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<document id="C25F30850295FFAABAAC352FBEACCA94" ID-CLB-Dataset="3943" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.1196007" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9f6a1d45-f725-42d1-a64c-b6ffaaae23d7" ID-ISSN="0035-418" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1196007" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1634783218614" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Galea, Horia R., Gioia Di Camillo, Cristina, Maggioni, Davide, Montano, Simone &amp; Schuchert, Peter" docDate="2018" docId="03A487AEFF812C12FC738874FDE66C08" docLanguage="en" docName="3_Galea_etal.pdf" docOrigin="Revue suisse de Zoologie 125 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:225056F0A23C51DDC06AC27EAEA15D5B.2:RevSuisseZool.2015-2019.journal_article" docStyleId="225056F0A23C51DDC06AC27EAEA15D5B" docStyleName="RevSuisseZool.2015-2019.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Halopteris polymorpha Allman 1888" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="30" masterDocId="FF9DFFD6FF832C1BFFEA8C44FFB06820" masterDocTitle="A reassessment of Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913) (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), with descriptions of three new species" masterLastPageNumber="59" masterPageNumber="21" pageNumber="23" updateTime="1736183339657" updateUser="guilherme" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="38DAF82FFA7B7F57E578ABA7FF52AAA4">A reassessment of Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913) (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), with descriptions of three new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7A45F925C69F71A79C08B193634C6CE9">Galea, Horia R.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="39E0A7D1C570DCDC8DD586C773FBA413">Hydrozoan Research Laboratory, 405 Chemin des Gatiers, F- 83170 Tourves, France</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="1505D2AD08F267128E10EE79E61A9512" type="email">horia.galea@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="1E71DA05CCD7E3F94E1E05B8EEE82DF9">Gioia Di Camillo, Cristina</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="305866CA801D0505F877B19348FE2427">Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, I- 60121 Ancona, Italy</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="B9DE39399069FCC86B93A51C9B6D789A">Maggioni, Davide</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="A7BA15B6506168B8CDD0FB42A1048848">Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 12030 Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="FD8597E982C144ED902F4ED7D145A472">Montano, Simone</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="48E51FBC0CF6C37661E8AE68041C29DE">Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 12030 Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="2B51F260E644A6A983320E3F9247428C">Schuchert, Peter</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="0F41D07FD19ED361A9986A5DC41894C8">Muséum d’histoire naturelle, C. P. 6434, CH- 1211 Genève 6, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="03A487AEFF812C12FC738874FDE66C08" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14163722" ID-GBIF-Taxon="189153149" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14163722" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A487AEFF812C12FC738874FDE66C08" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A487AEFF812C12FC738874FDE66C08" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" scope_class="Hydrozoa" scope_family="Halopterididae" scope_order="Leptothecata" scope_phylum="Cnidaria">
<subSubSection id="C3176533FF812C19FC738874FAF36C68" box="[921,1347,1072,1096]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF812C19FC738874FAF36C68" blockId="2.[898,1370,1072,1128]" box="[921,1347,1072,1096]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
<heading id="D0FA81D4FF812C19FC738874FAF36C68" bold="true" box="[921,1347,1072,1096]" centered="true" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF812C19FC738874FAF36C68" ID-CoL="3JFR5" authority="(Billard, 1913)" authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1888" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[921,1347,1072,1096]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF812C19FC738874FAF36C68" bold="true" box="[921,1347,1072,1096]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF812C19FC738874FB286C68" bold="true" box="[921,1176,1072,1096]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Halopteris polymorpha</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF812C19FB4F8875FA8B6C68" author="Billard A." box="[1189,1339,1073,1096]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard, 1913</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
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</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3176533FF812C19FC688815FAEA6C48" box="[898,1370,1105,1128]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF812C19FC688815FAEA6C48" blockId="2.[898,1370,1072,1128]" box="[898,1370,1105,1128]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF812C19FC688815FC686C48" box="[898,984,1105,1128]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,186,1838,1859]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,265,1792]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[151,1436,257,1799]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Living colonies of Halopteris spp. showing their natural coloration. (A) H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913) from Bunaken, in situ (photo CGDC). (B, C) H. sibogae (Billard, 1913) from Bali, in situ. (D) H. vervoorti Galea, 2008 from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM &amp; SM). (E) H. australis sp. nov. from New Caledonia, in situ. (F) H. millardae sp. nov. from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM &amp; SM). Photos courtesy: N. &amp; J-M. Bertot (B, C), E. Tardy (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590662" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590662/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Figs 1A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF812C19FC0E8815FBB76C48" box="[996,1031,1105,1128]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,927,948]" captionTargetBox="[180,1374,260,911]" captionTargetId="figure-313@5.[151,1402,254,925]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Preserved cormoids of Halopteris spp. showing differences in their appearance. (A): H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913), MHNG- INVE-97937. (B): H. sibogae (Billard, 1913), MHNG-INVE-97938. (C-E): H. vervoorti Galea, 2008 from Bali (MHNG- INVE-97952), Toliara (MHNG-INVE-98633) and Martinique (HRG-0897), respectively. (F): H. australis sp. nov. (MHNG- INVE-82742). (G): H. millardae sp. nov., MHNG-INVE-98634. (H): H. brasiliensis sp. nov., MHNG-INVE-37495, slide H12/37. Scale bar: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590664" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590664/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">2A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF812C19FBF88815FBAE6C48" box="[1042,1054,1105,1128]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,1848,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1436,255,2005]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. (A-K) Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913). Portions of stems (A, B) and proximal part of a cladium (C). Stem (D) and cladial (E, F) hydrothecae, the latter in frontal and lateral views, respectively. Nematothecae (G) cauline (G1), cladial (G2), mesial from cauline (G3) and cladial (G4) hydrothecae, laterals from cladial hydrothecae (G5-9), axillar from caulus (G10) and cladium (G11), and associated to the female gonotheca (G12, 13). Female (H, I) and male (J) gonothecae. Cnidome (K). (L-O) Halopteris sp. from Siboga Stn. 299, belonging to the syntype series of Plumularia polymorpha Billard, 1913. Cauline internode (L). Portion of a cladium (M), and the same much enlarged in frontal (N) and lateral (O) views. Specimens CDC004 (A, C, F), MHNG-INVE-97937 (B, D, E, G1-7, 10, 11, H, K), HRG-0421 (G8. 9, 12, 13, I, J), H.L. 1309 (L-O). Scale bars: 10 μm (K), 100 μm (D-G, L, N, O), 200 μm (H-J), 300 μm (A-C, M). ►" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590670/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">3</figureCitation>
A-K;
<tableCitation id="C68F0303FF812C19FBB68815FB056C48" box="[1116,1205,1105,1128]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="21.[148,201,538,559]" captionTargetBox="[148,1922,658,1790]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Table 1. Comparative morphological and morphometrical features of H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913) (present study and syntype materials from Siboga Stn. 80 and 299) and H. sibogae (Billard, 1913) (Ho stands for homomerous, and He for heteromerous)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF726630FF962C0EFF7E8E5EFC2E6A6C" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" tableUuid="DF726630FF962C0EFF7E8E5EFC2E6A6C">Tables 1</tableCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="C68F0303FF812C19FB298815FB636C48" box="[1219,1235,1105,1128]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="22.[148,201,1344,1365]" captionTargetBox="[148,1922,611,1220]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Table 2. Literature records included earlier in the synonymy of Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913), but deviating from the present concept of this species (H. stands for Halopteris). N.B.: Italics are used to emphasize the distinguishing characters." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF726630FF952C0DFF7E8904FCD16D52" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" tableUuid="DF726630FF952C0DFF7E8904FCD16D52">2</tableCitation>
; Appendix 1
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1D1196FF812C19FCD5883BFB376C90" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF812C19FCD5883BFB196CB4" authority="Billard, 1913" authorityName="Billard, 1913 Billard" authorityYear="1913" box="[831,1193,1151,1172]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF812C19FCD5883BFB966CB4" box="[831,1062,1151,1172]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Plumularia polymorpha</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF812C19FBC1883BFB196CB4" author="Billard A." box="[1067,1193,1151,1172]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard, 1913</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF812C19FB5C883BFABF6CB4" box="[1206,1295,1151,1172]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">pro parte</emphasis>
): 24, figs 14A, 15. –
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC10A9FF812C19FC2B88DFFB346C90" author="Van Soest R. W. M." box="[961,1156,1179,1200]" page="89" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" year="1976">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF812C19FC2B88DFFB346C90" author="Van Soest R. W. M." box="[961,1156,1179,1200]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="79 - 95" refId="ref29284" refString="Van Soest R. W. M. 1976. A catalogue of the Coelenterate type specimens of the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam. II. Benthic Hydrozoa. Beaufortia 25 (323): 79 - 95." type="journal article" year="1976">Van Soest, 1976: 89</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF812C19FCD588FCFC666CCA" blockId="2.[831,1437,1151,2064]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
non
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF812C19FC8088FCFB696CED" authority="Billard, 1913" authorityName="Billard, 1913 Billard" authorityYear="1913" box="[874,1241,1208,1229]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF812C19FC8088FCFBE36CED" box="[874,1107,1208,1229]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Plumularia polymorpha</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF812C19FBB088FCFB696CED" author="Billard A." box="[1114,1241,1208,1229]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard, 1913</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF812C19FB0288FCFAF36CED" box="[1256,1347,1208,1229]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">pro parte</emphasis>
): 24, fig. 14B, C.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF812C19FCD588B6FC436D04" blockId="2.[831,1437,1151,2064]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1D1196FF812C19FCD588B6FC436D04" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF812C19FCD588B6FBF16D27" authority="(Billard, 1913)" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[831,1089,1266,1287]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Thecocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="polymorphus">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF812C19FCD588B6FBF16D27" box="[831,1089,1266,1287]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Thecocarpus polymorphus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
–
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC10A9FF812C19FBB588B6FB456D27" author="Bedot M." box="[1119,1269,1266,1287]" page="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" year="1921">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF812C19FBB588B6FB456D27" author="Bedot M." box="[1119,1269,1266,1287]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref26213" refString="Bedot M. 1921. Notes systematiques sur les Plumularides. 2 e partie. Revue suisse de Zoologie 29 (1): 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="1921">Bedot, 1921: 9</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. –
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF812C19FAFC88B6FA2D6D27" author="Von Schenck A." box="[1302,1437,1266,1287]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="855 - 1021" refId="ref29523" refString="Von Schenck A. 1965. Die Kormentektonik der Plumulariiden (Coelenterata, Hydrozoa). Revue suisse de Zoologie 72 (44): 855 - 1021." type="journal article" year="1965">Von Schenck,</bibRefCitation>
1965: 928.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF812C19FCD5896FFB4F6D60" blockId="2.[831,1437,1151,2064]" box="[831,1279,1323,1344]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1D1196FF812C19FCD5896FFB4F6D60" box="[831,1279,1323,1344]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF812C19FCD5896FFB9F6D60" authority="(Billard, 1913)" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[831,1071,1323,1344]" class="Monothalamea" family="Lagynidae" genus="Heterotheca" kingdom="Chromista" order="Allogromiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF812C19FCD5896FFB9F6D60" box="[831,1071,1323,1344]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Heterotheca polymorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
–
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC10A9FF812C19FBAD896FFB4B6D60" author="Stechow E." box="[1095,1275,1323,1344]" page="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" year="1923">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF812C19FBAD896FFB4B6D60" author="Stechow E." box="[1095,1275,1323,1344]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref29086" refString="Stechow E. 1923. Neue Hydroiden der Deutschen Tiefsee- Expedition, nebst Bemerkungen uber einige andre Formen. Zoologischer Anzeiger 56 (1 - 2): 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="1923">Stechow, 1923: 15</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF812C19FCD5890CFC726D94" blockId="2.[831,1437,1151,2064]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1D1196FF812C19FCD5890CFC726D94" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF812C19FCD5890CFB9D6D7D" ID-CoL="3JFR5" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[831,1069,1352,1373]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF812C19FCD5890CFB9D6D7D" box="[831,1069,1352,1373]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Halopteris polymorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– (?)
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC10A9FF812C19FB66890CFACA6D7D" author="Pennycuik P. R." box="[1164,1402,1352,1373]" page="178" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" year="1959">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF812C19FB66890CFACA6D7D" author="Pennycuik P. R." box="[1164,1402,1352,1373]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="141 - 210" refId="ref28257" refString="Pennycuik P. R. 1959. Marine and brackish water hydroids. In: Faunistic records from Queensland. Part V. University of Queensland Papers, Department of Zoology 1 (6): 141 - 210." type="journal article" year="1959">Pennycuik, 1959: 178</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. –
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF812C19FC618921FB966D5A" author="Schuchert P." box="[907,1062,1381,1402]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref28947" refString="Schuchert P. 1997. Review of the family Halopterididae. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 309: 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert, 1997</bibRefCitation>
(
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF812C19FBD98921FB3B6D5A" box="[1075,1163,1381,1402]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">pro parte</emphasis>
): 64, fig. 20A, C-F. –
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF812C19FAB28921FA2C6D5A" author="Ryland J. S. &amp; Gibbons M. J." box="[1368,1436,1381,1402]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="525 - 560" refId="ref28906" refString="Ryland J. S., Gibbons M. J. 1991. Intertidal and shallow water hydroids from Fiji. II. Plumulariidae and Aglaopheniidae. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 30 (3): 525 - 560." type="journal article" year="1991">Ryland</bibRefCitation>
&amp; Gibbons, 1991: 530, fig. 4. –
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF812C19FB5089C6FA2D6DB7" author="Di Camillo C. G. &amp; Bavestrello G. &amp; Valisano L. &amp; Puce S." box="[1210,1437,1410,1431]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="1589 - 1599" refId="ref26767" refString="Di Camillo C. G., Bavestrello G., Valisano L., Puce S. 2008. Spatial and temporal distribution in a tropical hydroid assemblage. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88 (8): 1589 - 1599." type="journal article" year="2008">
Di Camillo
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF812C19FAC089C6FAE46DB7" box="[1322,1364,1410,1431]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">et al</emphasis>
., 2008:
</bibRefCitation>
1592.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF812C19FCD589FFFAD76EF4" blockId="2.[831,1437,1151,2064]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1D1196FF812C19FCD589FFFAD76EF4" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
non
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF812C19FC8689FFFBE06DF0" ID-CoL="3JFR5" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[876,1104,1467,1488]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF812C19FC8689FFFBE06DF0" box="[876,1104,1467,1488]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Halopteris polymorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
–
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC10A9FF812C19FB8789FFFA856DF0" author="Vervoort W." box="[1133,1333,1467,1488]" page="132" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" year="1966">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF812C19FB8789FFFA856DF0" author="Vervoort W." box="[1133,1333,1467,1488]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="97 - 174" refId="ref29348" refString="Vervoort W. 1966. Bathyal and abyssal hydroids. Scientific Results of the Danish Deep-Sea Expedition 1950 - 1952. Galathea Report 8: 97 - 174." type="book chapter" year="1966">Vervoort, 1966: 132</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 35. – Millard &amp; Bouillon (
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF812C19FBB8899CFB1B6DCD" box="[1106,1195,1496,1517]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">pro parte</emphasis>
), 1973: 83, fig. 10F-H, J; 1974: 9. –
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC10A9FF812C19FC1E89B1FB1B6E2A" author="Millard N. A. H." box="[1012,1195,1525,1546]" page="354" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" year="1975">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF812C19FC1E89B1FB1B6E2A" author="Millard N. A. H." box="[1012,1195,1525,1546]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 513" refId="ref27821" refString="Millard N. A. H. 1975. Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 68: 1 - 513." type="journal article" year="1975">Millard, 1975: 354</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 112G-L; 1977: 107; 1978: 193; 1980: 132. –
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC10A9FF812C19FB6A8A56FA886E07" author="Hirohito &amp; Emperor of Japan" box="[1152,1336,1554,1575]" page="62" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" year="1983">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF812C19FB6A8A56FA886E07" author="Hirohito &amp; Emperor of Japan" box="[1152,1336,1554,1575]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" refId="ref27317" refString="Hirohito, Emperor of Japan. 1983. Hydroids from Izu Oshima and Niijima. Publications of the Biological Laboratory, Imperial Household, Tokyo, 83 pp." type="book" year="1983">Hirohito, 1983: 62</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 31. –
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC10A9FF812C19FC618A6BFBC56E64" author="Bouillon J. &amp; Massin C. &amp; Kresevic R." box="[907,1141,1583,1604]" page="49" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" year="1995">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF812C19FC618A6BFBC56E64" author="Bouillon J. &amp; Massin C. &amp; Kresevic R." box="[907,1141,1583,1604]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" refId="ref26365" refString="Bouillon J., Massin C., Kresevic R. 1995. Hydroidomedusae de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique. Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen, Brussel, 106 pp." type="book" year="1995">
Bouillon
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF812C19FC0E8A6BFBBD6E64" box="[996,1037,1583,1604]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">et al</emphasis>
., 1995: 49
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. –
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF812C19FB648A6BFA996E64" author="Schuchert P." box="[1166,1321,1583,1604]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref28947" refString="Schuchert P. 1997. Review of the family Halopterididae. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 309: 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert, 1997</bibRefCitation>
(
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF812C19FADF8A6BFA3E6E64" box="[1333,1422,1583,1604]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">pro parte</emphasis>
): 64, figs 20B, 21-23. –
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC10A9FF812C19FBB68A0FFAB36E40" author="Watson J. E." box="[1116,1283,1611,1632]" page="46" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" year="2000">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF812C19FBB68A0FFAB36E40" author="Watson J. E." box="[1116,1283,1611,1632]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 82" refId="ref29585" refString="Watson J. E. 2000. Hydroids (Hydrozoa: Leptothecata) from the Beagle Gulf and Darwin Harbour, northern Australia. The Beagle, Records of the Museum and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory 16: 1 - 82." type="journal article" year="2000">Watson, 2000: 46</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 35. –
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF812C19FA898A0FFA2C6E40" author="Ansin Agis J. &amp; Ramil F. &amp; Vervoort W." box="[1379,1436,1611,1632]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 268" refId="ref26086" refString="Ansin Agis J., Ramil F., Vervoort W. 2001. Atlantic Leptolida (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the families Aglaopheniidae, Halopterididae, Kirchenpaueriidae and Plumulariidae collected during the CANCAP and Mauritania-II expeditions of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, the Netherlands. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 333: 1 - 268." type="journal article" year="2001">Ansín</bibRefCitation>
Agís
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF812C19FC2B8A2CFC5D6E5D" box="[961,1005,1640,1661]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">et al</emphasis>
., 2001: 167, fig. 70. –
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC10A9FF812C19FB398A2CFA356E5D" author="Preker M." box="[1235,1413,1640,1661]" page="154" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" year="2001">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF812C19FB398A2CFA356E5D" author="Preker M." box="[1235,1413,1640,1661]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="151 - 156" refId="ref28321" refString="Preker M. 2001. Hydroids from North East Cay, Herald Cays (pp. 151 - 156). In: Royal Geographical Society of Queensland Inc. (ed). Geography Monograph Series 6. Herald Cays Scientific Study Report. Royal Geographical Society of Queensland Inc., Brisbane, 168 pp." type="book chapter" year="2001">Preker, 2001: 154</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. –
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC10A9FF812C19FC618AC1FB606EBA" author="Kirkendale L. &amp; Calder D. R." box="[907,1232,1669,1690]" page="169" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" year="2003">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF812C19FC618AC1FB606EBA" author="Kirkendale L. &amp; Calder D. R." box="[907,1232,1669,1690]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="159 - 188" refId="ref27485" refString="Kirkendale L., Calder D. R. 2003. Hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands (CNMI). Micronesica 35 / 36: 159 - 188." type="journal article" year="2003">Kirkendale &amp; Calder, 2003: 169</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. – Preker, 2005: 49. –
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC10A9FF812C19FC778AE6FB106E97" author="Preker M. &amp; Lawn I." box="[925,1184,1698,1719]" page="342" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" year="2005">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF812C19FC778AE6FB106E97" author="Preker M. &amp; Lawn I." box="[925,1184,1698,1719]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="333 - 349" refId="ref28405" refString="Preker M., Lawn I. 2005. Hydroids (Hydrozoa: Leptolida) from the Wellesley Islands, Gulf of Carpentaria (pp. 333 - 349). In: Geography Monograph Series 10. Gulf of Carpentaria Scientific Study Report. Royal Geographical Society of Queensland Inc., Milton, 390 pp." type="book chapter" year="2005">Preker &amp; Lawn, 2005: 342</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. –
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF812C19FB538AE6FA2D6E97" author="Ansin Agis J. &amp; Vervoort W. &amp; Ramil F." box="[1209,1437,1698,1719]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="33 - 61" refId="ref26147" refString="Ansin Agis J., Vervoort W., Ramil F. 2009. Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33 - 61." type="journal article" year="2009">
Ansín Agís
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF812C19FAC08AE6FAE46E97" box="[1322,1364,1698,1719]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">et al</emphasis>
., 2009:
</bibRefCitation>
53. –
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC10A9FF812C19FC2B8AFBFB756EF4" author="Preker M. &amp; Lawn I. D." box="[961,1221,1727,1748]" page="120" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" year="2010">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF812C19FC2B8AFBFB756EF4" author="Preker M. &amp; Lawn I. D." box="[961,1221,1727,1748]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="109 - 149" refId="ref28463" refString="Preker M., Lawn I. D. 2010. Hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Leptolida) from Moreton Bay, Queensland, and adjacent regions: a preliminary survey. In: Davie P. J. F. &amp; Philips J. A. (eds). Proceedings of the Thirteen International Marine Biological Workshop, The Marine Fauna and Flora of Moreton Bay, Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, Nature 54 (3): 109 - 149." type="journal article" year="2010">Preker &amp; Lawn, 2010: 120</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC10A9FF812C19FB248AFBFA956EF4" author="Preker M. &amp; Lawn I. D." box="[1230,1317,1727,1748]" page="45" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" year="2012">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF812C19FB248AFBFA956EF4" author="Preker M. &amp; Lawn I. D." box="[1230,1317,1727,1748]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="32 - 58" refId="ref28551" refString="Preker M., Lawn I. D. 2012. Hydroids from the Heron Island reef flat. Queensland Naturalist 50 (4 - 6): 32 - 58." type="journal article" year="2012">2012: 45</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 7.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF812C19FCAA8A9FFA9B6ED0" blockId="2.[831,1437,1151,2064]" box="[832,1323,1755,1776]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1D1196FF812C19FCAA8A9FFA9B6ED0" box="[832,1323,1755,1776]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
non
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF812C19FC808A9FFBFB6ED0" authorityName="Vervoort" authorityYear="1941" box="[874,1099,1755,1776]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Capnodiaceae" genus="Antennella" kingdom="Fungi" order="Capnodiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF812C19FC808A9FFBFB6ED0" box="[874,1099,1755,1776]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Antennella polymorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
–
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC10A9FF812C19FB898A9FFA976ED0" author="Vervoort W." box="[1123,1319,1755,1776]" page="218" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" year="1941">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF812C19FB898A9FFA976ED0" author="Vervoort W." box="[1123,1319,1755,1776]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="186 - 240" refId="ref29323" refString="Vervoort W. 1941. The Hydroida of the Snellius Expedition (Milleporidae and Stylasteridae excluded). Temminckia 6: 186 - 240." type="journal article" year="1941">Vervoort, 1941: 218</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF812C19FCAA8ABCFABC6F0A" blockId="2.[831,1437,1151,2064]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1D1196FF812C19FCAA8ABCFABC6F0A" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
non
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF812C19FC868ABCFBF86F2D" authorityName="Vervoort" authorityYear="1967" baseAuthorityName="Gmelin" baseAuthorityYear="1791" box="[876,1096,1784,1805]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Capnodiaceae" genus="Antennella" kingdom="Fungi" order="Capnodiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="secundaria">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF812C19FC868ABCFBF86F2D" box="[876,1096,1784,1805]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Antennella secundaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
–
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC10A9FF812C19FB8E8ABCFA906F2D" author="Vervoort W." box="[1124,1312,1784,1805]" page="42" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" year="1967">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF812C19FB8E8ABCFA906F2D" author="Vervoort W." box="[1124,1312,1784,1805]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="18 - 54" refId="ref29377" refString="Vervoort W. 1967. The Hydroida and Chondrophora of the Israel South Red Sea Expedition, 1962. Israel South Red Sea Expedition, 1962 25: 18 - 54." type="journal article" year="1967">Vervoort, 1967: 42</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 12 [not
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF812C19FC618B51FAB36F0A" authority="(Gmelin, 1791)" authorityName="Vervoort" authorityYear="1967" baseAuthorityName="Gmelin" baseAuthorityYear="1791" box="[907,1283,1813,1834]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Capnodiaceae" genus="Antennella" kingdom="Fungi" order="Capnodiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="secundaria">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF812C19FC618B51FBD46F0A" box="[907,1124,1813,1834]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Antennella secundaria</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF812C19FB9A8B51FB4B6F0A" author="Gmelin J. F." box="[1136,1275,1813,1834]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="3021 - 3910" refId="ref27139" refString="Gmelin J. F. 1791. Vermes (pp. 3021 - 3910). In: Delamolliere J. B. (ed). Caroli a Linne Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species; cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Edition decima tertia, aucta reformata. Tom. I, Pars VI. Lugduni, XII + 4120 pp." type="book chapter" year="1791">Gmelin, 1791</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
].
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF812C19FCAA8B76FC566F44" blockId="2.[831,1437,1151,2064]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1D1196FF812C19FCAA8B76FC566F44" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
non
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC10A9FF812C19FC818B76FB6B6F67" author="Billard A." box="[875,1243,1842,1863]" page="66" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" year="1911">
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF812C19FC818B76FB6B6F67" authority="Billard, 1911: 66" authorityName="Billard" authorityPageNumber="66" authorityYear="1911" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[875,1243,1842,1863]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nuttingi">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF812C19FC818B76FB9B6F67" box="[875,1067,1842,1863]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Plumularia nuttingi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF812C19FBD98B76FB6B6F67" author="Billard A." box="[1075,1243,1842,1863]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="62 - 71" refId="ref26241" refString="Billard A. 1911. Note preliminaire sur les especes nouvelles de Plumulariidae de l'Expedition du Siboga. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale (5) 8: 62 - 71." type="journal article" year="1911">Billard, 1911: 66</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 8 –
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF812C19FADF8B76FA2D6F67" author="Van Soest R. W. M." box="[1333,1437,1842,1863]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="79 - 95" refId="ref29284" refString="Van Soest R. W. M. 1976. A catalogue of the Coelenterate type specimens of the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam. II. Benthic Hydrozoa. Beaufortia 25 (323): 79 - 95." type="journal article" year="1976">Van Soest,</bibRefCitation>
1976: 89.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF812C19FCD58B2FFADB6FBD" blockId="2.[831,1437,1151,2064]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1D1196FF812C19FCD58B2FFADB6FBD" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
non
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF812C19FC808B2FFBA76FA0" authorityName="Bale" authorityYear="1884" box="[874,1047,1899,1920]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="buskii">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF812C19FC808B2FFBA76FA0" box="[874,1047,1899,1920]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Plumularia buskii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
–
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC10A9FF812C19FBDA8B2FFB476FA0" author="Thornely L. R." box="[1072,1271,1899,1920]" page="120" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" year="1904">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF812C19FBDA8B2FFB476FA0" author="Thornely L. R." box="[1072,1271,1899,1920]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="107 - 126" refId="ref29149" refString="Thornely L. R. 1904. Report on the Hydroida collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries, Supplemental Report 8: 107 - 126." type="book chapter" year="1904">Thornely, 1904: 120</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. –
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF812C19FAFE8B2FFA2D6FA0" author="Ritchie J." box="[1300,1437,1899,1920]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="826 - 836" refId="ref28778" refString="Ritchie J. 1910. Hydroids from Christmas Island, Indian Ocean, collected by C. W. Andrews, D. Sc, F. R. S., F. Z. S., in 1908. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1910: 826 - 836." type="journal article" year="1910">Ritchie, 1910:</bibRefCitation>
832. –
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC10A9FF812C19FC278BCCFB236FBD" author="Thornely L. R." box="[973,1171,1928,1949]" page="150" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" year="1916">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF812C19FC278BCCFB236FBD" author="Thornely L. R." box="[973,1171,1928,1949]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="147 - 150" refId="ref29184" refString="Thornely L. R. 1916. Report on the Hydroida collected by Mr. James Hornell at Okhamandal in Kattiawar in 1905 - 6 (pp. 147 - 150). In: Hornell J. (ed). Report to the Government of Baroda on the Marine Zoology of Okhamandal in Kattiawar, Part II. Williams and Norgate, London, XII + 165 pp." type="book chapter" year="1916">Thornely, 1916: 150</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. –
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC10A9FF812C19FB448BCCFAD76FBD" author="Nutting C. C." box="[1198,1383,1928,1949]" page="221" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" year="1927">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF812C19FB448BCCFAD76FBD" author="Nutting C. C." box="[1198,1383,1928,1949]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="195 - 242" refId="ref28141" refString="Nutting C. C. 1927. Report on the Hydroida collected by the United States Fisheries steamer &quot; Albatross &quot; in the Philippine region, 1907 - 1910. In: Contributions to the biology of the Philippine archipelago and adjacent regions. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 100 (6) (3): 195 - 242." type="journal article" year="1927">Nutting, 1927: 221</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF812C19FCD58BE1FBE76030" blockId="2.[831,1437,1151,2064]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1D1196FF812C19FCD58BE1FBE76030" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
non
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF812C19FC878BE1FBA76F9A" box="[877,1047,1957,1978]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="buski">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF812C19FC878BE1FBA76F9A" box="[877,1047,1957,1978]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Plumularia buski</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
–
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC10A9FF812C19FBDC8BE1FAB06F9A" author="Hartlaub C." box="[1078,1280,1957,1978]" page="374" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" year="1901">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF812C19FBDC8BE1FAB06F9A" author="Hartlaub C." box="[1078,1280,1957,1978]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="349 - 379" refId="ref27215" refString="Hartlaub C. 1901. Hydroiden aus dem Stillen Ocean. Ergebnisse einer Reise nach dem Pacific (Schauinsland 1896 - 97). Zoologische Jahrbucher. Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie des Tiere 14 (6): 349 - 379." type="journal article" year="1901">Hartlaub, 1901: 374</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 22 figs 22, 32, 36. –
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC10A9FF812C19FC198B86FB126FF7" author="Billard A." box="[1011,1186,1986,2007]" page="21" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" year="1913">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF812C19FC198B86FB126FF7" author="Billard A." box="[1011,1186,1986,2007]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard, 1913: 21</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 11, pl. 1 fig. 15. –
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC10A9FF812C19FC618B9BFB9D6FD4" author="Redier L." box="[907,1069,2015,2036]" page="90" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" year="1966">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF812C19FC618B9BFB9D6FD4" author="Redier L." box="[907,1069,2015,2036]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" pagination="78 - 122" refId="ref28618" refString="Redier L. 1966. Hydraires et bryozoaires. In: Fondation Singer- Polignac (ed). Contribution a l'etude des rivages coralliens d'apres les recoltes de Yves Plessis, en Oceanie (Mission Singer-Polignac). Cahiers du Pacifique 9: 78 - 122." type="journal article" year="1966">Redier, 1966: 90</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 2 figs 1 &amp; 3, pl. 3 fig. 1 (incorrect subsequent spelling).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF802C18FF7D8D46FE1E6913" blockId="3.[151,757,258,533]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1D1196FF802C18FF7D8D46FE1E6913" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
non
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF802C18FF298D46FEC36937" box="[195,371,258,279]" class="Monothalamea" family="Lagynidae" genus="Heterotheca" kingdom="Chromista" order="Allogromiida" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="buski">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF802C18FF298D46FEC36937" box="[195,371,258,279]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Heterotheca buski</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
–
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC10A9FF802C18FE648D46FDF56937" author="Hirohito &amp; Emperor of Japan" box="[398,581,258,279]" page="30" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" year="1974">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF802C18FE648D46FDF56937" author="Hirohito &amp; Emperor of Japan" box="[398,581,258,279]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" refId="ref27288" refString="Hirohito, Emperor of Japan. 1974. Some hydrozoans of the Bonin Islands. Publications of the Biological Laboratory, Imperial Household, Tokyo, 55 pp." type="book" year="1974">Hirohito, 1974: 30</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 14 (incorrect subsequent spelling).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF802C18FF7D8D7EFE1C69E0" blockId="3.[151,757,258,533]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1D1196FF802C18FF7D8D7EFE1C69E0" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
non
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF802C18FF288D7EFED9696F" ID-CoL="6KZKK" baseAuthorityName="Bale" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[194,361,314,335]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="buskii">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF802C18FF288D7EFED9696F" box="[194,361,314,335]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Halopteris buskii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
–
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC10A9FF802C18FE688D7EFD15696F" author="Vervoort W. &amp; Vasseur P." box="[386,677,314,335]" page="72" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" year="1977">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF802C18FE688D7EFD15696F" author="Vervoort W. &amp; Vasseur P." box="[386,677,314,335]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 98" refId="ref29409" refString="Vervoort W., Vasseur P. 1977. Hydroids from French Polynesia with notes on distribution and ecology. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 159: 1 - 98." type="journal article" year="1977">Vervoort &amp; Vasseur, 1977: 72</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 31. –
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF802C18FF1C8D13FE66694C" author="Rees W. J. &amp; Vervoort W." box="[246,470,343,364]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 209" refId="ref28696" refString="Rees W. J., Vervoort W. 1987. Hydroids from the John Murray expedition to the Indian Ocean, with revisory notes on Hydrodendron, Abietinella, Cryptolaria and Zygophylax (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 237: 1 - 209." type="journal article" year="1987">Rees &amp; Vervoort, 1987</bibRefCitation>
(
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF802C18FE0C8D13FDF0694C" box="[486,576,343,364]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">pro parte</emphasis>
): 119, fig. 25A-B. –
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC10A9FF802C18FF1D8D37FD9469A8" author="Ryland J. S. &amp; Gibbons M. J." box="[247,548,371,392]" page="527" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" year="1991">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF802C18FF1D8D37FD9469A8" author="Ryland J. S. &amp; Gibbons M. J." box="[247,548,371,392]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" pagination="525 - 560" refId="ref28906" refString="Ryland J. S., Gibbons M. J. 1991. Intertidal and shallow water hydroids from Fiji. II. Plumulariidae and Aglaopheniidae. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 30 (3): 525 - 560." type="journal article" year="1991">Ryland &amp; Gibbons, 1991: 527</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 2. –
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC10A9FF802C18FD6C8D37FED06984" author="Bouillon J. &amp; Massin C. &amp; Kresevic R." page="49" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" year="1995">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF802C18FD6C8D37FED06984" author="Bouillon J. &amp; Massin C. &amp; Kresevic R." pageId="3" pageNumber="24" refId="ref26365" refString="Bouillon J., Massin C., Kresevic R. 1995. Hydroidomedusae de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique. Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen, Brussel, 106 pp." type="book" year="1995">
Bouillon
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF802C18FD098D37FF466984" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
., 1995: 49
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. –
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC10A9FF802C18FE978DCBFD9E6984" author="Migotto A. E." box="[381,558,399,420]" page="48" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" year="1996">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF802C18FE978DCBFD9E6984" author="Migotto A. E." box="[381,558,399,420]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref27738" refString="Migotto A. E. 1996. Benthic shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of the coast of Sao Sebastiao, Brazil, including a checklist of Brazilian hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 306: 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1996">Migotto, 1996: 48</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 9F-H. –
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC10A9FF802C18FD5A8DCBFEF669E0" author="Preker M." page="154" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" year="2001">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF802C18FD5A8DCBFEF669E0" author="Preker M." pageId="3" pageNumber="24" pagination="151 - 156" refId="ref28321" refString="Preker M. 2001. Hydroids from North East Cay, Herald Cays (pp. 151 - 156). In: Royal Geographical Society of Queensland Inc. (ed). Geography Monograph Series 6. Herald Cays Scientific Study Report. Royal Geographical Society of Queensland Inc., Brisbane, 168 pp." type="book chapter" year="2001">Preker, 2001: 154</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; 2005: 48.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF802C18FF7D8D8CFE1E6A35" blockId="3.[151,757,258,533]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1D1196FF802C18FF7D8D8CFE1E6A35" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
non
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF802C18FF238D8CFEC169FD" box="[201,369,456,477]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="buski">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF802C18FF238D8CFEC169FD" box="[201,369,456,477]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Halopteris buski</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
–
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC10A9FF802C18FE728D8CFD6769FD" author="Rees W. J. &amp; Thursfield S." box="[408,727,456,477]" page="160" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" year="1965">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF802C18FE728D8CFD6769FD" author="Rees W. J. &amp; Thursfield S." box="[408,727,456,477]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" pagination="34 - 220" refId="ref28665" refString="Rees W. J., Thursfield S. 1965. The hydroid collections of James Ritchie. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 69: 34 - 220." type="journal article" year="1965">Rees &amp; Thursfield, 1965: 160</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. –
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC10A9FF802C18FF098DA0FE1B69D9" author="Hirohito &amp; Emperor of Japan" box="[227,427,484,505]" page="61" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" year="1983">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF802C18FF098DA0FE1B69D9" author="Hirohito &amp; Emperor of Japan" box="[227,427,484,505]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" refId="ref27317" refString="Hirohito, Emperor of Japan. 1983. Hydroids from Izu Oshima and Niijima. Publications of the Biological Laboratory, Imperial Household, Tokyo, 83 pp." type="book" year="1983">Hirohito, 1983: 61</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC10A9FF802C18FE558DA0FD9C69D9" author="Hirohito &amp; Emperor of Japan" box="[447,556,484,505]" page="244" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" year="1995">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF802C18FE558DA0FD9C69D9" author="Hirohito &amp; Emperor of Japan" box="[447,556,484,505]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" refId="ref27346" refString="Hirohito, Emperor of Japan. 1995. The hydroids of Sagami Bay. II. Thecata. Publications of the Biological Laboratory, Imperial Household, Tokyo, 244 pp (English text)." type="book" year="1995">1995: 244</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 82 (incorrect subsequent spelling).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3176533FF802C18FF7D8E69FE9B6E19" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF802C18FF7D8E69FE036DAE" blockId="3.[151,756,557,1422]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF802C18FF7D8E69FECF6A64" bold="true" box="[151,383,557,580]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Material examined:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B653CE5FF802C18FE608E69FEA96AE1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3391054308" accessionNumber="MF784530" collectingDate="2003-01-09" collectingDateMax="2016-06-10" collectingDateMin="2003-01-09" collectionCode="MHNG" collectorName="H. R. Galea" country="Indonesia" county="Padangbai" elevation="20" location="Bunaken National Marine Park" municipality="Jepun" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" specimenCode="CDC002, CDC003, CDC004, CDC005" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bali">
MHNG-INVE-97937;
<collectingCountry id="F31A7628FF802C18FD6F8E69FD406A64" box="[645,752,557,580]" name="Indonesia" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="49C9F85AFF802C18FF7D8E08FF786A43" box="[151,200,588,611]" country="Indonesia" name="Bali" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Bali</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCounty id="62D34E34FF802C18FF048E08FED46A43" box="[238,356,588,611]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Padangbai</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6BD6ACC2FF802C18FE608E08FE7A6A43" box="[394,458,588,611]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Jepun</collectingMunicipality>
shipwreck, -8.52819° 115.51478°,
<quantity id="4CF59B5DFF802C18FEC68E2FFEDF6AA2" box="[300,367,619,642]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="20.0">
<elevation id="0020D18BFF802C18FEC68E2FFEDF6AA2" box="[300,367,619,642]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, coll.
<collectionCode id="ED1CAE7DFF802C18FE2C8E2FFE6C6AA2" box="[454,476,619,642]" country="Finland" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15618" name="University of Helsinki" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" type="Herbarium">H</collectionCode>
. R. Galea;
<date id="FFB31078FF802C18FD998E2FFD406AA2" box="[627,752,619,642]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" value="2016-06-10">
<collectingDate id="EFF7E990FF802C18FD998E2FFD406AA2" box="[627,752,619,642]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" value="2016-06-10">06.10.2016</collectingDate>
</date>
; several sterile plumes, up to
<quantity id="4CF59B5DFF802C18FE3A8ECEFDAA6A81" box="[464,538,650,673]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" unit="cm" value="3.7">3.7 cm</quantity>
high; 16
<collectionCode id="ED1CAE7DFF802C18FD968ECEFD3A6A81" box="[636,650,650,673]" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" type="Herbarium">S</collectionCode>
sequence
<accessionNumber id="945EAB5BFF802C18FF7D8EEEFEA26AE1" box="[151,274,682,705]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/MF784530" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">MF784530</accessionNumber>
.
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B653CE5FF802C18FED18EEEFE7F6B1D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3391054326" accessionNumber="MF784530" collectingDate="2003-01-09" collectingDateMax="2016-06-10" collectingDateMin="2003-01-09" collectionCode="MNHG" collectorName="G. Allard" country="Indonesia" county="Padangbai" elevation="20" location="Bunaken National Marine Park" municipality="Jepun" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" specimenCode="CDC002, CDC003, CDC004, CDC005" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bali">
– MNHG-INVE-97951;
<collectingCountry id="F31A7628FF802C18FD6B8EEEFD406AE1" box="[641,752,682,705]" name="Indonesia" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
,
<location id="8ED26063FF802C18FF7D8E8DFDA96AC0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A487AEFF812C12FC738874FDE66C08:8ED26063FF802C18FF7D8E8DFDA96AC0" box="[151,537,713,736]" country="Indonesia" county="Padangbai" municipality="Jepun" name="Bunaken National Marine Park" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" stateProvince="Bali">Bunaken National Marine Park</location>
,
<location id="8ED26063FF802C18FDDB8E8DFD786AC0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A487AEFF812C12FC738874FDE66C08:8ED26063FF802C18FDDB8E8DFD786AC0" box="[561,712,713,736]" country="Indonesia" county="Padangbai" municipality="Jepun" name="Manado Tua" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" stateProvince="Bali">Manado Tua</location>
<collectionCode id="ED1CAE7DFF802C18FD378E8DFD596AC0" box="[733,745,713,736]" country="Romania" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14415" name="&amp;quot;Alexandru Ioan Cuza&amp;quot; University" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" type="Herbarium">I</collectionCode>
.,
<location id="8ED26063FF802C18FF7D8EACFF536ADF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A487AEFF812C12FC738874FDE66C08:8ED26063FF802C18FF7D8EACFF536ADF" box="[151,227,744,767]" country="Indonesia" county="Padangbai" municipality="Jepun" name="Negeri" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" stateProvince="Bali">Negeri</location>
, 1.61684° 124.70140°,
<quantity id="4CF59B5DFF802C18FE1F8EACFD846ADF" box="[501,564,744,767]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="10.0">
<elevation id="0020D18BFF802C18FE1F8EACFD846ADF" box="[501,564,744,767]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, coll.
<collectionCode id="ED1CAE7DFF802C18FD688EACFD286ADF" box="[642,664,744,767]" country="Switzerland" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15706" name="Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" type="Herbarium">G</collectionCode>
.
<location id="8ED26063FF802C18FD428EACFD406ADF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A487AEFF812C12FC738874FDE66C08:8ED26063FF802C18FD428EACFD406ADF" box="[680,752,744,767]" country="Indonesia" county="Padangbai" municipality="Jepun" name="Allard" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" stateProvince="Bali">Allard</location>
;
<date id="FFB31078FF802C18FF7D8F43FEA26B3E" box="[151,274,775,798]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" value="2010-11-22">
<collectingDate id="EFF7E990FF802C18FF7D8F43FEA26B3E" box="[151,274,775,798]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" value="2010-11-22">22.11.2010</collectingDate>
</date>
; several plumes, up to
<quantity id="4CF59B5DFF802C18FDCA8F43FDDE6B3E" box="[544,622,775,798]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" unit="cm" value="3.7">3.7 cm</quantity>
high, some bearing female gonothecae.
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B653CE5FF802C18FE368F62FEAA6BF9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3391054303" accessionNumber="MF784530" collectingDate="2003-01-09" collectingDateMax="2016-06-10" collectingDateMin="2003-01-09" collectionCode="HRG" collectorName="G. Allard" country="Indonesia" county="Padangbai" elevation="20" location="Bunaken National Marine Park" municipality="Jepun" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" specimenCode="CDC002, CDC003, CDC004, CDC005" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bali">
– HRG-0421;
<collectingCountry id="F31A7628FF802C18FD6E8F62FD406B1D" box="[644,752,806,829]" name="Indonesia" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
,
<location id="8ED26063FF802C18FF7D8F02FDA96B7D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A487AEFF812C12FC738874FDE66C08:8ED26063FF802C18FF7D8F02FDA96B7D" box="[151,537,838,861]" country="Indonesia" county="Padangbai" municipality="Jepun" name="Bunaken National Marine Park" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" stateProvince="Bali">Bunaken National Marine Park</location>
, off
<location id="8ED26063FF802C18FD8D8F02FD786B7D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A487AEFF812C12FC738874FDE66C08:8ED26063FF802C18FD8D8F02FD786B7D" box="[615,712,838,861]" country="Indonesia" county="Padangbai" municipality="Jepun" name="Bunaken" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" stateProvince="Bali">Bunaken</location>
<collectionCode id="ED1CAE7DFF802C18FD378F02FD596B7D" box="[733,745,838,861]" country="Romania" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14415" name="&amp;quot;Alexandru Ioan Cuza&amp;quot; University" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" type="Herbarium">I</collectionCode>
.,
<location id="8ED26063FF802C18FF7D8F21FF576B5C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A487AEFF812C12FC738874FDE66C08:8ED26063FF802C18FF7D8F21FF576B5C" box="[151,231,869,892]" country="Indonesia" county="Padangbai" municipality="Jepun" name="Leukan" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" stateProvince="Bali">Leukan</location>
2, 1.59989° 124.76697°,
<quantity id="4CF59B5DFF802C18FDEF8F21FDF06B5C" box="[517,576,869,892]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="10.0">
<elevation id="0020D18BFF802C18FDEF8F21FDF06B5C" box="[517,576,869,892]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, coll.
<collectionCode id="ED1CAE7DFF802C18FD6C8F21FD2C6B5C" box="[646,668,869,892]" country="Switzerland" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15706" name="Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" type="Herbarium">G</collectionCode>
.
<location id="8ED26063FF802C18FD428F21FD406B5C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A487AEFF812C12FC738874FDE66C08:8ED26063FF802C18FD428F21FD406B5C" box="[680,752,869,892]" country="Indonesia" county="Padangbai" municipality="Jepun" name="Allard" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" stateProvince="Bali">Allard</location>
;
<date id="FFB31078FF802C18FF7D8FC0FEA36BBB" box="[151,275,900,923]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" value="2010-11-21">
<collectingDate id="EFF7E990FF802C18FF7D8FC0FEA36BBB" box="[151,275,900,923]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" value="2010-11-21">21.11.2010</collectingDate>
</date>
; 6 stems up to
<quantity id="4CF59B5DFF802C18FE3B8FC0FDBC6BBB" box="[465,524,900,923]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
high, one of which bears female gonothecae, and three others carrying male gonothecae.
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B653CE5FF802C18FEC38F86FE386C17" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3391054305" accessionNumber="MF784530" collectingDate="2003-01-09" collectingDateMax="2016-06-10" collectingDateMin="2003-01-09" collectorName="C. G. Di Camillo" country="Indonesia" county="Padangbai" elevation="20" location="Bunaken National Marine Park" municipality="Jepun" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" specimenCode="CDC002, CDC003, CDC004, CDC005" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bali">
–
<specimenCode id="DBAB9EC3FF802C18FEAC8F86FE1A6BF9" box="[326,426,962,985]" collectionCode="CDC" country="China" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:12786" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:12786" name="Changdu Institute for Drug Control" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" type="Herbarium">CDC002</specimenCode>
;
<collectingCountry id="F31A7628FF802C18FE548F86FD9A6BF9" box="[446,554,962,985]" name="Indonesia" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="49C9F85AFF802C18FDD78F86FDDD6BF9" box="[573,621,962,985]" country="Indonesia" name="Bali" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Bali</collectingRegion>
,
<collectorName id="26F8536EFF802C18FD6B8F86FD406BF9" box="[641,752,962,985]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Tulamben</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="26F8536EFF802C18FF7D8FA6FF566BD9" box="[151,230,994,1017]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Liberty</collectorName>
shipwreck, -8.27417° 115.59265°,
<quantity id="4CF59B5DFF802C18FD9D8FA6FD056BD9" box="[631,693,994,1017]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="18.0">
<elevation id="0020D18BFF802C18FD9D8FA6FD056BD9" box="[631,693,994,1017]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="18.0">18 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, coll.
<collectionCode id="ED1CAE7DFF802C18FF7D8845FF1C6C38" box="[151,172,1025,1048]" country="Denmark" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" type="Herbarium">C</collectionCode>
.
<collectionCode id="ED1CAE7DFF802C18FF578845FF636C38" box="[189,211,1025,1048]" country="Switzerland" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15706" name="Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" type="Herbarium">G</collectionCode>
.
<collectorName id="26F8536EFF802C18FF0E8845FED66C38" box="[228,358,1025,1048]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Di Camillo</collectorName>
;
<date id="FFB31078FF802C18FE9D8845FE446C38" box="[375,500,1025,1048]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" value="2008-10-21">
<collectingDate id="EFF7E990FF802C18FE9D8845FE446C38" box="[375,500,1025,1048]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" value="2008-10-21">21.10.2008</collectingDate>
</date>
; two sterile cormoids, 14 and
<quantity id="4CF59B5DFF802C18FF188864FEF46C17" box="[242,324,1056,1079]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="21.0">21 mm</quantity>
high.
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B653CE5FF802C18FE7E8864FDD36CB5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3391054320" accessionNumber="MF784530" collectingDate="2003-01-09" collectingDateMax="2016-06-10" collectingDateMin="2003-01-09" collectorName="C. G. Di Camillo" country="Indonesia" county="Padangbai" elevation="20" location="Bunaken National Marine Park" municipality="Jepun" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" specimenCode="CDC002, CDC003, CDC004, CDC005" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bali">
–
<specimenCode id="DBAB9EC3FF802C18FE448864FDA16C17" box="[430,529,1056,1079]" collectionCode="CDC" country="China" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:12786" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:12786" name="Changdu Institute for Drug Control" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" type="Herbarium">CDC003</specimenCode>
;
<collectingCountry id="F31A7628FF802C18FDC88864FD3D6C17" box="[546,653,1056,1079]" name="Indonesia" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
, Ambon,
<collectorName id="26F8536EFF802C18FF7D887BFF7D6C76" box="[151,205,1087,1110]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Laha</collectorName>
<collectionCode id="ED1CAE7DFF802C18FF30887BFF566C76" box="[218,230,1087,1110]" country="Romania" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14415" name="&amp;quot;Alexandru Ioan Cuza&amp;quot; University" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" type="Herbarium">I</collectionCode>
., -3.69221° 128.12310°,
<quantity id="4CF59B5DFF802C18FDEF887BFDD76C76" box="[517,615,1087,1110]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="12.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="10.0">
<elevation id="0020D18BFF802C18FDEF887BFDD76C76" box="[517,615,1087,1110]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="12.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="10.0">10-15 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, coll.
<collectionCode id="ED1CAE7DFF802C18FD5F887BFD7A6C76" box="[693,714,1087,1110]" country="Denmark" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" type="Herbarium">C</collectionCode>
.
<collectionCode id="ED1CAE7DFF802C18FD30887BFD406C76" box="[730,752,1087,1110]" country="Switzerland" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15706" name="Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" type="Herbarium">G</collectionCode>
.
<collectorName id="26F8536EFF802C18FF7D881AFEA86C55" box="[151,280,1118,1141]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Di Camillo</collectorName>
;
<date id="FFB31078FF802C18FEC3881AFE156C55" box="[297,421,1118,1141]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" value="2008-10-14">
<collectingDate id="EFF7E990FF802C18FEC3881AFE156C55" box="[297,421,1118,1141]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" value="2008-10-14">14.10.2008</collectingDate>
</date>
; a
<quantity id="4CF59B5DFF802C18FE24881AFDAF6C55" box="[462,543,1118,1141]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="17.0">17 mm</quantity>
high cormoid and a
<quantity id="4CF59B5DFF802C18FF5B883AFEB56CB5" box="[177,261,1150,1173]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
high fragment, both infertile.
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B653CE5FF802C18FD9B883AFDC36D31" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3391054312" accessionNumber="MF784530" collectingDate="2003-01-09" collectingDateMax="2016-06-10" collectingDateMin="2003-01-09" collectorName="C. G. Di Camillo" country="Indonesia" county="Padangbai" elevation="20" location="Bunaken National Marine Park" municipality="Jepun" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" specimenCode="CDC002, CDC003, CDC004, CDC005" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bali">
–
<specimenCode id="DBAB9EC3FF802C18FD67883AFD406CB5" box="[653,752,1150,1173]" collectionCode="CDC" country="China" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:12786" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:12786" name="Changdu Institute for Drug Control" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" type="Herbarium">CDC004</specimenCode>
;
<collectingCountry id="F31A7628FF802C18FF7D88D9FEB26C94" box="[151,258,1181,1204]" name="Indonesia" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectorName id="26F8536EFF802C18FEFA88D9FDDC6C94" box="[272,620,1181,1204]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Bunaken National Marine Park</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="26F8536EFF802C18FD9088D9FF636CF3" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Raymond’s Point</collectorName>
, 1.62713° 124.73363°,
<quantity id="4CF59B5DFF802C18FE0B88F8FDF26CF3" box="[481,578,1212,1235]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="45.0" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="40.0">
<elevation id="0020D18BFF802C18FE0B88F8FDF26CF3" box="[481,578,1212,1235]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="45.0" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="40.0">40-50 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, coll.
<collectionCode id="ED1CAE7DFF802C18FD6488F8FD136CF3" box="[654,675,1212,1235]" country="Denmark" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" type="Herbarium">C</collectionCode>
.
<collectionCode id="ED1CAE7DFF802C18FD5988F8FD796CF3" box="[691,713,1212,1235]" country="Switzerland" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15706" name="Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" type="Herbarium">G</collectionCode>
.
<collectorName id="26F8536EFF802C18FD3388F8FF426CD2" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Di Camillo</collectorName>
;
<date id="FFB31078FF802C18FEE2889FFE366CD2" box="[264,390,1243,1266]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" value="2003-01-09">
<collectingDate id="EFF7E990FF802C18FEE2889FFE366CD2" box="[264,390,1243,1266]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" value="2003-01-09">01.09.2003</collectingDate>
</date>
; two sterile fragments, 7 and
<quantity id="4CF59B5DFF802C18FF7D88BEFF526D31" box="[151,226,1274,1297]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="16.0">16 mm</quantity>
high, likely from different cormoids.
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B653CE5FF802C18FD9388BEFE1F6DAE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3391054314" accessionNumber="MF784530" collectingDate="2003-01-09" collectingDateMax="2016-06-10" collectingDateMin="2003-01-09" collectorName="C. G. Di Camillo" country="Indonesia" county="Padangbai" elevation="20" location="Bunaken National Marine Park" municipality="Jepun" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" specimenCode="CDC002, CDC003, CDC004, CDC005" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bali">
–
<specimenCode id="DBAB9EC3FF802C18FD6488BEFD406D31" box="[654,752,1274,1297]" collectionCode="CDC" country="China" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:12786" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:12786" name="Changdu Institute for Drug Control" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" type="Herbarium">CDC005</specimenCode>
;
<collectingCountry id="F31A7628FF802C18FF7D895EFEB26D11" box="[151,258,1306,1329]" name="Indonesia" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectorName id="26F8536EFF802C18FEFA895EFDDC6D11" box="[272,620,1306,1329]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Bunaken National Marine Park</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="26F8536EFF802C18FD90895EFF636D70" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Mandolin’s Point</collectorName>
, 1.61095° 124.73257°,
<quantity id="4CF59B5DFF802C18FE05897DFD816D70" box="[495,561,1337,1360]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="20.0">
<elevation id="0020D18BFF802C18FE05897DFD816D70" box="[495,561,1337,1360]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, coll.
<collectionCode id="ED1CAE7DFF802C18FD6C897DFD2B6D70" box="[646,667,1337,1360]" country="Denmark" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" type="Herbarium">C</collectionCode>
.
<collectionCode id="ED1CAE7DFF802C18FD45897DFD756D70" box="[687,709,1337,1360]" country="Switzerland" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15706" name="Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" type="Herbarium">G</collectionCode>
.
<collectorName id="26F8536EFF802C18FD33897DFF406D4F" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Di Camillo</collectorName>
;
<date id="FFB31078FF802C18FF14891CFEC96D4F" box="[254,377,1368,1391]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" value="2005-12-02">
<collectingDate id="EFF7E990FF802C18FF14891CFEC96D4F" box="[254,377,1368,1391]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" value="2005-12-02">12.02.2005</collectingDate>
</date>
; a
<quantity id="4CF59B5DFF802C18FE76891CFE596D4F" box="[412,489,1368,1391]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="27.0">27 mm</quantity>
high cormoid bearing a gonotheca, probably male
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF802C18FF7D89E2FE9B6E19" blockId="3.[151,756,1446,1593]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF802C18FF7D89E2FE366D9D" bold="true" box="[151,390,1446,1469]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Additional material</emphasis>
:
<collectionCode id="ED1CAE7DFF802C18FE7589E2FE416D9D" box="[415,497,1446,1469]" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">MNHN</collectionCode>
<collectionCode id="ED1CAE7DFF802C18FDE989E2FDA96D9D" box="[515,537,1446,1469]" country="Finland" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15618" name="University of Helsinki" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" type="Herbarium">H</collectionCode>
.
<collectionCode id="ED1CAE7DFF802C18FDF689E2FD9F6D9D" box="[540,559,1446,1469]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
.1309;
<collectingCountry id="F31A7628FF802C18FD6E89E2FD406D9D" box="[644,752,1446,1469]" name="Indonesia" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
, Rote Island, Buka Bay,
<geoCoordinate id="EE39507FFF802C18FE5A8981FDAE6DFC" box="[432,542,1477,1500]" degrees="10.87333" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" precision="1" value="-10.87333">-10.87333</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE39507FFF802C18FDC08981FD2F6DFC" box="[554,671,1477,1500]" degrees="123.01833" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" precision="1" value="123.01833">123.01833</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4CF59B5DFF802C18FD5A8981FD5F6DFC" box="[688,751,1477,1500]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="34.0">34 m</quantity>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF802C18FF7D89A0FE916DDB" authority="Stn." authorityName="Stn." box="[151,289,1508,1531]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Siboga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF802C18FF7D89A0FF526DDB" box="[151,226,1508,1531]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Siboga</emphasis>
Stn.
</taxonomicName>
299; a
<quantity id="4CF59B5DFF802C18FE7D89A0FE5D6DDB" box="[407,493,1508,1531]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" unit="cm" value="1.1">1.1 cm</quantity>
high sterile cormoid belonging to the
<typeStatus id="54B6881AFF802C18FE898A47FE076E3A" box="[355,439,1539,1562]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF802C18FE038A47FE986E19" authority="Billard, 1913" authorityName="Billard, 1913 Billard" authorityYear="1913" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF802C18FE038A47FD446E3A" box="[489,756,1539,1562]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Plumularia polymorpha</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF802C18FF7D8A66FE986E19" author="Billard A." box="[151,296,1570,1593]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard, 1913</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3176533FF802C18FF7D8A15FC3669D7" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF802C18FF7D8A15FC3669D7" blockId="3.[151,756,1617,2077]" lastBlockId="3.[831,1436,258,503]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF802C18FF7D8A15FEBF6E48" bold="true" box="[151,271,1617,1640]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF802C18FEF38A15FE3C6E48" authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1888" box="[281,396,1617,1640]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF802C18FEF38A15FE3C6E48" box="[281,396,1617,1640]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Halopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with cormoids reaching heights of up to
<quantity id="4CF59B5DFF802C18FF1F8A34FEF26EA7" box="[245,322,1648,1671]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" unit="cm" value="3.7">3.7 cm</quantity>
, with monosiphonic, unbranched stems, divided homomerously into rather long internodes bearing a hydrotheca, a lateral apophysis, and up to 9 nematothecae [1 mesial, a pair of laterals, an axillar one, and generally 2-3 (though up to 5 possibly present) above hydrotheca]. Cladia alternately arranged along stem, heteromerously divided into internodes; hydrothecate internodes slightly shorter than their ahydrothecate counterparts, carrying a hydrotheca and its up to 4 associated nematothecae (1 mesial, a pair of laterals, and occasionally an axillar one); ahydrothecate internodes with 1-2 nematothecae. Hydrothecae conical and shallow; lateral nematothecae with either lowered, emarginated or sinuated margin adaxially, not surpassing hydrothecal rim, borne on inconspicuous apophyses. Female gonotheca broadly ovoid, with apical, large, rounded aperture perpendicular to long axis of the theca, and closed by glass-watch-shaped operculum; 2-3 basal nematothecae.
<collectingRegion id="49C9F85AFF802C18FB028DC5FAAF69B8" box="[1256,1311,385,408]" country="Maldives" name="Maale" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Male</collectingRegion>
gonotheca smaller than female, ovoid, without noticeable aperture, with 2 basal nematothecae. Cormoids yellow throughout in life.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3176533FF802C12FCD58E4BFDE66C08" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF802C1EFCD58E4BFB756D1A" blockId="3.[831,1437,527,2077]" lastBlockId="5.[831,1437,1116,1338]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF802C18FCD58E4BFC7D6A06" bold="true" box="[831,973,527,550]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Description:</emphasis>
Colonies composed of a varied number of cormoids arising from creeping, branching stolon, not carrying nematothecae. Cormoids erect (though flaccid when out of liquid), up to
<quantity id="4CF59B5DFF802C18FB9A8E2BFB0E6AA6" box="[1136,1214,623,646]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" unit="cm" value="3.7">3.7 cm</quantity>
high. Cauli simple, monosiphonic (
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF802C18FC078ECBFBFC6A86" box="[1005,1100,655,678]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,186,1838,1859]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,265,1792]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[151,1436,257,1799]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Living colonies of Halopteris spp. showing their natural coloration. (A) H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913) from Bunaken, in situ (photo CGDC). (B, C) H. sibogae (Billard, 1913) from Bali, in situ. (D) H. vervoorti Galea, 2008 from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM &amp; SM). (E) H. australis sp. nov. from New Caledonia, in situ. (F) H. millardae sp. nov. from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM &amp; SM). Photos courtesy: N. &amp; J-M. Bertot (B, C), E. Tardy (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590662" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590662/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Figs 1A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF802C18FBB48ECBFB326A86" box="[1118,1154,655,678]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,927,948]" captionTargetBox="[180,1374,260,911]" captionTargetId="figure-313@5.[151,1402,254,925]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Preserved cormoids of Halopteris spp. showing differences in their appearance. (A): H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913), MHNG- INVE-97937. (B): H. sibogae (Billard, 1913), MHNG-INVE-97938. (C-E): H. vervoorti Galea, 2008 from Bali (MHNG- INVE-97952), Toliara (MHNG-INVE-98633) and Martinique (HRG-0897), respectively. (F): H. australis sp. nov. (MHNG- INVE-82742). (G): H. millardae sp. nov., MHNG-INVE-98634. (H): H. brasiliensis sp. nov., MHNG-INVE-37495, slide H12/37. Scale bar: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590664" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590664/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">2A</figureCitation>
), composed of an up to
<quantity id="4CF59B5DFF802C18FCD58EEAFCC96AE5" box="[831,889,686,709]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
long, ahydrothecate, proximal part above origin from stolon, and a much longer, distal part carrying both hydrothecae and hydrocladia. Basal part usually divided by up to 4 transverse nodes into segments of varied length, bearing a number of nematothecae (up to 34 observed) arranged into two parallel, closelyset rows; distalmost segment delimited from the remainder of caulus through a deeply-cut, oblique node. Stem above basal part longer, homomerously segmented into up to 37 internodes trough oblique constrictions of the perisarc (
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF802C18FB438FA8FABB6C23" box="[1193,1291,1004,1027]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,1848,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1436,255,2005]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. (A-K) Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913). Portions of stems (A, B) and proximal part of a cladium (C). Stem (D) and cladial (E, F) hydrothecae, the latter in frontal and lateral views, respectively. Nematothecae (G) cauline (G1), cladial (G2), mesial from cauline (G3) and cladial (G4) hydrothecae, laterals from cladial hydrothecae (G5-9), axillar from caulus (G10) and cladium (G11), and associated to the female gonotheca (G12, 13). Female (H, I) and male (J) gonothecae. Cnidome (K). (L-O) Halopteris sp. from Siboga Stn. 299, belonging to the syntype series of Plumularia polymorpha Billard, 1913. Cauline internode (L). Portion of a cladium (M), and the same much enlarged in frontal (N) and lateral (O) views. Specimens CDC004 (A, C, F), MHNG-INVE-97937 (B, D, E, G1-7, 10, 11, H, K), HRG-0421 (G8. 9, 12, 13, I, J), H.L. 1309 (L-O). Scale bars: 10 μm (K), 100 μm (D-G, L, N, O), 200 μm (H-J), 300 μm (A-C, M). ►" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590670/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
); internodes long, bearing one hydrotheca in their lower third, a number of nematothecae, and an apophysis lateral to the hydrotheca supporting a cladium (two apophyses are usually present in the proximal most internode, and these support a pair of cladia) (
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF802C18FB7C88CFFB5C6C82" box="[1174,1260,1163,1186]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,1848,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1436,255,2005]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. (A-K) Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913). Portions of stems (A, B) and proximal part of a cladium (C). Stem (D) and cladial (E, F) hydrothecae, the latter in frontal and lateral views, respectively. Nematothecae (G) cauline (G1), cladial (G2), mesial from cauline (G3) and cladial (G4) hydrothecae, laterals from cladial hydrothecae (G5-9), axillar from caulus (G10) and cladium (G11), and associated to the female gonotheca (G12, 13). Female (H, I) and male (J) gonothecae. Cnidome (K). (L-O) Halopteris sp. from Siboga Stn. 299, belonging to the syntype series of Plumularia polymorpha Billard, 1913. Cauline internode (L). Portion of a cladium (M), and the same much enlarged in frontal (N) and lateral (O) views. Specimens CDC004 (A, C, F), MHNG-INVE-97937 (B, D, E, G1-7, 10, 11, H, K), HRG-0421 (G8. 9, 12, 13, I, J), H.L. 1309 (L-O). Scale bars: 10 μm (K), 100 μm (D-G, L, N, O), 200 μm (H-J), 300 μm (A-C, M). ►" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590670/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
); nematothecae: one mesial, a pair of laterals, one axillar, as well as usually 2-3 (though occasionally 1-5 possibly present) above the hydrotheca, arranged in two closely-set rows. Cladia, except for the proximal most that can be paired, alternately-arranged along caulus; up to
<quantity id="4CF59B5DFF802C18FCD5890EFCCF6D41" box="[831,895,1354,1377]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
long, usually less so; each composed of a short, proximal, athecate, quadrangular segment, followed by a succession of ahydrothecate and hydrothecate internodes, delimited through a heteromerous segmentation; ahydrothecate internodes with proximal node transverse and distal node oblique; the reverse in hydrothecate internodes. First ahydrothecate internode quite long, and longer than its subsequent counterparts, bearing constantly two superior nematothecae in a single row; remaining ahydrothecate internodes provided with commonly 1, or rarely 2, nematothecae. Hydrothecate internodes, up to 7 (usually 4-6) per cladium, relatively short, with a hydrotheca confined to most of their length (
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF802C18FB878AA3FB7A6EDE" box="[1133,1226,1767,1790]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,1848,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1436,255,2005]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. (A-K) Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913). Portions of stems (A, B) and proximal part of a cladium (C). Stem (D) and cladial (E, F) hydrothecae, the latter in frontal and lateral views, respectively. Nematothecae (G) cauline (G1), cladial (G2), mesial from cauline (G3) and cladial (G4) hydrothecae, laterals from cladial hydrothecae (G5-9), axillar from caulus (G10) and cladium (G11), and associated to the female gonotheca (G12, 13). Female (H, I) and male (J) gonothecae. Cnidome (K). (L-O) Halopteris sp. from Siboga Stn. 299, belonging to the syntype series of Plumularia polymorpha Billard, 1913. Cauline internode (L). Portion of a cladium (M), and the same much enlarged in frontal (N) and lateral (O) views. Specimens CDC004 (A, C, F), MHNG-INVE-97937 (B, D, E, G1-7, 10, 11, H, K), HRG-0421 (G8. 9, 12, 13, I, J), H.L. 1309 (L-O). Scale bars: 10 μm (K), 100 μm (D-G, L, N, O), 200 μm (H-J), 300 μm (A-C, M). ►" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590670/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
), and up to four nematothecae: one mesial, a pair of laterals and, occasionally, an axillar one (
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF802C18FB738B63FB466F1E" box="[1177,1270,1831,1854]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,1848,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1436,255,2005]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. (A-K) Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913). Portions of stems (A, B) and proximal part of a cladium (C). Stem (D) and cladial (E, F) hydrothecae, the latter in frontal and lateral views, respectively. Nematothecae (G) cauline (G1), cladial (G2), mesial from cauline (G3) and cladial (G4) hydrothecae, laterals from cladial hydrothecae (G5-9), axillar from caulus (G10) and cladium (G11), and associated to the female gonotheca (G12, 13). Female (H, I) and male (J) gonothecae. Cnidome (K). (L-O) Halopteris sp. from Siboga Stn. 299, belonging to the syntype series of Plumularia polymorpha Billard, 1913. Cauline internode (L). Portion of a cladium (M), and the same much enlarged in frontal (N) and lateral (O) views. Specimens CDC004 (A, C, F), MHNG-INVE-97937 (B, D, E, G1-7, 10, 11, H, K), HRG-0421 (G8. 9, 12, 13, I, J), H.L. 1309 (L-O). Scale bars: 10 μm (K), 100 μm (D-G, L, N, O), 200 μm (H-J), 300 μm (A-C, M). ►" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590670/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
). Hydrothecae cup-shaped and shallow, walls slightly divergent, rim circular, entire (
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF802C18FBDE8B23FB0A6F5E" box="[1076,1210,1895,1918]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,1848,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1436,255,2005]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. (A-K) Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913). Portions of stems (A, B) and proximal part of a cladium (C). Stem (D) and cladial (E, F) hydrothecae, the latter in frontal and lateral views, respectively. Nematothecae (G) cauline (G1), cladial (G2), mesial from cauline (G3) and cladial (G4) hydrothecae, laterals from cladial hydrothecae (G5-9), axillar from caulus (G10) and cladium (G11), and associated to the female gonotheca (G12, 13). Female (H, I) and male (J) gonothecae. Cnidome (K). (L-O) Halopteris sp. from Siboga Stn. 299, belonging to the syntype series of Plumularia polymorpha Billard, 1913. Cauline internode (L). Portion of a cladium (M), and the same much enlarged in frontal (N) and lateral (O) views. Specimens CDC004 (A, C, F), MHNG-INVE-97937 (B, D, E, G1-7, 10, 11, H, K), HRG-0421 (G8. 9, 12, 13, I, J), H.L. 1309 (L-O). Scale bars: 10 μm (K), 100 μm (D-G, L, N, O), 200 μm (H-J), 300 μm (A-C, M). ►" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590670/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Fig. 3D, F</figureCitation>
). All nematothecae of the colony bithalamic and movable; mesial ones short, triangular in frontal view, rim of upper chamber with deep, adaxial emargination (
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF802C18FB548B82FA906FF2" box="[1214,1312,1988,2013]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,1848,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1436,255,2005]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. (A-K) Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913). Portions of stems (A, B) and proximal part of a cladium (C). Stem (D) and cladial (E, F) hydrothecae, the latter in frontal and lateral views, respectively. Nematothecae (G) cauline (G1), cladial (G2), mesial from cauline (G3) and cladial (G4) hydrothecae, laterals from cladial hydrothecae (G5-9), axillar from caulus (G10) and cladium (G11), and associated to the female gonotheca (G12, 13). Female (H, I) and male (J) gonothecae. Cnidome (K). (L-O) Halopteris sp. from Siboga Stn. 299, belonging to the syntype series of Plumularia polymorpha Billard, 1913. Cauline internode (L). Portion of a cladium (M), and the same much enlarged in frontal (N) and lateral (O) views. Specimens CDC004 (A, C, F), MHNG-INVE-97937 (B, D, E, G1-7, 10, 11, H, K), HRG-0421 (G8. 9, 12, 13, I, J), H.L. 1309 (L-O). Scale bars: 10 μm (K), 100 μm (D-G, L, N, O), 200 μm (H-J), 300 μm (A-C, M). ►" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590670/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
Fig. 3G
<superScript id="7C789BF0FF802C18FAFD8B80FA906FF2" attach="left" box="[1303,1312,1988,2002]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">3</superScript>
</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF802C18FAC08B80FA826FF2" box="[1322,1330,1988,2002]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,257,1098]" captionTargetId="figure-373@10.[151,1436,257,1102]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Halopteris sibogae (Billard, 1913). Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F1-4), mesial (F5, 6), lateral (F7), single (F8) and paired (F9) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG- INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">4</figureCitation>
); laterals short, not surpassing the hydrothecal rim (
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF802C18FAD08BA2FCE1603D" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,1848,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1436,255,2005]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. (A-K) Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913). Portions of stems (A, B) and proximal part of a cladium (C). Stem (D) and cladial (E, F) hydrothecae, the latter in frontal and lateral views, respectively. Nematothecae (G) cauline (G1), cladial (G2), mesial from cauline (G3) and cladial (G4) hydrothecae, laterals from cladial hydrothecae (G5-9), axillar from caulus (G10) and cladium (G11), and associated to the female gonotheca (G12, 13). Female (H, I) and male (J) gonothecae. Cnidome (K). (L-O) Halopteris sp. from Siboga Stn. 299, belonging to the syntype series of Plumularia polymorpha Billard, 1913. Cauline internode (L). Portion of a cladium (M), and the same much enlarged in frontal (N) and lateral (O) views. Specimens CDC004 (A, C, F), MHNG-INVE-97937 (B, D, E, G1-7, 10, 11, H, K), HRG-0421 (G8. 9, 12, 13, I, J), H.L. 1309 (L-O). Scale bars: 10 μm (K), 100 μm (D-G, L, N, O), 200 μm (H-J), 300 μm (A-C, M). ►" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590670/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Fig. 3D, F</figureCitation>
), and mounted on very short apophyses, conical in shape, aperture wide, margin of upper chamber of variable shape: variously lowered to emarginated to sigmoid adaxially (
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF862C1EFE8588DAFE776C95" box="[367,455,1182,1205]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,1848,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1436,255,2005]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. (A-K) Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913). Portions of stems (A, B) and proximal part of a cladium (C). Stem (D) and cladial (E, F) hydrothecae, the latter in frontal and lateral views, respectively. Nematothecae (G) cauline (G1), cladial (G2), mesial from cauline (G3) and cladial (G4) hydrothecae, laterals from cladial hydrothecae (G5-9), axillar from caulus (G10) and cladium (G11), and associated to the female gonotheca (G12, 13). Female (H, I) and male (J) gonothecae. Cnidome (K). (L-O) Halopteris sp. from Siboga Stn. 299, belonging to the syntype series of Plumularia polymorpha Billard, 1913. Cauline internode (L). Portion of a cladium (M), and the same much enlarged in frontal (N) and lateral (O) views. Specimens CDC004 (A, C, F), MHNG-INVE-97937 (B, D, E, G1-7, 10, 11, H, K), HRG-0421 (G8. 9, 12, 13, I, J), H.L. 1309 (L-O). Scale bars: 10 μm (K), 100 μm (D-G, L, N, O), 200 μm (H-J), 300 μm (A-C, M). ►" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590670/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Fig. 3G</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF862C1EFE2D88D8FE6C6C8A" box="[455,476,1180,1194]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStart-3="Fig" captionStart-4="Fig 9" captionStartId-0="12.[151,186,1664,1685]" captionStartId-1="16.[151,186,962,983]" captionStartId-2="18.[151,186,1031,1052]" captionStartId-3="20.[151,186,806,827]" captionStartId-4="30.[151,183,1941,1962]" captionTargetBox-0="[152,1426,257,1603]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1429,258,906]" captionTargetBox-2="[154,1427,253,959]" captionTargetBox-3="[157,1424,259,774]" captionTargetBox-4="[151,1436,939,1919]" captionTargetId-0="figure-5@12.[151,1436,238,1605]" captionTargetId-1="figure-555@16.[151,1436,257,912]" captionTargetId-2="figure-411@18.[151,1436,251,960]" captionTargetId-3="figure-506@20.[151,1436,257,774]" captionTargetId-4="graphics-311@30.[151,1436,881,1926]" captionTargetPageId-0="12" captionTargetPageId-1="16" captionTargetPageId-2="18" captionTargetPageId-3="20" captionTargetPageId-4="30" captionText-0="Fig. 5. Halopteris vervoorti Galea, 2008 from the Indian Ocean (A-K) and the Caribbean (M-R). Portions of stems with cladia (A, B, M). Cauline internode (C). Portion of cladium, enlarged (D). Hydrothecate internodes in frontal (E, N) and lateral (F, O) aspects. Nematothecae (G): from caulus (G1) and cladia (G2), mesial (G3) and laterals (G4, 5) from cladial hydrothecae, single (G6) and paired (G7) axillar associated to cladial hydrothecae. Female (H, I, P) and male (J, K, Q) gonothecae. Cnidomes (L, R). Specimens MHNG-INVE-98635 (A, C, G7), MHNG-INVE-97952 (B, F, G4, 6, L), MHNG-INVE-98633 (D, E, G1-3, 5, 8, 9, H-K), HRG-1339 (M, P), HRG-0897 (O), HRG-0337 (Q, R). Figure in N is reproduced after Galea (2008). Scale bars: 10 μm (L, R), 100 μm (C-G, N, O), 200 μm (H-K, P, Q), 300 μm (A, B, M)." captionText-1="Fig. 6. Halopteris australis sp. nov. Portion of stem and basal parts of three cladia (A). Stem internode with hydrotheca (B). Portions of cladia enlarged in frontal (C) and lateral (D) aspects. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1) and cladia (E2), mesial from cladial hydrotheca (E3), lateral from cauline (E4) and cladial (E5) hydrothecae, single (E6) and paired (E7) axillar associated to cladial hydrothecae. All from sample MHNG-INVE-82742. Scale bars: 10 μm (G), 100 μM (B-E), 200 μm (F), 300 μm (A)." captionText-2="Fig. 7. Halopteris millardae sp. nov. Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Hydrothecae from stem (B) and cladia (C, D), the latter in frontal and lateral aspects, respectively. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1, 2) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E3, 4), mesial (E5, 6) and lateral (E7) from cauline hydrotheca, and axillar associated to both cauline (E8) and cladial (E9) hydrothecae.All from sample MHNG-INVE-98634. Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (B-E), 300 μm (A)." captionText-3="Fig. 8. Halopteris brasiliensis sp. nov. Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Stem hydrotheca (B). Portions of cladia in lateral (C) and frontal (D) aspects. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E2, 3), mesial from cauline hydrotheca (E4), lateral from cladial hydrotheca (E5), from female gonotheca (E6), pair of axillar from cauline hydrotheca (E7) and single axillar from cladial hydrotheca (E8). All from sample MHNG-INVE-37495. Scale bars: 100 μm (B- E), 200 μm (F), 300 μm (A)." captionText-4="Fig 9. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of Halopterididae species obtained with RAxML (GTR + G + I model) based on 547 bp positions (after Gblock treatment) of the mitochondrial 16S gene. Node-support values are bootstrap values of 100 pseudoreplicates (shown only if&gt; 70%). For more details, see text and Appendix 2. Highlighted in yellow boxes are species discussed in the text, boxed in grey are other species clades with more than one sample, which permit to assess the intraspecific divergences observed in this family." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590676" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590678" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590680" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590682" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590684" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5590676/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5590678/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5590680/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5590682/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/5590684/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">
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</figureCitation>
); cauline (
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF862C1EFDB388DAFD016C95" box="[601,689,1182,1205]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,1848,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1436,255,2005]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. (A-K) Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913). Portions of stems (A, B) and proximal part of a cladium (C). Stem (D) and cladial (E, F) hydrothecae, the latter in frontal and lateral views, respectively. Nematothecae (G) cauline (G1), cladial (G2), mesial from cauline (G3) and cladial (G4) hydrothecae, laterals from cladial hydrothecae (G5-9), axillar from caulus (G10) and cladium (G11), and associated to the female gonotheca (G12, 13). Female (H, I) and male (J) gonothecae. Cnidome (K). (L-O) Halopteris sp. from Siboga Stn. 299, belonging to the syntype series of Plumularia polymorpha Billard, 1913. Cauline internode (L). Portion of a cladium (M), and the same much enlarged in frontal (N) and lateral (O) views. Specimens CDC004 (A, C, F), MHNG-INVE-97937 (B, D, E, G1-7, 10, 11, H, K), HRG-0421 (G8. 9, 12, 13, I, J), H.L. 1309 (L-O). Scale bars: 10 μm (K), 100 μm (D-G, L, N, O), 200 μm (H-J), 300 μm (A-C, M). ►" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590670/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Fig. 3G</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF862C1EFD5B88D8FD096C8A" box="[689,697,1180,1194]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,186,1838,1859]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,265,1792]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[151,1436,257,1799]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Living colonies of Halopteris spp. showing their natural coloration. (A) H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913) from Bunaken, in situ (photo CGDC). (B, C) H. sibogae (Billard, 1913) from Bali, in situ. (D) H. vervoorti Galea, 2008 from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM &amp; SM). (E) H. australis sp. nov. from New Caledonia, in situ. (F) H. millardae sp. nov. from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM &amp; SM). Photos courtesy: N. &amp; J-M. Bertot (B, C), E. Tardy (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590662" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590662/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">
<superScript id="7C789BF0FF862C1EFD5B88D8FD096C8A" attach="left" box="[689,697,1180,1194]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">1</superScript>
</figureCitation>
) and cladial (
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF862C1EFF1E88FBFEFE6CF6" box="[244,334,1215,1238]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,1848,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1436,255,2005]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. (A-K) Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913). Portions of stems (A, B) and proximal part of a cladium (C). Stem (D) and cladial (E, F) hydrothecae, the latter in frontal and lateral views, respectively. Nematothecae (G) cauline (G1), cladial (G2), mesial from cauline (G3) and cladial (G4) hydrothecae, laterals from cladial hydrothecae (G5-9), axillar from caulus (G10) and cladium (G11), and associated to the female gonotheca (G12, 13). Female (H, I) and male (J) gonothecae. Cnidome (K). (L-O) Halopteris sp. from Siboga Stn. 299, belonging to the syntype series of Plumularia polymorpha Billard, 1913. Cauline internode (L). Portion of a cladium (M), and the same much enlarged in frontal (N) and lateral (O) views. Specimens CDC004 (A, C, F), MHNG-INVE-97937 (B, D, E, G1-7, 10, 11, H, K), HRG-0421 (G8. 9, 12, 13, I, J), H.L. 1309 (L-O). Scale bars: 10 μm (K), 100 μm (D-G, L, N, O), 200 μm (H-J), 300 μm (A-C, M). ►" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590670/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Fig. 3G</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF862C1EFEA488F9FEE66CEB" box="[334,342,1213,1227]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,927,948]" captionTargetBox="[180,1374,260,911]" captionTargetId="figure-313@5.[151,1402,254,925]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Preserved cormoids of Halopteris spp. showing differences in their appearance. (A): H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913), MHNG- INVE-97937. (B): H. sibogae (Billard, 1913), MHNG-INVE-97938. (C-E): H. vervoorti Galea, 2008 from Bali (MHNG- INVE-97952), Toliara (MHNG-INVE-98633) and Martinique (HRG-0897), respectively. (F): H. australis sp. nov. (MHNG- INVE-82742). (G): H. millardae sp. nov., MHNG-INVE-98634. (H): H. brasiliensis sp. nov., MHNG-INVE-37495, slide H12/37. Scale bar: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590664" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590664/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">
<superScript id="7C789BF0FF862C1EFEA488F9FEE66CEB" attach="left" box="[334,342,1213,1227]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">2</superScript>
</figureCitation>
) nematothecae long, with tall basal and shallow upper chambers, rim scooped adaxially; axillar nematothecae conical to broadly ovoid, rather inconspicuous due to their comparatively smaller size and thinner perisarc (
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF862C1EFE708906FE476D79" box="[410,503,1346,1369]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,1848,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1436,255,2005]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. (A-K) Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913). Portions of stems (A, B) and proximal part of a cladium (C). Stem (D) and cladial (E, F) hydrothecae, the latter in frontal and lateral views, respectively. Nematothecae (G) cauline (G1), cladial (G2), mesial from cauline (G3) and cladial (G4) hydrothecae, laterals from cladial hydrothecae (G5-9), axillar from caulus (G10) and cladium (G11), and associated to the female gonotheca (G12, 13). Female (H, I) and male (J) gonothecae. Cnidome (K). (L-O) Halopteris sp. from Siboga Stn. 299, belonging to the syntype series of Plumularia polymorpha Billard, 1913. Cauline internode (L). Portion of a cladium (M), and the same much enlarged in frontal (N) and lateral (O) views. Specimens CDC004 (A, C, F), MHNG-INVE-97937 (B, D, E, G1-7, 10, 11, H, K), HRG-0421 (G8. 9, 12, 13, I, J), H.L. 1309 (L-O). Scale bars: 10 μm (K), 100 μm (D-G, L, N, O), 200 μm (H-J), 300 μm (A-C, M). ►" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590670/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Fig. 3G</figureCitation>
<superScript id="7C789BF0FF862C1EFE1D8905FD936D6F" attach="left" box="[503,547,1345,1359]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">10, 11</superScript>
). Hydranths with 15-16 filiform tentacles; in life, whole colony of a distinctive yellow tinge (
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF862C1EFE4689C0FDB56DBB" box="[428,517,1412,1435]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,186,1838,1859]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,265,1792]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[151,1436,257,1799]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Living colonies of Halopteris spp. showing their natural coloration. (A) H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913) from Bunaken, in situ (photo CGDC). (B, C) H. sibogae (Billard, 1913) from Bali, in situ. (D) H. vervoorti Galea, 2008 from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM &amp; SM). (E) H. australis sp. nov. from New Caledonia, in situ. (F) H. millardae sp. nov. from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM &amp; SM). Photos courtesy: N. &amp; J-M. Bertot (B, C), E. Tardy (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590662" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590662/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
). Colonies dioecious. Gonothecae borne on both stems and cladia, inserted singly beside the base of a hydrotheca through a short, lateral apophysis, and mounted on single quadrangular pedicel; female large, broadly ovoid, tapering below, and there provided with 2-3 basal nematothecae; aperture distal, perpendicular to long axis of the theca, large and circular, with conspicuously thickened rim, closed by a watch-glass-shaped operculum (
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF862C1EFD9D8AC8FD566E83" box="[631,742,1676,1699]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,1848,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1436,255,2005]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. (A-K) Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913). Portions of stems (A, B) and proximal part of a cladium (C). Stem (D) and cladial (E, F) hydrothecae, the latter in frontal and lateral views, respectively. Nematothecae (G) cauline (G1), cladial (G2), mesial from cauline (G3) and cladial (G4) hydrothecae, laterals from cladial hydrothecae (G5-9), axillar from caulus (G10) and cladium (G11), and associated to the female gonotheca (G12, 13). Female (H, I) and male (J) gonothecae. Cnidome (K). (L-O) Halopteris sp. from Siboga Stn. 299, belonging to the syntype series of Plumularia polymorpha Billard, 1913. Cauline internode (L). Portion of a cladium (M), and the same much enlarged in frontal (N) and lateral (O) views. Specimens CDC004 (A, C, F), MHNG-INVE-97937 (B, D, E, G1-7, 10, 11, H, K), HRG-0421 (G8. 9, 12, 13, I, J), H.L. 1309 (L-O). Scale bars: 10 μm (K), 100 μm (D-G, L, N, O), 200 μm (H-J), 300 μm (A-C, M). ►" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590670/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Fig. 3H, I</figureCitation>
); male comparatively smaller than female, ovoid, tapering below, without distinct aperture, provided basally with a couple of nematothecae (
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF862C1EFB8D8818FB066C53" box="[1127,1206,1116,1139]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,1848,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1436,255,2005]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. (A-K) Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913). Portions of stems (A, B) and proximal part of a cladium (C). Stem (D) and cladial (E, F) hydrothecae, the latter in frontal and lateral views, respectively. Nematothecae (G) cauline (G1), cladial (G2), mesial from cauline (G3) and cladial (G4) hydrothecae, laterals from cladial hydrothecae (G5-9), axillar from caulus (G10) and cladium (G11), and associated to the female gonotheca (G12, 13). Female (H, I) and male (J) gonothecae. Cnidome (K). (L-O) Halopteris sp. from Siboga Stn. 299, belonging to the syntype series of Plumularia polymorpha Billard, 1913. Cauline internode (L). Portion of a cladium (M), and the same much enlarged in frontal (N) and lateral (O) views. Specimens CDC004 (A, C, F), MHNG-INVE-97937 (B, D, E, G1-7, 10, 11, H, K), HRG-0421 (G8. 9, 12, 13, I, J), H.L. 1309 (L-O). Scale bars: 10 μm (K), 100 μm (D-G, L, N, O), 200 μm (H-J), 300 μm (A-C, M). ►" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590670/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Fig. 3J</figureCitation>
). Cnidome (
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF862C1EFAD58818FA246C53" box="[1343,1428,1116,1139]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,1848,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1436,255,2005]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. (A-K) Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913). Portions of stems (A, B) and proximal part of a cladium (C). Stem (D) and cladial (E, F) hydrothecae, the latter in frontal and lateral views, respectively. Nematothecae (G) cauline (G1), cladial (G2), mesial from cauline (G3) and cladial (G4) hydrothecae, laterals from cladial hydrothecae (G5-9), axillar from caulus (G10) and cladium (G11), and associated to the female gonotheca (G12, 13). Female (H, I) and male (J) gonothecae. Cnidome (K). (L-O) Halopteris sp. from Siboga Stn. 299, belonging to the syntype series of Plumularia polymorpha Billard, 1913. Cauline internode (L). Portion of a cladium (M), and the same much enlarged in frontal (N) and lateral (O) views. Specimens CDC004 (A, C, F), MHNG-INVE-97937 (B, D, E, G1-7, 10, 11, H, K), HRG-0421 (G8. 9, 12, 13, I, J), H.L. 1309 (L-O). Scale bars: 10 μm (K), 100 μm (D-G, L, N, O), 200 μm (H-J), 300 μm (A-C, M). ►" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590670/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Fig. 3K</figureCitation>
) composed of
<specimenCount id="9D0BFD31FF862C1EFC098839FB8A6CB4" box="[995,1082,1149,1172]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" type="generic" typeStatus="types">3 types</specimenCount>
of microbasic mastigophores: large, elongated-ovoid [(21.9-22.6) × (8.2-8.5) μm, in nematophores, as well as scattered in the coenosarc]; small, banana-shaped [(6.9-7.5) ×
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF862C1EFB0988A4FB4C6CD7" box="[1251,1276,1248,1271]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">ca</emphasis>
. 2.4 μm, in tentacles]; small, ovoid capsules [(4.5-5.1) × (2.8- 2.9) μm, scattered in the coenosarc].
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF726630FF872C1FFF7D8B6AFC096FB9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590662" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5590662" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590662/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" startId="4.[151,186,1838,1859]" targetBox="[159,1428,265,1792]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF872C1FFF7D8B6AFC096FB9" blockId="4.[151,1437,1838,1945]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">
Fig. 1. Living colonies of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF872C1FFE708B6AFD9F6F63" box="[410,559,1838,1859]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF872C1FFE708B6AFDB16F63" box="[410,513,1838,1859]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Halopteris</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
showing their natural coloration. (A)
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF872C1FFC778B6AFB746F63" authority="(Billard, 1913)" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[925,1220,1838,1859]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF872C1FFC778B6AFB9E6F63" box="[925,1070,1838,1859]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">H. polymorpha</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF872C1FFBD18B6AFB0D6F63" author="Billard A." box="[1083,1213,1838,1859]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard, 1913</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
from Bunaken,
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF872C1FFA8B8B6AFA2D6F63" box="[1377,1437,1838,1859]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">in situ</emphasis>
(photo CGDC). (B, C)
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF872C1FFE298B0EFD736F7F" authority="(Billard, 1913)" authorityName="Present" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[451,707,1866,1887]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sibogae">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF872C1FFE298B0EFD9D6F7F" box="[451,557,1866,1887]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">H. sibogae</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF872C1FFDD08B0EFD0C6F7F" author="Billard A." box="[570,700,1866,1887]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard, 1913</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
from Bali,
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF872C1FFCDE8B0EFCC06F7F" box="[820,880,1866,1887]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">in situ</emphasis>
. (D)
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF872C1FFC4F8B0EFB276F7F" authority="Galea, 2008" authorityName="Galea" authorityYear="2008" box="[933,1175,1866,1887]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="vervoorti">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF872C1FFC4F8B0EFBAB6F7F" box="[933,1051,1866,1887]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">H. vervoorti</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF872C1FFBC88B0EFB276F7F" author="Galea H. R." box="[1058,1175,1866,1887]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 54" refId="ref26877" refString="Galea H. R. 2008. On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1 - 54." type="journal article" year="2008">Galea, 2008</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from the Maldives,
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF872C1FFAB78B0EFA2D6F7F" box="[1373,1437,1866,1887]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">ex situ</emphasis>
(photo DM &amp; SM). (E)
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF872C1FFE238B23FD8A6F5C" authority="Galea &amp; Gioia Di Camillo &amp; Maggioni &amp; Montano &amp; Schuchert, 2018" authorityName="Galea &amp; Gioia Di Camillo &amp; Maggioni &amp; Montano &amp; Schuchert" authorityYear="2018" box="[457,570,1895,1916]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="australis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF872C1FFE238B23FD8A6F5C" box="[457,570,1895,1916]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">H. australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24A57D1FF872C1FFDAA8B23FD3B6F5C" box="[576,651,1895,1916]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
from New Caledonia,
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF872C1FFC8C8B23FC116F5C" box="[870,929,1895,1916]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">in situ</emphasis>
. (F)
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF872C1FFC3B8B23FBFA6F5C" authority="Galea &amp; Gioia Di Camillo &amp; Maggioni &amp; Montano &amp; Schuchert, 2018" authorityName="Galea &amp; Gioia Di Camillo &amp; Maggioni &amp; Montano &amp; Schuchert" authorityYear="2018" box="[977,1098,1895,1916]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="millardae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF872C1FFC3B8B23FBFA6F5C" box="[977,1098,1895,1916]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">H. millardae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24A57D1FF872C1FFBBB8B23FB2C6F5C" box="[1105,1180,1895,1916]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
from the Maldives,
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF872C1FFAB48B23FA2D6F5C" box="[1374,1437,1895,1916]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">ex situ</emphasis>
(photo DM &amp; SM). Photos courtesy: N. &amp; J-M. Bertot (B, C), E. Tardy (E).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF726630FF862C1EFF7D8FDBFE6B6C07" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590664" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5590664" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590664/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" startId="5.[151,186,927,948]" targetBox="[180,1374,260,911]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF862C1EFF7D8FDBFE6B6C07" blockId="5.[151,1436,927,1063]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">
Fig. 2. Preserved cormoids of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF862C1EFE288FDBFDE76B94" box="[450,599,927,948]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF862C1EFE288FDBFD996B94" box="[450,553,927,948]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Halopteris</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
showing differences in their appearance. (A):
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF862C1EFBFD8FDBFAF06B94" authority="(Billard, 1913)" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[1047,1344,927,948]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF862C1EFBFD8FDBFB196B94" box="[1047,1193,927,948]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">H. polymorpha</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF862C1EFB5C8FDBFA8A6B94" author="Billard A." box="[1206,1338,927,948]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard, 1913</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, MHNG-INVE-97937. (B):
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF862C1EFE758FF8FD176BF1" authority="(Billard, 1913)" authorityName="Present" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[415,679,956,977]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sibogae">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF862C1EFE758FF8FDBA6BF1" box="[415,522,956,977]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">H. sibogae</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF862C1EFDF08FF8FD106BF1" author="Billard A." box="[538,672,956,977]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard, 1913</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, MHNG-INVE-97938. (C-E):
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF862C1EFC328FF8FB616BF1" authority="Galea, 2008" authorityName="Galea" authorityYear="2008" box="[984,1233,956,977]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="vervoorti">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF862C1EFC328FF8FBE16BF1" box="[984,1105,956,977]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">H. vervoorti</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF862C1EFBB08FF8FB616BF1" author="Galea H. R." box="[1114,1233,956,977]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 54" refId="ref26877" refString="Galea H. R. 2008. On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1 - 54." type="journal article" year="2008">Galea, 2008</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from Bali (MHNG-INVE-97952), Toliara (MHNG-INVE-98633) and Martinique (HRG-0897), respectively. (F):
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF862C1EFB9C8F9CFB596BCD" authority="Galea &amp; Gioia Di Camillo &amp; Maggioni &amp; Montano &amp; Schuchert, 2018" authorityName="Galea &amp; Gioia Di Camillo &amp; Maggioni &amp; Montano &amp; Schuchert" authorityYear="2018" box="[1142,1257,984,1005]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="australis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF862C1EFB9C8F9CFB596BCD" box="[1142,1257,984,1005]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">H. australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24A57D1FF862C1EFB1A8F9CFA8D6BCD" box="[1264,1341,984,1005]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(MHNG-INVE-82742). (G):
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF862C1EFE438FB1FD966C2A" authority="Galea &amp; Gioia Di Camillo &amp; Maggioni &amp; Montano &amp; Schuchert, 2018" authorityName="Galea &amp; Gioia Di Camillo &amp; Maggioni &amp; Montano &amp; Schuchert" authorityYear="2018" box="[425,550,1013,1034]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="millardae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF862C1EFE438FB1FD966C2A" box="[425,550,1013,1034]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">H. millardae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24A57D1FF862C1EFDC58FB1FD306C2A" box="[559,640,1013,1034]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, MHNG-INVE-98634. (H):
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF862C1EFC718FB1FB9B6C2A" authority="Galea &amp; Gioia Di Camillo &amp; Maggioni &amp; Montano &amp; Schuchert, 2018" authorityName="Galea &amp; Gioia Di Camillo &amp; Maggioni &amp; Montano &amp; Schuchert" authorityYear="2018" box="[923,1067,1013,1034]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="brasiliensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF862C1EFC718FB1FB9B6C2A" box="[923,1067,1013,1034]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">H. brasiliensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24A57D1FF862C1EFBDE8FB1FB356C2A" box="[1076,1157,1013,1034]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, MHNG-INVE-37495, slide H12/37. Scale bar: 5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF862C1EFCD58917FBE66D4A" blockId="5.[831,1110,1363,1386]" box="[831,1110,1363,1386]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF862C1EFCD58917FC7D6D4A" bold="true" box="[831,973,1363,1386]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Dimensions:</emphasis>
See
<tableCitation id="C68F0303FF862C1EFBEA8917FBFF6D4A" box="[1024,1103,1363,1386]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="21.[148,201,538,559]" captionTargetBox="[148,1922,658,1790]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Table 1. Comparative morphological and morphometrical features of H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913) (present study and syntype materials from Siboga Stn. 80 and 299) and H. sibogae (Billard, 1913) (Ho stands for homomerous, and He for heteromerous)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF726630FF962C0EFF7E8E5EFC2E6A6C" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" tableUuid="DF726630FF962C0EFF7E8E5EFC2E6A6C">Table 1</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF862C1EFCD589C7FC236EC6" blockId="5.[831,1437,1411,1766]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF862C1EFCD589C7FC026DBA" bold="true" box="[831,946,1411,1434]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Remarks:</emphasis>
The ordinary cauline internodes bear usually 2-3 nematothecae above their corresponding hydrothecae (60.8% and 34.8%, respectively, n=115), though exceptionally as few as 1, or as much as 4 or even 5, may occur (1%, 1.7% and 1.7%, respectively, n=115). The basalmost cauline internodes, supporting pairs of cladia, bear an increased number of nematothecae, usually 4-5. The ordinary cladial ahydrothecate internodes bear generally 1 and, less frequently, 2 nematothecae (92% and 8%, respectively, n=110).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF726630FF862C1EFF7D8B7CFA256037" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590670" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5590670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590670/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" startId="5.[151,186,1848,1869]" targetBox="[154,1436,259,2002]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF862C1EFF7D8B7CFAF26F84" blockId="5.[151,1437,1848,2071]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">
Fig. 3. (A-K)
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF862C1EFECC8B7CFD156F6D" authority="(Billard, 1913)" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[294,677,1848,1869]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF862C1EFECC8B7CFDB96F6D" box="[294,521,1848,1869]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Halopteris polymorpha</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF862C1EFDF28B7CFD2E6F6D" author="Billard A." box="[536,670,1848,1869]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard, 1913</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Portions of stems (A, B) and proximal part of a cladium (C). Stem (D) and cladial (E, F) hydrothecae, the latter in frontal and lateral views, respectively. Nematothecae (G) cauline (G
<superScript id="7C789BF0FF862C1EFAE38B10FAA06F40" attach="right" box="[1289,1296,1876,1888]" fontSize="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">1</superScript>
), cladial (G
<superScript id="7C789BF0FF862C1EFA6D8B10FA3E6F40" attach="left" box="[1415,1422,1876,1888]" fontSize="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">2</superScript>
), mesial from cauline (G
<superScript id="7C789BF0FF862C1EFE2E8B35FE7B6F5D" attach="left" box="[452,459,1905,1917]" fontSize="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">3</superScript>
) and cladial (G
<superScript id="7C789BF0FF862C1EFD8F8B35FDDC6F5D" attach="right" box="[613,620,1905,1917]" fontSize="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">4</superScript>
) hydrothecae, laterals from cladial hydrothecae (G
<superScript id="7C789BF0FF862C1EFBB68B35FBDF6F5D" attach="left" box="[1116,1135,1905,1917]" fontSize="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">5-9</superScript>
), axillar from caulus (G
<superScript id="7C789BF0FF862C1EFAB68B35FADA6F5D" attach="left" box="[1372,1386,1905,1917]" fontSize="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">10</superScript>
) and cladium (G
<superScript id="7C789BF0FF862C1EFEA58BC9FEEC6FB9" attach="left" box="[335,348,1933,1945]" fontSize="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">11</superScript>
), and associated to the female gonotheca (G
<superScript id="7C789BF0FF862C1EFCED8BC9FC9A6FB9" attach="left" box="[775,810,1933,1945]" fontSize="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">12, 13</superScript>
). Female (H, I) and male (J) gonothecae. Cnidome (K).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF862C1EFF098BE8FA256037" blockId="5.[151,1437,1848,2071]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">
(L-O)
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF862C1EFECB8BE8FE1A6FE1" box="[289,426,1964,1985]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF862C1EFECB8BE8FE386FE1" box="[289,392,1964,1985]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Halopteris</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF862C1EFE0F8BE8FDE56FE1" authority="Stn." authorityName="Stn." box="[485,597,1964,1985]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Siboga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF862C1EFE0F8BE8FD986FE1" box="[485,552,1964,1985]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Siboga</emphasis>
Stn.
</taxonomicName>
299, belonging to the
<typeStatus id="54B6881AFF862C1EFCC58BE8FCCA6FE1" box="[815,890,1964,1985]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
series of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF862C1EFC328BE8FAF86FE1" authority="Billard, 1913" authorityName="Billard, 1913 Billard" authorityYear="1913" box="[984,1352,1964,1985]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF862C1EFC328BE8FB0F6FE1" box="[984,1215,1964,1985]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Plumularia polymorpha</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF862C1EFB2C8BE8FAF86FE1" author="Billard A." box="[1222,1352,1964,1985]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard, 1913</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Cauline internode (L). Portion of a cladium (M), and the same much enlarged in frontal (N) and lateral (O) views. Specimens CDC004 (A, C, F), MHNG-INVE-97937 (B, D, E, G
<superScript id="7C789BF0FF862C1EFD6D8BA0FD726FD0" attach="left" box="[647,706,2020,2032]" fontSize="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">1-7, 10, 11</superScript>
, H, K), HRG-0421 (G
<superScript id="7C789BF0FF862C1EFC718BA0FC6A6FD0" attach="right" box="[923,986,2020,2032]" fontSize="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">8. 9, 12, 13</superScript>
, I, J), H.L. 1309 (L-O). Scale bars: 10 μm (K), 100 μm (D-G, L, N, O), 200 μm (H-J), 300 μm (A-C, M). ►
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF842C1CFF7D8D46FDB369D5" blockId="7.[151,756,258,2074]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Behind each cauline hydrotheca, there is large foramen for the passage of a nematophore, itself protected by a bithalamic nematotheca; the latter is occasionally lost, but the constant presence of the foramen in all internodes indicates the pre-existence of an axillar nematotheca. Conversely, the cladial hydrothecae bear only occasionally single axillar nematothecae, but their basal foramina are inconspicuous.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF842C1CFF7D8DBAFD7D6A14" blockId="7.[151,756,258,2074]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Terminal stolonization is quite common in the available samples, but no branched cladia have been observed.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF842C1CFF7D8E79FE0E6AF1" blockId="7.[151,756,258,2074]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">
The bulk of the
<typeStatus id="54B6881AFF842C1CFE8A8E79FE036A74" box="[352,435,573,596]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
material of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF842C1CFDA18E79FE896A53" authority="(Billard, 1913)" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF842C1CFDA18E79FD446A74" box="[587,756,573,596]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">H. polymorpha</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF842C1CFF758E18FE816A53" author="Billard A." box="[159,305,604,627]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard, 1913</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
is housed in the collection of NBC but, due to important ongoing renovation works, could not be re-examined for the purpose of the present study (Koos van Egmond,
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF842C1CFEC68EFEFE1E6AF1" box="[300,430,698,721]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">pers. comm.</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF842C1CFF7D8E9EFD696BED" blockId="7.[151,756,258,2074]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">
However, the
<typeStatus id="54B6881AFF842C1CFECD8E9EFE396AD1" box="[295,393,730,753]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
(from
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF842C1CFE278E9EFDF66AD1" authority="Stn." authorityName="Stn." box="[461,582,730,753]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Siboga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF842C1CFE278E9EFDA76AD1" box="[461,535,730,753]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Siboga</emphasis>
Stn.
</taxonomicName>
80) – designated and well-illustrated by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF842C1CFE798EBDFDFD6B30" author="Schuchert P." box="[403,589,761,784]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref28947" refString="Schuchert P. 1997. Review of the family Halopterididae. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 309: 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert (1997)</bibRefCitation>
– is distinctive through its long cauline and cladial ahydrothecate internodes, and its rather shallow hydrothecae, provided with short, conical lateral nematothecae borne on inconspicuous apophyses. The present material fully agrees with these, allowing an updated and more comprehensive account on
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF842C1CFE508FF2FDEC6BED" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[442,604,950,973]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF842C1CFE508FF2FDEC6BED" box="[442,604,950,973]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">H. polymorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be done.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF842C1CFF7D8F92FD006E81" blockId="7.[151,756,258,2074]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">
A microslide (H.L.1309), stored in MNHN and containing a sterile cormoid from
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF842C1CFDE78FB1FD3B6C2C" authority="Stn." authorityName="Stn." box="[525,651,1013,1036]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Siboga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF842C1CFDE78FB1FDE76C2C" box="[525,599,1013,1036]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Siboga</emphasis>
Stn.
</taxonomicName>
299, was re-examined. The caulus is homomerously segmented, with the exception of its distalmost part, where transverse nodes intervene; each internode is moderately long and comprises a hydrotheca in its lower half, a lateral apophysis and up to 7 nematothecae (1 mesial, a pair of laterals, a pair of axillar, as well as 1-2 superior ones, a certain distance one above the other, and slightly displaced laterally to one another) (
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF842C1CFE2D88B5FD936D28" box="[455,547,1265,1288]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,1848,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1436,255,2005]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. (A-K) Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913). Portions of stems (A, B) and proximal part of a cladium (C). Stem (D) and cladial (E, F) hydrothecae, the latter in frontal and lateral views, respectively. Nematothecae (G) cauline (G1), cladial (G2), mesial from cauline (G3) and cladial (G4) hydrothecae, laterals from cladial hydrothecae (G5-9), axillar from caulus (G10) and cladium (G11), and associated to the female gonotheca (G12, 13). Female (H, I) and male (J) gonothecae. Cnidome (K). (L-O) Halopteris sp. from Siboga Stn. 299, belonging to the syntype series of Plumularia polymorpha Billard, 1913. Cauline internode (L). Portion of a cladium (M), and the same much enlarged in frontal (N) and lateral (O) views. Specimens CDC004 (A, C, F), MHNG-INVE-97937 (B, D, E, G1-7, 10, 11, H, K), HRG-0421 (G8. 9, 12, 13, I, J), H.L. 1309 (L-O). Scale bars: 10 μm (K), 100 μm (D-G, L, N, O), 200 μm (H-J), 300 μm (A-C, M). ►" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590670/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Fig. 3L</figureCitation>
). The hydrocladia are heteromerously segmented; the 1st ahydrothecate internode is longer than its subsequent counterparts, and bears generally 2 nematothecae (although 3 were noted in one instance); the ordinary ahydrothecate internodes are of a rather varied length and carry 1-2 nematothecae (
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF842C1CFF7589EAFF496DE5" box="[159,249,1454,1477]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,1848,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1436,255,2005]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. (A-K) Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913). Portions of stems (A, B) and proximal part of a cladium (C). Stem (D) and cladial (E, F) hydrothecae, the latter in frontal and lateral views, respectively. Nematothecae (G) cauline (G1), cladial (G2), mesial from cauline (G3) and cladial (G4) hydrothecae, laterals from cladial hydrothecae (G5-9), axillar from caulus (G10) and cladium (G11), and associated to the female gonotheca (G12, 13). Female (H, I) and male (J) gonothecae. Cnidome (K). (L-O) Halopteris sp. from Siboga Stn. 299, belonging to the syntype series of Plumularia polymorpha Billard, 1913. Cauline internode (L). Portion of a cladium (M), and the same much enlarged in frontal (N) and lateral (O) views. Specimens CDC004 (A, C, F), MHNG-INVE-97937 (B, D, E, G1-7, 10, 11, H, K), HRG-0421 (G8. 9, 12, 13, I, J), H.L. 1309 (L-O). Scale bars: 10 μm (K), 100 μm (D-G, L, N, O), 200 μm (H-J), 300 μm (A-C, M). ►" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590670/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Fig. 3M</figureCitation>
); the hydrothecate internodes bear a hydrotheca and its 4 associated nematothecae (1 mesial, a pair of laterals, and an axillar one) (
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF842C1CFE2389A9FD906E24" box="[457,544,1517,1540]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,1848,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1436,255,2005]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. (A-K) Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913). Portions of stems (A, B) and proximal part of a cladium (C). Stem (D) and cladial (E, F) hydrothecae, the latter in frontal and lateral views, respectively. Nematothecae (G) cauline (G1), cladial (G2), mesial from cauline (G3) and cladial (G4) hydrothecae, laterals from cladial hydrothecae (G5-9), axillar from caulus (G10) and cladium (G11), and associated to the female gonotheca (G12, 13). Female (H, I) and male (J) gonothecae. Cnidome (K). (L-O) Halopteris sp. from Siboga Stn. 299, belonging to the syntype series of Plumularia polymorpha Billard, 1913. Cauline internode (L). Portion of a cladium (M), and the same much enlarged in frontal (N) and lateral (O) views. Specimens CDC004 (A, C, F), MHNG-INVE-97937 (B, D, E, G1-7, 10, 11, H, K), HRG-0421 (G8. 9, 12, 13, I, J), H.L. 1309 (L-O). Scale bars: 10 μm (K), 100 μm (D-G, L, N, O), 200 μm (H-J), 300 μm (A-C, M). ►" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590670/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Fig. 3N</figureCitation>
). All nematothecae, including the axillar ones, are bithalamic. The hydrothecae are deep and almost cylindrical, and their lateral nematothecae are mounted on well-developed apophyses, and scarcely reach the hydrothecal rim (
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF842C1CFF758ACEFF446E81" box="[159,244,1674,1697]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,1848,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1436,255,2005]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. (A-K) Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913). Portions of stems (A, B) and proximal part of a cladium (C). Stem (D) and cladial (E, F) hydrothecae, the latter in frontal and lateral views, respectively. Nematothecae (G) cauline (G1), cladial (G2), mesial from cauline (G3) and cladial (G4) hydrothecae, laterals from cladial hydrothecae (G5-9), axillar from caulus (G10) and cladium (G11), and associated to the female gonotheca (G12, 13). Female (H, I) and male (J) gonothecae. Cnidome (K). (L-O) Halopteris sp. from Siboga Stn. 299, belonging to the syntype series of Plumularia polymorpha Billard, 1913. Cauline internode (L). Portion of a cladium (M), and the same much enlarged in frontal (N) and lateral (O) views. Specimens CDC004 (A, C, F), MHNG-INVE-97937 (B, D, E, G1-7, 10, 11, H, K), HRG-0421 (G8. 9, 12, 13, I, J), H.L. 1309 (L-O). Scale bars: 10 μm (K), 100 μm (D-G, L, N, O), 200 μm (H-J), 300 μm (A-C, M). ►" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590670/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Fig. 3O</figureCitation>
). Its gonothecae remain to be discovered.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF842C1CFF7D8AEDFF466F9C" blockId="7.[151,756,258,2074]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">
Accordingly, it results that the material from
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF842C1CFD408AEDFF726EC0" authority="Stn." authorityName="Stn." class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Siboga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF842C1CFD408AEDFD446EE0" box="[682,756,1705,1728]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Siboga</emphasis>
Stn.
</taxonomicName>
299 is morphologically different from the
<typeStatus id="54B6881AFF842C1CFD788A8DFD446EC0" box="[658,756,1737,1760]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF842C1CFF558AACFEDC6EDF" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[191,364,1768,1791]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF842C1CFF558AACFEDC6EDF" box="[191,364,1768,1791]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">H. polymorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(compare
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF842C1CFE1E8AACFD8B6EDF" box="[500,571,1768,1791]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,1848,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1436,255,2005]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. (A-K) Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913). Portions of stems (A, B) and proximal part of a cladium (C). Stem (D) and cladial (E, F) hydrothecae, the latter in frontal and lateral views, respectively. Nematothecae (G) cauline (G1), cladial (G2), mesial from cauline (G3) and cladial (G4) hydrothecae, laterals from cladial hydrothecae (G5-9), axillar from caulus (G10) and cladium (G11), and associated to the female gonotheca (G12, 13). Female (H, I) and male (J) gonothecae. Cnidome (K). (L-O) Halopteris sp. from Siboga Stn. 299, belonging to the syntype series of Plumularia polymorpha Billard, 1913. Cauline internode (L). Portion of a cladium (M), and the same much enlarged in frontal (N) and lateral (O) views. Specimens CDC004 (A, C, F), MHNG-INVE-97937 (B, D, E, G1-7, 10, 11, H, K), HRG-0421 (G8. 9, 12, 13, I, J), H.L. 1309 (L-O). Scale bars: 10 μm (K), 100 μm (D-G, L, N, O), 200 μm (H-J), 300 μm (A-C, M). ►" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590670/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A-F and 3L-O; see also
<tableCitation id="C68F0303FF842C1CFF118B4CFEFD6F3F" box="[251,333,1800,1823]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="21.[148,201,538,559]" captionTargetBox="[148,1922,658,1790]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Table 1. Comparative morphological and morphometrical features of H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913) (present study and syntype materials from Siboga Stn. 80 and 299) and H. sibogae (Billard, 1913) (Ho stands for homomerous, and He for heteromerous)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF726630FF962C0EFF7E8E5EFC2E6A6C" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" tableUuid="DF726630FF962C0EFF7E8E5EFC2E6A6C">Table 1</tableCitation>
), a finding that contrasts with earlier views expressed by both
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF842C1CFE588B63FDFE6F1E" author="Billard A." box="[434,590,1831,1854]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard (1913)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF842C1CFD638B63FF516F7E" author="Schuchert P." pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref28947" refString="Schuchert P. 1997. Review of the family Halopterididae. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 309: 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert (1997)</bibRefCitation>
. The former material obviously belongs to a different, possibly an as yet unnamed species, whose comprehensive description requires additional, fertile material.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF842C1CFF7D8B81FB9C6A98" blockId="7.[151,756,258,2074]" lastBlockId="7.[831,1437,258,2072]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">
The 3rd morphotype belonging to the
<typeStatus id="54B6881AFF842C1CFD928B81FD7B6FFC" box="[632,715,1989,2012]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF842C1CFF7D8BA0FE8E6FDB" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[151,318,2020,2043]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF842C1CFF7D8BA0FE8E6FDB" box="[151,318,2020,2043]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">H. polymorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, from
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF842C1CFE7A8BA0FDA06FDB" authority="Stn." authorityName="Stn." box="[400,528,2020,2043]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Siboga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF842C1CFE7A8BA0FE6A6FDB" box="[400,474,2020,2043]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Siboga</emphasis>
Stn.
</taxonomicName>
77, is presently the less documented (the available data are summarized in
<tableCitation id="C68F0303FF842C1CFCD58D46FC206939" box="[831,912,258,281]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="26.[148,201,1073,1094]" captionTargetBox="[159,1953,1169,1784]" captionText="Table 4. Various records approaching the phenotype of Halopteris vervoorti Galea, 2008, and their possible taxonomic status (L stands for length, Φ for diameter, Ho and He for homo- and heteromerous, respectively, and Ha., He. and A. for Halopteris, Heterotheca and Antennella, respectively)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF726630FF992C01FF7E8875FB436C43" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" tableUuid="DF726630FF992C01FF7E8875FB436C43">Table 4</tableCitation>
herein). According to
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF842C1CFB608D46FA966939" author="Billard A." box="[1162,1318,258,281]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard (1913)</bibRefCitation>
, its cladia, besides the proximal most, quadrangular segment, begin with an ahydrothecate internode provided with only one nematotheca, followed by a succession of “mostly” homomerously-segmented internodes bearing “most often” a single nematotheca. The rather deep hydrothecae, provided with lateral nematothecae borne on well-developed apophyses, combined with the structure of the hydrocladia, suggest – with little doubt – that the material from
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF842C1CFBBD8E65FB666A18" authority="Stn." authorityName="Stn." box="[1111,1238,545,568]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Siboga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF842C1CFBBD8E65FB116A18" box="[1111,1185,545,568]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Siboga</emphasis>
Stn.
</taxonomicName>
77 is specifically different from both the
<typeStatus id="54B6881AFF842C1CFBAB8E05FB136A78" box="[1089,1187,577,600]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF842C1CFB208E05FADD6A78" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[1226,1389,577,600]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF842C1CFB208E05FADD6A78" box="[1226,1389,577,600]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">H. polymorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the material in hand described above, thus contradicting – again – the opinions expressed by both
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF842C1CFAE98EC5FA2C6AB8" author="Billard A." box="[1283,1436,641,664]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard (1913)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF842C1CFC878EE5FB986A98" author="Schuchert P." box="[877,1064,673,696]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref28947" refString="Schuchert P. 1997. Review of the family Halopterididae. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 309: 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert (1997)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF842C1CFCD58E85FAFA6E58" blockId="7.[831,1437,258,2072]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF842C1CFCD58E85FB786AF8" authority="(Billard, 1911)" authorityName="Billard" authorityYear="1913" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[831,1224,705,728]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nuttingi">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF842C1CFCD58E85FBA36AF8" box="[831,1043,705,728]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Halopteris nuttingi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF842C1CFBC38E85FB706AF8" author="Billard A." box="[1065,1216,705,728]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="62 - 71" refId="ref26241" refString="Billard A. 1911. Note preliminaire sur les especes nouvelles de Plumulariidae de l'Expedition du Siboga. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale (5) 8: 62 - 71." type="journal article" year="1911">Billard, 1911</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
was synonymized with
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF842C1CFC918EA5FB926AD8" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[891,1058,737,760]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF842C1CFC918EA5FB926AD8" box="[891,1058,737,760]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">H. polymorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF842C1CFBBF8EA5FAA56AD8" author="Schuchert P." box="[1109,1301,737,760]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref28947" refString="Schuchert P. 1997. Review of the family Halopterididae. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 309: 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert (1997)</bibRefCitation>
, an opinion not shared here. However, we agree with him that its inclusion in the synonymy of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF842C1CFB738F65FA286B18" authority="(Bale, 1884)" baseAuthorityName="Bale" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[1177,1432,801,824]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="buskii">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF842C1CFB738F65FB4F6B18" box="[1177,1279,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">H. buskii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF842C1CFAF98F65FA206B18" author="Bale W. M." box="[1299,1424,801,824]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" refId="ref26191" refString="Bale W. M. 1884. Catalogue of the Australian hydroid zoophytes. Australian Museum, Sydney, 198 pp." type="book" year="1884">Bale, 1884</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, proposed by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF842C1CFC268F05FBD76B78" author="Billard A." box="[972,1127,833,856]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard (1913)</bibRefCitation>
, is not justified as they have morphologically different gonothecae. According to
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF842C1CFCD58FC5FC6D6BB8" author="Billard A." box="[831,989,897,920]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard (1913)</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF842C1CFC018FC5FBD26BB8" authorityName="Billard" authorityYear="1913" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[1003,1122,897,920]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nuttingi">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF842C1CFC018FC5FBD26BB8" box="[1003,1122,897,920]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">H. nuttingi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[as
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF842C1CFB7F8FC5FAE16BB8" box="[1173,1361,897,920]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="buski">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF842C1CFB7F8FC5FAE16BB8" box="[1173,1361,897,920]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Plumularia buski</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF842C1CFA8E8FC5FA3B6BB8" box="[1380,1419,897,920]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">sic!</emphasis>
)] and
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF842C1CFC9B8FE5FBA76B98" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[881,1047,929,952]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF842C1CFC9B8FE5FBA76B98" box="[881,1047,929,952]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">H. polymorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could be confidently distinguished through the shape of the upper chamber of their lateral nematothecae: globular with distinctly emarginated ad- and abaxial walls in the former, and conical with slight adaxial emargination in the latter (it was stated above that the complete panoply of shapes displayed by the latter also include a sinuated rim or an adaxial emargination). In
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF842C1CFCB588C5FB9B6CB8" author="Schuchert P." box="[863,1067,1153,1176]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref28947" refString="Schuchert P. 1997. Review of the family Halopterididae. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 309: 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert’s (1997)</bibRefCitation>
view, this character is unreliable, arguing that in other halopteridids,
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF842C1CFB1A88E5FAA76C98" box="[1264,1303,1185,1208]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">e.g.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF842C1CFAC388E5FBD66CF8" authority="Ritchie, 1909" authorityName="Ritchie" authorityYear="1909" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Capnodiaceae" genus="Antennella" kingdom="Fungi" order="Capnodiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="quadriaurita">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF842C1CFAC388E5FC776CF8" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Antennella quadriaurita</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF842C1CFC3B8885FBD66CF8" author="Ritchie J." box="[977,1126,1217,1240]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="65 - 101" refId="ref28745" refString="Ritchie J. 1909. Supplementary reports on the hydroids of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 47 (1): 65 - 101." type="journal article" year="1909">Ritchie, 1909</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, “it is notoriously variable”. However, since then, it has been suggested that the former concept of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF842C1CFC538945FBD06D38" authorityName="Ritchie" authorityYear="1909" box="[953,1120,1281,1304]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Capnodiaceae" genus="Antennella" kingdom="Fungi" order="Capnodiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="quadriaurita">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF842C1CFC538945FBD06D38" box="[953,1120,1281,1304]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">A. quadriaurita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
likely includes a complex of species (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF842C1CFC718965FBFB6D18" author="Galea H. R." box="[923,1099,1313,1336]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 50" refId="ref26945" refString="Galea H. R. 2013. New additions to the shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the French Lesser Antilles: Martinique. Zootaxa 3686 (1): 1 - 50." type="journal article" year="2013">Galea, 2013: 29</bibRefCitation>
), and it has been demonstrated, for instance, that at least one “morphotype” represents a distinct, well-characterized species (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF842C1CFB058925FC036DB8" author="Galea H. R. &amp; Ferry R." pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="213 - 246" refId="ref26981" refString="Galea H. R., Ferry R. 2015. Notes on some hydroids (Cnidaria) from Martinique, with descriptions of five new species. Revue suisse de Zoologie 122 (2): 213 - 246." type="journal article" year="2015">Galea &amp; Ferry, 2015: 237</bibRefCitation>
). Moreover, besides the distinctive shape of the lateral nematothecae, the number and position of their counterparts confined to the cauline internodes distal to hydrotheca is different in
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF842C1CFBB989A5FB776DD8" authorityName="Billard" authorityYear="1913" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[1107,1223,1505,1528]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nuttingi">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF842C1CFBB989A5FB776DD8" box="[1107,1223,1505,1528]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">H. nuttingi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF842C1CFAEA89A5FA206DD8" author="Billard A." box="[1280,1424,1505,1528]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard, 1913</bibRefCitation>
). Last but not least, according to both
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF842C1CFB298A45FAE46E38" author="Billard A." box="[1219,1364,1537,1560]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="62 - 71" refId="ref26241" refString="Billard A. 1911. Note preliminaire sur les especes nouvelles de Plumulariidae de l'Expedition du Siboga. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale (5) 8: 62 - 71." type="journal article" year="1911">Billard (1911</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 8; 1913, fig. 11) and
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF842C1CFC138A65FB196E18" author="Schuchert P." box="[1017,1193,1569,1592]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref28947" refString="Schuchert P. 1997. Review of the family Halopterididae. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 309: 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert (1997</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 21C), this nominal species has shorter cladial ahydrothecate internodes and deeper hydrothecae compared to
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF842C1CFB4B8A25FAF36E58" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[1185,1347,1633,1656]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF842C1CFB4B8A25FAF36E58" box="[1185,1347,1633,1656]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">H. polymorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF842C13FCAA8AC5FEF96959" blockId="7.[831,1437,258,2072]" lastBlockId="8.[151,757,258,2076]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">
Additionally, it should be stressed that
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF842C1CFB188AC5FAD96EB8" authorityName="Billard" authorityYear="1913" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[1266,1385,1665,1688]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nuttingi">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF842C1CFB188AC5FAD96EB8" box="[1266,1385,1665,1688]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">H. nuttingi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was created based on a
<typeStatus id="54B6881AFF842C1CFBFD8AE5FBDD6E98" box="[1047,1133,1697,1720]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
, as it results from
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF842C1CFAAA8AE5FC306EF8" author="Billard A." pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard’s [1913</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF842C1CFC418A85FBD56EF8" box="[939,1125,1729,1752]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="buski">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF842C1CFC418A85FBD56EF8" box="[939,1125,1729,1752]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Plumularia buski</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF842C1CFB9C8A85FB246EF8" box="[1142,1172,1729,1752]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">sic</emphasis>
!)
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF842C1CFB448A85FA966EF8" author="Bale W. M." box="[1198,1318,1729,1752]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" refId="ref26191" refString="Bale W. M. 1884. Catalogue of the Australian hydroid zoophytes. Australian Museum, Sydney, 198 pp." type="book" year="1884">Bale, 1884</bibRefCitation>
] work, but not from his original account (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF842C1CFB628AA5FAAA6ED8" author="Billard A." box="[1160,1306,1761,1784]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="62 - 71" refId="ref26241" refString="Billard A. 1911. Note preliminaire sur les especes nouvelles de Plumulariidae de l'Expedition du Siboga. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale (5) 8: 62 - 71." type="journal article" year="1911">Billard, 1911</bibRefCitation>
). Moreover, according to the former publication, it is very likely that the
<typeStatus id="54B6881AFF842C1CFC758B65FC426F18" box="[927,1010,1825,1848]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
contains a mix of species, as Billard mentions (p. 22) ahydrothecate cladial internodes either short or long, and provided with one or two nematothecae. However, a
<typeStatus id="54B6881AFF842C1CFB8E8BC5FB086FB8" box="[1124,1208,1921,1944]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
(
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF842C1CFB238BC5FB576FB8" box="[1225,1255,1921,1944]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">sic</emphasis>
!) for
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF842C1CFACD8BC5FA2C6FB8" authorityName="Billard" authorityYear="1913" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[1319,1436,1921,1944]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nuttingi">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF842C1CFACD8BC5FA2C6FB8" box="[1319,1436,1921,1944]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">H. nuttingi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been designated (Coel. 5241) by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF842C1CFB0B8BE5FCD56FF8" author="Schuchert P." pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref28947" refString="Schuchert P. 1997. Review of the family Halopterididae. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 309: 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert (1997: 64)</bibRefCitation>
, who also provided reliable illustrations of it (N.B.: This material should be best referred to as the
<typeStatus id="54B6881AFF842C1CFAC18BA5FA226FD8" box="[1323,1426,2017,2040]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
). Besides
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF842C1CFC4A8445FBF96038" author="Billard A." box="[928,1097,2049,2072]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="62 - 71" refId="ref26241" refString="Billard A. 1911. Note preliminaire sur les especes nouvelles de Plumulariidae de l'Expedition du Siboga. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale (5) 8: 62 - 71." type="journal article" year="1911">Billard’s (1911</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF842C1CFBB08445FB216038" author="Billard A." box="[1114,1169,2049,2072]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">1913</bibRefCitation>
) record of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF842C1CFAF18445FA266038" authorityName="Billard" authorityYear="1913" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[1307,1430,2049,2072]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nuttingi">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF842C1CFAF18445FA266038" box="[1307,1430,2049,2072]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">H. nuttingi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, at least two others seem to occur in the literature,
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FD3A8D46FD5E6939" box="[720,750,258,281]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">viz</emphasis>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FF7D8D66FEFF6919" author="Redier L." box="[151,335,290,313]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="78 - 122" refId="ref28618" refString="Redier L. 1966. Hydraires et bryozoaires. In: Fondation Singer- Polignac (ed). Contribution a l'etude des rivages coralliens d'apres les recoltes de Yves Plessis, en Oceanie (Mission Singer-Polignac). Cahiers du Pacifique 9: 78 - 122." type="journal article" year="1966">Redier [1966: 90</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 2 figs 1 &amp; 3, pl. 3 fig. 1; as
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8B2C13FD4B8D66FD446919" box="[673,756,290,313]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="buski">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FD4B8D66FD446919" box="[673,756,290,313]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">P. buski</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FF4A8D06FF776979" box="[160,199,322,345]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">sic!</emphasis>
)] and
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FEFB8D06FE666979" author="Watson J. E." box="[273,470,322,345]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 82" refId="ref29585" refString="Watson J. E. 2000. Hydroids (Hydrozoa: Leptothecata) from the Beagle Gulf and Darwin Harbour, northern Australia. The Beagle, Records of the Museum and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory 16: 1 - 82." type="journal article" year="2000">Watson (2000: 46</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 35C, E;
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FD848D06FD646979" box="[622,724,322,345]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">pro parte</emphasis>
as
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8B2C13FF7D8D26FE896959" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[151,313,354,377]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FF7D8D26FE896959" box="[151,313,354,377]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">H. polymorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF8B2C13FF7D8DC5FD1A6B11" blockId="8.[151,757,258,2076]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">
Literature records of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8B2C13FE648DC5FD8769B8" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[398,567,385,408]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FE648DC5FD8769B8" box="[398,567,385,408]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">H. polymorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are a matter of debate, due to several main factors: 1) the lack of formal descriptions, or descriptions too succinct, sometimes not accompanied by illustrations, a situation mainly occurring in older literature; 2) only sterile material was available, thus generating confusion with
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8B2C13FE1C8E5BFD406A16" authority="(Bale, 1884)" baseAuthorityName="Bale" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[502,752,543,566]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="buskii">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FE1C8E5BFDEA6A16" box="[502,602,543,566]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">H. buskii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FD818E5BFD576A16" author="Bale W. M." box="[619,743,543,566]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" refId="ref26191" refString="Bale W. M. 1884. Catalogue of the Australian hydroid zoophytes. Australian Museum, Sydney, 198 pp." type="book" year="1884">Bale, 1884</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; 3) the artificial inclusion in the synonymy of
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FD728E7AFF6E6A55" author="Billard A." pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard’s (1913)</bibRefCitation>
species of a variety of hydroids displaying a large panoply of morphological features, the specific name “
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8B2C13FF498ED9FE946A94" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[163,292,669,692]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FF498ED9FE946A94" box="[163,292,669,692]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">polymorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” being obviously misleading.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FD638ED9FF6F6AF3" author="Schuchert P." pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref28947" refString="Schuchert P. 1997. Review of the family Halopterididae. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 309: 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert (1997)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FEF58EF8FD876AF3" author="Ansin Agis J. &amp; Ramil F. &amp; Vervoort W." box="[287,567,700,723]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 268" refId="ref26086" refString="Ansin Agis J., Ramil F., Vervoort W. 2001. Atlantic Leptolida (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the families Aglaopheniidae, Halopterididae, Kirchenpaueriidae and Plumulariidae collected during the CANCAP and Mauritania-II expeditions of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, the Netherlands. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 333: 1 - 268." type="journal article" year="2001">
Ansín Agis
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FE468EF8FE526AF3" box="[428,482,700,723]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">et al</emphasis>
. (2001
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FDA38EF8FD306AF3" author="Ansin Agis J. &amp; Vervoort W. &amp; Ramil F." box="[585,640,700,723]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="33 - 61" refId="ref26147" refString="Ansin Agis J., Vervoort W., Ramil F. 2009. Hydroids of the family Halopterididae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the western Pacific by various French expeditions. Zoosystema 31 (1): 33 - 61." type="journal article" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
) provided extensive lists of synonyms for this taxon (a compilation is given in the synonymy above), though only a few prove reliable in light of the present observations.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF8B2C13FF7D8F7EFD536CCA" blockId="8.[151,757,258,2076]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">
For instance, the material studied by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FDDC8F7EFF6F6B50" author="Di Camillo C. G. &amp; Bavestrello G. &amp; Valisano L. &amp; Puce S." pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="1589 - 1599" refId="ref26767" refString="Di Camillo C. G., Bavestrello G., Valisano L., Puce S. 2008. Spatial and temporal distribution in a tropical hydroid assemblage. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88 (8): 1589 - 1599." type="journal article" year="2008">
Di Camillo
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FD518F7EFD5E6B71" box="[699,750,826,849]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">et al</emphasis>
. (2008)
</bibRefCitation>
and re-examined herein, belongs to the present species.In addition, the Fijian record by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FDD98F3DFEA46B8F" author="Ryland J. S. &amp; Gibbons M. J." pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="525 - 560" refId="ref28906" refString="Ryland J. S., Gibbons M. J. 1991. Intertidal and shallow water hydroids from Fiji. II. Plumulariidae and Aglaopheniidae. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 30 (3): 525 - 560." type="journal article" year="1991">Ryland &amp; Gibbons (1991: 530)</bibRefCitation>
is also in agreement with it, since it displays the distinctively long cladial ahydrothecate internodes, relatively shallow hydrothecae, lateral nematothecae (with flared upper chamber) borne on inconspicuous apophyses, as well as the occasional presence of axillar nematothecae behind the cladial hydrothecae (it is assumed that their cauline counterparts were overlooked by the authors). Although neither formally described, nor illustrated, the
<collectingRegion id="49C9F85AFF8B2C13FEDE88D0FE026C8B" box="[308,434,1172,1195]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">Queensland</collectingRegion>
record by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FDCA88D0FD6D6C8B" author="Pennycuik P. R." box="[544,733,1172,1195]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="141 - 210" refId="ref28257" refString="Pennycuik P. R. 1959. Marine and brackish water hydroids. In: Faunistic records from Queensland. Part V. University of Queensland Papers, Department of Zoology 1 (6): 141 - 210." type="journal article" year="1959">Pennycuik (1959)</bibRefCitation>
is reportedly said similar with Billard’s fig. 14A, presently known as representing the
<typeStatus id="54B6881AFF8B2C13FE5F8897FDA76CCA" box="[437,535,1235,1258]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8B2C13FDD08897FD6C6CCA" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[570,732,1235,1258]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FDD08897FD6C6CCA" box="[570,732,1235,1258]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">H. polymorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF8B2C13FF7D88B6FDB06EC1" blockId="8.[151,757,258,2076]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">
Besides these few records, many others clearly deviate morphologically from the
<typeStatus id="54B6881AFF8B2C13FE5E8956FDA96D09" box="[436,537,1298,1321]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
. Among them, there are morphotypes characteristically forming either tall (&gt;
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high) or small-sized (&lt;
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high) cormoids. Specimens with tall stems were described, for instance, in materials from
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(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FE0189D4FD336D87" author="Millard N. A. H." box="[491,643,1424,1447]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 513" refId="ref27821" refString="Millard N. A. H. 1975. Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 68: 1 - 513." type="journal article" year="1975">Millard, 1975</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="F31A7628FF8B2C13FD7F89D4FD446D87" box="[661,756,1424,1447]" name="Tanzania" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FF7589EBFE256DE6" author="Rees W. J. &amp; Vervoort W." box="[159,405,1455,1478]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 209" refId="ref28696" refString="Rees W. J., Vervoort W. 1987. Hydroids from the John Murray expedition to the Indian Ocean, with revisory notes on Hydrodendron, Abietinella, Cryptolaria and Zygophylax (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 237: 1 - 209." type="journal article" year="1987">Rees &amp; Vervoort, 1987</bibRefCitation>
; as
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8B2C13FE5189EBFDAB6DE6" baseAuthorityName="Bale" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[443,539,1455,1478]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="buskii">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FE5189EBFDAB6DE6" box="[443,539,1455,1478]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">H. buskii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and the
<collectingCountry id="F31A7628FF8B2C13FD6889EBFD446DE6" box="[642,756,1455,1478]" name="Seychelles" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">Seychelles</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FF74898BFE756DC6" author="Millard N. A. H. &amp; Bouillon J." box="[158,453,1487,1510]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 105" refId="ref27956" refString="Millard N. A. H., Bouillon J. 1973. Hydroids from the Seychelles (Coelenterata). Annales du Museum Royal de l'Afrique Centrale 206: 1 - 105." type="journal article" year="1973">Millard &amp; Bouillon, 1973</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FE36898BFD216DC6" author="Millard N. A. H." box="[476,657,1487,1510]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 513" refId="ref27821" refString="Millard N. A. H. 1975. Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 68: 1 - 513." type="journal article" year="1975">Millard’s (1975)</bibRefCitation>
material is, obviously, a mix of species: one with very deep, almost tubular hydrothecae (her fig. 112K), while the other (her fig. 112L) corresponds morphologically to the redescription of the
<typeStatus id="54B6881AFF8B2C13FE758A09FDB16E44" box="[415,513,1613,1636]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8B2C13FDC38A09FD3C6E44" baseAuthorityName="Bale" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[553,652,1613,1636]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="buskii">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FDC38A09FD3C6E44" box="[553,652,1613,1636]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">H. buskii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
provided by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FF548A28FECF6EA3" author="Schuchert P." box="[190,383,1644,1667]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref28947" refString="Schuchert P. 1997. Review of the family Halopterididae. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 309: 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert (1997)</bibRefCitation>
. Conversely, the specimens from
<collectingCountry id="F31A7628FF8B2C13FF7D8ACFFF466E82" box="[151,246,1675,1698]" name="Tanzania" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
and the
<collectingCountry id="F31A7628FF8B2C13FE9A8ACFFE526E82" box="[368,482,1675,1698]" name="Seychelles" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">Seychelles</collectingCountry>
(part of the latter reexamined herein) belong to an as yet undescribed species,
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8B2C13FF7D8A8EFEC76EC1" authorityName="Galea &amp; Gioia Di Camillo &amp; Maggioni &amp; Montano &amp; Schuchert" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,375,1738,1761]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="millardae">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FF7D8A8EFEC76EC1" box="[151,375,1738,1761]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">Halopteris millardae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see below).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF8B2C13FF7D8AAEFAD96A53" blockId="8.[151,757,258,2076]" lastBlockId="8.[831,1437,258,2075]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">
On the other hand, among the materials with smallsized cormoids, several morphological groups could be distinguished. First, there are specimens whose hydrothecae distinctly display sinuated margins (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FD7F8B0CFEFF6F5F" author="Vervoort W. &amp; Vasseur P." pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 98" refId="ref29409" refString="Vervoort W., Vasseur P. 1977. Hydroids from French Polynesia with notes on distribution and ecology. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 159: 1 - 98." type="journal article" year="1977">Vervoort &amp; Vasseur, 1977</bibRefCitation>
), and these belong to the new species,
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8B2C13FF7D8BC3FEC66FBE" authorityName="Galea &amp; Gioia Di Camillo &amp; Maggioni &amp; Montano &amp; Schuchert" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,374,1927,1950]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FF7D8BC3FEC66FBE" box="[151,374,1927,1950]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">Halopteris australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, described below. Second, there are materials whose hydrothecae possess an even rim, but further divide into a subgroup with homomerouslysegmented cladia (
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FE8C8BA2FE3C6FDD" box="[358,396,2022,2045]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">e.g.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FE7C8BA2FD8D6FDD" author="Vervoort W." box="[406,573,2022,2045]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="97 - 174" refId="ref29348" refString="Vervoort W. 1966. Bathyal and abyssal hydroids. Scientific Results of the Danish Deep-Sea Expedition 1950 - 1952. Galathea Report 8: 97 - 174." type="book chapter" year="1966">Vervoort, 1966</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FDA18BA2FD5D6FDD" author="Hirohito &amp; Emperor of Japan" box="[587,749,2022,2045]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" refId="ref27317" refString="Hirohito, Emperor of Japan. 1983. Hydroids from Izu Oshima and Niijima. Publications of the Biological Laboratory, Imperial Household, Tokyo, 83 pp." type="book" year="1983">Hirohito, 1983</bibRefCitation>
) and another one displaying a heteromerous division into internodes [
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FBEB8D46FB986939" box="[1025,1064,258,281]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">e.g.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FBDD8D46FB5E6939" author="Vervoort W." box="[1079,1262,258,281]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="18 - 54" refId="ref29377" refString="Vervoort W. 1967. The Hydroida and Chondrophora of the Israel South Red Sea Expedition, 1962. Israel South Red Sea Expedition, 1962 25: 18 - 54." type="journal article" year="1967">Vervoort (1967)</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8B2C13FAC38D46FC076918" authorityName="Vervoort" authorityYear="1967" baseAuthorityName="Gmelin" baseAuthorityYear="1791" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Capnodiaceae" genus="Antennella" kingdom="Fungi" order="Capnodiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="secundaria">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FAC38D46FC076918" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">Antennella secundaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FC2E8D65FBDE6918" author="Hirohito &amp; Emperor of Japan" box="[964,1134,289,312]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" refId="ref27288" refString="Hirohito, Emperor of Japan. 1974. Some hydrozoans of the Bonin Islands. Publications of the Biological Laboratory, Imperial Household, Tokyo, 55 pp." type="book" year="1974">Hirohito (1974)</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8B2C13FB7F8D65FAE66918" box="[1173,1366,289,312]" class="Monothalamea" family="Lagynidae" genus="Heterotheca" kingdom="Chromista" order="Allogromiida" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="buski">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FB7F8D65FAE66918" box="[1173,1366,289,312]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">Heterotheca buski</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FA8F8D65FA3C6918" box="[1381,1420,289,312]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">sic!</emphasis>
);
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FCAA8D05FBE76978" author="Ryland J. S. &amp; Gibbons M. J." box="[832,1111,321,344]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="525 - 560" refId="ref28906" refString="Ryland J. S., Gibbons M. J. 1991. Intertidal and shallow water hydroids from Fiji. II. Plumulariidae and Aglaopheniidae. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 30 (3): 525 - 560." type="journal article" year="1991">Ryland &amp; Gibbons (1991)</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8B2C13FB958D05FB506978" baseAuthorityName="Bale" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[1151,1248,321,344]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="buskii">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FB958D05FB506978" box="[1151,1248,321,344]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">H. buskii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FB048D05FA286978" author="Hirohito &amp; Emperor of Japan" box="[1262,1432,321,344]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" refId="ref27346" refString="Hirohito, Emperor of Japan. 1995. The hydroids of Sagami Bay. II. Thecata. Publications of the Biological Laboratory, Imperial Household, Tokyo, 244 pp (English text)." type="book" year="1995">Hirohito (1995)</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8B2C13FCB48D24FC096957" box="[862,953,352,375]" class="Monothalamea" family="Lagynidae" genus="Heterotheca" kingdom="Chromista" order="Allogromiida" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="buski">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FCB48D24FC096957" box="[862,953,352,375]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">H. buski</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FC218D24FC416957" box="[971,1009,352,375]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">sic!</emphasis>
);
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FBE08D24FB4C6957" author="Preker M. &amp; Lawn I. D." box="[1034,1276,352,375]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="109 - 149" refId="ref28463" refString="Preker M., Lawn I. D. 2010. Hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Leptolida) from Moreton Bay, Queensland, and adjacent regions: a preliminary survey. In: Davie P. J. F. &amp; Philips J. A. (eds). Proceedings of the Thirteen International Marine Biological Workshop, The Marine Fauna and Flora of Moreton Bay, Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, Nature 54 (3): 109 - 149." type="journal article" year="2010">Preker &amp; Lawn (2010</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FAE38D24FAF56957" author="Preker M. &amp; Lawn I. D." box="[1289,1349,352,375]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="32 - 58" refId="ref28551" refString="Preker M., Lawn I. D. 2012. Hydroids from the Heron Island reef flat. Queensland Naturalist 50 (4 - 6): 32 - 58." type="journal article" year="2012">2012</bibRefCitation>
)]. Some specimens, among the materials with heteromerous cladia, are thought to belong to
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8B2C13FB788DDBFA2C6996" authority="Galea, 2008" authorityName="Galea" authorityYear="2008" box="[1170,1436,415,438]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="vervoorti">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FB788DDBFAA56996" box="[1170,1301,415,438]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">H. vervoorti</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FAF18DDBFA2C6996" author="Galea H. R." box="[1307,1436,415,438]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 54" refId="ref26877" refString="Galea H. R. 2008. On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1 - 54." type="journal article" year="2008">Galea, 2008</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(see below under this species), while the taxonomic status of the remaining ones is uncertain in light of the available data (see
<tableCitation id="C68F0303FF8B2C13FC408DBAFBB66A35" box="[938,1030,510,533]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="22.[148,201,1344,1365]" captionTargetBox="[148,1922,611,1220]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Table 2. Literature records included earlier in the synonymy of Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913), but deviating from the present concept of this species (H. stands for Halopteris). N.B.: Italics are used to emphasize the distinguishing characters." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF726630FF952C0DFF7E8904FCD16D52" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" tableUuid="DF726630FF952C0DFF7E8904FCD16D52">Tables 2</tableCitation>
and
<tableCitation id="C68F0303FF8B2C13FBAA8DBAFBE06A35" box="[1088,1104,510,533]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="26.[148,201,1073,1094]" captionTargetBox="[159,1953,1169,1784]" captionText="Table 4. Various records approaching the phenotype of Halopteris vervoorti Galea, 2008, and their possible taxonomic status (L stands for length, Φ for diameter, Ho and He for homo- and heteromerous, respectively, and Ha., He. and A. for Halopteris, Heterotheca and Antennella, respectively)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF726630FF992C01FF7E8875FB436C43" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" tableUuid="DF726630FF992C01FF7E8875FB436C43">4</tableCitation>
). The reexamination of extant specimens, the availability of newly-collected materials, as well as modern, molecular approaches are expected to gradually solve the intricacies of this species group.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF8B2C13FCD58E38FBAC6BCD" blockId="8.[831,1437,258,2075]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">
A sample provisionally identified as
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8B2C13FB068E38FA266AB3" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[1260,1430,636,659]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FB068E38FA266AB3" box="[1260,1430,636,659]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">H. polymorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, originating from the Mediterranean, was first used in a molecular phylogeny by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FBAA8EFEFAA36AF1" author="Leclere L. &amp; Schuchert P. &amp; Manuel M." box="[1088,1299,698,721]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="371 - 394" refId="ref27552" refString="Leclere L., Schuchert P., Manuel M. 2007. Phylogeny of the Plumularioidea (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata): evolution of colonial organization and life cycle. Zoologica Scripta 36: 371 - 394." type="journal article" year="2007">
Leclère
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FB798EFEFB766AF1" box="[1171,1222,698,721]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
(2007)
</bibRefCitation>
.The voucher specimen used in that work (MHNG-INVE-30117, data in
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF8B2C13FCB58EBDFC526B30" box="[863,994,761,784]" captionStart="Appendix 2" captionStartId="37.[148,259,558,581]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Appendix 2. Sample data used for the molecular analyses. GenBank numbers in bold are new sequences. nd = no data." pageId="8" pageNumber="29">Appendix 2</figureCitation>
) was re-examined for the purpose this study. The single cormoid is sterile and thus not reliably identifiable. It resembles
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8B2C13FBA58F7CFB626B6F" authorityName="Galea" authorityYear="2008" box="[1103,1234,824,847]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="vervoorti">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FBA58F7CFB626B6F" box="[1103,1234,824,847]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">H. vervoorti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, notably in having pairs of axillar nemathothecae associated to the cauline hydrothecae. More and especially fertile material is needed for a correct identification, as it likely belongs to an as yet undescribed species, according to the 16S data (
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF8B2C13FCAD8F92FC396BCD" box="[839,905,982,1005]" captionStart="Fig 9" captionStartId="30.[151,183,1941,1962]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,939,1919]" captionTargetId="graphics-311@30.[151,1436,881,1926]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Fig 9. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of Halopterididae species obtained with RAxML (GTR + G + I model) based on 547 bp positions (after Gblock treatment) of the mitochondrial 16S gene. Node-support values are bootstrap values of 100 pseudoreplicates (shown only if&gt; 70%). For more details, see text and Appendix 2. Highlighted in yellow boxes are species discussed in the text, boxed in grey are other species clades with more than one sample, which permit to assess the intraspecific divergences observed in this family." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590684" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590684/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
;
<accessionNumber id="945EAB5BFF8B2C13FC7F8F92FBA06BCD" box="[917,1040,982,1005]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/DQ855922" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">DQ855922</accessionNumber>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF8B2C13FCD58FB1FCC66CE9" blockId="8.[831,1437,258,2075]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8B2C13FCD58FB1FBF16C2C" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[831,1089,1013,1036]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FCD58FB1FBF16C2C" box="[831,1089,1013,1036]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">Halopteris polymorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as presently understood, can be separated from its congeners [see list in
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FAD88851FC396C6B" author="Schuchert P." pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="2017" refId="ref28968" refString="Schuchert P. 2015. Halopteris Allman, 1877. In: Schuchert P. (2017). World Hydrozoa database." type="book chapter" year="2015">Schuchert (2015)</bibRefCitation>
] through a series of morphological features. The following hydroids can be excluded
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FB318810FA816C4B" box="[1243,1329,1108,1131]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">a priori</emphasis>
from the comparison, on the account of a series of diagnostic traits which separate them easily from the species discussed here:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF8B2C13FCD58895FB956D07" blockId="8.[831,1437,258,2075]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">
1) the fascicled habit of their stems [occasional in
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8B2C13FC8F88B5FB206D28" authority="(Busk, 1852)" baseAuthorityName="Busk" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[869,1168,1265,1288]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="campanula">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FC8F88B5FC4D6D28" box="[869,1021,1265,1288]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">H. campanula</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FBE088B5FB396D28" author="Busk G." box="[1034,1161,1265,1288]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="1846 - 1850" refId="ref26399" refString="Busk G. 1852. An account of the Polyzoa and sertularian zoophytes collected in the voyage of the &quot; Rattlesnake &quot; on the coast of Australia and the Louisiade Archipelago, etc. (pp. 343 - 402). In: Macgillivray J. (ed). Narrative of the voyage of H. M. S. Rattlesnake commanded by the late Captain O. Stanley, R. N., F. R. S. etc., during the years 1846 - 1850. Vol. 1. Boone T. &amp; W., London, 402 pp." type="book chapter" year="1852">Busk, 1852</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, common in
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8B2C13FAF088B5FBA96D07" authority="(Stechow, 1923)" baseAuthorityName="Stechow" baseAuthorityYear="1923" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="valdiviae">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FAF088B5FA2C6D28" box="[1306,1436,1265,1288]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">H. valdiviae</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FC878954FBA16D07" author="Stechow E." box="[877,1041,1296,1319]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref29086" refString="Stechow E. 1923. Neue Hydroiden der Deutschen Tiefsee- Expedition, nebst Bemerkungen uber einige andre Formen. Zoologischer Anzeiger 56 (1 - 2): 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="1923">Stechow, 1923</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
];
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF8B2C13FCD58974FAAD6DC4" blockId="8.[831,1437,258,2075]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">
2) their cladia arranged in opposite pairs [
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8B2C13FAF88974FB9D6D46" authority="(Johnston, 1833)" baseAuthorityName="Johnston" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="catharina">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FAF88974FA2D6D67" box="[1298,1437,1328,1351]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">H. catharina</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FC87890BFB956D46" author="Johnston G." box="[877,1061,1359,1382]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="497 - 499" refId="ref27382" refString="Johnston G. 1833. Illustrations in British Zoology (15. Plumularia catharina). Magazine of Natural History 6: 497 - 499." type="journal article" year="1833">Johnston, 1833</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8B2C13FBA3890BFA286D46" authority="(Nutting, 1900)" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[1097,1432,1359,1382]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="clarkei">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FBA3890BFB766D46" box="[1097,1222,1359,1382]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">H. clarkei</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FB0F890BFA206D46" author="Nutting C. C." box="[1253,1424,1359,1382]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 285" refId="ref28108" refString="Nutting C. C. 1900. American hydroids. Part I. The Plumularidae. Special Bulletin of the United States National Museum 4 (1): 1 - 285." type="journal article" year="1900">Nutting, 1900</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8B2C13FC8F892BFBE76DA6" authority="Galea, 2006" authorityName="Galea" authorityYear="2006" box="[869,1111,1391,1414]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="enersis">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FC8F892BFC606DA6" box="[869,976,1391,1414]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">H. enersis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FC3F892BFBE76DA6" author="Galea H. R." box="[981,1111,1391,1414]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="57 - 68" refId="ref26816" refString="Galea H. R. 2006. On two new species of Halopteris Allman, 1877 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Chile. Zootaxa 1165: 57 - 68." type="journal article" year="2006">Galea, 2006</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8B2C13FB8A892BFA286DA6" authority="Millard, 1962" authorityName="Millard" authorityYear="1962" box="[1120,1432,1391,1414]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gemellipara">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FB8A892BFAB06DA6" box="[1120,1280,1391,1414]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">H. gemellipara</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FAEF892BFA286DA6" author="Millard N. A. H." box="[1285,1432,1391,1414]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="261 - 319" refId="ref27779" refString="Millard N. A. H. 1962. The Hydrozoa of the south and west coasts of South Africa. Part I. The Plumulariidae. Annals of the South African Museum 46 (11): 261 - 319." type="journal article" year="1962">Millard, 1962</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8B2C13FC8F89CAFB296D85" authority="(Allman, 1877)" baseAuthorityName="Allman" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[869,1177,1422,1445]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="geminata">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FC8F89CAFC5A6D85" box="[869,1002,1422,1445]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">H. geminata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FC1389CAFB216D85" author="Allman G. J." box="[1017,1169,1422,1445]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 66" refId="ref25915" refString="Allman G. J. 1877. Report on the Hydroida collected during the exploration of the Gulf Stream by L. F. de Pourtales, Assistant United States Coast Survey. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 5 (2): 1 - 66." type="journal article" year="1877">Allman, 1877</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8B2C13FB4E89CAFB9C6DE5" authority="(Mulder &amp; Trebilcock, 1911)" baseAuthorityName="Mulder &amp; Trebilcock" baseAuthorityYear="1911" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="opposita">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FB4E89CAFA926D85" box="[1188,1314,1422,1445]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">H. opposita</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FADA89CAFB946DE5" author="Mulder J. F. &amp; Trebilcock R. E." pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="115 - 124" refId="ref28066" refString="Mulder J. F., Trebilcock R. E. 1911. Notes on Victorian Hydroida, with description of new species. (Continued). Geelong Naturalist (2) 4 (4): 115 - 124." type="journal article" year="1911">Mulder &amp; Trebilcock, 1911</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8B2C13FBD789EAFA286DE5" authority="(Pictet, 1893)" baseAuthorityName="Pictet" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[1085,1432,1454,1477]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="plagiocampa">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FBD789EAFB406DE5" box="[1085,1264,1454,1477]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">H. plagiocampa</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FAEF89EAFA206DE5" author="Pictet C." box="[1285,1424,1454,1477]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 64" refId="ref28297" refString="Pictet C. 1893. Etude sur les Hydraires de la Baie d'Amboine. Revue suisse de Zoologie 1: 1 - 64." type="journal article" year="1893">Pictet, 1893</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8B2C13FC8F8989FAA26DC4" authority="Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003" authorityName="Vervoort &amp; Watson" authorityYear="2003" box="[869,1298,1485,1508]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="prominens">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FC8F8989FC466DC4" box="[869,1014,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">H. prominens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FC168989FAA26DC4" author="Vervoort W. &amp; Watson J. E." box="[1020,1298,1485,1508]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 538" refId="ref29439" refString="Vervoort W., Watson J. E. 2003. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Leptothecata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) (thecate hydroids). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir 119: 1 - 538." type="journal article" year="2003">Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
];
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF8B2C13FCD589A9FB2A6E42" blockId="8.[831,1437,258,2075]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">
3) their gutter-shaped hydrothecae [
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8B2C13FB3989A9FBF26E03" authority="(Mulder &amp; Trebilcock, 1909)" baseAuthorityName="Mulder &amp; Trebilcock" baseAuthorityYear="1909" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="everta">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FB3989A9FA8A6E24" box="[1235,1338,1517,1540]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">H. everta</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FAA689A9FB8A6E03" author="Mulder J. F. &amp; Trebilcock R. E." pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="29 - 35" refId="ref28028" refString="Mulder J. F., Trebilcock R. E. 1909. Notes on Victorian Hydroida, with description of new species. Geelong Naturalist (2) 4 (1): 29 - 35." type="journal article" year="1909">Mulder &amp; Trebilcock, 1909</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
], or 4) their hydrothecae divided by internal septa [
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8B2C13FBC58A68FA286E63" authority="(Billard, 1911)" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[1071,1432,1580,1603]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphragmata">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FBC58A68FB5A6E63" box="[1071,1258,1580,1603]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">H. diaphragmata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FB168A68FA206E63" author="Billard A." box="[1276,1424,1580,1603]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="62 - 71" refId="ref26241" refString="Billard A. 1911. Note preliminaire sur les especes nouvelles de Plumulariidae de l'Expedition du Siboga. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale (5) 8: 62 - 71." type="journal article" year="1911">Billard, 1911</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8B2C13FC8F8A0FFBC26E42" authority="(Billard, 1913)" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[869,1138,1611,1634]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="jedani">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FC8F8A0FFC796E42" box="[869,969,1611,1634]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">H. jedani</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FC3D8A0FFBDA6E42" author="Billard A." box="[983,1130,1611,1634]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard, 1913</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
], or
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF8B2C13FCD58A2EFBAE6E81" blockId="8.[831,1437,258,2075]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">
5) provided with either an abaxial cusp (
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8B2C13FACA8A2EFC4A6E81" authority="Millard, 1975" authorityName="Millard" authorityYear="1975" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rostrata">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FACA8A2EFA2C6EA1" box="[1312,1436,1642,1665]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">H. rostrata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FC8F8ACEFC4A6E81" author="Millard N. A. H." box="[869,1018,1674,1697]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 513" refId="ref27821" refString="Millard N. A. H. 1975. Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 68: 1 - 513." type="journal article" year="1975">Millard, 1975</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) or
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF8B2C13FCD58AEDFAC36EE0" blockId="8.[831,1437,258,2075]" box="[831,1395,1705,1728]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">
6) a longitudinal carina (
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8B2C13FBBA8AEDFAD76EE0" authority="Allman, 1877" authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1104,1383,1705,1728]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="carinata">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FBBA8AEDFB7B6EE0" box="[1104,1227,1705,1728]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">H. carinata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FB3A8AEDFAD76EE0" author="Allman G. J." box="[1232,1383,1705,1728]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 66" refId="ref25915" refString="Allman G. J. 1877. Report on the Hydroida collected during the exploration of the Gulf Stream by L. F. de Pourtales, Assistant United States Coast Survey. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 5 (2): 1 - 66." type="journal article" year="1877">Allman, 1877</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
);
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF8B2C13FCD58A8DFB636EDF" blockId="8.[831,1437,258,2075]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">
7) the presence of two pairs of lateral nematothecae (
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8B2C13FC848AACFB786EDF" authority="Vervoort, 1966" authorityName="Vervoort" authorityYear="1966" box="[878,1224,1768,1791]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="infundibulum">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FC848AACFBAD6EDF" box="[878,1053,1768,1791]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">H. infundibulum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FBC98AACFB786EDF" author="Vervoort W." box="[1059,1224,1768,1791]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="97 - 174" refId="ref29348" refString="Vervoort W. 1966. Bathyal and abyssal hydroids. Scientific Results of the Danish Deep-Sea Expedition 1950 - 1952. Galathea Report 8: 97 - 174." type="book chapter" year="1966">Vervoort, 1966</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF8B2C13FCD58B4CFA866F1E" blockId="8.[831,1437,258,2075]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">
As to the remaining species, their differences to
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8B2C13FCD58B63FC516F1E" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[831,993,1831,1854]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FCD58B63FC516F1E" box="[831,993,1831,1854]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">H. polymorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are summarized in Appendix 1.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF8B2C12FCD58B03FEDF6A19" blockId="8.[831,1437,258,2075]" lastBlockId="9.[151,756,258,857]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">
Among them, according to the phylogenetic tree shown in
<figureCitation id="13362A3DFF8B2C13FCD58B22FCCD6F5D" box="[831,893,1894,1917]" captionStart="Fig 9" captionStartId="30.[151,183,1941,1962]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,939,1919]" captionTargetId="graphics-311@30.[151,1436,881,1926]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Fig 9. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of Halopterididae species obtained with RAxML (GTR + G + I model) based on 547 bp positions (after Gblock treatment) of the mitochondrial 16S gene. Node-support values are bootstrap values of 100 pseudoreplicates (shown only if&gt; 70%). For more details, see text and Appendix 2. Highlighted in yellow boxes are species discussed in the text, boxed in grey are other species clades with more than one sample, which permit to assess the intraspecific divergences observed in this family." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590684" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590684/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8B2C13FC618B22FB9D6F5D" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[907,1069,1894,1917]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FC618B22FB9D6F5D" box="[907,1069,1894,1917]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">H. polymorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comes close to
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8B2C13FB3D8B22FC486FBD" authority="Schuchert, 1997" authorityName="Schuchert" authorityYear="1997" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="platygonotheca">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8B2C13FB3D8B22FA2C6F5D" box="[1239,1436,1894,1917]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="29">H. platygonotheca</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8B2C13FCD58BC2FC486FBD" author="Schuchert P." box="[831,1016,1926,1949]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref28947" refString="Schuchert P. 1997. Review of the family Halopterididae. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 309: 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert, 1997</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Besides notable differences in their respective female gonothecae (pear-shaped in the former, and conspicuously laterally-flattened in the latter), their trophosomes display several common characters: 1) their stem internodes are long and provided with several nematothecae distal to the hydrothecae [commonly 2-3 (but up to 5 possible) in
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8A2C12FE318D66FD306919" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[475,640,290,313]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8A2C12FE318D66FD306919" box="[475,640,290,313]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">H. polymorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and from 1 (sample MHNG-INVE-97943) to 1-3 (sample HRG- 1288) in
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8A2C12FF118D26FE716959" authorityName="Schuchert" authorityYear="1997" box="[251,449,354,377]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="platygonotheca">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8A2C12FF118D26FE716959" box="[251,449,354,377]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">H. platygonotheca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]; 2) the occurrence (regular in the former and occasional in the latter) of an axillar nematotheca behind the cauline hydrothecae; 3) their cladial ahydrothecate internodes are long; 4) the apophyses supporting their lateral nematothecae are inconspicuous, and the thecae themselves do not reach the hydrothecal rim.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF8A2C12FF7D8E06FD3C6B79" blockId="9.[151,756,258,857]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">
Taken together, the previous supposed morphological variability of, and the implicit difficulty in establishing a specific limitation in
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8A2C12FE728EC6FD8C6AB9" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[408,572,642,665]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8A2C12FE728EC6FD8C6AB9" box="[408,572,642,665]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">H. polymorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are now solved through the discovery of additional records in perfect agreement with the
<typeStatus id="54B6881AFF8A2C12FE938E86FE6B6AF9" box="[377,475,706,729]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
designated by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8A2C12FD638E86FF516AD9" author="Schuchert P." pageId="9" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref28947" refString="Schuchert P. 1997. Review of the family Halopterididae. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 309: 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert (1997)</bibRefCitation>
. It is concluded that
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8A2C12FE388EA6FD306AD9" author="Billard A." box="[466,640,738,761]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard’s (1913)</bibRefCitation>
species is well-characterized and morphologically homogenous, as illustrated with the present material belonging to various geographically-distant Indonesian populations.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB236B8FF8A2C12FF7D8F35FDE66C08" blockId="9.[151,756,881,1064]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8A2C12FF7D8F35FE9E6BA8" bold="true" box="[151,302,881,904]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Distribution:</emphasis>
Scattered records from
<collectingCountry id="F31A7628FF8A2C12FDBB8F35FD0D6BA8" box="[593,701,881,904]" name="Indonesia" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
,
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8A2C12FD258F35FD5D6BA8" box="[719,749,881,904]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">viz</emphasis>
. off
<collectingRegion id="49C9F85AFF8A2C12FF298FD5FEF16B88" box="[195,321,913,936]" country="Indonesia" name="Kalimantan Utara" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Kalimantan</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8A2C12FEBC8FD5FE5E6B88" author="Billard A." box="[342,494,913,936]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard, 1913</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D3BFF8A2C12FDEA8FD5FD336B88" authority="Stn." authorityName="Stn." box="[512,643,913,936]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Siboga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8A2C12FDEA8FD5FDFB6B88" box="[512,587,913,936]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Siboga</emphasis>
Stn.
</taxonomicName>
80),
<collectingRegion id="49C9F85AFF8A2C12FD2D8FD5FD446B88" box="[711,756,913,936]" country="Indonesia" name="Bali" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Bali</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingCountry id="F31A7628FF8A2C12FF2E8FF5FEA46BE8" box="[196,276,945,968]" name="Indonesia" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Ambon</collectingCountry>
(present study), Bunaken National Park (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8A2C12FD328FF5FECA6BC8" author="Di Camillo C. G. &amp; Bavestrello G. &amp; Valisano L. &amp; Puce S." pageId="9" pageNumber="30" pagination="1589 - 1599" refId="ref26767" refString="Di Camillo C. G., Bavestrello G., Valisano L., Puce S. 2008. Spatial and temporal distribution in a tropical hydroid assemblage. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88 (8): 1589 - 1599." type="journal article" year="2008">
Di Camillo
<emphasis id="B979EAAAFF8A2C12FF1D8F95FE9A6BC8" box="[247,298,977,1000]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">et al</emphasis>
., 2008
</bibRefCitation>
; present study). Also occurring in
<collectingCountry id="F31A7628FF8A2C12FF7D8FB5FF0C6C28" box="[151,188,1009,1032]" name="Fiji" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Fiji</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8A2C12FF268FB5FE536C28" author="Ryland J. S. &amp; Gibbons M. J." box="[204,483,1009,1032]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" pagination="525 - 560" refId="ref28906" refString="Ryland J. S., Gibbons M. J. 1991. Intertidal and shallow water hydroids from Fiji. II. Plumulariidae and Aglaopheniidae. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 30 (3): 525 - 560." type="journal article" year="1991">Ryland &amp; Gibbons, 1991</bibRefCitation>
). A doubtful record from
<collectingRegion id="49C9F85AFF8A2C12FF7D8855FEA86C08" box="[151,280,1041,1064]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Queensland</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F31A7628FF8A2C12FECB8855FE336C08" box="[289,387,1041,1064]" name="Australia" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B49FF8A2C12FE7B8855FDF96C08" author="Pennycuik P. R." box="[401,585,1041,1064]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" pagination="141 - 210" refId="ref28257" refString="Pennycuik P. R. 1959. Marine and brackish water hydroids. In: Faunistic records from Queensland. Part V. University of Queensland Papers, Department of Zoology 1 (6): 141 - 210." type="journal article" year="1959">Pennycuik, 1959</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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