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<mods:title id="81E7ADF272EC1924BB9634AC40E43659">Description of Cathorops manglarensis, a new species from the Colombian Pacific, with redescription of Cathorops multiradiatus (Siluriformes; Ariidae)</mods:title>
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<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFE1FFD8B0DDE079FE7CF9C9" bold="true" box="[151,446,1614,1640]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Cathorops multiradiatus</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFE1FFD8B0DDE0F6FE34F979" authority="Kner, 1863: 227" authorityName="Kner" authorityPageNumber="227" authorityYear="1863" box="[151,502,1729,1752]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" genus="Bagrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arioides">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFE1FFD8B0DDE0F6FE83F979" box="[151,321,1729,1752]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Bagrus arioides</emphasis>
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: 227
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, fig. 15 [
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locality: río Bayano, 
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. 
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: ZSM destroyed. Preoccupied by 
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<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFE1FFD8B08DE0D6FEB0F959" box="[199,370,1761,1784]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Bagrus arioides</emphasis>
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, objectively invalid].
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<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFE1FFD8B0DDE136FEA5F8B9" box="[151,359,1793,1816]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Arius multiradiatus</emphasis>
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: 173
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[New name for 
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<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFE1FFD8B2A1E136FC54F8B9" box="[747,918,1793,1816]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Bagrus arioides</emphasis>
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. No 
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designated].- 
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<bibRefCitation id="EF944B13FFE1FFD8B544E136FA5AF8B9" author="Regan" box="[1294,1432,1793,1816]" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" refString="Regan, C. T. (1906 - 1908) Pisces. In: Godman, F. D. &amp; Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Central-Americana, Part 193. London, 1 - 203, 25 pls." type="journal article" year="1906">Regan, 1906</bibRefCitation>
: 126
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and 128 [
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; diagnosis in key; synonymy; brief redescription].- 
<treatmentCitation id="0AA410F3FFE1FFD8B3A2E116FAFFF899" author="Meek" box="[1000,1341,1825,1848]" page="122" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" year="1923">
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: 122
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and 123 [
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: Chame Point, Balboa, 
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City Market; diagnosis in key; redescription].- 
<treatmentCitation id="0AA410F3FFE1FFD8B432E176FAAEF8F9" author="Hildebrand" box="[1144,1388,1857,1880]" page="127" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" year="1946">
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: 127
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, fig. 28 [
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: Gulf of Guayaquil off Puerto Pizarro, 
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: 
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Bay; synonymy; redescription; distribution].
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</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFE1FFD8B0DDE1B6FE60F839" box="[151,418,1921,1944]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Tachisurus multiradiatus</emphasis>
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.- 
<treatmentCitation id="0AA410F3FFE1FFD8B1F3E1B6FC88F839" author="Eigenmann" box="[441,842,1921,1944]" page="146" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" year="1888">
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B13FFE1FFD8B1F3E1B6FCD5F839" author="Eigenmann" box="[441,791,1921,1944]" pageId="7" pageNumber="47" refString="Eigenmann, C. H. &amp; Eigenmann, R. S. (1888) Preliminary notes on South American Nematognathi, I. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 2, 1, 119 - 172." type="journal article" year="1888">Eigenmann &amp; Eigenmann, 1888</bibRefCitation>
: 146
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[only name].- 
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<bibRefCitation id="EF944B13FFE1FFD8B3A1E1B6FA8AF839" author="Eigenmann" box="[1003,1352,1921,1944]" pageId="7" pageNumber="47" refString="Eigenmann, C. H. &amp; Eigenmann, R. S. (1890) A revision of the South American Nematognathi or cat-fishes. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, no. 1, 1 - 508 + errata and map." type="journal article" year="1890">Eigenmann &amp; Eigenmann, 1890</bibRefCitation>
: 50
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and 92 [diagnosis in key; synonymy; distribution].
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBA36E2FFE1FFD8B0DDE1F6FA41F879" blockId="7.[151,1437,1729,2008]" box="[151,1411,1985,2008]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFE1FFD8B0DDE1F6FE64F879" box="[151,422,1985,2008]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" genus="Tachysurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiradiatus">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFE1FFD8B0DDE1F6FE64F879" box="[151,422,1985,2008]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Tachysurus multiradiatus</emphasis>
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.- 
<treatmentCitation id="0AA410F3FFE1FFD8B1F6E1F6FCC9F879" author="Jordan" box="[444,779,1985,2008]" page="121" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" year="1896">
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B13FFE1FFD8B1F6E1F6FD1BF879" author="Jordan" box="[444,729,1985,2008]" pageId="7" pageNumber="47" refString="Jordan, D. S. &amp; Evermann, B. W. (1896) The fishes of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish-like vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north of the Isthmus of Panama. Part I. Bulletin of the U. S. National Museum, 47, i - lx + 1 - 1240." type="journal article" year="1896">
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&amp; Evermann, 1896
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: 121
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and 132 [diagnosis in key; synonymy; brief redescription].
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</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEEFFD7B0DDE6AFFD99FF0E" authority="Gilbert, 1898: 2785" authorityName="Gilbert" authorityPageNumber="2785" authorityYear="1898" box="[151,603,152,175]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" genus="Tachysurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emmelane">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEEFFD7B0DDE6AFFE40FF0E" box="[151,386,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Tachysurus emmelane</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AA410F3FFEEFFD7B1C3E6AFFD99FF0E" author="Gilbert" box="[393,603,152,175]" page="2785" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" year="1898">
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B13FFEEFFD7B1C3E6AFFDD9FF0E" author="Gilbert" box="[393,539,152,175]" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" refString="Gilbert, C. H. (1898) In: Jordan, D. S. &amp; Evermann, B. W. (1898) The fishes of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish-like vertebrates found in the waters of North America north of the Isthmus of Panama. Part III. Bulletin of the U. S. National Museum, 47, i - xxiv + 2183 a - 3136." type="journal article" year="1898">Gilbert, 1898</bibRefCitation>
: 2785
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[
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locality: 
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. 
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: SU 5818].- 
<treatmentCitation id="0AA410F3FFEEFFD7B41DE6AFFAB7FF0E" author="Gilbert" box="[1111,1397,152,175]" page="31" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" year="1904">
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B13FFEEFFD7B41DE6AFFA8CFF0E" author="Gilbert" box="[1111,1358,152,175]" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" refString="Gilbert, C. H. &amp; Starks, E. C. (1904) The fishes of Panama Bay. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences, 4, 1 - 304." type="journal article" year="1904">Gilbert &amp; Starks, 1904</bibRefCitation>
: 31
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, pl. 6, figs. 11 and 11a [
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: 
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Bay; redescription].
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<paragraph id="8BBA36E2FFEEFFD7B0DDE6EFFDBCFEAE" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,399]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1511CCFFEEFFD7B0DDE6EFFDBCFEAE" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEEFFD7B0DDE6EFFD99FF4E" authority="Starks, 1906: 766" authorityName="Starks" authorityPageNumber="766" authorityYear="1906" box="[151,603,216,239]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" genus="Tachysurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="equatorialis">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEEFFD7B0DDE6EFFE5AFF4E" box="[151,408,216,239]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Tachysurus equatorialis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AA410F3FFEEFFD7B1D5E6EFFD99FF4E" author="Starks" box="[415,603,216,239]" page="766" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" year="1906">
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B13FFEEFFD7B1D5E6EFFDEAFF4E" author="Starks" box="[415,552,216,239]" pageId="8" pageNumber="48" refString="Starks, E. C. (1906) On a collection of fishes made by P. O. Simons in Ecuador and Peru. Proceedings United States National Museum, 30 (1468), 761 - 800." type="journal article" year="1906">Starks, 1906</bibRefCitation>
: 766
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
[
<typeStatus id="54BE8840FFEEFFD7B222E6EFFD62FF4E" box="[616,672,216,239]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Type</typeStatus>
locality: Guayaquil, 
<collectingCountry id="F3127672FFEEFFD7B3CEE6EFFC1DFF4E" box="[900,991,216,239]" name="Ecuador" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
. 
<typeStatus id="54BE8840FFEEFFD7B3A3E6EFFB92FF4E" box="[1001,1104,216,239]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
: USNM 53470].- 
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B13FFEEFFD7B558E6EFFEAEFEAE" author="Evermann" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" refString="Evermann, B. W. &amp; Radcliffe, L. (1917) The fishes of the west coast of Peru and the Titicaca Basin. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 95, 1 - 166." type="journal article" year="1917">Evermann &amp; Radcliffe, 1917</bibRefCitation>
[
<collectingCountry id="F3127672FFEEFFD7B133E6CFFE1AFEAE" box="[377,472,248,271]" name="Ecuador" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
; redescription].
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBA36E2FFEEFFD7B0DDE72FFE35FE2E" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,399]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1511CCFFEEFFD7B0DDE72FFE35FE2E" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEEFFD7B0DDE72FFE5DFE8E" ID-CoL="69G5V" box="[151,415,280,303]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiradiatus">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEEFFD7B0DDE72FFE5DFE8E" box="[151,415,280,303]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Cathorops multiradiatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.- 
<treatmentCitation id="0AA410F3FFEEFFD7B1F3E72FFD3FFE8E" author="Allen" box="[441,765,280,303]" page="69" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" year="1994">
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B13FFEEFFD7B1F3E72FFD17FE8E" author="Allen" box="[441,725,280,303]" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" refString="Allen, G. R. &amp; Robertson, D. R. (1994) Fishes of the tropical eastern Pacific. Crawford House Press, Bathurst. Fish Tropical &amp; Pacific. 332 pp." type="book" year="1994">Allen &amp; Robertson, 1994</bibRefCitation>
: 69
</treatmentCitation>
[new combination].- 
<treatmentCitation id="0AA410F3FFEEFFD7B3A4E72FFAF8FE8E" author="Kailola" box="[1006,1338,280,303]" page="862" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" year="1995">
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B13FFEEFFD7B3A4E72FFAC6FE8E" author="Kailola" box="[1006,1284,280,303]" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" refString="Kailola, P. J. &amp; Bussing, W. A. (1995) Ariidae. In: Fischer, W., Krupp, F., Schneider, W., Sommer, C., Carpenter, K. E. &amp; Niem, V. H. (Eds.), Guia FAO para la Identificacion para los Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-oriental. Vo l. I I. Vertebrados - Parte 1, FAO, Rome. 860 - 886." type="journal article" year="1995">Kailola &amp; Bussing, 1995</bibRefCitation>
: 862
</treatmentCitation>
and 881 [diagnosis in key; synonymy; redescription].- 
<treatmentCitation id="0AA410F3FFEEFFD7B2F8E70FFBC8FEEE" author="Chirichigno" box="[690,1034,312,335]" page="160" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" year="1998">
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B13FFEEFFD7B2F8E70FFC1AFEEE" author="Chirichigno" box="[690,984,312,335]" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" refString="Chirichigno F. N. &amp; Velez, D. J. (1998) Clave para identificar los peces marinos del Peru. Instituto del Mar del Peru, Publicacion Especial. 496 pp." type="book" year="1998">Chirichigno &amp; Vélez, 1998</bibRefCitation>
: 160
</treatmentCitation>
[
<collectingCountry id="F3127672FFEEFFD7B45DE70FFB8CFEEE" box="[1047,1102,312,335]" name="Peru" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Peru</collectingCountry>
; diagnosis in key].- 
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B13FFEEFFD7B56FE70FFE80FECE" author="Eschmeyer" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" refString="Eschmeyer, W. N., Ferraris, C. J., Jr. Hoang, M. D. &amp; Long, D. J. (1998) Catalog of fishes. Part I. Species of fishes. Special Publication, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, 3 vols. 2905 pp." type="book" year="1998">
Eschmeyer 
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEEFFD7B08DE76FFF3CFECE" box="[199,254,344,367]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">et al.</emphasis>
, 1998
</bibRefCitation>
[synonymy, distribution].- 
<treatmentCitation id="0AA410F3FFEEFFD7B221E76FFC16FECE" author="Marceniuk" box="[619,980,344,367]" page="449" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" year="2003">
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B13FFEEFFD7B221E76FFC62FECE" author="Marceniuk" box="[619,928,344,367]" pageId="8" pageNumber="48" refString="Marceniuk, A. P. &amp; Ferraris, C. J., Jr. (2003) Ariidae. In: Reis, R. E., Kullander, S. O. &amp; Ferraris, C. J., Jr. (Eds.), Check list of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. Edipucrs, Porto Alegre, Brazil, pp. 447 - 455." type="book chapter" year="2003">Marceniuk &amp; Ferraris, 2003</bibRefCitation>
: 449
</treatmentCitation>
[synonymy, distribution].- 
<treatmentCitation id="0AA410F3FFEEFFD7B4B7E76FFF20FE2E" author="Ferraris" page="40" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" year="2007">
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B13FFEEFFD7B4B7E76FFA5BFECE" author="Ferraris" box="[1277,1433,344,367]" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" refString="Ferraris, C. J., Jr. (2007) Checklist of catfishes, recent and fossil (Osteichthyes: Siluriformes), and catalogue of siluriform primary types. Zootaxa, 1418, 30 - 57." type="journal article" year="2007">Ferraris, 2007</bibRefCitation>
: 40
</treatmentCitation>
[synonymy, distribution].
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31F6569FFEEFFD4B0DDE788FBCCFA85" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BBA36E2FFEEFFD7B0DDE788FC5FFD8B" blockId="8.[151,1437,447,1394]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEEFFD7B0DDE788FED5FE78" bold="true" box="[151,279,447,473]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEEFFD7B154E7F7FDFCFE78" box="[286,574,448,473]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiradiatus">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEEFFD7B154E7F7FDFCFE78" box="[286,574,448,473]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Cathorops multiradiatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from all congeners by the following combination of characters: 16–19 gill rakers on first arch; 15–18 gill rakers on second arch; 25–27 anal fin rays; posterior margin of pectoral fin spine with long and conspicuous serrations.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBA36E2FFEEFFD7B08CE40FFCC0FAD3" blockId="8.[151,1437,447,1394]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
Additional characters help distinguish this species from each of its congeners from the Pacific coast of Central and South 
<collectingCountry id="F3127672FFEEFFD7B137E457FE24FDDB" box="[381,486,608,634]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">America</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEEFFD7B1BEE457FCDAFDD8" box="[500,792,608,633]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiradiatus">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEEFFD7B1BEE457FCDAFDD8" box="[500,792,608,633]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Cathorops multiradiatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEEFFD7B467E457FB30FDD8" box="[1069,1266,608,633]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dasycephalus">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEEFFD7B467E457FB30FDD8" box="[1069,1266,608,633]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">C. dasycephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in possessing vomerine tooth plates absent (
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEEFFD7B1BCE4BFFDD4FD00" box="[502,534,648,673]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">vs.</emphasis>
vomerine tooth plates present) and osseous bridge formed by lateral ethmoid and frontal without granulation (
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEEFFD7B252E487FDFAFD68" box="[536,568,688,713]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">vs.</emphasis>
granulated osseous bridge along its length). 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEEFFD7B403E487FAA8FD68" box="[1097,1386,688,713]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiradiatus">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEEFFD7B403E487FAA8FD68" box="[1097,1386,688,713]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Cathorops multiradiatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEEFFD7B143E4EFFE43FD50" box="[265,385,728,753]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuerthii">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEEFFD7B143E4EFFE43FD50" box="[265,385,728,753]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">C. fuerthii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having medial groove of neurocranium deep and large, with lateral margins regular and progressively narrower posteriorly (
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEEFFD7B20EE537FDA1FCB8" box="[580,611,768,793]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">vs.</emphasis>
median groove narrow and shallow, with irregular margins along its length), shorter distance between posterior nostrils (5.1–5.8 
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEEFFD7B31CE51FFCACFCE0" box="[854,878,808,833]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">vs</emphasis>
. 5.8–7.3% SL), larger orbital diameter (4.1–5.2 
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEEFFD7B0DDE567FF74FCC8" box="[151,182,848,873]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">vs.</emphasis>
3.7–4.1% SL), accessory tooth plates shorter (2.1–2.8 
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEEFFD7B31AE567FCAAFCC8" box="[848,872,848,873]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">vs</emphasis>
. 3.9–4.9% SL) and narrower (0.7–1.2 
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEEFFD7B575E567FA95FCC8" box="[1343,1367,848,873]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">vs</emphasis>
. 1.6– 2.2% SL), and shorter pectoral fin spine (16.9–18.7 
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEEFFD7B2BFE54FFCCCFC30" box="[757,782,888,913]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">vs</emphasis>
. 19.5–21.0% SL). 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEEFFD7B3A0E54FFAC8FC30" box="[1002,1290,888,913]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiradiatus">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEEFFD7B3A0E54FFAC8FC30" box="[1002,1290,888,913]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Cathorops multiradiatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEEFFD7B0DDE597FEADFC18" box="[151,367,928,953]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hypophthalmus">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEEFFD7B0DDE597FEADFC18" box="[151,367,928,953]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">C. hypophthalmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in possessing a shorter distance between anterior nostrils (3.7–4.5 
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEEFFD7B4D2E597FB72FC18" box="[1176,1200,928,953]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">vs</emphasis>
. 6.9–7.1% SL) and between posterior nostrils (5.1–5.8 
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEEFFD7B201E5FFFDA1FC40" box="[587,611,968,993]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">vs</emphasis>
. 8.2–8.5% SL), larger orbital diameter (4.1–5.2 
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEEFFD7B4F5E5FFFB15FC40" box="[1215,1239,968,993]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">vs</emphasis>
. 3.0–3.5% SL), shorter external mental barbel (18.4–24.6 
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEEFFD7B2D9E5C7FD69FBA8" box="[659,683,1008,1033]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">vs</emphasis>
. 34.5–38.1% SL), shorter internal mental barbel (8.6–16.7 
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEEFFD7B536E5C7FA56FBA8" box="[1404,1428,1008,1033]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">vs</emphasis>
. 26.1–31.2% SL), and shorter dorsal fin spine (18.2–21.3 
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEEFFD7B364E22FFC8CFB90" box="[814,846,1048,1073]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">vs.</emphasis>
25.0–25.2% SL). 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEEFFD7B469E22FFA8BFB90" box="[1059,1353,1048,1073]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiradiatus">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEEFFD7B469E22FFA8BFB90" box="[1059,1353,1048,1073]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Cathorops multiradiatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEEFFD7B09CE277FE5EFBF8" box="[214,412,1088,1113]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manglarensis">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEEFFD7B09CE277FE5EFBF8" box="[214,412,1088,1113]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">C. manglarensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in possessing a shorter maxillary barbel (22.9–27.7 
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEEFFD7B3B4E277FBDFFBF8" box="[1022,1053,1088,1113]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">vs.</emphasis>
28.4–38.2% SL) (fig. 3), shorter pectoral fin spine (16.9–18.7 
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEEFFD7B1A4E25FFDC4FB20" box="[494,518,1128,1153]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">vs</emphasis>
. 18.5–22.5% SL), dorsal fin spine longer than pectoral fin spine (
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEEFFD7B54CE25FFADCFB20" box="[1286,1310,1128,1153]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">vs</emphasis>
. dorsal fin spine shorter than pectoral fin spine) (fig. 4), and shorter and narrow accessory tooth plates, with small and few molariform teeth (fig. 9) (
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEEFFD7B249E28FFDE1FB70" box="[515,547,1208,1233]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">vs.</emphasis>
longer and wider accessory tooth plates, with large and numerous molariform teeth) (fig. 5). 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEEFFD7B1C8E2D7FD60FB58" box="[386,674,1248,1273]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiradiatus">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEEFFD7B1C8E2D7FD60FB58" box="[386,674,1248,1273]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Cathorops multiradiatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEEFFD7B377E2D7FC5CFB58" box="[829,926,1248,1273]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tuyra">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEEFFD7B377E2D7FC5CFB58" box="[829,926,1248,1273]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">C. tuyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in possessing a shorter distance from tip of snout to dorsal fin origin (31.2–34.8 
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEEFFD7B219E33FFDA9FA80" box="[595,619,1288,1313]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">vs</emphasis>
. 34.5–39.8% SL), shorter supraoccipital process (9.8–11.5 
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEEFFD7B578E33FFA90FA80" box="[1330,1362,1288,1313]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">vs.</emphasis>
11.3– 13.7% SL), and accessory tooth plates and dentary with relatively small molariform teeth (
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEEFFD7B4F5E307FB15FAE8" box="[1215,1239,1328,1353]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">vs</emphasis>
. accessory tooth plates and dentary with very large molariform teeth).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7A666AFFEEFFD7B0DDE1BFFB35F83E" box="[151,1271,1928,1952]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177645/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" targetBox="[151,1435,1450,1904]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BBA36E2FFEEFFD7B0DDE1BFFB35F83E" blockId="8.[151,1271,1928,1952]" box="[151,1271,1928,1952]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEEFFD7B0DDE1BFFEDBF801" bold="true" box="[151,281,1928,1952]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEEFFD7B16AE1BFFDE7F83E" box="[288,549,1928,1951]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiradiatus">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEEFFD7B16AE1BFFDE7F83E" box="[288,549,1928,1951]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Cathorops multiradiatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, neotype, USNM 79408, male, 192.0 mm SL. Body in lateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF7A666AFFEFFFD6B0DDE6A0FF23FF74" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">
<paragraph id="8BBA36E2FFEFFFD6B0DDE6A0FF23FF74" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,213]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEFFFD6B0DDE6A0FEC4FF0E" bold="true" box="[151,262,151,175]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">TABLE 3</emphasis>
. Measurements of 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEFFFD6B1ABE6AFFD2EFF0E" box="[481,748,152,175]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiradiatus">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEFFFD6B1ABE6AFFD2EFF0E" box="[481,748,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">Cathorops multiradiatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The measurements are expressed as percentages of standard length.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBA36E2FFEFFFD6B2F6E6CFFB8AFE98" blockId="9.[159,1431,248,2020]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">
<typeStatus id="54BE8840FFEFFFD6B2F6E6CFFCD4FEAE" box="[700,790,248,271]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" type="neotype">Neotype</typeStatus>
Males Female n Mean Range
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBA36E2FFEFFFD6B0D5E77AFAC6F818" blockId="9.[159,1431,248,2020]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">Standard length (mm) 192.0 3 120.0-209.0 174.0 Head length 27.5 3 25.1 22.9-27.0 23.5 Snout length 6.4 3 6.4 5.5-6.9 5.8 Distance between anterior nostrils 4.5 3 4.2 4.0-4.2 3.7 Distance between posterior nostrils 5.8 3 5.5 5.3-5.7 5.1 Anterior nostril to orbit length 7.1 3 7.0 6.8-7.4 6.6 Posterior nostril to orbit length 5.3 3 5.5 5.3-5.7 4.5 Orbital diameter 4.1 3 4.7 4.2-5.2 4.5 Interorbital distance 14.2 3 14.5 14.2-14.8 11.7 Maxillary barbel length 25.7 3 25.5 22.9-27.7 27.6 External mental barbel length 18.6 3 21.7 18.4-24.6 20.8 Internal mental barbel length 12.7 3 13.5 8.6-16.7 15.3 Snout to maxillary barbel length 1.7 3 2.0 1.5-2.3 0.9 Snout to external mental barbel length 2.7 3 3.0 2.7-3.3 3.5 Snout to internal mental barbel length 1.9 3 2.4 2.2-2.5 2.9 Mouth width 10.7 3 9.6 9.2-10.0 9.2 Lower-jaw length 1.9 3 1.6 1.4-2.0 1.0 Premaxillary length 0.9 3 1.1 0.9-1.4 1.2 Premaxillarys width 6.6 3 5.5 4.6-6.7 5.8 Distance between accessory tooth plates 6.3 3 5.0 4.3-5.3 5.6 Length of accessory tooth plates 2.5 3 2.5 2.1-2.8 2.5 Width of accessory tooth plates 0.9 3 0.7 0.7-0.7 1.2 Width of cephalic shield at lateral ethmoid area 13.0 3 13.1 13.0-13.2 10.6 Width of cephalic shield at frontals area 6.0 3 6.5 5.7-7.0 5.9 Width of cephalic shield at epioccipital area 12.2 3 12.0 11.6-12.7 10.9 Width of cephalic shield at supracleithrum area 18.1 3 16.5 15.5-17.4 16.1 Lateral ethmoid to supracleithrum distance 25.0 3 22.0 20.3-24.3 19.9 Snout to post. margin of medial groove length 22.2 3 20.6 17.8-23.4 19.4 Supraoccipital process length 10.2 3 10.5 9.8-11.5 9.9 Supraoccipital process width 3.1 3 2.7 2.5-2.7 2.2 Nuchal-plates length 7.2 3 6.6 6.2-7.2 6.7 Nuchal-plate width 7.3 3 7.3 6.9-7.5 6.3 Body height 18.1 3 16.5 15.8-16.9 16.9 Body width 21.7 3 20.7 20.1-21.3 18.9 Snout to pectoral fin length 23.9 3 20.7 19.2-22.6 21.8 Snout to dorsal fin length 33.9 3 32.7 31.2-34.8 31.6 Snout to pelvic fin length 48.1 3 47.4 45.4-50.7 48.3 Snout to adipose fin length 75.8 3 74.1 72.0-77.6 74.2 Snout to anal fin length 63.1 3 67.5 62.6-73.7 64.6</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBA36E2FFEFFFD6B4A6E1FAFA55F845" blockId="9.[159,1431,248,2020]" box="[1260,1431,1997,2020]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">to be continued.</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7A666AFFECFFD5B0D5E6A8FE51FF16" box="[159,403,159,183]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">
<paragraph id="8BBA36E2FFECFFD5B0D5E6A8FE51FF16" blockId="10.[159,1316,159,737]" box="[159,403,159,183]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFECFFD5B0D5E6A8FED2FF16" bold="true" box="[159,272,159,183]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">TABLE 3.</emphasis>
(continued)
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBA36E2FFECFFD5B2F6E6FDFB8AFEAD" blockId="10.[159,1316,159,737]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">
<typeStatus id="54BE8840FFECFFD5B2F6E6FDFCD4FF40" box="[700,790,202,225]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" type="neotype">Neotype</typeStatus>
Males Female n Mean Range
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBA36E2FFECFFD5B0D5E717FB2AF8EE" blockId="10.[159,1316,159,737]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1436,1445,2031]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">
Caudal-peduncle height 8.6 3 9.7 9.1-10.1 7.2 Pectoral fin spine length 17.9 3 17.8 16.9-18.7 16.9 Dorsal fin spine length 20.1 3 19.6 18.2-21.3 18.3 Pelvic fin base length 3.5 3 4.2 4.1-4.4 4.3 Pelvic fin height 12.1 3 13.1 12.9-13.7 13.6 Adipose fin base length 8.8 3 7.5 5.8-9.0 7.6 Adipose fin height 4.1 3 4.1 3.7-4.3 3.5 Anal fin base length 20.0 2 22.3 21.5-23.2 21.2 Anal fin height 9.4 2 13.6 13.5-13.7 12.5 Caudal fin upper lobe length - 2 31.6 31.4-31.8 31.7 Caudal fin lower lobe length - 2 29.5 29.8-30.0 28.0 
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFECFFD5B08CE392FE9CFA1E" bold="true" box="[198,350,1445,1471]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">Description.</emphasis>
(
<tableCitation id="C6870359FFECFFD5B13BE392FE0EFA1E" box="[369,460,1445,1471]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,239,1185,1209]" captionText="TABLE 1. Counts of Cathorops manglarensis and Cathorops multiradiatus." pageId="10" pageNumber="43">Table 1</tableCitation>
and 
<tableCitation id="C6870359FFECFFD5B246E392FDDFFA1E" box="[524,541,1445,1471]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,239,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 3. Measurements of Cathorops multiradiatus. The measurements are expressed as percentages of standard length." pageId="10" pageNumber="43">3</tableCitation>
). Head moderately long and depressed, profile slightly convex at level of frontals and supraoccipital. Body wider than deeper on pectoral girdle area. Cephalic shield moderately granulated and visible under skin, moderately long and broad on lateral ethmoid and epioccipital area and narrow on frontal and supracleithrum areas. Osseous bridge formed by lateral ethmoid and frontals slender and visible under skin. Medial groove of neurocranium formed by frontals and supraoccipital very distinct, deep and large, progressively narrower posteriorly. Supraoccipital process of moderate length and funnel shaped, its posterior part considerably narrower than its base and profile moderately convex. Nuchal plate half moon shaped, long and wide. Snout round in transverse section. Anterior and posterior nostrils closer among themselves. Eyes lateral and relatively large. Interorbital distance and distance between nostrils and orbit large. Short maxillary barbel, reaching base of pectoral fin spine and moderately long mental barbels, external mental pair reaching margin of gill membrane, internal pair not reaching margin of gill membrane.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7A666AFFECFFD5B0DDE357FB36FAD6" box="[151,1268,1376,1400]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177646/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" targetBox="[168,1426,813,1352]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BBA36E2FFECFFD5B0DDE357FB36FAD6" blockId="10.[151,1268,1376,1400]" box="[151,1268,1376,1400]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFECFFD5B0DDE357FED8FAD9" bold="true" box="[151,282,1376,1400]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFECFFD5B16AE357FDE7FAD6" box="[288,549,1376,1399]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiradiatus">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFECFFD5B16AE357FDE7FAD6" box="[288,549,1376,1399]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">Cathorops multiradiatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, neotype, USNM 79408, male, 192.0 mm SL. Head in dorsal view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBA36E2FFECFFD4B08DE16AFC2BFEA3" blockId="10.[151,1436,1445,2031]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1436,152,258]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">Mouth of moderate size, lower jaw moderately arched. Lips moderately thick, lower thinner than upper. Vomerine tooth plates absent. One pair of elongated and narrow oval shaped accessory tooth plates, quite small and distant from each other. Accessory tooth plates with small molariform teeth. Premaxillary moderately long and wide. Dentary with posterior projection poorly development or absent, with many sharp teeth on anterior portion and few small molariform teeth on posterior portion. Sixteen to nineteen (19) acicular gill rakers on first arch, 6 (6) on upper limb, 10–13 (13) on lower limb. Fifteen to eighteen (17) spike shaped gill rakers on second arch, 4–5 (5) on upper limb, 10–13 (12) on lower limb.</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7A666AFFEDFFD4B0DDE53AFD72FCE6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177647/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" targetBox="[365,1224,338,737]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="8BBA36E2FFEDFFD4B0DDE53AFD72FCE6" blockId="11.[151,1436,781,839]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEDFFD4B0DDE53AFEDAFC84" bold="true" box="[151,280,781,805]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
Tooth plate of 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEDFFD4B1F3E53AFD7CFC85" box="[441,702,781,804]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiradiatus">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEDFFD4B1F3E53AFD7CFC85" box="[441,702,781,804]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">Cathorops multiradiatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Abbreviations: 
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEDFFD4B33AE53AFC57FC84" bold="true" box="[880,917,781,805]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">atp</emphasis>
- accessory tooth plate; 
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEDFFD4B4DDE53AFB07FC84" bold="true" box="[1175,1221,781,805]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">Den</emphasis>
- Dentary; 
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEDFFD4B574E53AFA9AFC84" bold="true" box="[1342,1368,781,805]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">pe</emphasis>
- posterior expansion; 
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEDFFD4B11BE518FE50FCE6" bold="true" box="[337,402,815,839]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">PMtp</emphasis>
- premaxillary tooth plate.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBA36E2FFEDFFD4B08DE54DFD9CFB0D" blockId="11.[151,1437,890,2036]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">Ten to eleven (10) soft pectoral fin rays. Pectoral fin spine short and thin; anterior margin granulated on two thirds, serrated on distal third; posterior margin straight on basal fourth, distal three quarters with quite long serrations. Seven (7) dorsal fin rays. Dorsal fin spine of moderate length and thin, longer than pectoral fin spine; anterior margin granulated on basal two thirds, distal third serrated; posterior margin serrated almost all its length. Six (6) pelvic fin rays, low and length of base long. Adipose fin small, its base less than half as long as anal fin base. Twenty-five to twenty-seven (27) anal fin rays, low and length of base long. Upper and lower lobes of caudal fin of moderate length, upper longer than lower. Caudal peduncle high. Lateral line reaching base of caudal fin upper lobe.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBA36E2FFEDFFD4B08DE28DFBCCFA85" blockId="11.[151,1437,890,2036]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEDFFD4B08DE28DFE1FFB75" bold="true" box="[199,477,1210,1236]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">Coloration in alcohol.</emphasis>
Head dark brown on dorsal and lateral portions, ventrally whitish. Body with same dark brown color on dorsal portion, progressively lighter towards lateral line and whitish under lateral line, with few brown spots. Barbels dark brown. All fins dark beige overall.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31F6569FFEDFFD4B08DE305FB0CF88D" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BBA36E2FFEDFFD4B08DE305FC3FFAD5" blockId="11.[151,1437,890,2036]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEDFFD4B08DE305FE00FAED" bold="true" box="[199,450,1330,1356]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">Sexual dimorphism.</emphasis>
Sexual dimorphism was observed in 
<specimenCount id="9D03FD6BFFEDFFD4B335E305FC24FAED" box="[895,998,1330,1356]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
(174.0 mm SL) and 
<specimenCount id="9D03FD6BFFEDFFD4B494E305FAFBFAED" box="[1246,1337,1330,1356]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" type="male">4 males</specimenCount>
(120.0– 209.0 mm SL) with respect to following morphological features (
<tableCitation id="C6870359FFEDFFD4B3D9E36DFC2FFAD5" box="[915,1005,1370,1396]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,239,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 3. Measurements of Cathorops multiradiatus. The measurements are expressed as percentages of standard length." pageId="11" pageNumber="44">Table 3</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBA36E2FFEDFFD4B08DE3B5FE3CF9C5" blockId="11.[151,1437,890,2036]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">Males with relatively longer and wider head than females, as expressed by longer head, longer snout, greater distance between nostrils and orbit, greater distance between lateral horn of lateral ethmoid and external branch of supracleithrum, greater distance from tip of snout to posterior margin of medial groove of neurocranium, greater distance from tip of snout to dorsal and anal fins origin, greater interorbital distance, greater distance between nostrils, and wider cephalic shield on lateral ethmoid, frontal and epioccipital areas. Males have wider body than females.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBA36E2FFEDFFD4B08DE045FCF0F97D" blockId="11.[151,1437,890,2036]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">Females with larger accessory tooth plates than males (fig. 9) and males with accessory tooth plates generally covered by epithelial tissue. Dentary in females with a longer posterior expansion and larger and more molariform teeth on posterior portion than males (fig. 9).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBA36E2FFEDFFD4B08DE0DDFB0CF88D" blockId="11.[151,1437,890,2036]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">Pelvic fin and maxillary barbel longer in females than in males. Males present longer pectoral and dorsal fin spines, relatively longer caudal fin lower lobe, and deeper caudal peduncle than females.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31F6569FFEDFFD4B08DE10DFCF6F805" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BBA36E2FFEDFFD4B08DE10DFCF6F805" blockId="11.[151,1437,890,2036]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEDFFD4B08DE10DFEA5F8F5" bold="true" box="[199,359,1850,1876]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">Distribution.</emphasis>
The literature indicates that 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEDFFD4B2F1E10CFCBEF8F5" box="[699,892,1851,1876]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiradiatus">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEDFFD4B2F1E10CFCBEF8F5" box="[699,892,1851,1876]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">C. multiradiatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs from 
<collectingCountry id="F3127672FFEDFFD4B450E10DFB5BF8F5" box="[1050,1177,1850,1876]" name="Guatemala" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
to Paita, 
<collectingCountry id="F3127672FFEDFFD4B540E10DFAFDF8F5" box="[1290,1343,1850,1876]" name="Peru" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">Peru</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B13FFEDFFD4B505E10DFEEBF8DD" author="Hildebrand" pageId="11" pageNumber="47" refString="Hildebrand, S. F. (1946) A descriptive catalog of the shore fishes of Peru. Smithsonian Institution Bulletin United States National Museum, 189, 119 - 128." type="journal article" year="1946">Hildebrand, 1946</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B13FFEDFFD4B172E155FDAAF8DD" author="Kailola" box="[312,616,1890,1916]" pageId="11" pageNumber="47" refString="Kailola, P. J. &amp; Bussing, W. A. (1995) Ariidae. In: Fischer, W., Krupp, F., Schneider, W., Sommer, C., Carpenter, K. E. &amp; Niem, V. H. (Eds.), Guia FAO para la Identificacion para los Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-oriental. Vo l. I I. Vertebrados - Parte 1, FAO, Rome. 860 - 886." type="journal article" year="1995">Kailola &amp; Bussing, 1995</bibRefCitation>
). The examined specimens are from 
<collectingCountry id="F3127672FFEDFFD4B46DE155FB46F8DD" box="[1063,1156,1890,1916]" name="Panama" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">Panama</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F3127672FFEDFFD4B489E155FAF5F8DD" box="[1219,1335,1890,1916]" name="Colombia" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">Colombia</collectingCountry>
(fig. 6). Common in shallow coastal areas and mangrove regions.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31F6569FFEDFFD2B08DE185FB2FFEA3" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BBA36E2FFEDFFD3B08DE185FD61FD1B" blockId="11.[151,1437,890,2036]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEDFFD4B08DE185FE82F86D" bold="true" box="[199,320,1970,1996]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">Remarks.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B13FFEDFFD4B102E185FE1BF86D" author="Kner" box="[328,473,1970,1996]" pageId="11" pageNumber="47" refString="Kner, R. (1863) Eine Uebersicht der ichthyologischen Ausbeute des Herrn Professors Dr. Mor. Wagner in Central- Amerika. Sitzungsber. Koningl. Bayer. Akademie Wissenschaften, Muenchen, 2, 220 - 230." type="journal article" year="1863">Kner (1863)</bibRefCitation>
described 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEDFFD4B213E184FCD7F86D" box="[601,789,1971,1996]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" genus="Bagrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arioides">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEDFFD4B213E184FCD7F86D" box="[601,789,1971,1996]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">Bagrus arioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on one specimen collected in the River Bayano, in 
<collectingCountry id="F3127672FFEDFFD4B0FEE1EDFED7F855" box="[180,277,2010,2036]" name="Panama" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">Panama</collectingCountry>
. The name is preoccupied by a species described by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B13FFEDFFD4B33DE1EDFBA4F855" author="Valenciennes" box="[887,1126,2010,2036]" pageId="11" pageNumber="48" refString="Valenciennes, A. (1840) In: Cuvier, G. &amp; Valenciennes, A. (1840) Histoire Naturelle des Poissons. Tome Quatorzieme. Suite du Livre Seizieme. Labroides. Livre Dix-septieme. Des Malacopterygiens. Ch. Pitois &amp; V e Levrault, Paris; Strasbourg, xxii + 2 + 464 + 4 p., pls. 389 - 420." type="book chapter" year="1840">Valenciennes (1840)</bibRefCitation>
from Bengal, 
<collectingCountry id="F3127672FFEDFFD4B547E1EDFA8FF855" box="[1293,1357,2010,2036]" name="India" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">India</collectingCountry>
. Homonymy was recognized by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B13FFEAFFD3B196E6AFFD55FF13" author="Gunther" box="[476,663,152,178]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" refString="Gunther, A. (1864) Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum, vol. 5. - Catalogue of the Physostomi, Containing the Families Siluridae, Characinidae, Haplochitonidae, Sternoptychidae, Scopelidae, Stomiatidae in the Collection of the British Museum. Trustees, London, xxii + 455 pp." type="book" year="1864">Günther (1864)</bibRefCitation>
, who proposed 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEAFFD3B31DE6AFFBFCFF10" box="[855,1086,152,177]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiradiatus">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B31DE6AFFBFCFF10" box="[855,1086,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Arius multiradiatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a replacement for 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEAFFD3B50DE6AFFE4DFF7B" authority="Kner, 1863" authorityName="Kner" authorityYear="1863" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" genus="Bagrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arioides">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B50DE6AFFF35FF78" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Bagrus arioides</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B13FFEAFFD3B14EE6F7FE4DFF7B" author="Kner" box="[260,399,192,218]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" refString="Kner, R. (1863) Eine Uebersicht der ichthyologischen Ausbeute des Herrn Professors Dr. Mor. Wagner in Central- Amerika. Sitzungsber. Koningl. Bayer. Akademie Wissenschaften, Muenchen, 2, 220 - 230." type="journal article" year="1863">Kner, 1863</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. According to Article 59 (a) of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999), which deals with cases of primary homonyms, 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEAFFD3B353E6DFFB9CFEA3" authority="Kner, 1863" authorityName="Kner" authorityYear="1863" box="[793,1118,232,258]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" genus="Bagrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arioides">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B353E6DFFC17FEA0" box="[793,981,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Bagrus arioides</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B13FFEAFFD3B396E6DFFB9CFEA3" author="Kner" box="[988,1118,232,258]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" refString="Kner, R. (1863) Eine Uebersicht der ichthyologischen Ausbeute des Herrn Professors Dr. Mor. Wagner in Central- Amerika. Sitzungsber. Koningl. Bayer. Akademie Wissenschaften, Muenchen, 2, 220 - 230." type="journal article" year="1863">Kner, 1863</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
must be definitely rejected and recognized as an invalid senior synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEAFFD3B2BBE727FB26FE8B" authority="Gunther, 1864" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1864" box="[753,1252,272,298]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiradiatus">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B2BBE727FBD7FE88" box="[753,1045,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Cathorops multiradiatus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B13FFEAFFD3B462E727FB19FE8B" author="Gunther" box="[1064,1243,272,298]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" refString="Gunther, A. (1864) Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum, vol. 5. - Catalogue of the Physostomi, Containing the Families Siluridae, Characinidae, Haplochitonidae, Sternoptychidae, Scopelidae, Stomiatidae in the Collection of the British Museum. Trustees, London, xxii + 455 pp." type="book" year="1864">Günther, 1864</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The specimen examined by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B13FFEAFFD3B173E70FFE0EFEF3" author="Kner" box="[313,460,312,338]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" refString="Kner, R. (1863) Eine Uebersicht der ichthyologischen Ausbeute des Herrn Professors Dr. Mor. Wagner in Central- Amerika. Sitzungsber. Koningl. Bayer. Akademie Wissenschaften, Muenchen, 2, 220 - 230." type="journal article" year="1863">Kner (1863)</bibRefCitation>
was destroyed (personal communication of Dirk Neumann) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEAFFD3B493E70FFA5EFEF0" box="[1241,1436,312,337]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiradiatus">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B493E70FFA5EFEF0" box="[1241,1436,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">C. multiradiatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be recognized by its original description, partially reproduced by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B13FFEAFFD3B3A0E757FB64FEDB" author="Gunther" box="[1002,1190,352,378]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" refString="Gunther, A. (1864) Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum, vol. 5. - Catalogue of the Physostomi, Containing the Families Siluridae, Characinidae, Haplochitonidae, Sternoptychidae, Scopelidae, Stomiatidae in the Collection of the British Museum. Trustees, London, xxii + 455 pp." type="book" year="1864">Günther (1864)</bibRefCitation>
, with the number of anal-fin rays was long identified as an exclusive characteristic of the species within the genus (
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B13FFEAFFD3B4BCE7BFFEAEFE6B" author="Eigenmann" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" refString="Eigenmann, C. H. &amp; Eigenmann, R. S. (1890) A revision of the South American Nematognathi or cat-fishes. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, no. 1, 1 - 508 + errata and map." type="journal article" year="1890">Eigenmann &amp; Eigenmann, 1890</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B13FFEAFFD3B131E787FD7EFE6B" author="Jordan" box="[379,700,432,458]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" refString="Jordan, D. S. &amp; Evermann, B. W. (1896) The fishes of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish-like vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north of the Isthmus of Panama. Part I. Bulletin of the U. S. National Museum, 47, i - lx + 1 - 1240." type="journal article" year="1896">
<collectingCountry id="F3127672FFEAFFD3B131E787FE0BFE6B" box="[379,457,432,458]" name="Jordan" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Jordan</collectingCountry>
&amp; Evermann, 1896
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B13FFEAFFD3B281E787FCA7FE6B" author="Regan" box="[715,869,432,458]" pageId="12" pageNumber="48" refString="Regan, C. T. (1906 - 1908) Pisces. In: Godman, F. D. &amp; Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Central-Americana, Part 193. London, 1 - 203, 25 pls." type="journal article" year="1906">Regan, 1906</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B13FFEAFFD3B33EE787FB77FE6B" author="Meek" box="[884,1205,432,458]" pageId="12" pageNumber="48" refString="Meek, S. E. &amp; Hildebrand, S. F. (1923) The marine fishes of Panama. - Part I. Publication. Zoological Series, Field Museum of Natural History, 15, i - xi + 1 - 330, pls. 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="1923">Meek &amp; Hildebrand, 1923</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B13FFEAFFD3B48EE787FA55FE6B" author="Hildebrand" box="[1220,1431,432,458]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" refString="Hildebrand, S. F. (1946) A descriptive catalog of the shore fishes of Peru. Smithsonian Institution Bulletin United States National Museum, 189, 119 - 128." type="journal article" year="1946">Hildebrand, 1946</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B13FFEAFFD3B0DDE7EFFE7FFE53" author="Kailola" box="[151,445,472,498]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" refString="Kailola, P. J. &amp; Bussing, W. A. (1995) Ariidae. In: Fischer, W., Krupp, F., Schneider, W., Sommer, C., Carpenter, K. E. &amp; Niem, V. H. (Eds.), Guia FAO para la Identificacion para los Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-oriental. Vo l. I I. Vertebrados - Parte 1, FAO, Rome. 860 - 886." type="journal article" year="1995">Kailola &amp; Bussing, 1995</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEAFFD3B19AE7EFFD2DFE50" box="[464,751,472,497]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manglarensis">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B19AE7EFFD2DFE50" box="[464,751,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Cathorops manglarensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a similar number of anal-fin rays, rendering the recognition of 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEAFFD3B143E437FE0EFDB8" box="[265,460,512,537]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiradiatus">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B143E437FE0EFDB8" box="[265,460,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">C. multiradiatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
imprecise, if based exclusively on its original description. Given the loss of the 
<typeStatus id="54BE8840FFEAFFD3B0DDE41FFEC3FDE3" box="[151,257,552,578]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, the previously only known 
<typeStatus id="54BE8840FFEAFFD3B200E41FFDBFFDE3" box="[586,637,552,578]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">type</typeStatus>
specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEAFFD3B352E41FFC5AFDE0" box="[792,920,552,577]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" genus="Bagrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arioides">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B352E41FFC5AFDE0" box="[792,920,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">B. arioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a 
<typeStatus id="54BE8840FFEAFFD3B3F0E41FFBD5FDE3" box="[954,1047,552,578]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
is herein designated to insure the stability of the name and to avoid future doubts concerning the identity of the species. The specimen chosen as 
<typeStatus id="54BE8840FFEAFFD3B0DDE44FFF36FD33" box="[151,244,632,658]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEAFFD3B154E44FFE23FD30" box="[286,481,632,657]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiradiatus">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B154E44FFE23FD30" box="[286,481,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">C. multiradiatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a male of 192.0 mm SL, from the Bay of 
<collectingCountry id="F3127672FFEAFFD3B3B5E44FFB9DFD33" box="[1023,1119,632,658]" name="Panama" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Panama</collectingCountry>
, belonging to the National Museum of Natural History (USNM 79408).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBA36E2FFEAFFD3B08DE4FFFD5BFA2B" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">
The nominal species 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEAFFD3B18FE4FFFCB0FD43" authority="Gilbert, 1898" authorityName="Gilbert" authorityYear="1898" box="[453,882,712,738]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" genus="Tachysurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emmelane">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B18FE4FFFD08FD40" box="[453,714,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Tachysurus emmelane</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B13FFEAFFD3B299E4FFFCB0FD43" author="Gilbert" box="[723,882,712,738]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" refString="Gilbert, C. H. (1898) In: Jordan, D. S. &amp; Evermann, B. W. (1898) The fishes of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish-like vertebrates found in the waters of North America north of the Isthmus of Panama. Part III. Bulletin of the U. S. National Museum, 47, i - xxiv + 2183 a - 3136." type="journal article" year="1898">Gilbert, 1898</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEAFFD3B3E4E4FFFAA8FD43" authority="Starks, 1906" authorityName="Starks" authorityYear="1906" box="[942,1386,712,738]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" genus="Tachysurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="equatorialis">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B3E4E4FFFB08FD40" box="[942,1226,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Tachysurus equatorialis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B13FFEAFFD3B499E4FFFAA8FD43" author="Starks" box="[1235,1386,712,738]" pageId="12" pageNumber="48" refString="Starks, E. C. (1906) On a collection of fishes made by P. O. Simons in Ecuador and Peru. Proceedings United States National Museum, 30 (1468), 761 - 800." type="journal article" year="1906">Starks, 1906</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, are recognized as junior synonyms of 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEAFFD3B27AE4C7FD33FCA8" box="[560,753,752,777]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiradiatus">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B27AE4C7FD33FCA8" box="[560,753,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">C. multiradiatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The determination of the specific status of both nominal species is based on their original descriptions. 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEAFFD3B283E52FFBB5FC93" authority="Gilbert, 1898" authorityName="Gilbert" authorityYear="1898" box="[713,1143,792,818]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" genus="Tachysurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emmelane">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B283E52FFC0DFC90" box="[713,975,792,817]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Tachysurus emmelane</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B13FFEAFFD3B392E52FFBB5FC93" author="Gilbert" box="[984,1143,792,818]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" refString="Gilbert, C. H. (1898) In: Jordan, D. S. &amp; Evermann, B. W. (1898) The fishes of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish-like vertebrates found in the waters of North America north of the Isthmus of Panama. Part III. Bulletin of the U. S. National Museum, 47, i - xxiv + 2183 a - 3136." type="journal article" year="1898">Gilbert, 1898</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
was described based on one specimen of 
<quantity id="4CFD9B07FFEAFFD3B115E577FE02FCFB" box="[351,448,832,858]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="280.0">280 mm</quantity>
TL, colleted in 
<collectingCountry id="F3127672FFEAFFD3B237E577FD1CFCFB" box="[637,734,832,858]" name="Panama" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Panama</collectingCountry>
. The original description presents characteristics of the species common to 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEAFFD3B115E55FFDE0FC20" box="[351,546,872,897]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiradiatus">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B115E55FFDE0FC20" box="[351,546,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">C. multiradiatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which also distinguishes it from 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEAFFD3B3F7E55FFBBDFC20" box="[957,1151,872,897]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manglarensis">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B3F7E55FFBBDFC20" box="[957,1151,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">C. manglarensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: “ 
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B4D4E55FFA59FC20" box="[1182,1435,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">posterior mandibular</emphasis>
(dentary) 
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B146E5A7FA5EFC08" box="[268,1436,912,937]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">teeth stronger than those in front bluntly conic, not, however, granular or flat and pavement like</emphasis>
(molariform), 
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B108E58FFCEAFC70" box="[322,808,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">as are the posterior mandibular teeth in</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEAFFD3B378E58FFC68FC73" box="[818,938,952,978]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuerthii">T. fuerthii</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEAFFD3B3F6E58FFB9EFC73" box="[956,1116,952,978]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" genus="Tachysurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanopus">T. melanopus</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B42CE58FFB50FC70" box="[1126,1170,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">and</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEAFFD3B4D7E58FFAD4FC73" box="[1181,1302,952,978]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" genus="Tachysurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="liropus">T. liropus</taxonomicName>
”, “ 
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B576E58FFA5EFC70" box="[1340,1436,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">palatine</emphasis>
(accessory tooth plates) 
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B1F0E5D7FDA7FC58" box="[442,613,992,1017]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">teeth granular</emphasis>
(molariform), 
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B353E5D7FA87FB80" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">in small oblanceolate patches, which taper to a point laterally, and are widely separated on medial line, the patches agreeing in size and shape with those in</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEAFFD3B506E23FFF06FBEB" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" genus="Tachysurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="liropus">T. liropus</taxonomicName>
”, “ 
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B0A3E207FBE5FBD0" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">the maxillary barbels reaching edge of gill membrane in front of pectoral spine, the outer mental barbels extending beyond gill membrane, ..., the inner not to edge of membrane</emphasis>
”, “ 
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B41BE26FFAE4FBD0" box="[1105,1318,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">gill rakers 6 + 13</emphasis>
”, “ 
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B51BE26FFCFAFB38" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">
dorsal spine ... its length to tip of calcified portion 1 2/ 
<quantity id="4CFD9B07FFEAFFD3B286E2B7FD35FB38" box="[716,759,1152,1177]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" unit="in" value="5.0">5 in</quantity>
head
</emphasis>
” and “ 
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B3C6E2B7FBCCFB60" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">pectoral spine strong, ridged and granulated in front, the hinder edge with very strong serrae; length of spine 1 ¾ in head</emphasis>
”. Additionally, the 
<typeStatus id="54BE8840FFEAFFD3B4BEE29FFAE4FB63" box="[1268,1318,1192,1218]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">type</typeStatus>
specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEAFFD3B0F1E2E7FE90FB48" box="[187,338,1232,1257]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" genus="Tachysurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emmelane">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B0F1E2E7FE90FB48" box="[187,338,1232,1257]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">T. emmelane</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was examined by Dave Catania (Department of Ichthyology, California Academy of Sciences), that sent the following data on the 
<typeStatus id="54BE8840FFEAFFD3B2C8E2CFFD7BFAB3" box="[642,697,1272,1298]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">type</typeStatus>
: 6 + 13 gill rakers on first gill arch; 6 + 13 gill rakers on second gill arch; maxillary barbel 
<quantity id="4CFD9B07FFEAFFD3B184E317FDF4FA9B" box="[462,566,1312,1338]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.24" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="52.4">52.4 mm</quantity>
(22.8 % SL) (fig. 3); pectoral fin spine 
<quantity id="4CFD9B07FFEAFFD3B44FE317FBACFA9B" box="[1029,1134,1312,1338]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.15" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="41.5">41.5 mm</quantity>
(17.9 % SL) (fig. 4); dorsal fin spine 
<quantity id="4CFD9B07FFEAFFD3B160E37FFE50FAC3" box="[298,402,1352,1378]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4799999999999995" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="44.8">44.8 mm</quantity>
(19.5 % SL and longer than pectoral-fin spine) (fig. 4); pectoral fin spines with long and conspicuous serrations on posterior surface.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBA36E2FFEAFFD2B08DE3AFFB2FFEA3" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1436,152,498]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B13FFEAFFD3B08DE3AFFEA4FA13" author="Starks" box="[199,358,1432,1458]" pageId="12" pageNumber="48" refString="Starks, E. C. (1906) On a collection of fishes made by P. O. Simons in Ecuador and Peru. Proceedings United States National Museum, 30 (1468), 761 - 800." type="journal article" year="1906">Starks (1906)</bibRefCitation>
described 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEAFFD3B1A3E3AFFCC7FA10" box="[489,773,1432,1457]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" genus="Tachysurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="equatorialis">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B1A3E3AFFCC7FA10" box="[489,773,1432,1457]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Tachysurus equatorialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on only one specimen from Guayaquil, 
<collectingCountry id="F3127672FFEAFFD3B57EE3AFFA5AFA13" box="[1332,1432,1432,1458]" name="Ecuador" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEAFFD3B0DDE3F7FE73FA78" box="[151,433,1472,1497]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" genus="Tachysurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="equatorialis">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B0DDE3F7FE73FA78" box="[151,433,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Tachysurus equatorialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEAFFD3B206E3F7FCCEFA78" box="[588,780,1472,1497]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manglarensis">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B206E3F7FCCEFA78" box="[588,780,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">C. manglarensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and may be recognized as a synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEAFFD3B4BEE3F7FF7BF9A0" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiradiatus">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B4BEE3F7FF7BF9A0" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">C. multiradiatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on the following characteristics presented in its original description: “ 
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B41EE3DFFAD5F9A0" box="[1108,1303,1512,1537]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">palatine patches</emphasis>
(accessory tooth plates) 
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B17CE027FAF3F988" box="[310,1329,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">small, elliptical, and widely separated, each bearing about 30 bluntly rounded teeth</emphasis>
(molariform); 
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B0A1E00FFBF7F9F0" box="[235,1077,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">length of each patch two-fifths of length of eye and half as wide as long</emphasis>
”, “ 
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B414E00FFF0AF9D8" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">posterior, median, mandibular</emphasis>
(dentary) 
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B108E057FD3AF9D8" box="[322,760,1632,1657]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">teeth not enlarged as in other species</emphasis>
”, “ 
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B368E057FB68F900" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">maxillary barbel reaching to axillary pore; posmental barbel to base of pectoral spine; and mental barbel to base of branchiostegal membrane</emphasis>
” and “ 
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B4B7E0BFFEA4F968" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">
gill rakers .... 6 + 
<quantity id="4CFD9B07FFEAFFD3B083E087FEC7F968" box="[201,261,1712,1737]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.302" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" unit="in" value="13.0">13 in</quantity>
number
</emphasis>
”. The condition of 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEAFFD3B204E087FD3BF968" box="[590,761,1712,1737]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" genus="Tachysurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="equatorialis">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B204E087FD3BF968" box="[590,761,1712,1737]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">T. equatorialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEAFFD3B383E087FB4BF968" box="[969,1161,1712,1737]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiradiatus">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B383E087FB4BF968" box="[969,1161,1712,1737]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">C. multiradiatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also based on observations done by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B13FFEAFFD3B129E0EFFD86F953" author="Hildebrand" box="[355,580,1752,1778]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" refString="Hildebrand, S. F. (1946) A descriptive catalog of the shore fishes of Peru. Smithsonian Institution Bulletin United States National Museum, 189, 119 - 128." type="journal article" year="1946">Hildebrand (1946)</bibRefCitation>
. The author redescribed 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEAFFD3B339E0EFFBF5F950" box="[883,1079,1752,1777]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiradiatus">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B339E0EFFBF5F950" box="[883,1079,1752,1777]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">C. multiradiatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on the examination of three specimens from the Gulf of Guayaquil and on specimens examined by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B13FFEAFFD3B458E137FAB1F8BB" author="Evermann" box="[1042,1395,1792,1818]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" refString="Evermann, B. W. &amp; Radcliffe, L. (1917) The fishes of the west coast of Peru and the Titicaca Basin. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 95, 1 - 166." type="journal article" year="1917">Evermann &amp; Radcliffe (1917)</bibRefCitation>
, on which the authors based their redescription of 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEAFFD3B281E11FFC2AF8E0" box="[715,1000,1832,1857]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" genus="Tachysurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="equatorialis">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B281E11FFC2AF8E0" box="[715,1000,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Tachysurus equatorialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(USMN 77596). 
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B13FFEAFFD3B48AE11FFA5EF8E3" author="Hildebrand" box="[1216,1436,1832,1858]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" refString="Hildebrand, S. F. (1946) A descriptive catalog of the shore fishes of Peru. Smithsonian Institution Bulletin United States National Museum, 189, 119 - 128." type="journal article" year="1946">Hildebrand (1946)</bibRefCitation>
compared the cited specimens with specimens from 
<collectingCountry id="F3127672FFEAFFD3B2B1E167FC9AF8CB" box="[763,856,1872,1898]" name="Panama" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Panama</collectingCountry>
identified as 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEAFFD3B3BCE167FB74F8C8" box="[1014,1206,1872,1897]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiradiatus">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B3BCE167FB74F8C8" box="[1014,1206,1872,1897]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">C. multiradiatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the type-specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEAFFD3B0BCE14FFE61F830" box="[246,419,1912,1937]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" genus="Tachysurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="equatorialis">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B0BCE14FFE61F830" box="[246,419,1912,1937]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">T. equatorialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(USNM 53470), recognizing that all of them did not differ meaningfully from each other and probably represent the same species. Additionally, the 
<typeStatus id="54BE8840FFEAFFD3B3DCE197FC0AF81B" box="[918,968,1952,1978]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">type</typeStatus>
specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="4C054D61FFEAFFD3B423E197FAD7F818" box="[1129,1301,1952,1977]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" genus="Tachysurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="equatorialis">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEAFFD3B423E197FAD7F818" box="[1129,1301,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">T. equatorialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was examined by Carl J. Ferraris (California Academy of Sciences) and Richard P. Vari (Division of Fishes, Smithsonian Institution) and the latter sent the following data on the 
<typeStatus id="54BE8840FFEBFFD2B322E6AFFC5DFF13" box="[872,927,152,178]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">type</typeStatus>
: 6 + 14 gill rakers on first gill arch; 5 + 13 gill rakers on second gill arch; maxillary barbel 
<quantity id="4CFD9B07FFEBFFD2B28CE6F7FCECFF7B" box="[710,814,192,218]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.55" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="35.5">35.5 mm</quantity>
(18.6% SL) (fig. 3); pectoral fin spine broken; dorsal fin spine broken; pectoral fin spines with long and conspicuous serrations on posterior surface.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31F6569FFEBFFD2B08DE738FA50FE53" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BBA36E2FFEBFFD2B08DE738FA50FE53" blockId="13.[151,1436,152,498]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEBFFD2B08DE738FE78FE88" bold="true" box="[199,442,271,297]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Material Examined</emphasis>
. 
<typeStatus id="54BE8840FFEBFFD2B182E738FDECFE88" box="[456,558,271,297]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" type="neotype">
<emphasis id="B971EAF0FFEBFFD2B182E738FDECFE88" bold="true" box="[456,558,271,297]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Neotype</emphasis>
</typeStatus>
(herein designated): 
<collectionCode id="ED14AE27FFEBFFD2B36CE727FCB9FE8B" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[806,891,272,298]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">USNM</collectionCode>
79408 (male, 192.0 mm SL) 
<collectingCountry id="F3127672FFEBFFD2B49EE727FAF6FE8B" box="[1236,1332,272,298]" name="Panama" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Panama</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F3127672FFEBFFD2B575E727FA5EFE8B" box="[1343,1436,272,298]" name="Panama" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Panama</collectingCountry>
Bay, Balboa, canal zone, May 0 5 and 0 6 1911, Meek, S. E. &amp; Hildebrand, S. F. 
<collectionCode id="ED14AE27FFEBFFD2B40BE70FFB54FEF3" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[1089,1174,312,338]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">USNM</collectionCode>
388315 (1, 209.0 mm SL) collected with 
<typeStatus id="54BE8840FFEBFFD2B13DE757FE15FEDB" box="[375,471,352,378]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
; 
<collectionCode id="ED14AE27FFEBFFD2B1A9E757FDFAFEDB" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[483,568,352,378]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">USNM</collectionCode>
292703 (1, 174.0 mm SL) 
<collectingCountry id="F3127672FFEBFFD2B333E757FC32FEDB" box="[889,1008,352,378]" name="Colombia" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Colombia</collectingCountry>
, Sandy Beach immediately South of Punta Canchaco in enseada de Juan Chaco, about 1, 1/2 hrs. by motor boat north of Buenaventura (
<geoCoordinate id="EE315025FFEBFFD2B556E7BFFF6EFE6B" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" precision="15" value="3.9444444">03º 56' 40'' N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE315025FFEBFFD2B0F9E787FEEAFE6B" box="[179,296,432,458]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" precision="925" value="-77.35">77º 21' W</geoCoordinate>
), 
<date id="FFBB1022FFEBFFD2B177E787FE13FE6B" box="[317,465,432,458]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" value="1969-09-18">Sep 18 1969</date>
, Knapp, L.; 
<collectionCode id="ED14AE27FFEBFFD2B228E787FD75FE6B" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[610,695,432,458]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">USNM</collectionCode>
0 0 286400 (3, 120.0–125.0 mm SL) 
<collectingCountry id="F3127672FFEBFFD2B42AE787FB15FE6B" box="[1120,1239,432,458]" name="Colombia" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Colombia</collectingCountry>
, off Cape Manglares, south of Tumaco (
<geoCoordinate id="EE315025FFEBFFD2B1F8E7EFFD8DFE53" box="[434,591,472,498]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" precision="15" value="1.65">01º 39' 00'' N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE315025FFEBFFD2B21DE7EFFD3BFE53" box="[599,761,472,498]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" precision="15" value="-79.041664">79º 02' 30'' W</geoCoordinate>
to 
<geoCoordinate id="EE315025FFEBFFD2B354E7EFFC78FE53" box="[798,954,472,498]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" precision="15" value="1.625">01º 37' 30'' N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE315025FFEBFFD2B38BE7EFFBA5FE53" box="[961,1127,472,498]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" precision="15" value="-79.03333">79º 02' 00'' W</geoCoordinate>
), 
<date id="FFBB1022FFEBFFD2B436E7EFFACDFE53" box="[1148,1295,472,498]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" value="1970-10-27">Oct 27 1970</date>
, Knapp, L.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>