501 lines
92 KiB
XML
501 lines
92 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="B5213DCCE90FACEA57C309F099230246">A reassessment of Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913) (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), with descriptions of three new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1EBA9361D1B8684B42C1A16968B1641C">Galea, Horia R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F1A75AD9397AEB0EBFCADB57566055E4">Hydrozoan Research Laboratory, 405 Chemin des Gatiers, F- 83170 Tourves, France</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="A54D961AE0F9A130CA7A412A64A7B4CF" type="email">horia.galea@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="F8C3E64E3490CFCDC934D19946BF8D10">Gioia Di Camillo, Cristina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="30610D67D6AC04EE8A65358C7FB78E00">Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, I- 60121 Ancona, Italy</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="1A6E06DDD9DA9E54ADC1971DD042D661">Maggioni, Davide</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E9514A870BC2EA8E262B7D0B05C95ED9">Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 12030 Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="17745139899B22EC3DF4704E7574BA79">Montano, Simone</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="78D41B9AFF7C93EFE5900E0100DA72EC">Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 12030 Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F9DF9F3E38AC7A56D90C06A348484354">Schuchert, Peter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C6D40BD5DB5B67AD291522622600F754">Muséum d’histoire naturelle, C. P. 6434, CH- 1211 Genève 6, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="03A487AEFF8A2C10FEE38834FC356D89" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14163724" ID-GBIF-Taxon="189153147" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14163724" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A487AEFF8A2C10FEE38834FC356D89" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A487AEFF8A2C10FEE38834FC356D89" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" scope_class="Hydrozoa" scope_family="Halopterididae" scope_order="Leptothecata" scope_phylum="Cnidaria">
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<subSubSection id="C3176533FF8A2C12FEE38834FD326CA8" box="[265,642,1136,1160]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF8A2C12FEE38834FD326CA8" blockId="9.[248,659,1136,1192]" box="[265,642,1136,1160]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">
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<heading id="D0FA81D4FF8A2C12FEE38834FD326CA8" bold="true" box="[265,642,1136,1160]" centered="true" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8A2C12FEE38834FD326CA8" ID-CoL="8SZP8" authority="(Billard, 1913)" authorityName="Present" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[265,642,1136,1160]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sibogae">
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<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8A2C12FEE38834FD326CA8" bold="true" box="[265,642,1136,1160]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">
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Halopteris sibogae (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8A2C12FE0F8835FDCA6CA8" author="Billard A." box="[485,634,1137,1160]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard, 1913</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3176533FF8A2C12FF1288D5FD236C88" box="[248,659,1169,1192]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF8A2C12FF1288D5FD236C88" blockId="9.[248,659,1136,1192]" box="[248,659,1169,1192]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">
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<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF8A2C12FF1288D5FE856C88" box="[248,309,1169,1192]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,186,1838,1859]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,265,1792]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[151,1436,257,1799]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Living colonies of Halopteris spp. showing their natural coloration. (A) H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913) from Bunaken, in situ (photo CGDC). (B, C) H. sibogae (Billard, 1913) from Bali, in situ. (D) H. vervoorti Galea, 2008 from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM & SM). (E) H. australis sp. nov. from New Caledonia, in situ. (F) H. millardae sp. nov. from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM & SM). Photos courtesy: N. & J-M. Bertot (B, C), E. Tardy (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590662" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590662/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Figs 1</figureCitation>
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B-C, 2B, 4;
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<tableCitation id="C68F0303FF8A2C12FE5188D5FDBA6C88" box="[443,522,1169,1192]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="21.[148,201,538,559]" captionTargetBox="[148,1922,658,1790]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Table 1. Comparative morphological and morphometrical features of H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913) (present study and syntype materials from Siboga Stn. 80 and 299) and H. sibogae (Billard, 1913) (Ho stands for homomerous, and He for heteromerous)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF726630FF962C0EFF7E8E5EFC2E6A6C" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" tableUuid="DF726630FF962C0EFF7E8E5EFC2E6A6C">Table 1</tableCitation>
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; Appendix 1
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3176533FF8A2C12FF7D88FBFD5B6DBE" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF8A2C12FF7D88FBFE0B6CD1" blockId="9.[151,757,1215,1438]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1D1196FF8A2C12FF7D88FBFE0B6CD1" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AAC10A9FF8A2C12FF7D88FBFD166CF4" author="Billard A." box="[151,678,1215,1236]" page="25" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" year="1913">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8A2C12FF7D88FBFD166CF4" authority="Billard, 1913: 25" authorityName="Billard" authorityPageNumber="25" authorityYear="1913" box="[151,678,1215,1236]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="variety" species="polymorpha" variety="sibogae">
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<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8A2C12FF7D88FBFECF6CF4" box="[151,383,1215,1236]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Plumularia polymorpha</emphasis>
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var.
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<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8A2C12FE4588FBFE4A6CF4" box="[431,506,1215,1236]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">sibogae</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8A2C12FDEA88FBFD166CF4" author="Billard A." box="[512,678,1215,1236]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard, 1913: 25</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
, fig. 16. –
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC10A9FF8A2C12FF1E8898FE076CD1" author="Van Soest R. W. M." box="[244,439,1244,1265]" page="89" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" year="1976">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8A2C12FF1E8898FE076CD1" author="Van Soest R. W. M." box="[244,439,1244,1265]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" pagination="79 - 95" refId="ref29284" refString="Van Soest R. W. M. 1976. A catalogue of the Coelenterate type specimens of the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam. II. Benthic Hydrozoa. Beaufortia 25 (323): 79 - 95." type="journal article" year="1976">Van Soest, 1976: 89</bibRefCitation>
|
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF8A2C12FF7D88BDFE186D0B" blockId="9.[151,757,1215,1438]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1D1196FF8A2C12FF7D88BDFE186D0B" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8A2C12FF7D88BDFDAD6D2E" authority="(Billard, 1913)" authorityPageNumber="25" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[151,541,1273,1294]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Thecocaulus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="variety" species="polymorphus" variety="sibogae">
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<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8A2C12FF7D88BDFE296D2E" box="[151,409,1273,1294]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Thecocaulus polymorphus</emphasis>
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var.
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||
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8A2C12FE3888BDFDAD6D2E" box="[466,541,1273,1294]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">sibogae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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–
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<treatmentCitation id="0AAC10A9FF8A2C12FDD588BDFD696D2E" author="Bedot M." box="[575,729,1273,1294]" page="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" year="1921">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8A2C12FDD588BDFD696D2E" author="Bedot M." box="[575,729,1273,1294]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref26213" refString="Bedot M. 1921. Notes systematiques sur les Plumularides. 2 e partie. Revue suisse de Zoologie 29 (1): 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="1921">Bedot, 1921: 9</bibRefCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
. –
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC10A9FF8A2C12FF098952FE146D0B" author="Stechow E." box="[227,420,1302,1323]" page="497" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" year="1925">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8A2C12FF098952FE146D0B" author="Stechow E." box="[227,420,1302,1323]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" pagination="383 - 546" refId="ref29118" refString="Stechow E. 1925. Hydroiden der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee- Expedition auf dem Dampfer " Valdivia " 1898 - 1899 27: 383 - 546." type="journal article" year="1925">Stechow, 1925: 497</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF8A2C12FF7D8976FD456D44" blockId="9.[151,757,1215,1438]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1D1196FF8A2C12FF7D8976FD456D44" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8A2C12FF7D8976FDB46D67" ID-CoL="8SZP8" authorityName="Billard" authorityYear="1913" box="[151,516,1330,1351]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="variety" species="polymorpha" variety="sibogae">
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||
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8A2C12FF7D8976FECE6D67" box="[151,382,1330,1351]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Halopteris polymorpha</emphasis>
|
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var.
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||
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8A2C12FE538976FDB46D67" box="[441,516,1330,1351]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">sibogae</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
–
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC10A9FF8A2C12FDCD8976FE896D44" author="Millard N. A. H. & Bouillon J." page="84" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" year="1973">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8A2C12FDCD8976FE896D44" author="Millard N. A. H. & Bouillon J." pageId="9" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 105" refId="ref27956" refString="Millard N. A. H., Bouillon J. 1973. Hydroids from the Seychelles (Coelenterata). Annales du Museum Royal de l'Afrique Centrale 206: 1 - 105." type="journal article" year="1973">Millard & Bouillon, 1973: 84</bibRefCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
, fig. 10K. – (?)
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC10A9FF8A2C12FE25890BFD346D44" author="Hirohito & Emperor of Japan" box="[463,644,1359,1380]" page="62" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" year="1983">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8A2C12FE25890BFD346D44" author="Hirohito & Emperor of Japan" box="[463,644,1359,1380]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" refId="ref27317" refString="Hirohito, Emperor of Japan. 1983. Hydroids from Izu Oshima and Niijima. Publications of the Biological Laboratory, Imperial Household, Tokyo, 83 pp." type="book" year="1983">Hirohito, 1983: 62</bibRefCitation>
|
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</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC10A9FF8A2C12FD67890BFD416D44" author="Hirohito & Emperor of Japan" box="[653,753,1359,1380]" page="244" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" year="1995">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8A2C12FD67890BFD416D44" author="Hirohito & Emperor of Japan" box="[653,753,1359,1380]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" refId="ref27346" refString="Hirohito, Emperor of Japan. 1995. The hydroids of Sagami Bay. II. Thecata. Publications of the Biological Laboratory, Imperial Household, Tokyo, 244 pp (English text)." type="book" year="1995">1995: 244</bibRefCitation>
|
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</treatmentCitation>
|
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF8A2C12FF7D8928FD5B6DBE" blockId="9.[151,757,1215,1438]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8A2C12FF7D8928FEC96DA1" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[151,377,1388,1409]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8A2C12FF7D8928FEC96DA1" box="[151,377,1388,1409]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Halopteris polymorpha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
–
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8A2C12FE7E8928FD816DA1" author="Schuchert P." box="[404,561,1388,1409]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref28947" refString="Schuchert P. 1997. Review of the family Halopterididae. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 309: 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8A2C12FDAA8928FD2B6DA1" box="[576,667,1388,1409]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">pro parte</emphasis>
|
||
): 66, 69, fig. 22E [non
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8A2C12FE8D89CDFD506DBE" authority="(Billard, 1913)" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[359,736,1417,1438]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8A2C12FE8D89CDFDF76DBE" box="[359,583,1417,1438]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Halopteris polymorpha</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8A2C12FDBE89CDFD696DBE" author="Billard A." box="[596,729,1417,1438]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard, 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3176533FF8A2C12FF7D89F2FDBB6F6D" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF8A2C12FF7D89F2FDBB6F6D" blockId="9.[151,756,1462,1869]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8A2C12FF7D89F2FECF6DED" bold="true" box="[151,383,1462,1485]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Material examined:</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B653CE5FF8A2C12FE6089F2FD676E6D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3391054321" accessionNumber="MF784526, MF784531" collectingDate="2011-09-27" collectingDateMax="2016-09-29" collectingDateMin="2011-09-27" collectionCode="MHNG" collectorName="H. R. Galea" country="Indonesia" county="Tulamben" elevation="22" location="Galea" municipality="Liberty" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bali">
|
||
MHNG-INVE-97926;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31A7628FF8A2C12FD6F89F2FD406DED" box="[645,752,1462,1485]" name="Indonesia" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C9F85AFF8A2C12FF7D8992FF786DCD" box="[151,200,1494,1517]" country="Indonesia" name="Bali" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Bali</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62D34E34FF8A2C12FF008992FEEC6DCD" box="[234,348,1494,1517]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Tulamben</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BD6ACC2FF8A2C12FE958992FE606DCD" box="[383,464,1494,1517]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Liberty</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
shipwreck, -8.27417° 115.59265°,
|
||
<quantity id="4CF59B5DFF8A2C12FEC689B2FEDF6E2D" box="[300,367,1526,1549]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="22.0">
|
||
<elevation id="0020D18BFF8A2C12FEC689B2FEDF6E2D" box="[300,367,1526,1549]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="22.0">22 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
, coll. H. R.
|
||
<location id="8ED26063FF8A2C12FDF189B2FDEE6E2D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A487AEFF8A2C10FEE38834FC356D89:8ED26063FF8A2C12FDF189B2FDEE6E2D" box="[539,606,1526,1549]" country="Indonesia" county="Tulamben" municipality="Liberty" name="Galea" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" stateProvince="Bali">Galea</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="FFB31078FF8A2C12FD9989B2FD406E2D" box="[627,752,1526,1549]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" value="2016-09-29">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFF7E990FF8A2C12FD9989B2FD406E2D" box="[627,752,1526,1549]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" value="2016-09-29">29.09.2016</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
; numerous plumes up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CF59B5DFF8A2C12FE468A52FE4C6E0D" box="[428,508,1558,1581]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="23.0">23 mm</quantity>
|
||
high, of which many bear male gonothecae; 16S sequence
|
||
<accessionNumber id="945EAB5BFF8A2C12FDB28A72FD606E6D" box="[600,720,1590,1613]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/MF784526" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">MF784526</accessionNumber>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B653CE5FF8A2C12FD0D8A72FE316ECD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3391054316" accessionNumber="MF784526, MF784531" collectingDate="2011-09-27" collectingDateMax="2016-09-29" collectingDateMin="2011-09-27" collectionCode="MHNG" collectorName="H. R. Galea" country="Indonesia" county="Tulamben" elevation="22" location="Galea" municipality="Liberty" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bali">
|
||
– MHNG-INVE-97938;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31A7628FF8A2C12FE498A12FDA16E4D" box="[419,529,1622,1645]" name="Indonesia" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C9F85AFF8A2C12FDC78A12FDED6E4D" box="[557,605,1622,1645]" country="Indonesia" name="Bali" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Bali</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Padangbai, Jepun shipwreck, -8.52812° 115.51478°,
|
||
<quantity id="4CF59B5DFF8A2C12FD988A32FD026EAD" box="[626,690,1654,1677]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="20.0">
|
||
<elevation id="0020D18BFF8A2C12FD988A32FD026EAD" box="[626,690,1654,1677]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
, coll. H. R.
|
||
<collectorName id="26F8536EFF8A2C12FF078AD2FE806E8D" box="[237,304,1686,1709]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Galea</collectorName>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="FFB31078FF8A2C12FEAF8AD2FE736E8D" box="[325,451,1686,1709]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" value="2016-06-10">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFF7E990FF8A2C12FEAF8AD2FE736E8D" box="[325,451,1686,1709]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" value="2016-06-10">06.10.2016</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
; numerous plumes up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CF59B5DFF8A2C12FF7D8AF2FF566EED" box="[151,230,1718,1741]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
|
||
high, of which 2 bear female gonothecae; 16S sequence
|
||
<accessionNumber id="945EAB5BFF8A2C12FEE98A92FECB6ECD" box="[259,379,1750,1773]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/MF784531" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">MF784531</accessionNumber>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B653CE5FF8A2C12FE618A92FDB76F6D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3391054323" accessionNumber="MF784526, MF784531" collectingDate="2011-09-27" collectingDateMax="2016-09-29" collectingDateMin="2011-09-27" collectorName="G. Allard" country="Indonesia" county="Tulamben" elevation="22" location="Galea" municipality="Liberty" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bali">
|
||
– HRG-0991;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31A7628FF8A2C12FDC18A92FD266ECD" box="[555,662,1750,1773]" name="Indonesia" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="26F8536EFF8A2C12FD498A92FEEC6F2D" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Tukang Besi Archipelago</collectorName>
|
||
, reef north off
|
||
<collectorName id="26F8536EFF8A2C12FDF18AB2FDC56F2D" box="[539,629,1782,1805]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Hoga I.</collectorName>
|
||
, -5.44633° 123.76417°,
|
||
<quantity id="4CF59B5DFF8A2C12FECE8B52FED06F0D" box="[292,352,1814,1837]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="20.0">
|
||
<elevation id="0020D18BFF8A2C12FECE8B52FED06F0D" box="[292,352,1814,1837]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
, coll.
|
||
<collectorName id="26F8536EFF8A2C12FE4D8B52FDA26F0D" box="[423,530,1814,1837]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">G. Allard</collectorName>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="FFB31078FF8A2C12FDCA8B52FD2B6F0D" box="[544,667,1814,1837]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" value="2011-09-27">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFF7E990FF8A2C12FDCA8B52FD2B6F0D" box="[544,667,1814,1837]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" value="2011-09-27">27.09.2011</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
; several infertile plumes up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CF59B5DFF8A2C12FE698B72FE7D6F6D" box="[387,461,1846,1869]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
|
||
high
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3176533FF8A2C12FF7D8B22FAA36B36" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF8A2C12FF7D8B22FAA36B36" blockId="9.[151,756,1894,2077]" lastBlockId="9.[831,1437,258,790]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8A2C12FF7D8B22FEBF6F5D" bold="true" box="[151,271,1894,1917]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8A2C12FEF38B22FE3C6F5D" authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1888" box="[281,396,1894,1917]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8A2C12FEF38B22FE3C6F5D" box="[281,396,1894,1917]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Halopteris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with cormoids reaching heights of up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CF59B5DFF8A2C12FEFE8BC2FEDB6FBD" box="[276,363,1926,1949]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" unit="cm" value="2.5">2.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
, with monosiphonic, unbranched stems, divided homomerously into short internodes bearing a hydrotheca, a lateral apophysis, and up to 8 nematothecae (1 mesial, a pair of laterals, 1-2 axillary ones, and commonly 2-3 above hydrotheca). Cladia alternately arranged along stem, heteromerously divided into internodes; hydrothecate internodes longer than their ahydrothecate counterparts, carrying a hydrotheca and its up to 5 associated nematothecae (1 mesial, a pair of laterals, and 1-2 axillary ones); ahydrothecate internodes short, provided with 1-2 nematothecae. Hydrothecae deep, almost tubular. Lateral nematothecae borne on well-developed apophyses; basal chamber tall, whole nematotheca greatly surpassing hydrothecal margin; rim of upper chamber with adaxial emargination. Female gonotheca broadly ovoid, with large, rounded, apical aperture perpendicular to long axis of the theca, and closed by glass-watch-shaped operculum; 3 basal nematothecae.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C9F85AFF8A2C12FBA68EDBFB336A96" box="[1100,1155,671,694]" country="Maldives" name="Maale" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Male</collectingRegion>
|
||
gonotheca smaller than female, ovoid, without noticeable aperture, with 2 basal nematothecae. In life, cauline polyps yellow, contrasting with their purely white cladial counterparts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3176533FF8A2C10FCD58F6AFC356D89" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF8A2C10FCD58F6AFDE06918" blockId="9.[831,1437,814,2077]" lastBlockId="11.[151,756,258,312]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8A2C12FCD58F6AFC7D6B65" bold="true" box="[831,973,814,837]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Description:</emphasis>
|
||
Colonies composed of numerous cormoids arising from tubular, creeping, branching hydrorhiza lacking nematothecae. Cormoids erect (though flaccid when out of liquid), up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CF59B5DFF8A2C12FB9A8FC9FB0E6B84" box="[1136,1214,909,932]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" unit="cm" value="2.5">2.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
high. Cauli simple, monosiphonic (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF8A2C12FC018FE9FB9F6BE4" box="[1003,1071,941,964]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,186,1838,1859]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,265,1792]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[151,1436,257,1799]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Living colonies of Halopteris spp. showing their natural coloration. (A) H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913) from Bunaken, in situ (photo CGDC). (B, C) H. sibogae (Billard, 1913) from Bali, in situ. (D) H. vervoorti Galea, 2008 from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM & SM). (E) H. australis sp. nov. from New Caledonia, in situ. (F) H. millardae sp. nov. from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM & SM). Photos courtesy: N. & J-M. Bertot (B, C), E. Tardy (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590662" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590662/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
B-C, 2B), from straight in their lower halves to distinctly geniculate in their upper halves; basal parts of varied length (
|
||
<quantity id="4CF59B5DFF8A2C12FB008FA8FAE06C23" box="[1258,1360,1004,1027]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="6.0" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="1.0">1-11 mm</quantity>
|
||
long), rarely entire, generally subdivided into segments by a number of transverse nodes (up to 4 observed); segments ahydrothecate, but carrying a total of 0-43 nematothecae arranged in two distinct, longitudinal, closely-set rows; distal end of last segment marked by deeply-cut, oblique node. Remainder of stem longer, with strict homomerous segmentation; each cauline internode (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF8A2C12FBE788AFFBD46D22" box="[1037,1124,1259,1282]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,257,1098]" captionTargetId="figure-373@10.[151,1436,257,1102]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Halopteris sibogae (Billard, 1913). Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F1-4), mesial (F5, 6), lateral (F7), single (F8) and paired (F9) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG- INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
) moderately-long, bearing a hydrotheca in its lower half, a number of nematothecae, as well as at least a short, lateral apophysis supporting a cladium; up to 33 successive internodes observed. The proximal most internode bears always two opposite apophyses supporting a pair of cladia, but there may be up to 3 consecutive segments displaying this feature; all are demarcated by deeply-incised, oblique nodes, both proximally and distally. Above, the segments are separated by less-marked, oblique constrictions of the perisarc, and each bears but a single apophysis originating laterally next to the hydrotheca; apophyses alternate along the stem. There are 6-9 nematothecae per internode, of which 4-5 are associated to the hydrotheca: 1 mesial, a pair of laterals, 1-2 axillar, as well as 2-4 superior ones arranged in two parallel rows (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF8A2C12FC618AA3FC5A6EDE" box="[907,1002,1767,1790]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,257,1098]" captionTargetId="figure-373@10.[151,1436,257,1102]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Halopteris sibogae (Billard, 1913). Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F1-4), mesial (F5, 6), lateral (F7), single (F8) and paired (F9) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG- INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
); all cauline nematothecae, exclusive of those associated to the hydrothecae, tightly and backwardly appressed against stem (turned posteriad), at least in preserved material. Cladia up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CF59B5DFF8A2C12FAF68B03FAEC6F7E" box="[1308,1372,1863,1886]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
long; composed of a very short, proximal, quadrangular, athecate segment, followed by a succession of alternating ahydrothecate and hydrothecate internodes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF8A2C12FCAD8B82FC776FFD" box="[839,967,1990,2013]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,257,1098]" captionTargetId="figure-373@10.[151,1436,257,1102]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Halopteris sibogae (Billard, 1913). Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F1-4), mesial (F5, 6), lateral (F7), single (F8) and paired (F9) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG- INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Fig. 4A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
); ahydrothecate internodes with proximal transverse node and oblique distal node; the reverse in hydrothecate internodes. First ahydrothecate internode comparatively longer than following counterparts, and always carrying 2 nematothecae in a row; remaining internodes with either 1 or 2 nematothecae in a row. Hydrothecate internodes, up to 8 per cladium, relatively short, accommodating a hydrotheca in their lower 3/4th and its 4-5 associated nematothecae: 1 mesial, a pair of laterals, and 1-2 axillar (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF892C11FE398A44FDE36E37" box="[467,595,1536,1559]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,257,1098]" captionTargetId="figure-373@10.[151,1436,257,1102]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Halopteris sibogae (Billard, 1913). Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F1-4), mesial (F5, 6), lateral (F7), single (F8) and paired (F9) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG- INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Fig. 4B, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Hydrothecae cup-shaped and relatively deep, adnate for half their length to corresponding internode, free adaxial and abaxial walls parallel, flaring slightly to margin; the latter circular in apical view, and slightly sigmoid laterally, with imperceptible scoop between side facing the lateral nematothecae and abaxial wall (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF892C11FD9A8A86FD586EF9" box="[624,744,1730,1753]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,257,1098]" captionTargetId="figure-373@10.[151,1436,257,1102]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Halopteris sibogae (Billard, 1913). Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F1-4), mesial (F5, 6), lateral (F7), single (F8) and paired (F9) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG- INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Fig. 4C, E</figureCitation>
|
||
). All nematothecae, including the axillar ones, bithalamic and movable. Mesial ones triangular in frontal view, upper chamber with conspicuously lowered margin on adaxial side (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF892C11FEC28B00FEC76F7B" box="[296,375,1860,1883]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,257,1098]" captionTargetId="figure-373@10.[151,1436,257,1102]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Halopteris sibogae (Billard, 1913). Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F1-4), mesial (F5, 6), lateral (F7), single (F8) and paired (F9) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG- INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Fig. 4F</figureCitation>
|
||
<superScript id="7C789BF0FF892C11FE928B06FE206F70" attach="right" box="[376,400,1858,1872]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF892C11FE928B06FE316F70" box="[376,385,1858,1872]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[151,186,1664,1685]" captionTargetBox="[152,1426,257,1603]" captionTargetId="figure-5@12.[151,1436,238,1605]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 5. Halopteris vervoorti Galea, 2008 from the Indian Ocean (A-K) and the Caribbean (M-R). Portions of stems with cladia (A, B, M). Cauline internode (C). Portion of cladium, enlarged (D). Hydrothecate internodes in frontal (E, N) and lateral (F, O) aspects. Nematothecae (G): from caulus (G1) and cladia (G2), mesial (G3) and laterals (G4, 5) from cladial hydrothecae, single (G6) and paired (G7) axillar associated to cladial hydrothecae. Female (H, I, P) and male (J, K, Q) gonothecae. Cnidomes (L, R). Specimens MHNG-INVE-98635 (A, C, G7), MHNG-INVE-97952 (B, F, G4, 6, L), MHNG-INVE-98633 (D, E, G1-3, 5, 8, 9, H-K), HRG-1339 (M, P), HRG-0897 (O), HRG-0337 (Q, R). Figure in N is reproduced after Galea (2008). Scale bars: 10 μm (L, R), 100 μm (C-G, N, O), 200 μm (H-K, P, Q), 300 μm (A, B, M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590676" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590676/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF892C11FE628B06FE206F70" box="[392,400,1858,1872]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[151,186,962,983]" captionTargetBox="[151,1429,258,906]" captionTargetId="figure-555@16.[151,1436,257,912]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 6. Halopteris australis sp. nov. Portion of stem and basal parts of three cladia (A). Stem internode with hydrotheca (B). Portions of cladia enlarged in frontal (C) and lateral (D) aspects. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1) and cladia (E2), mesial from cladial hydrotheca (E3), lateral from cauline (E4) and cladial (E5) hydrothecae, single (E6) and paired (E7) axillar associated to cladial hydrothecae. All from sample MHNG-INVE-82742. Scale bars: 10 μm (G), 100 μM (B-E), 200 μm (F), 300 μm (A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590678" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590678/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">6</figureCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
). Lateral nematothecae mounted on well-developed apophyses (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF892C11FE1B8B20FDF46F5B" box="[497,580,1892,1915]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,257,1098]" captionTargetId="figure-373@10.[151,1436,257,1102]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Halopteris sibogae (Billard, 1913). Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F1-4), mesial (F5, 6), lateral (F7), single (F8) and paired (F9) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG- INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Fig. 4F</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF892C11FDAE8B26FDFC6F50" box="[580,588,1890,1904]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[151,186,1031,1052]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,253,959]" captionTargetId="figure-411@18.[151,1436,251,960]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 7. Halopteris millardae sp. nov. Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Hydrothecae from stem (B) and cladia (C, D), the latter in frontal and lateral aspects, respectively. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1, 2) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E3, 4), mesial (E5, 6) and lateral (E7) from cauline hydrotheca, and axillar associated to both cauline (E8) and cladial (E9) hydrothecae.All from sample MHNG-INVE-98634. Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (B-E), 300 μm (A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590680/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<superScript id="7C789BF0FF892C11FDAE8B26FDFC6F50" attach="left" box="[580,588,1890,1904]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">7</superScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
); long, greatly surpassing the hydrothecal rim (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF892C11FDFC8BC0FD2A6FBB" box="[534,666,1924,1947]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,257,1098]" captionTargetId="figure-373@10.[151,1436,257,1102]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Halopteris sibogae (Billard, 1913). Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F1-4), mesial (F5, 6), lateral (F7), single (F8) and paired (F9) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG- INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Fig. 4C, E</figureCitation>
|
||
), lower chamber high, upper one relatively shallow, and with adaxial emargination. Axillar nematothecae cornucopiashaped, adaxial wall of upper chamber with significant emargination (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF892C11FED58442FE28603D" box="[319,408,2054,2077]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,257,1098]" captionTargetId="figure-373@10.[151,1436,257,1102]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Halopteris sibogae (Billard, 1913). Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F1-4), mesial (F5, 6), lateral (F7), single (F8) and paired (F9) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG- INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Fig. 4F</figureCitation>
|
||
<superScript id="7C789BF0FF892C11FE738440FE066032" attach="right" box="[409,438,2052,2066]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF892C11FE738440FE126032" box="[409,418,2052,2066]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[151,186,806,827]" captionTargetBox="[157,1424,259,774]" captionTargetId="figure-506@20.[151,1436,257,774]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 8. Halopteris brasiliensis sp. nov. Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Stem hydrotheca (B). Portions of cladia in lateral (C) and frontal (D) aspects. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E2, 3), mesial from cauline hydrotheca (E4), lateral from cladial hydrotheca (E5), from female gonotheca (E6), pair of axillar from cauline hydrotheca (E7) and single axillar from cladial hydrotheca (E8). All from sample MHNG-INVE-37495. Scale bars: 100 μm (B- E), 200 μm (F), 300 μm (A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590682" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590682/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">8</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF892C11FE448440FE066032" box="[430,438,2052,2066]" captionStart="Fig 9" captionStartId="30.[151,183,1941,1962]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,939,1919]" captionTargetId="graphics-311@30.[151,1436,881,1926]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Fig 9. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of Halopterididae species obtained with RAxML (GTR + G + I model) based on 547 bp positions (after Gblock treatment) of the mitochondrial 16S gene. Node-support values are bootstrap values of 100 pseudoreplicates (shown only if> 70%). For more details, see text and Appendix 2. Highlighted in yellow boxes are species discussed in the text, boxed in grey are other species clades with more than one sample, which permit to assess the intraspecific divergences observed in this family." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590684" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590684/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">9</figureCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
). Remaining nematothecae from both caulus (not shown) and cladia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF892C11FAC6897BFA236D6B" box="[1324,1427,1341,1366]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStart-3="Fig" captionStartId-0="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,186,1838,1859]" captionStartId-2="5.[151,186,927,948]" captionStartId-3="5.[151,186,1848,1869]" captionTargetBox-0="[154,1432,257,1098]" captionTargetBox-1="[159,1428,265,1792]" captionTargetBox-2="[180,1374,260,911]" captionTargetId-0="figure-373@10.[151,1436,257,1102]" captionTargetId-1="figure-6@4.[151,1436,257,1799]" captionTargetId-2="figure-313@5.[151,1402,254,925]" captionTargetId-3="figure-6@6.[151,1436,255,2005]" captionTargetPageId-0="10" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionTargetPageId-3="6" captionText-0="Fig. 4. Halopteris sibogae (Billard, 1913). Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F1-4), mesial (F5, 6), lateral (F7), single (F8) and paired (F9) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG- INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C)." captionText-1="Fig. 1. Living colonies of Halopteris spp. showing their natural coloration. (A) H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913) from Bunaken, in situ (photo CGDC). (B, C) H. sibogae (Billard, 1913) from Bali, in situ. (D) H. vervoorti Galea, 2008 from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM & SM). (E) H. australis sp. nov. from New Caledonia, in situ. (F) H. millardae sp. nov. from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM & SM). Photos courtesy: N. & J-M. Bertot (B, C), E. Tardy (E)." captionText-2="Fig. 2. Preserved cormoids of Halopteris spp. showing differences in their appearance. (A): H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913), MHNG- INVE-97937. (B): H. sibogae (Billard, 1913), MHNG-INVE-97938. (C-E): H. vervoorti Galea, 2008 from Bali (MHNG- INVE-97952), Toliara (MHNG-INVE-98633) and Martinique (HRG-0897), respectively. (F): H. australis sp. nov. (MHNG- INVE-82742). (G): H. millardae sp. nov., MHNG-INVE-98634. (H): H. brasiliensis sp. nov., MHNG-INVE-37495, slide H12/37. Scale bar: 5 mm." captionText-3="Fig. 3. (A-K) Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913). Portions of stems (A, B) and proximal part of a cladium (C). Stem (D) and cladial (E, F) hydrothecae, the latter in frontal and lateral views, respectively. Nematothecae (G) cauline (G1), cladial (G2), mesial from cauline (G3) and cladial (G4) hydrothecae, laterals from cladial hydrothecae (G5-9), axillar from caulus (G10) and cladium (G11), and associated to the female gonotheca (G12, 13). Female (H, I) and male (J) gonothecae. Cnidome (K). (L-O) Halopteris sp. from Siboga Stn. 299, belonging to the syntype series of Plumularia polymorpha Billard, 1913. Cauline internode (L). Portion of a cladium (M), and the same much enlarged in frontal (N) and lateral (O) views. Specimens CDC004 (A, C, F), MHNG-INVE-97937 (B, D, E, G1-7, 10, 11, H, K), HRG-0421 (G8. 9, 12, 13, I, J), H.L. 1309 (L-O). Scale bars: 10 μm (K), 100 μm (D-G, L, N, O), 200 μm (H-J), 300 μm (A-C, M). ►" figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590662" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590664" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590670" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5590662/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5590664/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5590670/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Fig. 4F
|
||
<superScript id="7C789BF0FF892C11FA6A8979FA236D6B" attach="right" box="[1408,1427,1341,1355]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">1-4</superScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) similar to the lateral ones, though comparatively shorter. Hydranths with 13-15 filiform tentacles; in life, all belonging to the stem characteristically yellow, contrasting with those from the cladia that are uniformly white (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF892C11FC6089A4FC6E6DD7" box="[906,990,1504,1527]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,186,1838,1859]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,265,1792]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[151,1436,257,1799]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Living colonies of Halopteris spp. showing their natural coloration. (A) H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913) from Bunaken, in situ (photo CGDC). (B, C) H. sibogae (Billard, 1913) from Bali, in situ. (D) H. vervoorti Galea, 2008 from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM & SM). (E) H. australis sp. nov. from New Caledonia, in situ. (F) H. millardae sp. nov. from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM & SM). Photos courtesy: N. & J-M. Bertot (B, C), E. Tardy (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590662" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590662/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Colonies dioecious. Gonothecae arising laterally from below the stem hydrothecae through a short, lateral apophysis; mounted on short, quadrangular pedicel, broadly ovoid, though sexually dimorphic, with the males comparatively smaller than females; the latter provided basally with 3 nematothecae similar to the laterals of the hydrotheca, and a large, watchglass-shaped apical lid closing a rounded aperture with conspicuously thickened perisarc at margin (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF892C11FADF8AA7FA206EDA" box="[1333,1424,1763,1786]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,257,1098]" captionTargetId="figure-373@10.[151,1436,257,1102]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Halopteris sibogae (Billard, 1913). Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F1-4), mesial (F5, 6), lateral (F7), single (F8) and paired (F9) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG- INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Fig. 4G</figureCitation>
|
||
); male gonothecae bearing two basal nematothecae and no noticeable aperture; a globular mass of sperm cells encircles a central, digitiform blastostyle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF892C11FADA8B00FA206F7B" box="[1328,1424,1860,1883]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,257,1098]" captionTargetId="figure-373@10.[151,1436,257,1102]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Halopteris sibogae (Billard, 1913). Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F1-4), mesial (F5, 6), lateral (F7), single (F8) and paired (F9) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG- INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Fig. 4H</figureCitation>
|
||
); all female gonothecae observed ripe and empty, with the exception of basal remains of the blastostyle. Cnidome (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF892C11FC5E8BE1FBB16F9C" box="[948,1025,1957,1980]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,257,1098]" captionTargetId="figure-373@10.[151,1436,257,1102]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Halopteris sibogae (Billard, 1913). Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F1-4), mesial (F5, 6), lateral (F7), single (F8) and paired (F9) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG- INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Fig. 4I</figureCitation>
|
||
) composed of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D0BFD31FF892C11FB418BE1FB4C6F9C" box="[1195,1276,1957,1980]" pageId="10" pageNumber="31" type="generic" typeStatus="types">3 types</specimenCount>
|
||
of microbasic mastigophores: large, elongated-ovoid [(18.1-19.8) × (6.6-7.3) μm, in nematophores, as well as scattered in the coenosarc]; small, banana-shaped [(6.1-6.6) × (2.1- 2.3) μm, in tentacles]; small, ovoid capsules [(5.1-5.4) × (2.9-3.1) μm, scattered in the coenosarc].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF726630FF892C11FF7D883AFAC76CC9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5590674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="31" startId="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" targetBox="[154,1432,257,1098]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF892C11FF7D883AFAC76CC9" blockId="10.[151,1437,1150,1257]" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Fig. 4.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF892C11FF09883AFD8A6CB3" authority="(Billard, 1913)" authorityName="Present" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[227,570,1150,1171]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sibogae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF892C11FF09883AFE2D6CB3" box="[227,413,1150,1171]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Halopteris sibogae</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF892C11FE47883AFD846CB3" author="Billard A." box="[429,564,1150,1171]" pageId="10" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard, 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F
|
||
<superScript id="7C789BF0FF892C11FB1288DDFABB6C85" attach="right" box="[1272,1291,1177,1189]" fontSize="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">1-4</superScript>
|
||
), mesial (F
|
||
<superScript id="7C789BF0FF892C11FA9388DDFA3E6C85" attach="left" box="[1401,1422,1177,1189]" fontSize="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">5, 6</superScript>
|
||
), lateral (F
|
||
<superScript id="7C789BF0FF892C11FED688F2FEF36CE2" attach="right" box="[316,323,1206,1218]" fontSize="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">7</superScript>
|
||
), single (F
|
||
<superScript id="7C789BF0FF892C11FE4488F2FE056CE2" attach="left" box="[430,437,1206,1218]" fontSize="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">8</superScript>
|
||
) and paired (F
|
||
<superScript id="7C789BF0FF892C11FDAD88F2FDFE6CE2" attach="left" box="[583,590,1206,1218]" fontSize="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">9</superScript>
|
||
) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG-INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF882C10FF7D8D14FE1D6947" blockId="11.[151,429,336,359]" box="[151,429,336,359]" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF882C10FF7D8D14FE946947" bold="true" box="[151,292,336,359]" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Dimensions:</emphasis>
|
||
See
|
||
<tableCitation id="C68F0303FF882C10FEBD8D14FE176947" box="[343,423,336,359]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="21.[148,201,538,559]" captionTargetBox="[148,1922,658,1790]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Table 1. Comparative morphological and morphometrical features of H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913) (present study and syntype materials from Siboga Stn. 80 and 299) and H. sibogae (Billard, 1913) (Ho stands for homomerous, and He for heteromerous)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF726630FF962C0EFF7E8E5EFC2E6A6C" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" tableUuid="DF726630FF962C0EFF7E8E5EFC2E6A6C">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF882C10FF7D8D3BFD646B30" blockId="11.[151,757,383,2077]" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF882C10FF7D8D3BFEBA69B6" bold="true" box="[151,266,383,406]" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Remarks:</emphasis>
|
||
In most stems, the proximal most hydrothecate internode gives rise to a pair of cladia; occasionally, two successive internodes are involved; in one instance, three proximal pairs occurred, followed by an internode provided with a single apophysis, and by another one giving rise to a pair of cladia. In such internodes, there are always 3 or even 4 nematothecae above the hydrotheca. The remaining stem internodes are randomly provided with either 2 or 3 nematothecae in two parallel rows. Both cauline and cladial hydrothecae bear either one (70% and 80% of cases, respectively, n=50 examined hydrothecae) or two (30% and 20% of cases, respectively) axillar nematothecae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF882C10FF7D8F5DFD646C6B" blockId="11.[151,757,383,2077]" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Terminal stolonization occurs occasionally from the distal ends of both stems and cladia. Rarely, aberrant branching of cladia occurs: a short apophysis is given off laterally from either one or both apophyses supporting the lateral nematothecae; the structure of these 2nd order branchlets (not exceeding two hydrothecate internodes) is similar to that of a normal cladia, and begins with a short, quadrangular, athecate segment, followed by the first ahydrothecate intersegment carrying but a single nematotheca, instead of two as in the 1st order cladia.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF882C10FF7D8810FEFA6D67" blockId="11.[151,757,383,2077]" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Sterile cormoids, similar to the present ones, with hydrothecae provided with exceedingly long lateral nematothecae were already reported notably from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31A7628FF882C10FF7D88F6FF4F6CE9" box="[151,255,1202,1225]" name="Indonesia" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF882C10FEC988F6FE096CE9" author="Billard A." box="[291,441,1202,1225]" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard (1913)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31A7628FF882C10FDE488F6FD306CE9" box="[526,640,1202,1225]" name="Seychelles" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Seychelles</collectingCountry>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF882C10FD4E88F6FED16CC9" author="Millard N. A. H. & Bouillon J." pageId="11" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 105" refId="ref27956" refString="Millard N. A. H., Bouillon J. 1973. Hydroids from the Seychelles (Coelenterata). Annales du Museum Royal de l'Afrique Centrale 206: 1 - 105." type="journal article" year="1973">Millard & Bouillon (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(both as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF882C10FE238896FF5A6D28" authorityName="Billard" authorityYear="1913" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="variety" species="polymorpha" variety="sibogae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF882C10FE238896FD746CC9" box="[457,708,1234,1257]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Halopteris polymorpha</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF882C10FF7D88B5FF5A6D28" box="[151,234,1265,1288]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">sibogae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). According to the former author, this character mainly distinguishes his so-called
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF882C10FDD88955FD726D08" box="[562,706,1297,1320]" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" rank="variety" variety="from">variety from</taxonomicName>
|
||
the nominal species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF882C10FF7D8914FE676EA3" blockId="11.[151,757,383,2077]" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Similarly to the present observations, Millard & Bouillon indicate that “Intermediate athecate internodes [are] absent on stem but invariably present on hydrocladia”, although Billard observed that, on cladia, the ahydrothecate internodes may be occasionally fused to their preceding hydrothecate counterparts. Among the quite rich material studied here, only one case of fusion (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF882C10FF758A69FF436E64" box="[159,243,1581,1604]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,257,1098]" captionTargetId="figure-373@10.[151,1436,257,1102]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Halopteris sibogae (Billard, 1913). Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F1-4), mesial (F5, 6), lateral (F7), single (F8) and paired (F9) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG- INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
, after the proximal most hydrotheca) was noted upon the careful examination of 10 cormoids from sample MHNG-INVE-97938.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF882C10FF7D8ACFFBE269F9" blockId="11.[151,757,383,2077]" lastBlockId="11.[831,1437,258,1274]" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">
|
||
As noted above, the most prominent morphological difference between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF882C10FE918AEFFD956EE2" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[379,549,1707,1730]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF882C10FE918AEFFD956EE2" box="[379,549,1707,1730]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">H. polymorpha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and its so-called
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF882C10FF7D8A8EFE8E6EC1" authorityName="Billard" authorityYear="1913" box="[151,318,1738,1761]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="variety" species="polymorpha" variety="sibogae">
|
||
variety
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF882C10FF018A8EFE8E6EC1" box="[235,318,1738,1761]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">sibogae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is to be found in the shape and size of their lateral nematothecae, including their corresponding apophyses (compare
|
||
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF882C10FE668B4DFE616F00" box="[396,465,1801,1824]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,1848,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1436,255,2005]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. (A-K) Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913). Portions of stems (A, B) and proximal part of a cladium (C). Stem (D) and cladial (E, F) hydrothecae, the latter in frontal and lateral views, respectively. Nematothecae (G) cauline (G1), cladial (G2), mesial from cauline (G3) and cladial (G4) hydrothecae, laterals from cladial hydrothecae (G5-9), axillar from caulus (G10) and cladium (G11), and associated to the female gonotheca (G12, 13). Female (H, I) and male (J) gonothecae. Cnidome (K). (L-O) Halopteris sp. from Siboga Stn. 299, belonging to the syntype series of Plumularia polymorpha Billard, 1913. Cauline internode (L). Portion of a cladium (M), and the same much enlarged in frontal (N) and lateral (O) views. Specimens CDC004 (A, C, F), MHNG-INVE-97937 (B, D, E, G1-7, 10, 11, H, K), HRG-0421 (G8. 9, 12, 13, I, J), H.L. 1309 (L-O). Scale bars: 10 μm (K), 100 μm (D-G, L, N, O), 200 μm (H-J), 300 μm (A-C, M). ►" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590670/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
D-F and 4B-E). Another noteworthy difference relies in the comparatively shallower hydrothecae (compare
|
||
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF882C10FDED8B0CFD286F7F" box="[519,664,1864,1887]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,1848,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1436,255,2005]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. (A-K) Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913). Portions of stems (A, B) and proximal part of a cladium (C). Stem (D) and cladial (E, F) hydrothecae, the latter in frontal and lateral views, respectively. Nematothecae (G) cauline (G1), cladial (G2), mesial from cauline (G3) and cladial (G4) hydrothecae, laterals from cladial hydrothecae (G5-9), axillar from caulus (G10) and cladium (G11), and associated to the female gonotheca (G12, 13). Female (H, I) and male (J) gonothecae. Cnidome (K). (L-O) Halopteris sp. from Siboga Stn. 299, belonging to the syntype series of Plumularia polymorpha Billard, 1913. Cauline internode (L). Portion of a cladium (M), and the same much enlarged in frontal (N) and lateral (O) views. Specimens CDC004 (A, C, F), MHNG-INVE-97937 (B, D, E, G1-7, 10, 11, H, K), HRG-0421 (G8. 9, 12, 13, I, J), H.L. 1309 (L-O). Scale bars: 10 μm (K), 100 μm (D-G, L, N, O), 200 μm (H-J), 300 μm (A-C, M). ►" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590670/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Fig. 3D & E</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF882C10FD3F8B0CFF786F5F" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,257,1098]" captionTargetId="figure-373@10.[151,1436,257,1102]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Halopteris sibogae (Billard, 1913). Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F1-4), mesial (F5, 6), lateral (F7), single (F8) and paired (F9) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG- INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">4C & E</figureCitation>
|
||
), and shorter cauline (compare
|
||
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF882C10FDCF8B2CFDC76F5F" box="[549,631,1896,1919]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,257,1098]" captionTargetId="figure-373@10.[151,1436,257,1102]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Halopteris sibogae (Billard, 1913). Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F1-4), mesial (F5, 6), lateral (F7), single (F8) and paired (F9) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG- INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF882C10FD5A8B2CFD0C6F5F" box="[688,700,1896,1919]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,1848,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1436,255,2005]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. (A-K) Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913). Portions of stems (A, B) and proximal part of a cladium (C). Stem (D) and cladial (E, F) hydrothecae, the latter in frontal and lateral views, respectively. Nematothecae (G) cauline (G1), cladial (G2), mesial from cauline (G3) and cladial (G4) hydrothecae, laterals from cladial hydrothecae (G5-9), axillar from caulus (G10) and cladium (G11), and associated to the female gonotheca (G12, 13). Female (H, I) and male (J) gonothecae. Cnidome (K). (L-O) Halopteris sp. from Siboga Stn. 299, belonging to the syntype series of Plumularia polymorpha Billard, 1913. Cauline internode (L). Portion of a cladium (M), and the same much enlarged in frontal (N) and lateral (O) views. Specimens CDC004 (A, C, F), MHNG-INVE-97937 (B, D, E, G1-7, 10, 11, H, K), HRG-0421 (G8. 9, 12, 13, I, J), H.L. 1309 (L-O). Scale bars: 10 μm (K), 100 μm (D-G, L, N, O), 200 μm (H-J), 300 μm (A-C, M). ►" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590670/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">3</figureCitation>
|
||
A-B) and cladial ahydrothecate (compare
|
||
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF882C10FDDE8BC3FD3B6FBE" box="[564,651,1927,1950]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,257,1098]" captionTargetId="figure-373@10.[151,1436,257,1102]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Halopteris sibogae (Billard, 1913). Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F1-4), mesial (F5, 6), lateral (F7), single (F8) and paired (F9) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG- INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF882C10FD268BC3FD5C6FBE" box="[716,748,1927,1950]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,1848,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1436,255,2005]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. (A-K) Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913). Portions of stems (A, B) and proximal part of a cladium (C). Stem (D) and cladial (E, F) hydrothecae, the latter in frontal and lateral views, respectively. Nematothecae (G) cauline (G1), cladial (G2), mesial from cauline (G3) and cladial (G4) hydrothecae, laterals from cladial hydrothecae (G5-9), axillar from caulus (G10) and cladium (G11), and associated to the female gonotheca (G12, 13). Female (H, I) and male (J) gonothecae. Cnidome (K). (L-O) Halopteris sp. from Siboga Stn. 299, belonging to the syntype series of Plumularia polymorpha Billard, 1913. Cauline internode (L). Portion of a cladium (M), and the same much enlarged in frontal (N) and lateral (O) views. Specimens CDC004 (A, C, F), MHNG-INVE-97937 (B, D, E, G1-7, 10, 11, H, K), HRG-0421 (G8. 9, 12, 13, I, J), H.L. 1309 (L-O). Scale bars: 10 μm (K), 100 μm (D-G, L, N, O), 200 μm (H-J), 300 μm (A-C, M). ►" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590670/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">3B</figureCitation>
|
||
) internodes in the former. Moreover, only noticeable in living material, the bicolor aspect of the cormoids of the latter is striking (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF882C10FE408BA2FD966FDD" box="[426,550,2022,2045]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,186,1838,1859]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,265,1792]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[151,1436,257,1799]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Living colonies of Halopteris spp. showing their natural coloration. (A) H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913) from Bunaken, in situ (photo CGDC). (B, C) H. sibogae (Billard, 1913) from Bali, in situ. (D) H. vervoorti Galea, 2008 from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM & SM). (E) H. australis sp. nov. from New Caledonia, in situ. (F) H. millardae sp. nov. from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM & SM). Photos courtesy: N. & J-M. Bertot (B, C), E. Tardy (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590662" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590662/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Fig. 1B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
), compared to the wholly yellow tinge observed in the former (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF882C10FD648442FD56603D" box="[654,742,2054,2077]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,186,1838,1859]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,265,1792]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[151,1436,257,1799]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Living colonies of Halopteris spp. showing their natural coloration. (A) H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913) from Bunaken, in situ (photo CGDC). (B, C) H. sibogae (Billard, 1913) from Bali, in situ. (D) H. vervoorti Galea, 2008 from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM & SM). (E) H. australis sp. nov. from New Caledonia, in situ. (F) H. millardae sp. nov. from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM & SM). Photos courtesy: N. & J-M. Bertot (B, C), E. Tardy (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590662" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590662/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
), especially when both species occur in sympatry. Other morphological and morphometrical differences observed in the material studied herein are listed in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C68F0303FF882C10FB1C8D06FAF46979" box="[1270,1348,322,345]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="21.[148,201,538,559]" captionTargetBox="[148,1922,658,1790]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Table 1. Comparative morphological and morphometrical features of H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913) (present study and syntype materials from Siboga Stn. 80 and 299) and H. sibogae (Billard, 1913) (Ho stands for homomerous, and He for heteromerous)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF726630FF962C0EFF7E8E5EFC2E6A6C" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" tableUuid="DF726630FF962C0EFF7E8E5EFC2E6A6C">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
. In light of these differences, we advocate here that the so-called
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF882C10FCD58DC6FC5969B9" authorityName="Billard" authorityYear="1913" box="[831,1001,386,409]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="variety" species="polymorpha" variety="sibogae">
|
||
variety
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF882C10FC7C8DC6FC5969B9" box="[918,1001,386,409]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">sibogae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
must be recognized as a full species, different from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF882C10FC018DE6FB256999" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[1003,1173,418,441]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF882C10FC018DE6FB256999" box="[1003,1173,418,441]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">H. polymorpha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The 16S data clearly corroborated this (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF882C10FBEE8D86FBF569F9" box="[1028,1093,450,473]" captionStart="Fig 9" captionStartId="30.[151,183,1941,1962]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,939,1919]" captionTargetId="graphics-311@30.[151,1436,881,1926]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Fig 9. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of Halopterididae species obtained with RAxML (GTR + G + I model) based on 547 bp positions (after Gblock treatment) of the mitochondrial 16S gene. Node-support values are bootstrap values of 100 pseudoreplicates (shown only if> 70%). For more details, see text and Appendix 2. Highlighted in yellow boxes are species discussed in the text, boxed in grey are other species clades with more than one sample, which permit to assess the intraspecific divergences observed in this family." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590684" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590684/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF882C10FCD58DA6FAA66AB9" blockId="11.[831,1437,258,1274]" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Raising
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF882C10FC758DA6FCC46A39" authority="Billard, 1913" authorityName="Billard" authorityYear="1913" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="variety" species="polymorpha" variety="sibogae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF882C10FC758DA6FB1769D9" box="[927,1191,482,505]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Plumularia polymorpha</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF882C10FB018DA6FA8E69D9" box="[1259,1342,482,505]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">sibogae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF882C10FAA18DA6FCC46A39" author="Billard A." pageId="11" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard, 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to full species is not threatened by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF882C10FAC98E46FB8A6A19" authority="Billard, 1911" authorityName="Billard" authorityYear="1911" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sibogae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF882C10FAC98E46FC226A19" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Plumularia sibogae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF882C10FC498E66FB8A6A19" author="Billard A." box="[931,1082,546,569]" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" pagination="62 - 71" refId="ref26241" refString="Billard A. 1911. Note preliminaire sur les especes nouvelles de Plumulariidae de l'Expedition du Siboga. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale (5) 8: 62 - 71." type="journal article" year="1911">Billard, 1911</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, because the former is to be correctly placed in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF882C10FB618E06FA2C6A79" authority="Allman, 1877" authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1163,1436,578,601]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF882C10FB618E06FB4D6A79" box="[1163,1277,578,601]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Halopteris</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF882C10FAEC8E06FA2C6A79" author="Allman G. J." box="[1286,1436,578,601]" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 66" refId="ref25915" refString="Allman G. J. 1877. Report on the Hydroida collected during the exploration of the Gulf Stream by L. F. de Pourtales, Assistant United States Coast Survey. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 5 (2): 1 - 66." type="journal article" year="1877">Allman, 1877</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF882C10FC858E26FB1A6A59" authority="(Billard, 1913)" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[879,1194,610,633]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sibogae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF882C10FC858E26FC5D6A59" box="[879,1005,610,633]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">H. sibogae</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF882C10FBEF8E26FB126A59" author="Billard A." box="[1029,1186,610,633]" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard, 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
], while the latter is accommodated in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF882C10FBE98EC6FAA26AB9" authority="Allman, 1877" authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1027,1298,642,665]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Capnodiaceae" genus="Antennella" kingdom="Fungi" order="Capnodiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF882C10FBE98EC6FBC76AB9" box="[1027,1143,642,665]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Antennella</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF882C10FB968EC6FAA26AB9" author="Allman G. J." box="[1148,1298,642,665]" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 66" refId="ref25915" refString="Allman G. J. 1877. Report on the Hydroida collected during the exploration of the Gulf Stream by L. F. de Pourtales, Assistant United States Coast Survey. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 5 (2): 1 - 66." type="journal article" year="1877">Allman, 1877</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF882C10FCD58EE6FBC56B19" blockId="11.[831,1437,258,1274]" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF882C10FCD58EE6FBA76A99" authorityName="Present" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[831,1047,674,697]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sibogae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF882C10FCD58EE6FBA76A99" box="[831,1047,674,697]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Halopteris sibogae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from its congeners through a series of characters. A number of species with “peculiarities” (see under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF882C10FB878EA6FAA66AD9" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[1133,1302,738,761]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF882C10FB878EA6FAA66AD9" box="[1133,1302,738,761]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">H. polymorpha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) should be excluded from the comparison, while the remaining ones are compared in Appendix 1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF882C10FCD58F06FB236CDA" blockId="11.[831,1437,258,1274]" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Among them, and in accordance with the phylogenetic tree,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF882C10FC968F26FC476B59" authorityName="Present" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[892,1015,866,889]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sibogae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF882C10FC968F26FC476B59" box="[892,1015,866,889]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">H. sibogae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comes close to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF882C10FB558F26FCC46BB9" authority="Galea, 2008" authorityName="Galea" authorityYear="2008" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="vervoorti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF882C10FB558F26FAFA6B59" box="[1215,1354,866,889]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">H. vervoorti</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF882C10FABD8F26FCC46BB9" author="Galea H. R." pageId="11" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 54" refId="ref26877" refString="Galea H. R. 2008. On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1 - 54." type="journal article" year="2008">Galea, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see below an account on the latter). Besides its exceedingly long, and thus very distinctive, lateral nematothecae,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF882C10FC088F86FBE86BF9" authorityName="Present" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[994,1112,962,985]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sibogae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF882C10FC088F86FBE86BF9" box="[994,1112,962,985]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">H. sibogae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shares the following features with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF882C10FC928FA7FC4D6BDA" authorityName="Galea" authorityYear="2008" box="[888,1021,995,1018]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="vervoorti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF882C10FC928FA7FC4D6BDA" box="[888,1021,995,1018]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">H. vervoorti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: 1) their cauline internodes are rather short and bear 1-2 nematothecae distal to each hydrotheca; 2) there are 1-2 axillar nematothecae associated to both cauline and cladial hydrothecae; 3) their cladia are heteromerously-segmented, their ahydrothecate internodes are short compared to their hydrothecate counterparts, and bear single nematothecae; 4) their female gonothecae are indistinguishable morphologically (compare
|
||
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF882C10FC4188A7FC4C6CDA" box="[939,1020,1251,1274]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,257,1098]" captionTargetId="figure-373@10.[151,1436,257,1102]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Halopteris sibogae (Billard, 1913). Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F1-4), mesial (F5, 6), lateral (F7), single (F8) and paired (F9) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG- INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Fig. 4G</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF882C10FBDA88A7FB366CDA" box="[1072,1158,1251,1274]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[151,186,1664,1685]" captionTargetBox="[152,1426,257,1603]" captionTargetId="figure-5@12.[151,1436,238,1605]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 5. Halopteris vervoorti Galea, 2008 from the Indian Ocean (A-K) and the Caribbean (M-R). Portions of stems with cladia (A, B, M). Cauline internode (C). Portion of cladium, enlarged (D). Hydrothecate internodes in frontal (E, N) and lateral (F, O) aspects. Nematothecae (G): from caulus (G1) and cladia (G2), mesial (G3) and laterals (G4, 5) from cladial hydrothecae, single (G6) and paired (G7) axillar associated to cladial hydrothecae. Female (H, I, P) and male (J, K, Q) gonothecae. Cnidomes (L, R). Specimens MHNG-INVE-98635 (A, C, G7), MHNG-INVE-97952 (B, F, G4, 6, L), MHNG-INVE-98633 (D, E, G1-3, 5, 8, 9, H-K), HRG-1339 (M, P), HRG-0897 (O), HRG-0337 (Q, R). Figure in N is reproduced after Galea (2008). Scale bars: 10 μm (L, R), 100 μm (C-G, N, O), 200 μm (H-K, P, Q), 300 μm (A, B, M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590676" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590676/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">5H, I, P</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF882C10FCD58956FC356D89" blockId="11.[831,1436,1298,1449]" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF882C10FCD58956FC656D09" bold="true" box="[831,981,1298,1321]" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Distribution:</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31A7628FF882C10FC0A8956FBF86D09" box="[992,1096,1298,1321]" name="Indonesia" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
[between Misool I. and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C9F85AFF882C10FA8D8956FC316D69" country="Indonesia" name="Papua Barat" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">West Papua</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF882C10FC728976FB846D69" author="Billard A." box="[920,1076,1330,1353]" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard, 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C9F85AFF882C10FBBA8976FBCD6D69" box="[1104,1149,1330,1353]" country="Indonesia" name="Bali" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Bali</collectingRegion>
|
||
(present study), Tukang Besi Archipelago (present study)],
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31A7628FF882C10FB2C8916FA896D49" box="[1222,1337,1362,1385]" name="Seychelles" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Seychelles</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF882C10FAA08916FBB96DA9" author="Millard N. A. H. & Bouillon J." pageId="11" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 105" refId="ref27956" refString="Millard N. A. H., Bouillon J. 1973. Hydroids from the Seychelles (Coelenterata). Annales du Museum Royal de l'Afrique Centrale 206: 1 - 105." type="journal article" year="1973">Millard & Bouillon, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and questionably
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31A7628FF882C10FB038936FA966DA9" box="[1257,1318,1394,1417]" name="Japan" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF882C10FAD38936FCC86D89" author="Hirohito & Emperor of Japan" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" refId="ref27317" refString="Hirohito, Emperor of Japan. 1983. Hydroids from Izu Oshima and Niijima. Publications of the Biological Laboratory, Imperial Household, Tokyo, 83 pp." type="book" year="1983">Hirohito, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |