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<document id="83C1B6E20DD031756EC971CD63294871" ID-CLB-Dataset="3943" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.1196007" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9f6a1d45-f725-42d1-a64c-b6ffaaae23d7" ID-ISSN="0035-418" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1196007" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1634783218614" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Galea, Horia R., Gioia Di Camillo, Cristina, Maggioni, Davide, Montano, Simone &amp; Schuchert, Peter" docDate="2018" docId="03A487AEFF922C08FF148A58FC656959" docLanguage="en" docName="3_Galea_etal.pdf" docOrigin="Revue suisse de Zoologie 125 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:225056F0A23C51DDC06AC27EAEA15D5B.2:RevSuisseZool.2015-2019.journal_article" docStyleId="225056F0A23C51DDC06AC27EAEA15D5B" docStyleName="RevSuisseZool.2015-2019.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Halopteris millardae Galea &amp; Gioia Di Camillo &amp; Maggioni &amp; Montano &amp; Schuchert 2018, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="40" masterDocId="FF9DFFD6FF832C1BFFEA8C44FFB06820" masterDocTitle="A reassessment of Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913) (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), with descriptions of three new species" masterLastPageNumber="59" masterPageNumber="21" pageNumber="38" updateTime="1736183339657" updateUser="guilherme" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="5D451460BD71CDF5EA376993DBE3CFF6">A reassessment of Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913) (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), with descriptions of three new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BA0680AA1BC6731ED7E939B48E315919">Galea, Horia R.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="3CB4914517BD801DEDDC922429AF15D9">Hydrozoan Research Laboratory, 405 Chemin des Gatiers, F- 83170 Tourves, France</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="2E42AD0333947DD4894E12EDCC8EF888">Gioia Di Camillo, Cristina</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="CA4381826953B1EA9D27691F2A878CC8">Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, I- 60121 Ancona, Italy</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="AFFEF5636EBBD3F447EBAC0B9B75BE78">Maggioni, Davide</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="EE32DC94B726D9EF73A123367971B915">Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 12030 Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E5960AE9763C4BD1AA417F838466A6B9">Schuchert, Peter</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03A487AEFF922C08FF148A58FC656959" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590666" ID-GBIF-Taxon="189153144" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5590666" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A487AEFF922C08FF148A58FC656959" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A487AEFF922C08FF148A58FC656959" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" scope_class="Hydrozoa" scope_family="Halopterididae" scope_order="Leptothecata" scope_phylum="Cnidaria">
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<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF922C0AFF148A58FD3D6E14" blockId="17.[254,653,1564,1620]" box="[254,653,1564,1588]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">
<heading id="D0FA81D4FF922C0AFF148A58FD3D6E14" bold="true" box="[254,653,1564,1588]" centered="true" level="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF922C0AFF148A58FD3D6E14" bold="true" box="[254,653,1564,1588]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF922C0AFF148A58FD9C6E14" ID-CoL="3JFQW" authority="Galea" authorityName="Galea &amp; Gioia Di Camillo &amp; Maggioni &amp; Montano &amp; Schuchert" authorityYear="2018" box="[254,556,1564,1588]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="millardae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF922C0AFF148A58FE516E14" bold="true" box="[254,481,1564,1588]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Halopteris millardae</emphasis>
Galea
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24A57D1FF922C0AFDD28A59FD3D6E14" box="[568,653,1565,1588]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3176533FF922C0AFEED8A79FD346E74" box="[263,644,1597,1620]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF922C0AFEED8A79FD346E74" blockId="17.[254,653,1564,1620]" box="[263,644,1597,1620]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF922C0AFEED8A79FEE76E74" box="[263,343,1597,1620]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,186,1838,1859]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,265,1792]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[151,1436,257,1799]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Living colonies of Halopteris spp. showing their natural coloration. (A) H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913) from Bunaken, in situ (photo CGDC). (B, C) H. sibogae (Billard, 1913) from Bali, in situ. (D) H. vervoorti Galea, 2008 from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM &amp; SM). (E) H. australis sp. nov. from New Caledonia, in situ. (F) H. millardae sp. nov. from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM &amp; SM). Photos courtesy: N. &amp; J-M. Bertot (B, C), E. Tardy (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590662" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590662/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Figs 1F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF922C0AFE898A79FE366E74" box="[355,390,1597,1620]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,927,948]" captionTargetBox="[180,1374,260,911]" captionTargetId="figure-313@5.[151,1402,254,925]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Preserved cormoids of Halopteris spp. showing differences in their appearance. (A): H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913), MHNG- INVE-97937. (B): H. sibogae (Billard, 1913), MHNG-INVE-97938. (C-E): H. vervoorti Galea, 2008 from Bali (MHNG- INVE-97952), Toliara (MHNG-INVE-98633) and Martinique (HRG-0897), respectively. (F): H. australis sp. nov. (MHNG- INVE-82742). (G): H. millardae sp. nov., MHNG-INVE-98634. (H): H. brasiliensis sp. nov., MHNG-INVE-37495, slide H12/37. Scale bar: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590664" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590664/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">2G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF922C0AFE7B8A79FE116E74" box="[401,417,1597,1620]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[151,186,1031,1052]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,253,959]" captionTargetId="figure-411@18.[151,1436,251,960]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 7. Halopteris millardae sp. nov. Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Hydrothecae from stem (B) and cladia (C, D), the latter in frontal and lateral aspects, respectively. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1, 2) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E3, 4), mesial (E5, 6) and lateral (E7) from cauline hydrotheca, and axillar associated to both cauline (E8) and cladial (E9) hydrothecae.All from sample MHNG-INVE-98634. Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (B-E), 300 μm (A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590680/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">7</figureCitation>
; 
<tableCitation id="C68F0303FF922C0AFE468A79FE4C6E74" box="[428,508,1597,1620]" captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="28.[148,201,1132,1153]" captionTargetBox="[159,1946,1194,1794]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Table 5. Measurements (in μm) and main morphological features of Halopteris australis sp. nov., H. millardae sp. nov., and H. brasiliensis sp. nov." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF726630FF9F2C07FF7E8828F99A6CA1" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" tableUuid="DF726630FF9F2C07FF7E8828F99A6CA1">Table 5</tableCitation>
; Appendix 1
</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF922C0AFF7D8A2FFEC76EA0" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[151,375,1643,1664]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF922C0AFF7D8A2FFEC76EA0" box="[151,375,1643,1664]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Halopteris polymorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF922C0AFE678A2FFD306EA0" author="Millard N. A. H. &amp; Bouillon J." box="[397,640,1643,1664]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" pagination="1 - 105" refId="ref27956" refString="Millard N. A. H., Bouillon J. 1973. Hydroids from the Seychelles (Coelenterata). Annales du Museum Royal de l'Afrique Centrale 206: 1 - 105." type="journal article" year="1973">Millard &amp; Bouillon, 1973</bibRefCitation>
(
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF922C0AFD678A2FFD566EA0" box="[653,742,1643,1664]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">pro parte</emphasis>
): 83, fig. 10F, G, H, J. – 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF922C0AFE368ACCFD6B6EBD" author="Bouillon J. &amp; Massin C. &amp; Kresevic R." box="[476,731,1672,1693]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" refId="ref26365" refString="Bouillon J., Massin C., Kresevic R. 1995. Hydroidomedusae de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique. Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen, Brussel, 106 pp." type="book" year="1995">
Bouillon 
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF922C0AFDD08ACCFDD96EBD" box="[570,617,1672,1693]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">et al</emphasis>
., 1995: 49
</bibRefCitation>
. – 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF922C0AFF098AE1FE326E9A" author="Schuchert P." box="[227,386,1701,1722]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref28947" refString="Schuchert P. 1997. Review of the family Halopterididae. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 309: 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert, 1997</bibRefCitation>
(
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF922C0AFE798AE1FE5F6E9A" box="[403,495,1701,1722]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">pro parte</emphasis>
): 66, 72, fig. 22A-D [non 
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF922C0AFF098A86FDEC6EF7" authority="(Billard, 1913)" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[227,604,1730,1751]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF922C0AFF098A86FE736EF7" box="[227,451,1730,1751]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Halopteris polymorpha</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF922C0AFE3A8A86FDE56EF7" author="Billard A." box="[464,597,1730,1751]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard, 1913</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF922C0AFF7D8A9BFD766F31" blockId="17.[151,756,1643,1867]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">
non 
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF922C0AFF2E8A9BFE176ED4" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[196,423,1759,1780]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF922C0AFF2E8A9BFE176ED4" box="[196,423,1759,1780]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Halopteris polymorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF922C0AFE2E8A9BFD736ED4" author="Millard N. A. H. &amp; Bouillon J." box="[452,707,1759,1780]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" pagination="1 - 105" refId="ref27956" refString="Millard N. A. H., Bouillon J. 1973. Hydroids from the Seychelles (Coelenterata). Annales du Museum Royal de l'Afrique Centrale 206: 1 - 105." type="journal article" year="1973">Millard &amp; Bouillon, 1973</bibRefCitation>
(
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF922C0AFD398A9BFEA66F31" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">pro parte</emphasis>
): 83 (= 
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF922C0AFE8E8AB8FD0B6F31" authority="Schuchert, 1997" authorityName="Schuchert" authorityYear="1997" box="[356,699,1788,1809]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="platygonotheca">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF922C0AFE8E8AB8FDA56F31" box="[356,533,1788,1809]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">H. platygonotheca</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF922C0AFDF18AB8FD0B6F31" author="Schuchert P." box="[539,699,1788,1809]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref28947" refString="Schuchert P. 1997. Review of the family Halopterididae. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 309: 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert, 1997</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF922C0AFF7D8B5DFD3F6F6B" blockId="17.[151,756,1643,1867]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF922C0AFF7D8B5DFE8C6F0E" baseAuthorityName="Bale" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[151,316,1817,1838]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="buskii">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF922C0AFF7D8B5DFE8C6F0E" box="[151,316,1817,1838]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Halopteris buskii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF922C0AFEB98B5DFD9D6F0E" author="Rees W. J. &amp; Vervoort W." box="[339,557,1817,1838]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" pagination="1 - 209" refId="ref28696" refString="Rees W. J., Vervoort W. 1987. Hydroids from the John Murray expedition to the Indian Ocean, with revisory notes on Hydrodendron, Abietinella, Cryptolaria and Zygophylax (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 237: 1 - 209." type="journal article" year="1987">Rees &amp; Vervoort, 1987</bibRefCitation>
(
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF922C0AFDD08B5DFD236F0E" box="[570,659,1817,1838]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">pro parte</emphasis>
): 119, fig. 25A-B [non 
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF922C0AFEB68B72FD346F6B" authority="(Bale, 1884)" baseAuthorityName="Bale" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[348,644,1846,1867]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="buskii">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF922C0AFEB68B72FDB26F6B" box="[348,514,1846,1867]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Halopteris buskii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF922C0AFDE58B72FDCD6F6B" author="Bale W. M." box="[527,637,1846,1867]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" refId="ref26191" refString="Bale W. M. 1884. Catalogue of the Australian hydroid zoophytes. Australian Museum, Sydney, 198 pp." type="book" year="1884">Bale, 1884</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3176533FF922C0AFF7D8B20FB966A69" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF922C0AFF7D8B20FB6869B9" blockId="17.[151,756,1892,2077]" lastBlockId="17.[831,1436,258,409]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF922C0AFF7D8B20FEC46F5B" bold="true" box="[151,372,1892,1915]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">
<typeStatus id="54B6881AFF922C0AFF7D8B20FF4F6F5B" box="[151,255,1892,1915]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
material:
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED1CAE7DFF922C0AFE948B20FE7E6F5B" box="[382,462,1892,1915]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">MACT</collectionCode>
2700; 
<collectingCountry id="F31A7628FF922C0AFDF88B20FD376F5B" box="[530,647,1892,1915]" name="Seychelles" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Seychelles</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F31A7628FF922C0AFD7C8B20FD636F5B" box="[662,723,1892,1915]" name="India" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Mahé</collectingCountry>
I., coll. J. Bouillon (
<collectionCode id="ED1CAE7DFF922C0AFEB08BC0FE1A6FBB" box="[346,426,1924,1947]" country="Belgium" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/z14b-bb31" name="Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" type="Museum">MRAC</collectionCode>
Expedition); 1966; numerous cormoids, 
<quantity id="4CF59B5DFF922C0AFEE48BE1FEC36F9C" box="[270,371,1957,1980]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.25" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" unit="cm" value="4.25" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="1.5">1.5-7 cm</quantity>
high, with both female and male gonothecae [material studied by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF922C0AFDFE8B81FF516FDC" author="Millard N. A. H. &amp; Bouillon J." pageId="17" pageNumber="38" pagination="1 - 105" refId="ref27956" refString="Millard N. A. H., Bouillon J. 1973. Hydroids from the Seychelles (Coelenterata). Annales du Museum Royal de l'Afrique Centrale 206: 1 - 105." type="journal article" year="1973">Millard &amp; Bouillon (1973)</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF922C0AFEF88BA1FDDA6FDC" authority="(Billard, 1913)" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[274,618,2021,2044]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF922C0AFEF88BA1FE096FDC" box="[274,441,2021,2044]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">H. polymorpha</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF922C0AFE218BA1FDD26FDC" author="Billard A." box="[459,610,2021,2044]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard, 1913</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; not studied here due to ongoing renovation of 
<collectionCode id="ED1CAE7DFF922C0AFDC48442FD30603D" box="[558,640,2054,2077]" country="Belgium" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/z14b-bb31" name="Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" type="Museum">MRAC</collectionCode>
; however, 4 microslides (MHNG-INVE-37494, H12/32-35) prepared from the 
<typeStatus id="54B6881AFF922C0AFBF58D66FB306919" box="[1055,1152,290,313]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, were examined for the purpose of the present study; according to 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF922C0AFADB8D06FC066959" author="Schuchert P." pageId="17" pageNumber="38" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref28947" refString="Schuchert P. 1997. Review of the family Halopterididae. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 309: 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert (1997: 55)</bibRefCitation>
, cormoids of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF922C0AFBBF8D26FCC469B9" authority="Schuchert, 1997" authorityName="Schuchert" authorityYear="1997" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="platygonotheca">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF922C0AFBBF8D26FAAF6959" box="[1109,1311,354,377]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">H. platygonotheca</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF922C0AFAC08D26FCC469B9" author="Schuchert P." pageId="17" pageNumber="38" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref28947" refString="Schuchert P. 1997. Review of the family Halopterididae. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 309: 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert, 1997</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
co-occur in the original sample].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF922C0AFCD58DF6FB966A69" blockId="17.[831,1437,434,585]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">
<materialsCitation id="3B653CE5FF922C0AFCD58DF6FB926A69" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3391054306" accessionNumber="MF773747" collectingDate="2016-04-14" collectorName="D. Maggioni &amp; S. Montano" country="Maldives" elevation="35" location="Faafu Atoll" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF922C0AFCD58DF6FC0269E9" bold="true" box="[831,946,434,457]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">
<typeStatus id="54B6881AFF922C0AFCD58DF6FC1D69E9" box="[831,941,434,457]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
MHNG-INVE-98634; 
<collectingCountry id="F31A7628FF922C0AFB238DF6FCCB69C9" name="Maldives" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Republic of Maldives</collectingCountry>
, 
<location id="8ED26063FF922C0AFC658D96FBA669C9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A487AEFF922C08FF148A58FC656959:8ED26063FF922C0AFC658D96FBA669C9" box="[911,1046,466,489]" country="Maldives" name="Faafu Atoll" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Faafu Atoll</location>
, 3.06497° 72.9212°, 
<quantity id="4CF59B5DFF922C0AFAFC8D96FAE869C9" box="[1302,1368,466,489]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" unit="m" value="35.0">
<elevation id="0020D18BFF922C0AFAFC8D96FAE869C9" box="[1302,1368,466,489]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" unit="m" value="35.0">35 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, coll. 
<collectorName id="26F8536EFF922C0AFCD58DB6FC646A29" box="[831,980,498,521]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">D. Maggioni</collectorName>
and 
<collectorName id="26F8536EFF922C0AFBF48DB6FB1A6A29" box="[1054,1194,498,521]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">S. Montano</collectorName>
; 
<date id="FFB31078FF922C0AFB2A8DB6FA8D6A29" box="[1216,1341,498,521]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" value="2016-04-14">
<collectingDate id="EFF7E990FF922C0AFB2A8DB6FA8D6A29" box="[1216,1341,498,521]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" value="2016-04-14">14.04.2016</collectingDate>
</date>
; colony composed of 6 sterile stems, 
<quantity id="4CF59B5DFF922C0AFB4B8E56FAAD6A09" box="[1185,1309,530,553]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" metricValueMax="3.9" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" unit="cm" value="2.8" valueMax="3.9" valueMin="1.7">1.7-3.9 cm</quantity>
high; 16S sequence 
<accessionNumber id="945EAB5BFF922C0AFC428E76FB926A69" box="[936,1058,562,585]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/MF773747" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">MF773747</accessionNumber>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3176533FF922C0AFCD58E25FA236C5B" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF922C0AFCD58E25FA236C5B" blockId="17.[831,1437,609,1147]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF922C0AFCD58E25FC086A58" bold="true" box="[831,952,609,632]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF922C0AFC2F8E25FB886A58" authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1877" box="[965,1080,609,632]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF922C0AFC2F8E25FB886A58" box="[965,1080,609,632]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Halopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with tall cormoids, reportedly reaching 
<quantity id="4CF59B5DFF922C0AFC428EC6FC526AB9" box="[936,994,642,665]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" unit="cm" value="7.0">7 cm</quantity>
high; stems homomerously-segmented, each internode moderately-long, carrying a hydrotheca, a lateral apophysis, and up to 7 nematothecae: 1 mesial, a pair of laterals, a scale-shaped axillar one, as well as 2-3 superior ones arranged in two parallel rows; cladia alternate, heteromerously-segmented; ahydrothecate internodes with 2 laterally-displaced nematothecae (distally, only 1 of these subsists); hydrothecate internodes with a hydrotheca and its 4 associated nematothecae: 1 mesial, a pair of laterals, and a small, scale-shaped axillar one. Colonies monoecious. Female gonotheca borne on stems, large, ovoid, laterally flattened, with 2 basal nematothecae, and a distal, transverse aperture closed by glass-watch-shaped operculum. 
<collectingRegion id="49C9F85AFF922C0AFAF18867FAE26C1A" box="[1307,1362,1059,1082]" country="Maldives" name="Maale" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Male</collectingRegion>
gonothecae borne on both stems and cladia, small, fusiform, with narrow distal aperture, and one basal nematotheca.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3176533FF922C0AFCD588D7FBA76CCA" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF922C0AFCD588D7FBA76CCA" blockId="17.[831,1436,1171,1258]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF922C0AFCD588D7FC746C8A" bold="true" box="[831,964,1171,1194]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Etymology:</emphasis>
This species honors the late N.A.H. Millard (1914-1997) for her outstanding contribution to the hydrozoan research.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3176533FF922C08FCD58946FC656959" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF922C09FCD58946FB486F7B" blockId="17.[831,1436,1282,2077]" lastBlockId="18.[831,1437,1207,1883]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF922C0AFCD58946FC7E6D39" bold="true" box="[831,974,1282,1305]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Description:</emphasis>
Colonies composed of a varied number of tall stems (reportedly up to 
<quantity id="4CF59B5DFF922C0AFB718967FB636D1A" box="[1179,1235,1315,1338]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" unit="cm" value="7.0">7 cm</quantity>
in height) arising from tortuous, creeping, branching, anastomosing hydrorhiza, devoid of nematothecae. Stems erect, simple, monosiphonic (
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF922C0AFBA389C7FB126DBA" box="[1097,1186,1411,1434]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,186,1838,1859]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,265,1792]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[151,1436,257,1799]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Living colonies of Halopteris spp. showing their natural coloration. (A) H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913) from Bunaken, in situ (photo CGDC). (B, C) H. sibogae (Billard, 1913) from Bali, in situ. (D) H. vervoorti Galea, 2008 from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM &amp; SM). (E) H. australis sp. nov. from New Caledonia, in situ. (F) H. millardae sp. nov. from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM &amp; SM). Photos courtesy: N. &amp; J-M. Bertot (B, C), E. Tardy (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590662" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590662/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Figs 1F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF922C0AFB5E89C7FB686DBA" box="[1204,1240,1411,1434]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,927,948]" captionTargetBox="[180,1374,260,911]" captionTargetId="figure-313@5.[151,1402,254,925]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Preserved cormoids of Halopteris spp. showing differences in their appearance. (A): H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913), MHNG- INVE-97937. (B): H. sibogae (Billard, 1913), MHNG-INVE-97938. (C-E): H. vervoorti Galea, 2008 from Bali (MHNG- INVE-97952), Toliara (MHNG-INVE-98633) and Martinique (HRG-0897), respectively. (F): H. australis sp. nov. (MHNG- INVE-82742). (G): H. millardae sp. nov., MHNG-INVE-98634. (H): H. brasiliensis sp. nov., MHNG-INVE-37495, slide H12/37. Scale bar: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590664" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590664/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">2G</figureCitation>
), composed of a basal, ahydrothecate part of varied length, and a much longer, distal part bearing hydrothecae and hydrocladia; basal part arising directly from hydrorhiza without constriction above origin, usually not segmented by transverse nodes, and carrying a varied number of nematothecae in two parallel rows; distalmost node deeply-cut and oblique; remainder of stem homomerously-segmented into regular internodes by means of oblique nodes; each internode moderately long, with a hydrotheca in its basal half, a short lateral apophysis supporting a cladium, and up to 8 nematothecae: 1 mesial, a pair of laterals, a small, scaleshaped axillar one, as well as generally 2, occasionally 3, or exceptionally 4, superior nematothecae arranged in two parallel rows (
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF922C0AFBA78B21FB666F5C" box="[1101,1238,1893,1916]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[151,186,1031,1052]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,253,959]" captionTargetId="figure-411@18.[151,1436,251,960]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 7. Halopteris millardae sp. nov. Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Hydrothecae from stem (B) and cladia (C, D), the latter in frontal and lateral aspects, respectively. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1, 2) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E3, 4), mesial (E5, 6) and lateral (E7) from cauline hydrotheca, and axillar associated to both cauline (E8) and cladial (E9) hydrothecae.All from sample MHNG-INVE-98634. Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (B-E), 300 μm (A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590680/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Fig. 7A, B</figureCitation>
); proximal most internode carries 2 opposite apophyses supporting a pair of cladia, and usually bears 3-4 superior nematothecae. Cladia borne on corresponding stem apophyses, alternate, composed of a proximal, short, quadrangular segment, followed by a succession of athecate and thecate internodes resulting from a heteromerous segmentation (
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF912C09FE0B8893FDF16CCE" box="[481,577,1239,1262]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[151,186,1031,1052]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,253,959]" captionTargetId="figure-411@18.[151,1436,251,960]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 7. Halopteris millardae sp. nov. Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Hydrothecae from stem (B) and cladia (C, D), the latter in frontal and lateral aspects, respectively. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1, 2) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E3, 4), mesial (E5, 6) and lateral (E7) from cauline hydrotheca, and axillar associated to both cauline (E8) and cladial (E9) hydrothecae.All from sample MHNG-INVE-98634. Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (B-E), 300 μm (A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590680/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
); ahydrothecate internodes with straight node proximally and oblique node distally; the reverse in hydrothecate internodes; the latter, up to 5 per cladium in the material in hand, comprising a centrally-placed hydrotheca, and its 4 associated nematothecae: 1 mesial, a pair of laterals, as well as a minute, scale-shaped axillar one (
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF912C09FD8489DFFD566D92" box="[622,742,1435,1458]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[151,186,1031,1052]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,253,959]" captionTargetId="figure-411@18.[151,1436,251,960]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 7. Halopteris millardae sp. nov. Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Hydrothecae from stem (B) and cladia (C, D), the latter in frontal and lateral aspects, respectively. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1, 2) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E3, 4), mesial (E5, 6) and lateral (E7) from cauline hydrotheca, and axillar associated to both cauline (E8) and cladial (E9) hydrothecae.All from sample MHNG-INVE-98634. Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (B-E), 300 μm (A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590680/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">Fig. 7C, D</figureCitation>
); ahydrothecate internodes shorter than their hydrothecate counterparts, with generally 2 laterally-displaced nematothecae, either opposite or subopposite, more often found in proximal most internodes, whereas only one of these is retained by the distalmost internodes. Hydrothecae cup-shaped, moderately-deep, fused for about 1/3rd their adaxial length; abaxial wall straight for most of its length, slightly everted below aperture; the latter perfectly circular in apical view, slightly flaring and showing a sinuated rim in lateral view, though not producing an abaxial cusp (
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF912C09FDB48B45FD0A6F38" box="[606,698,1793,1816]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[151,186,1031,1052]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,253,959]" captionTargetId="figure-411@18.[151,1436,251,960]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 7. Halopteris millardae sp. nov. Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Hydrothecae from stem (B) and cladia (C, D), the latter in frontal and lateral aspects, respectively. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1, 2) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E3, 4), mesial (E5, 6) and lateral (E7) from cauline hydrotheca, and axillar associated to both cauline (E8) and cladial (E9) hydrothecae.All from sample MHNG-INVE-98634. Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (B-E), 300 μm (A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590680/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
). All nematothecae, except the axillar ones, bithalamic and movable; mesial ones triangular in frontal view, with deeply-scooped rim on adaxial side (
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF912C09FDCC8B27FDC76F5A" box="[550,631,1891,1914]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[151,186,1031,1052]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,253,959]" captionTargetId="figure-411@18.[151,1436,251,960]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 7. Halopteris millardae sp. nov. Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Hydrothecae from stem (B) and cladia (C, D), the latter in frontal and lateral aspects, respectively. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1, 2) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E3, 4), mesial (E5, 6) and lateral (E7) from cauline hydrotheca, and axillar associated to both cauline (E8) and cladial (E9) hydrothecae.All from sample MHNG-INVE-98634. Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (B-E), 300 μm (A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590680/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">
Fig. 7 
<geoCoordinate id="EE39507FFF912C09FD8C8B27FDC76F5A" box="[614,631,1891,1914]" degrees="5, 6" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="39" precision="5555" value="5.6">E</geoCoordinate>
</figureCitation>
<superScript id="7C789BF0FF912C09FD9D8B25FD3F6F4F" attach="left" box="[631,655,1889,1903]" fontSize="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF912C09FD9D8B25FD306F4F" box="[631,640,1889,1903]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[151,186,1664,1685]" captionTargetBox="[152,1426,257,1603]" captionTargetId="figure-5@12.[151,1436,238,1605]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 5. Halopteris vervoorti Galea, 2008 from the Indian Ocean (A-K) and the Caribbean (M-R). Portions of stems with cladia (A, B, M). Cauline internode (C). Portion of cladium, enlarged (D). Hydrothecate internodes in frontal (E, N) and lateral (F, O) aspects. Nematothecae (G): from caulus (G1) and cladia (G2), mesial (G3) and laterals (G4, 5) from cladial hydrothecae, single (G6) and paired (G7) axillar associated to cladial hydrothecae. Female (H, I, P) and male (J, K, Q) gonothecae. Cnidomes (L, R). Specimens MHNG-INVE-98635 (A, C, G7), MHNG-INVE-97952 (B, F, G4, 6, L), MHNG-INVE-98633 (D, E, G1-3, 5, 8, 9, H-K), HRG-1339 (M, P), HRG-0897 (O), HRG-0337 (Q, R). Figure in N is reproduced after Galea (2008). Scale bars: 10 μm (L, R), 100 μm (C-G, N, O), 200 μm (H-K, P, Q), 300 μm (A, B, M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590676" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590676/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">5</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF912C09FD6D8B25FD3F6F4F" box="[647,655,1889,1903]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[151,186,962,983]" captionTargetBox="[151,1429,258,906]" captionTargetId="figure-555@16.[151,1436,257,912]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 6. Halopteris australis sp. nov. Portion of stem and basal parts of three cladia (A). Stem internode with hydrotheca (B). Portions of cladia enlarged in frontal (C) and lateral (D) aspects. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1) and cladia (E2), mesial from cladial hydrotheca (E3), lateral from cauline (E4) and cladial (E5) hydrothecae, single (E6) and paired (E7) axillar associated to cladial hydrothecae. All from sample MHNG-INVE-82742. Scale bars: 10 μm (G), 100 μM (B-E), 200 μm (F), 300 μm (A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590678" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590678/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">6</figureCitation>
</superScript>
); laterals borne on rather short apophyses, conical, with thickened walls (
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF912C09FF0C8BE0FEF56F90" box="[230,325,1954,1979]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[151,186,1031,1052]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,253,959]" captionTargetId="figure-411@18.[151,1436,251,960]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 7. Halopteris millardae sp. nov. Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Hydrothecae from stem (B) and cladia (C, D), the latter in frontal and lateral aspects, respectively. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1, 2) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E3, 4), mesial (E5, 6) and lateral (E7) from cauline hydrotheca, and axillar associated to both cauline (E8) and cladial (E9) hydrothecae.All from sample MHNG-INVE-98634. Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (B-E), 300 μm (A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590680/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">
Fig. 7E 
<superScript id="7C789BF0FF912C09FED78BE6FEF56F90" attach="left" box="[317,325,1954,1968]" fontSize="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">7</superScript>
</figureCitation>
), not surpassing the hydrothecal rim (
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF912C09FF758B80FF496FFB" box="[159,249,1988,2011]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[151,186,1031,1052]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,253,959]" captionTargetId="figure-411@18.[151,1436,251,960]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 7. Halopteris millardae sp. nov. Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Hydrothecae from stem (B) and cladia (C, D), the latter in frontal and lateral aspects, respectively. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1, 2) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E3, 4), mesial (E5, 6) and lateral (E7) from cauline hydrotheca, and axillar associated to both cauline (E8) and cladial (E9) hydrothecae.All from sample MHNG-INVE-98634. Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (B-E), 300 μm (A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590680/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
); cauline (
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF912C09FE9B8B80FE746FFB" box="[369,452,1988,2011]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[151,186,1031,1052]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,253,959]" captionTargetId="figure-411@18.[151,1436,251,960]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 7. Halopteris millardae sp. nov. Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Hydrothecae from stem (B) and cladia (C, D), the latter in frontal and lateral aspects, respectively. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1, 2) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E3, 4), mesial (E5, 6) and lateral (E7) from cauline hydrotheca, and axillar associated to both cauline (E8) and cladial (E9) hydrothecae.All from sample MHNG-INVE-98634. Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (B-E), 300 μm (A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590680/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">
Fig. 7 
<geoCoordinate id="EE39507FFF912C09FE598B80FE746FFB" box="[435,452,1988,2011]" degrees="1, 2" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="39" precision="5555" value="1.2">E</geoCoordinate>
</figureCitation>
<superScript id="7C789BF0FF912C09FE2E8B87FE6E6FF1" attach="left" box="[452,478,1987,2001]" fontSize="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF912C09FE2E8B87FE7C6FF1" box="[452,460,1987,2001]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,186,1838,1859]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,265,1792]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[151,1436,257,1799]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Living colonies of Halopteris spp. showing their natural coloration. (A) H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913) from Bunaken, in situ (photo CGDC). (B, C) H. sibogae (Billard, 1913) from Bali, in situ. (D) H. vervoorti Galea, 2008 from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM &amp; SM). (E) H. australis sp. nov. from New Caledonia, in situ. (F) H. millardae sp. nov. from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM &amp; SM). Photos courtesy: N. &amp; J-M. Bertot (B, C), E. Tardy (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590662" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590662/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF912C09FE3C8B87FE6E6FF1" box="[470,478,1987,2001]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,927,948]" captionTargetBox="[180,1374,260,911]" captionTargetId="figure-313@5.[151,1402,254,925]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Preserved cormoids of Halopteris spp. showing differences in their appearance. (A): H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913), MHNG- INVE-97937. (B): H. sibogae (Billard, 1913), MHNG-INVE-97938. (C-E): H. vervoorti Galea, 2008 from Bali (MHNG- INVE-97952), Toliara (MHNG-INVE-98633) and Martinique (HRG-0897), respectively. (F): H. australis sp. nov. (MHNG- INVE-82742). (G): H. millardae sp. nov., MHNG-INVE-98634. (H): H. brasiliensis sp. nov., MHNG-INVE-37495, slide H12/37. Scale bar: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590664" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590664/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">2</figureCitation>
</superScript>
) and cladial (
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF912C09FD948B80FD616FFB" box="[638,721,1988,2011]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[151,186,1031,1052]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,253,959]" captionTargetId="figure-411@18.[151,1436,251,960]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 7. Halopteris millardae sp. nov. Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Hydrothecae from stem (B) and cladia (C, D), the latter in frontal and lateral aspects, respectively. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1, 2) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E3, 4), mesial (E5, 6) and lateral (E7) from cauline hydrotheca, and axillar associated to both cauline (E8) and cladial (E9) hydrothecae.All from sample MHNG-INVE-98634. Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (B-E), 300 μm (A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590680/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">
Fig. 7 
<geoCoordinate id="EE39507FFF912C09FD2A8B80FD616FFB" box="[704,721,1988,2011]" degrees="3, 4" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="39" precision="5555" value="3.4">E</geoCoordinate>
</figureCitation>
<superScript id="7C789BF0FF912C09FD3B8B87FD5B6FF1" attach="left" box="[721,747,1987,2001]" fontSize="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF912C09FD3B8B87FD6A6FF1" box="[721,730,1987,2001]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,1848,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1436,255,2005]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. (A-K) Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913). Portions of stems (A, B) and proximal part of a cladium (C). Stem (D) and cladial (E, F) hydrothecae, the latter in frontal and lateral views, respectively. Nematothecae (G) cauline (G1), cladial (G2), mesial from cauline (G3) and cladial (G4) hydrothecae, laterals from cladial hydrothecae (G5-9), axillar from caulus (G10) and cladium (G11), and associated to the female gonotheca (G12, 13). Female (H, I) and male (J) gonothecae. Cnidome (K). (L-O) Halopteris sp. from Siboga Stn. 299, belonging to the syntype series of Plumularia polymorpha Billard, 1913. Cauline internode (L). Portion of a cladium (M), and the same much enlarged in frontal (N) and lateral (O) views. Specimens CDC004 (A, C, F), MHNG-INVE-97937 (B, D, E, G1-7, 10, 11, H, K), HRG-0421 (G8. 9, 12, 13, I, J), H.L. 1309 (L-O). Scale bars: 10 μm (K), 100 μm (D-G, L, N, O), 200 μm (H-J), 300 μm (A-C, M). ►" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590670/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">3</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF912C09FD098B87FD5B6FF1" box="[739,747,1987,2001]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,257,1098]" captionTargetId="figure-373@10.[151,1436,257,1102]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Halopteris sibogae (Billard, 1913). Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F1-4), mesial (F5, 6), lateral (F7), single (F8) and paired (F9) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG- INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">4</figureCitation>
</superScript>
) nematothecae characteristically turned posteriad (
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF912C09FD228BA1FF51603D" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[151,186,1031,1052]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,253,959]" captionTargetId="figure-411@18.[151,1436,251,960]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 7. Halopteris millardae sp. nov. Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Hydrothecae from stem (B) and cladia (C, D), the latter in frontal and lateral aspects, respectively. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1, 2) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E3, 4), mesial (E5, 6) and lateral (E7) from cauline hydrotheca, and axillar associated to both cauline (E8) and cladial (E9) hydrothecae.All from sample MHNG-INVE-98634. Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (B-E), 300 μm (A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590680/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">Fig. 7A, C</figureCitation>
), long, conical, with tall basal chambers and comparatively shallow apical chambers, with adaxiallyscooped rims; axillar nematothecae associated to the hydrothecae of both caulus (
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF912C09FB5F88BCFABB6D2F" box="[1205,1291,1272,1295]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[151,186,1031,1052]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,253,959]" captionTargetId="figure-411@18.[151,1436,251,960]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 7. Halopteris millardae sp. nov. Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Hydrothecae from stem (B) and cladia (C, D), the latter in frontal and lateral aspects, respectively. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1, 2) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E3, 4), mesial (E5, 6) and lateral (E7) from cauline hydrotheca, and axillar associated to both cauline (E8) and cladial (E9) hydrothecae.All from sample MHNG-INVE-98634. Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (B-E), 300 μm (A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590680/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">Fig. 7E</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF912C09FAE188B2FAA36D24" box="[1291,1299,1270,1284]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[151,186,806,827]" captionTargetBox="[157,1424,259,774]" captionTargetId="figure-506@20.[151,1436,257,774]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 8. Halopteris brasiliensis sp. nov. Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Stem hydrotheca (B). Portions of cladia in lateral (C) and frontal (D) aspects. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E2, 3), mesial from cauline hydrotheca (E4), lateral from cladial hydrotheca (E5), from female gonotheca (E6), pair of axillar from cauline hydrotheca (E7) and single axillar from cladial hydrotheca (E8). All from sample MHNG-INVE-37495. Scale bars: 100 μm (B- E), 200 μm (F), 300 μm (A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590682" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590682/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">
<superScript id="7C789BF0FF912C09FAE188B2FAA36D24" attach="left" box="[1291,1299,1270,1284]" fontSize="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">8</superScript>
</figureCitation>
) and cladia (
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF912C09FCAD895DFC2C6D10" box="[839,924,1305,1328]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[151,186,1031,1052]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,253,959]" captionTargetId="figure-411@18.[151,1436,251,960]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 7. Halopteris millardae sp. nov. Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Hydrothecae from stem (B) and cladia (C, D), the latter in frontal and lateral aspects, respectively. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1, 2) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E3, 4), mesial (E5, 6) and lateral (E7) from cauline hydrotheca, and axillar associated to both cauline (E8) and cladial (E9) hydrothecae.All from sample MHNG-INVE-98634. Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (B-E), 300 μm (A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590680/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">Fig. 7E</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF912C09FC778953FC156D05" box="[925,933,1303,1317]" captionStart="Fig 9" captionStartId="30.[151,183,1941,1962]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,939,1919]" captionTargetId="graphics-311@30.[151,1436,881,1926]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Fig 9. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of Halopterididae species obtained with RAxML (GTR + G + I model) based on 547 bp positions (after Gblock treatment) of the mitochondrial 16S gene. Node-support values are bootstrap values of 100 pseudoreplicates (shown only if&gt; 70%). For more details, see text and Appendix 2. Highlighted in yellow boxes are species discussed in the text, boxed in grey are other species clades with more than one sample, which permit to assess the intraspecific divergences observed in this family." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590684" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590684/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">
<superScript id="7C789BF0FF912C09FC778953FC156D05" attach="right" box="[925,933,1303,1317]" fontSize="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">9</superScript>
</figureCitation>
), monothalamic. Stems monoecious. Female gonothecae borne below the stem hydrothecae through short lateral apophyses and a single-segmented, quadrangular pedicel; large, ovoid, laterally-flattened, with two nematothecae on base, and a distal, transverse, conspicuously thickened aperture closed by a glasswatch-shaped operculum. 
<collectingRegion id="49C9F85AFF912C09FB948999FB066DD4" box="[1150,1206,1501,1524]" country="Maldives" name="Maale" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">Male</collectingRegion>
gonothecae borne on both stems and cladia, through short, lateral apophyses and a single-segmented, quadrangular pedicel; comparatively smaller than female, fusiform, with distal, narrow, circular aperture, and a basal nematotheca. Color in life: brownish (
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF912C09FAC78AC4FA3E6EB7" box="[1325,1422,1664,1687]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,186,1838,1859]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,265,1792]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[151,1436,257,1799]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Living colonies of Halopteris spp. showing their natural coloration. (A) H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913) from Bunaken, in situ (photo CGDC). (B, C) H. sibogae (Billard, 1913) from Bali, in situ. (D) H. vervoorti Galea, 2008 from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM &amp; SM). (E) H. australis sp. nov. from New Caledonia, in situ. (F) H. millardae sp. nov. from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM &amp; SM). Photos courtesy: N. &amp; J-M. Bertot (B, C), E. Tardy (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590662" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590662/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">Fig. 1F</figureCitation>
). Cnidome (
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF912C09FC598AE5FBB56E98" box="[947,1029,1697,1720]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[151,186,1031,1052]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,253,959]" captionTargetId="figure-411@18.[151,1436,251,960]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 7. Halopteris millardae sp. nov. Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Hydrothecae from stem (B) and cladia (C, D), the latter in frontal and lateral aspects, respectively. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1, 2) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E3, 4), mesial (E5, 6) and lateral (E7) from cauline hydrotheca, and axillar associated to both cauline (E8) and cladial (E9) hydrothecae.All from sample MHNG-INVE-98634. Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (B-E), 300 μm (A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590680/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">Fig. 7F</figureCitation>
) composed of 
<specimenCount id="9D0BFD31FF912C09FB448AE5FB4D6E98" box="[1198,1277,1697,1720]" pageId="18" pageNumber="39" type="generic" typeStatus="types">3 types</specimenCount>
of microbasic mastigophores: large, elongated-ovoid [(19.9-21.3) × (7.3-8.0) μm, in nematophores, as well as scattered in the coenosarc]; small, banana-shaped [(5.8-6.5) × (2.1- 2.3) μm, in tentacles]; small, ovoid capsules [(5.1-5.8) × (2.9-3.1) μm, scattered in the coenosarc].
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF726630FF912C09FF7D8843FB446C52" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590680" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5590680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590680/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39" startId="18.[151,186,1031,1052]" targetBox="[154,1427,253,959]" targetPageId="18">
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF912C09FF7D8843FB446C52" blockId="18.[151,1436,1031,1138]" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">
Fig. 7. 
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF912C09FF098843FE1E6C3C" authority="Galea &amp; Gioia Di Camillo &amp; Maggioni &amp; Montano &amp; Schuchert, 2018" authorityName="Galea &amp; Gioia Di Camillo &amp; Maggioni &amp; Montano &amp; Schuchert" authorityYear="2018" box="[227,430,1031,1052]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="18" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="millardae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF912C09FF098843FE1E6C3C" box="[227,430,1031,1052]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">Halopteris millardae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24A57D1FF912C09FE528843FDB56C3C" box="[440,517,1031,1052]" pageId="18" pageNumber="39" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Hydrothecae from stem (B) and cladia (C, D), the latter in frontal and lateral aspects, respectively. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E 
<superScript id="7C789BF0FF912C09FB948866FB246C0E" attach="left" box="[1150,1172,1058,1070]" fontSize="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">1, 2</superScript>
) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E 
<superScript id="7C789BF0FF912C09FE8E887BFEC96C6B" attach="left" box="[356,377,1087,1099]" fontSize="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">3, 4</superScript>
), mesial (E 
<superScript id="7C789BF0FF912C09FE03887BFE4E6C6B" attach="left" box="[489,510,1087,1099]" fontSize="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">5, 6</superScript>
) and lateral (E 
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) from cauline hydrotheca, and axillar associated to both cauline (E 
<superScript id="7C789BF0FF912C09FAF4887BFA956C6B" attach="left" box="[1310,1317,1087,1099]" fontSize="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">8</superScript>
) and cladial (E 
<superScript id="7C789BF0FF912C09FF138818FEB06C48" attach="left" box="[249,256,1116,1128]" fontSize="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">9</superScript>
) hydrothecae. All from sample MHNG-INVE-98634. Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (B-E), 300 μm (A).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF912C09FCD58B30FBE56FAB" blockId="18.[831,1109,1908,1931]" box="[831,1109,1908,1931]" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">
<heading id="D0FA81D4FF912C09FCD58B30FBE56FAB" box="[831,1109,1908,1931]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="39" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF912C09FCD58B30FC7D6FAB" bold="true" box="[831,973,1908,1931]" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">Dimensions:</emphasis>
See 
<tableCitation id="C68F0303FF912C09FBEA8B30FBE16FAB" box="[1024,1105,1908,1931]" captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="28.[148,201,1132,1153]" captionTargetBox="[159,1946,1194,1794]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Table 5. Measurements (in μm) and main morphological features of Halopteris australis sp. nov., H. millardae sp. nov., and H. brasiliensis sp. nov." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF726630FF9F2C07FF7E8828F99A6CA1" pageId="18" pageNumber="39" tableUuid="DF726630FF9F2C07FF7E8828F99A6CA1">Table 5</tableCitation>
.
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF912C08FCD58BE0FDD46919" blockId="18.[831,1437,1956,2077]" lastBlockId="19.[151,757,258,2077]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF912C09FCD58BE0FC016F9B" bold="true" box="[831,945,1956,1979]" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">Remarks:</emphasis>
Upon comparison of the newly-collected Maldivian specimens with the slide material MHNG-INVE-37494 (H12/32-35) prepared from the 
<typeStatus id="54B6881AFF912C09FAD48BA1FA2C6FDC" box="[1342,1436,2021,2044]" pageId="18" pageNumber="39" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
designated herein [sample MACT2700 studied by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF902C08FF7D8D46FE0F6939" author="Millard N. A. H. &amp; Bouillon J." box="[151,447,258,281]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 105" refId="ref27956" refString="Millard N. A. H., Bouillon J. 1973. Hydroids from the Seychelles (Coelenterata). Annales du Museum Royal de l'Afrique Centrale 206: 1 - 105." type="journal article" year="1973">Millard &amp; Bouillon (1973)</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF902C08FE078D46FF6A6919" authority="(Billard, 1913)" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF902C08FE078D46FD216939" box="[493,657,258,281]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">H. polymorpha</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF902C08FD488D46FF616919" author="Billard A." pageId="19" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard, 1913</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
], it appears that both are conspecific.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF902C08FF7D8D06FEF969F9" blockId="19.[151,757,258,2077]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">
The description of the gonothecae, often distorted in the slide material available (H12/32: 
<specimenCount id="9D0BFD31FF902C08FDFA8D26FD946959" box="[528,548,354,377]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
; H12/33: 
<specimenCount id="9D0BFD31FF902C08FD708D26FD1E6959" box="[666,686,354,377]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
&amp; 
<specimenCount id="9D0BFD31FF902C08FD328D26FD5C6959" box="[728,748,354,377]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
; H12/35: 
<specimenCount id="9D0BFD31FF902C08FF1D8DC6FEBB69B9" box="[247,267,386,409]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
), was taken after 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF902C08FE388DC6FF046999" author="Millard N. A. H. &amp; Bouillon J." pageId="19" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 105" refId="ref27956" refString="Millard N. A. H., Bouillon J. 1973. Hydroids from the Seychelles (Coelenterata). Annales du Museum Royal de l'Afrique Centrale 206: 1 - 105." type="journal article" year="1973">Millard &amp; Bouillon (1973: 84</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 10H &amp; J) and 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF902C08FE608DE6FDD96999" author="Schuchert P." box="[394,617,418,441]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref28947" refString="Schuchert P. 1997. Review of the family Halopterididae. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 309: 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert (1997: 22</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 22D, as 
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF902C08FF7D8D86FE8969F9" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[151,313,450,473]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF902C08FF7D8D86FE8969F9" box="[151,313,450,473]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">H. polymorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF902C08FF7D8DA6FEAD6A9A" blockId="19.[151,757,258,2077]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">
The tallest cormoid examined here (
<quantity id="4CF59B5DFF902C08FDB98DA6FD1A69D9" box="[595,682,482,505]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" unit="cm" value="3.9">3.9 cm</quantity>
high) bears 54 cauline hydrothecate internodes. 
<collectingRegion id="49C9F85AFF902C08FD828E46FD206A39" box="[616,656,514,537]" country="Maldives" name="Uthuru" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">Not</collectingRegion>
only the proximal most internode gives rise to a pair of cladia, but this situation is also repeated in several subsequent, consecutive, more distal internodes. In one cormoid, a secondary stem arises from one of the paired, basalmost hydrocladia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF902C08FF7D8E87FD5C6B9A" blockId="19.[151,757,258,2077]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">The first cladial ahydrothecate internodes do not differ much in length compared to their subsequent counterparts; they generally bear 2 nematothecae, though exceptionally 3 were noted. The remaining internodes equally bear 2 nematothecae (although, exceptionally, two pairs could be found) when they are found in the proximal parts of the cladia, while only one nematotheca occurs in those internodes confined to the distalmost parts of the cladia.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF902C08FF7D8F87FE936DFB" blockId="19.[151,757,258,2077]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF902C08FF7D8F87FE136BFA" author="Rees W. J. &amp; Vervoort W." box="[151,419,963,986]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 209" refId="ref28696" refString="Rees W. J., Vervoort W. 1987. Hydroids from the John Murray expedition to the Indian Ocean, with revisory notes on Hydrodendron, Abietinella, Cryptolaria and Zygophylax (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 237: 1 - 209." type="journal article" year="1987">Rees &amp; Vervoort’s (1987)</bibRefCitation>
record from 
<collectingCountry id="F31A7628FF902C08FDC38F87FD386BFA" box="[553,648,963,986]" name="Tanzania" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
(Stn. 112) assigned to 
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF902C08FEF88FA7FEC16BDA" baseAuthorityName="Bale" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[274,369,995,1018]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="buskii">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF902C08FEF88FA7FEC16BDA" box="[274,369,995,1018]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">H. buskii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
likely belongs to the present species. Indeed, the occurrence of pairs of suprahydrothecal nematothecae, and of a single axillar nematotheca on the cauline internodes, are distinctive. However, the authors mention only one nematotheca per ahydrothecate cladial internode; as stated above, this situation is, quite often, met with in the distalmost internodes of the material MHNG-INVE-37494. It should also be stressed that only one nematotheca of a couple is visible when the cladia are seen laterally, especially in material mounted between slide and coverslip. Strangely, Rees &amp; Vervoort do not mention a sinuated hydrothecal rim, though it should be underlined that this peculiarity is only noticeable towards the adaxial thecal wall, where the presence of lateral nematothecae could make it less obvious upon a routine examination.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF902C08FF7D89A0FE0E603D" blockId="19.[151,757,258,2077]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF902C08FF7D89A0FECC6DDB" authorityName="Galea &amp; Gioia Di Camillo &amp; Maggioni &amp; Montano &amp; Schuchert" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,380,1508,1531]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="millardae">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF902C08FF7D89A0FECC6DDB" box="[151,380,1508,1531]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">Halopteris millardae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comes close to a few congeners with homomerously-segmented cauli and a heteromerous division of their cladia, and whose both cauline and cladial hydrothecae are provided with an axillar nematotheca, namely 
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF902C08FE7A8A21FD0F6E5C" authority="(Billard, 1911)" authorityName="Billard" authorityYear="1913" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[400,703,1637,1660]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nuttingi">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF902C08FE7A8A21FDBB6E5C" box="[400,523,1637,1660]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">H. nuttingi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF902C08FDCB8A21FD086E5C" author="Billard A." box="[545,696,1637,1660]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" pagination="62 - 71" refId="ref26241" refString="Billard A. 1911. Note preliminaire sur les especes nouvelles de Plumulariidae de l'Expedition du Siboga. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale (5) 8: 62 - 71." type="journal article" year="1911">Billard, 1911</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF902C08FF7D8AC1FE8E6EBC" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[151,318,1669,1692]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF902C08FF7D8AC1FE8E6EBC" box="[151,318,1669,1692]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">H. polymorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF902C08FEBA8AC1FD916EBC" authorityName="Billard" authorityYear="1913" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[336,545,1669,1692]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nuttingi">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF902C08FEBA8AC1FD916EBC" box="[336,545,1669,1692]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">Halopteris nuttingi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has proportionally shorter cauline internodes [compare fig. 21B in 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF902C08FD638AE1FF6F6EFC" author="Schuchert P." pageId="19" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref28947" refString="Schuchert P. 1997. Review of the family Halopterididae. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 309: 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert (1997)</bibRefCitation>
with 
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF902C08FECB8A81FEC46EFC" box="[289,372,1733,1756]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[151,186,1031,1052]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,253,959]" captionTargetId="figure-411@18.[151,1436,251,960]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 7. Halopteris millardae sp. nov. Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Hydrothecae from stem (B) and cladia (C, D), the latter in frontal and lateral aspects, respectively. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1, 2) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E3, 4), mesial (E5, 6) and lateral (E7) from cauline hydrotheca, and axillar associated to both cauline (E8) and cladial (E9) hydrothecae.All from sample MHNG-INVE-98634. Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (B-E), 300 μm (A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590680/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
herein], provided with up to three pairs of superior nematothecae in two parallel rows, and the upper chamber of its lateral nematothecae is globular, with the rim scooped on both ad- and abaxial walls [
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF902C08FF0C8B01FE3C6F7C" author="Billard A." box="[230,396,1861,1884]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard (1913)</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF902C08FE2D8B01FD996F7C" box="[455,553,1861,1884]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="buski">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF902C08FE2D8B01FD996F7C" box="[455,553,1861,1884]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">H. buski</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF902C08FDA88B01FDD96F7C" box="[578,617,1861,1884]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">sic!</emphasis>
); 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF902C08FD638B01FF686F5C" author="Schuchert P." pageId="19" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref28947" refString="Schuchert P. 1997. Review of the family Halopterididae. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 309: 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert (1997</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 21C, H), as 
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF902C08FE528B21FDD36F5C" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[440,611,1893,1916]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF902C08FE528B21FDD36F5C" box="[440,611,1893,1916]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">H. polymorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]. 
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF902C08FD688B21FEA86FBC" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF902C08FD688B21FEA86FBC" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">Halopteris polymorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has comparatively longer stem and cladial ahydrothecate internodes (
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF902C08FE538BE1FD856F9C" box="[441,565,1957,1980]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,1848,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1436,255,2005]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. (A-K) Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913). Portions of stems (A, B) and proximal part of a cladium (C). Stem (D) and cladial (E, F) hydrothecae, the latter in frontal and lateral views, respectively. Nematothecae (G) cauline (G1), cladial (G2), mesial from cauline (G3) and cladial (G4) hydrothecae, laterals from cladial hydrothecae (G5-9), axillar from caulus (G10) and cladium (G11), and associated to the female gonotheca (G12, 13). Female (H, I) and male (J) gonothecae. Cnidome (K). (L-O) Halopteris sp. from Siboga Stn. 299, belonging to the syntype series of Plumularia polymorpha Billard, 1913. Cauline internode (L). Portion of a cladium (M), and the same much enlarged in frontal (N) and lateral (O) views. Specimens CDC004 (A, C, F), MHNG-INVE-97937 (B, D, E, G1-7, 10, 11, H, K), HRG-0421 (G8. 9, 12, 13, I, J), H.L. 1309 (L-O). Scale bars: 10 μm (K), 100 μm (D-G, L, N, O), 200 μm (H-J), 300 μm (A-C, M). ►" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590670/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">Fig. 3A, B</figureCitation>
), its hydrothecae are shallower (
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF902C08FEAB8B81FE0D6FFC" box="[321,445,1989,2012]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,1848,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1436,255,2005]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. (A-K) Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913). Portions of stems (A, B) and proximal part of a cladium (C). Stem (D) and cladial (E, F) hydrothecae, the latter in frontal and lateral views, respectively. Nematothecae (G) cauline (G1), cladial (G2), mesial from cauline (G3) and cladial (G4) hydrothecae, laterals from cladial hydrothecae (G5-9), axillar from caulus (G10) and cladium (G11), and associated to the female gonotheca (G12, 13). Female (H, I) and male (J) gonothecae. Cnidome (K). (L-O) Halopteris sp. from Siboga Stn. 299, belonging to the syntype series of Plumularia polymorpha Billard, 1913. Cauline internode (L). Portion of a cladium (M), and the same much enlarged in frontal (N) and lateral (O) views. Specimens CDC004 (A, C, F), MHNG-INVE-97937 (B, D, E, G1-7, 10, 11, H, K), HRG-0421 (G8. 9, 12, 13, I, J), H.L. 1309 (L-O). Scale bars: 10 μm (K), 100 μm (D-G, L, N, O), 200 μm (H-J), 300 μm (A-C, M). ►" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590670/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">Fig. 3D, F</figureCitation>
) and are provided with an even rim. Additional differences to other congeners are summarized in Appendix 1.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF902C08FCAA8D46FC656959" blockId="19.[832,1437,258,377]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF902C08FCAA8D46FC656939" bold="true" box="[832,981,258,281]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">Distribution:</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F31A7628FF902C08FC0A8D46FBE36939" box="[992,1107,258,281]" name="Seychelles" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">Seychelles</collectingCountry>
[
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF902C08FB8F8D46FA286939" author="Millard N. A. H. &amp; Bouillon J." box="[1125,1432,258,281]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 105" refId="ref27956" refString="Millard N. A. H., Bouillon J. 1973. Hydroids from the Seychelles (Coelenterata). Annales du Museum Royal de l'Afrique Centrale 206: 1 - 105." type="journal article" year="1973">Millard &amp; Bouillon (1973)</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF902C08FC888D66FB0E6919" authority="(Billard, 1913)" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[866,1214,290,313]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF902C08FC888D66FBBA6919" box="[866,1034,290,313]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">H. polymorpha</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF902C08FBF78D66FB076919" author="Billard A." box="[1053,1207,290,313]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard, 1913</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
], 
<collectingCountry id="F31A7628FF902C08FB3C8D66FA8A6919" box="[1238,1338,290,313]" name="Maldives" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">Maldives</collectingCountry>
(present study), 
<collectingCountry id="F31A7628FF902C08FC788D06FC416979" box="[914,1009,322,345]" name="Tanzania" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
[
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF902C08FBEA8D06FABD6979" author="Rees W. J. &amp; Vervoort W." box="[1024,1293,322,345]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 209" refId="ref28696" refString="Rees W. J., Vervoort W. 1987. Hydroids from the John Murray expedition to the Indian Ocean, with revisory notes on Hydrodendron, Abietinella, Cryptolaria and Zygophylax (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 237: 1 - 209." type="journal article" year="1987">Rees &amp; Vervoort (1987)</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF902C08FAD08D06FC7A6959" authority="(Bale, 1884)" baseAuthorityName="Bale" baseAuthorityYear="1884" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="buskii">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF902C08FAD08D06FA2D6979" box="[1338,1437,322,345]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">H. buskii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF902C08FCAD8D26FC726959" author="Bale W. M." box="[839,962,354,377]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" refId="ref26191" refString="Bale W. M. 1884. Catalogue of the Australian hydroid zoophytes. Australian Museum, Sydney, 198 pp." type="book" year="1884">Bale, 1884</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>