A81FD13" italics="true" pageId="353" pageNumber="354">Protitan major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, consisting of an upper molar series, may also be pertinent, although comparisons are not possible due to nonoverlapping parts.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>