300 lines
35 KiB
XML
300 lines
35 KiB
XML
<document id="56D58DDEC575D92FA40E3349E2B565DE" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.7666039" ID-ISSN="2305-2562" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7666039" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1677089034480" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Sinclair, Bradley J." docDate="2002" docId="03A39140FFFFFFCAC6AC9D95FE51FD2C" docLanguage="en" docName="AfrInvertebr.43.1.109–122.pdf" docOrigin="African Invertebrates 43" docStyle="DocumentStyle:C20B10C002986E51083406A4EACF003A.3:AfrInvertebr.2001-2007.journal_article" docStyleId="C20B10C002986E51083406A4EACF003A" docStyleName="AfrInvertebr.2001-2007.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Edenophorus stuckenbergi Sinclair 2002, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="122" masterDocId="FF9AE938FFF4FFC7C77F9D5BFFBEFFE3" masterDocTitle="Revision of the South African endemic genus Edenophorus Smith (Diptera: Empididae)" masterLastPageNumber="122" masterPageNumber="109" pageNumber="120" updateTime="1699455179651" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:mods id="5B72D2845530D10B160451699EB57D49" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="75811E813D9E89E6646015ED76EADAB9">
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<mods:title id="EF987247B514325472E0774FFF4056BB">Revision of the South African endemic genus Edenophorus Smith (Diptera: Empididae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="88D67F70A690D3104A71FB5056271BC6" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="DB2E1CADB53CC27323BA016206A5911D">
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<mods:roleTerm id="71248171EDFB167C961758CA4C999C45">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="2B8D6CA71064192BD1A6E16DA7A65187">Sinclair, Bradley J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="6609AB1170A9967F3D4D1B9A057AF350">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="47FAEDB653D63853DD7D2FF01B23A0F6">
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<mods:title id="C3192B16BB3EB16E0DB245DED857DAAC">African Invertebrates</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="8D5CF7791CC2E16DDEB61E0A859DA99C">
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<mods:date id="FBC1883A47C80DA0CF717F18B9F70901">2002</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="FC50FEE09F9614C409C16A6210B1FC8B" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="CBF346F95CFB598D81EEB392BF7F62EF">2002-12-31</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="A21C25679E7CB514121FA5FDC28BDAAE" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="E937910B4ADCBD9156FF333ECD5E220C">43</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent id="B935CDD6B20A1109D4E35BBB5BCFB28E" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="EF9B0CA688D6DEDEB7241F15B2735787">109</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="6EF7837D53E99E674D7D47CA5A3F2677">122</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification id="C5990AFB96E5BBFE459FD269A7488F4E">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="B9F64F2D24BD09268157862A26DE31DA" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.7666039</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="011B8B03BE83E7C353E691D46562C4E7" type="ISSN">2305-2562</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="B1FD9719C65D7B79E36AA53B589FA2DF" type="Zenodo-Dep">7666039</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03A39140FFFFFFCAC6AC9D95FE51FD2C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7666076" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7666076" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A39140FFFFFFCAC6AC9D95FE51FD2C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A39140FFFFFFCAC6AC9D95FE51FD2C" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="122" pageId="11" pageNumber="120">
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<subSubSection id="C31073DDFFFFFFCCC6AC9D95FCE6FF04" box="[467,856,206,231]" pageId="11" pageNumber="120" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB52056FFFFFFCCC6AC9D95FCE6FF04" blockId="11.[181,1142,206,551]" box="[467,856,206,231]" pageId="11" pageNumber="120">
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<heading id="D0FD973AFFFFFFCCC6AC9D95FCE6FF04" box="[467,856,206,231]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="120" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0A5BD5FFFFFFCCC6AC9D95FCABFF04" ID-CoL="38SS2" authority="Sinclair, 2002" authorityName="Sinclair" authorityYear="2002" box="[467,789,206,231]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Edenophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stuckenbergi" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B97EFC44FFFFFFCCC6AC9D95FCABFF04" bold="true" box="[467,789,206,231]" pageId="11" pageNumber="120">Edenophorus stuckenbergi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24D413FFFFFFFCCC4639D95FCE6FF04" box="[796,856,206,231]" pageId="11" pageNumber="120" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31073DDFFFFFFCAC51B9DADFE51FD2C" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="122" pageId="11" pageNumber="120" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB52056FFFFFFCCC51B9DADFD79FEEC" blockId="11.[181,1142,206,551]" box="[612,711,246,271]" pageId="11" pageNumber="120">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13313CD3FFFFFFCCC5129DADFD00FEEC" box="[621,702,246,271]" captionStart="Figs 8–10" captionStartId="6.[144,183,1157,1177]" captionTargetBox="[216,1006,197,1142]" captionTargetId="figure-105@6.[210,1013,193,1149]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 8–10. Edenophorus male terminalia, lateral view. 8. E. hiemalis sp. n. 9. E. simplex sp. n. 10. E. stuckenbergi sp. n. Sclerites of segment 8 marked by dashed outline (not shown in Fig. 9). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. [Abbreviations: cerc = cercus; ej apod = ejaculatory apodeme; epand = epandrium; epand lb = epandrial lobe; goncx apod = gonocoxal apodeme; pgt = postgonite; ph = phallus; sp ch = sperm chamber.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7666047" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7666047/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="120">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB52056FFFFFFCCC7CA9C45FD76FEB4" blockId="11.[181,1142,206,551]" pageId="11" pageNumber="120">
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Etymology: Named in honour of the collector, Brian R. Stuckenberg, who has collected innumerable other new taxa from
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<collectingCountry id="F31D60C6FFFFFFCCC54D9C65FD7DFEB4" box="[562,707,318,343]" name="South Africa" pageId="11" pageNumber="120">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB52056FFFFFFCCC7CA9C3DFD83FE5C" blockId="11.[181,1142,206,551]" pageId="11" pageNumber="120">
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<materialsCitation id="3B622A0BFFFFFFCCC7CA9C3DFD83FE5C" collectingDate="1959-09-19" collectingDateMax="1959-09-22" collectingDateMin="1959-09-19" collectionCode="NMSA" collectorName="B. & P. Stuckenberg" country="South Africa" county="Sevenweekspoort" location="Prov" municipality="Laingsburg Dist" pageId="11" pageNumber="120" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Western Cape" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="54B19EF4FFFFFFCCC7CA9C3DFE9DFE9C" box="[181,291,358,383]" pageId="11" pageNumber="120" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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male labelled:
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<collectingCountry id="F31D60C6FFFFFFCCC6969C3DFD7AFE9C" box="[489,708,358,383]" name="South Africa" pageId="11" pageNumber="120">SOUTH AFRICA</collectingCountry>
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:
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<emphasis id="B97EFC44FFFFFFCCC5AB9C3DFCC3FE9D" box="[724,893,358,382]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="120">
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<collectingRegion id="49CEEEB4FFFFFFCCC5AB9C3DFCC3FE9D" box="[724,893,358,382]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="11" pageNumber="120">Western Cape</collectingRegion>
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</emphasis>
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: ‘
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<collectingCounty id="62D458DAFFFFFFCCC4EA9C3DFBD2FE9C" box="[917,1132,358,383]" pageId="11" pageNumber="120">Sevenweekspoort</collectingCounty>
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/
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BD1BA2CFFFFFFCCC7CA9CDDFED5FE7C" box="[181,363,390,415]" pageId="11" pageNumber="120">Laingsburg Dist</collectingMunicipality>
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/ West.
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<collectingRegion id="49CEEEB4FFFFFFCCC6BF9CDDFE44FE7C" box="[448,506,390,415]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="11" pageNumber="120">Cape</collectingRegion>
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<location id="8ED5768DFFFFFFCCC57D9CDDFD88FE7C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A39140FFFFFFCAC6AC9D95FE51FD2C:8ED5768DFFFFFFCCC57D9CDDFD88FE7C" box="[514,566,390,415]" country="South Africa" county="Sevenweekspoort" municipality="Laingsburg Dist" name="Prov" pageId="11" pageNumber="120" stateProvince="Western Cape">Prov</location>
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/
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<date id="FFB40696FFFFFFCCC5399CDDFCBBFE7C" box="[582,773,390,415]" pageId="11" pageNumber="120" value="1959-09-19" valueMax="1959-09-22" valueMin="1959-09-19">
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<collectingDate id="EFF0FF7EFFFFFFCCC5399CDDFCBBFE7C" box="[582,773,390,415]" pageId="11" pageNumber="120" value="1959-09-19" valueMax="1959-09-22" valueMin="1959-09-19">19–22 Sept 1959</collectingDate>
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</date>
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/
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<collectorName id="26FF4580FFFFFFCCC4699CDDFC42FE7C" box="[790,1020,390,415]" pageId="11" pageNumber="120">B. & P. Stuckenberg</collectorName>
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[head, left wing missing] [all caps]’ (
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<collectionCode id="ED1BB893FFFFFFCCC6A69CFDFD8EFE5C" box="[473,560,422,447]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34985" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34985" name="KwaZulu-Natal Museum" pageId="11" pageNumber="120" type="Museum">NMSA</collectionCode>
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).
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB52056FFFFFFCCC7CA9C95FD9AFDC4" blockId="11.[181,1142,206,551]" pageId="11" pageNumber="120">Recognition: This species is distinguished by the absence of cell dm, pale legs, and male terminalia with sharp, blade-like setae arising from the cerci, and with the epandrial lobe strongly bent at mid-length.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB52056FFFFFFCCC7CA9F6CFEFFFDB3" blockId="11.[181,321,567,592]" box="[181,321,567,592]" pageId="11" pageNumber="120">Description:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB52056FFFFFFCCC7CA9F3AFF49FD99" blockId="11.[181,247,609,634]" box="[181,247,609,634]" pageId="11" pageNumber="120">Male:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB52056FFFFFFCCC7CA9FD1FE57FD40" blockId="11.[181,489,650,675]" box="[181,489,650,675]" pageId="11" pageNumber="120">
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<emphasis id="B97EFC44FFFFFFCCC7CA9FD1FF4CFD41" box="[181,242,650,674]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="120">Head</emphasis>
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: Missing in
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<typeStatus id="54B19EF4FFFFFFCCC6009FD1FE5BFD40" box="[383,485,650,675]" pageId="11" pageNumber="120" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB52056FFFFFFCCC7CA9FEFFC95FC4E" blockId="11.[181,1142,692,1669]" pageId="11" pageNumber="120">
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<emphasis id="B97EFC44FFFFFFCCC7CA9FEFFEB7FD2F" box="[181,265,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="120">Thorax</emphasis>
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: Dusted entirely with grey pruinescence. Thoracic setae generally short, slender, pale, reduced to numerous rows: Acr biserial; at least 9 dc, uniserial, gradually increasing in length posteriorly with prescutellar dc stout, similar to pprn; inter-alar setulae scattered, extending to wing base; 2 pprn (lower directed anteriorly, upper directed dorsomedially) and several short setulae; 1 ph; 3 npl, upper shortest; 1 pal; 4 sctl, inner pair stouter and twice length of outer pair. Antepronotum with 2 pairs of short, pale setae; upper half of anepisternum obscured by pin; precoxal bridge with 2 setae above fore coxa.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB52056FFFFFFCCC7AF9EEFFE04FBEE" blockId="11.[181,1142,692,1669]" pageId="11" pageNumber="120">Legs: Pale yellow (concolorous with halter), apical tarsomeres darker. Fore coxa with with several stout, long, lateral pale setae; segments clothed in fine pale setulae, lacking modified setae.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB52056FFFFFFCCC7AF994FFD9CFB6E" blockId="11.[181,1142,692,1669]" pageId="11" pageNumber="120">
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Wings (length
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<quantity id="4CF28DB3FFFFFFCCC609994FFE6FFBCE" box="[374,465,1044,1069]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="11" pageNumber="120" unit="mm" value="1.6">1.6 mm</quantity>
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): Stigma indistinct. Venation similar to other species, except crossvein dm-cu absent; M vein reduced in strength, medial fork U-shaped, petiole or stem slightly shorter than fork; M
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<subScript id="178E2213FFFFFFCCC547993EFDFEFB90" attach="left" box="[568,576,1125,1139]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="120">1</subScript>
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not strongly arched towards wing margin, nearly parallel with R
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<subScript id="178E2213FFFFFFCCC62399DEFEC8FB70" attach="left" box="[348,374,1157,1171]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="120">4+5</subScript>
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. Halter yellow.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB52056FFFFFFCCC7CA99C7FE2FFB16" blockId="11.[181,1142,692,1669]" pageId="11" pageNumber="120">
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<emphasis id="B97EFC44FFFFFFCCC7CA99C7FEA1FB57" box="[181,287,1180,1204]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="120">Abdomen</emphasis>
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: Lightly dusted greyish brown, concolorous with scutum. T8 broad, one-half length of preceding tergite; S8 divided into pair of rounded, lateral sclerites, not articulated with T7.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB52056FFFFFFCCC7AF99A7FD87F9F6" blockId="11.[181,1142,692,1669]" pageId="11" pageNumber="120">
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Terminalia (
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<figureCitation id="13313CD3FFFFFFCCC61899A7FE79FAF6" box="[359,455,1276,1301]" captionStart="Figs 8–10" captionStartId="6.[144,183,1157,1177]" captionTargetBox="[216,1006,197,1142]" captionTargetId="figure-105@6.[210,1013,193,1149]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 8–10. Edenophorus male terminalia, lateral view. 8. E. hiemalis sp. n. 9. E. simplex sp. n. 10. E. stuckenbergi sp. n. Sclerites of segment 8 marked by dashed outline (not shown in Fig. 9). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. [Abbreviations: cerc = cercus; ej apod = ejaculatory apodeme; epand = epandrium; epand lb = epandrial lobe; goncx apod = gonocoxal apodeme; pgt = postgonite; ph = phallus; sp ch = sperm chamber.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7666047" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7666047/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="120">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
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): Held upright, cercus anterior; partially retracted into segment 8. Cercus thickly sclerotised, with 3 stout apical setae and posterior row of 4 blade-like, pointed setae. Epandrium with finger-like lobe projected dorsally, sharply bent at mid-length. Hypandrium reduced to series of slender sclerites; hypandrial bridge broad, with greatly expanded, horizontally projected gonocoxal apodemes. Phallus with enlarged basal sperm chamber; ejaculatory apodeme inverted Y-shaped, broad, stout, articulated at base of chamber, subequal to onehalf length of terminalia. Postgonite tapered to small rounded apex, extended ventrally to near base of phallus.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB52056FFFFFFCCC7CA9B7FFD8BF9DE" blockId="11.[181,1142,692,1669]" box="[181,565,1572,1597]" pageId="11" pageNumber="120">Female: Uncertain (see Remarks).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB52056FFFFFFCCC7CA9B17FBFCF966" blockId="11.[181,1142,692,1669]" pageId="11" pageNumber="120">
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Additional material examined:
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<materialsCitation id="3B622A0BFFFFFFCCC53F9B17FB80F966" collectingDate="1964-10-14" collectionCode="NMSA" collectorName="B. & P. Stuckenberg" country="South Africa" location="Calvinia District" municipality="Nieuwoudtville Area" pageId="11" pageNumber="120" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Northern Cape">
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<collectingCountry id="F31D60C6FFFFFFCCC53F9B17FC9EF986" box="[576,800,1612,1637]" name="South Africa" pageId="11" pageNumber="120">SOUTH AFRICA</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
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<emphasis id="B97EFC44FFFFFFCCC44F9B17FC55F987" box="[816,1003,1612,1636]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="120">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CEEEB4FFFFFFCCC44F9B17FC55F987" box="[816,1003,1612,1636]" country="South Africa" name="Northern Cape" pageId="11" pageNumber="120">Northern Cape</collectingRegion>
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</emphasis>
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:
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<specimenCount id="9D0CEBDFFFFFFFCCC37F9B17FBCFF986" box="[1024,1137,1612,1637]" pageId="11" pageNumber="120" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
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||
,
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BD1BA2CFFFFFFCCC7CA9B37FE1CF966" box="[181,418,1644,1669]" pageId="11" pageNumber="120">Nieuwoudtville Area</collectingMunicipality>
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||
,
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<location id="8ED5768DFFFFFFCCC6D19B37FDD5F966" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A39140FFFFFFCAC6AC9D95FE51FD2C:8ED5768DFFFFFFCCC6D19B37FDD5F966" box="[430,619,1644,1669]" country="South Africa" municipality="Nieuwoudtville Area" name="Calvinia District" pageId="11" pageNumber="120" stateProvince="Northern Cape">Calvinia District</location>
|
||
,
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<date id="FFB40696FFFFFFCCC5099B37FD59F966" box="[630,743,1644,1669]" pageId="11" pageNumber="120" value="1964-10-14">
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<collectingDate id="EFF0FF7EFFFFFFCCC5099B37FD59F966" box="[630,743,1644,1669]" pageId="11" pageNumber="120" value="1964-10-14">14.x.1964</collectingDate>
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</date>
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,
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<collectorName id="26FF4580FFFFFFCCC58B9B37FC6EF966" box="[756,976,1644,1669]" pageId="11" pageNumber="120">B.& P. Stuckenberg</collectorName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1BB893FFFFFFCCC4A09B37FB88F966" box="[991,1078,1644,1669]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34985" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34985" name="KwaZulu-Natal Museum" pageId="11" pageNumber="120" type="Museum">NMSA</collectionCode>
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||
)
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF7570DEFFF8FFCBC7F09F93FE26FCEF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7666049" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7666049" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7666049/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" startId="12.[143,176,712,732]" targetBox="[154,1086,203,695]" targetPageId="12">
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<paragraph id="8BB52056FFF8FFCBC7F09F93FE26FCEF" blockId="12.[143,1104,705,780]" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">
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Fig. 11. Known distribution of species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0A5BD5FFF8FFCBC5799F93FDC1FD3F" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1969" box="[518,639,712,732]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Edenophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B97EFC44FFF8FFCBC5799F93FDC1FD3F" box="[518,639,712,732]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">Edenophorus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. =
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<taxonomicName id="4C0A5BD5FFF8FFCBC5CD9F93FCA6FD3F" authority="Sinclair, 2002" authorityName="Sinclair" authorityYear="2002" box="[690,792,712,732]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Edenophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hiemalis" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B97EFC44FFF8FFCBC5CD9F93FCA6FD3F" box="[690,792,712,732]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">E. hiemalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24D413FFFF8FFCBC4629F93FCF1FD3F" box="[797,847,712,732]" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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, =
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A5BD5FFF8FFCBC4FB9F93FC6DFD3F" authority="Sinclair, 2002" authorityName="Sinclair" authorityYear="2002" box="[900,979,712,732]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Edenophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="irwini" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EFC44FFF8FFCBC4FB9F93FC6DFD3F" box="[900,979,712,732]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">E. irwini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24D413FFFF8FFCBC4A69F93FBB5FD3F" box="[985,1035,712,732]" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, • =
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A5BD5FFF8FFCBC3449F93FED3FD17" authority="Smith" authorityName="Smith" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Edenophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="knysna">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EFC44FFF8FFCBC3449F93FE90FD17" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">E. knysna</emphasis>
|
||
Smith
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, =
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A5BD5FFF8FFCBC6D99FBBFDA9FD17" authority="Sinclair, 2002" authorityName="Sinclair" authorityYear="2002" box="[422,535,736,756]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Edenophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigricans" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EFC44FFF8FFCBC6D99FBBFDA9FD17" box="[422,535,736,756]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">E. nigricans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24D413FFFF8FFCBC5619FBBFDECFD17" box="[542,594,736,756]" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, =
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A5BD5FFF8FFCBC5F99FBBFD58FD17" authority="Sinclair, 2002" authorityName="Sinclair" authorityYear="2002" box="[646,742,736,756]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Edenophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplex" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EFC44FFF8FFCBC5F99FBBFD58FD17" box="[646,742,736,756]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">E. simplex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24D413FFFF8FFCBC5919FBBFC9CFD17" box="[750,802,736,756]" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EFC44FFF8FFCBC4529FB8FCFAFD15" bold="true" box="[813,836,739,758]" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">!</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EFC44FFF8FFCBC4339FBBFC75FD17" box="[844,971,736,756]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">
|
||
=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A5BD5FFF8FFCBC41D9FBBFC75FD17" authority="Sinclair, 2002" authorityName="Sinclair" authorityYear="2002" box="[866,971,736,756]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Edenophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinosus" status="sp. nov.">E. spinosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24D413FFFF8FFCBC4AD9FBBFBBEFD17" box="[978,1024,736,756]" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" rank="species">sp. n</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EFC44FFF8FFCBC35A9FBBFEDCFCEF" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">
|
||
=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A5BD5FFF8FFCBC3449FBBFEDCFCEF" authority="Sinclair, 2002" authorityName="Sinclair" authorityYear="2002" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Edenophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stuckenbergi" status="sp. nov.">E. stuckenbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24D413FFFF8FFCBC6189FA3FE26FCEF" box="[359,408,760,780]" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB52056FFF8FFCBC7EF9E1CFE6BFC43" blockId="12.[144,1104,839,928]" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">
|
||
Remarks: The female specimen is not included in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B19EF4FFF8FFCBC5A39E1CFCB2FC83" box="[732,780,839,864]" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series, although it is possibly conspecific based on the wing venation. A male from this locality would help to clarify the identity of this specimen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB52056FFF8FFCBC56D9E8BFD72FC07" blockId="12.[144,1105,976,1675]" box="[530,716,976,996]" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">ZOOGEOGRAPHY</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB52056FFF8FFCBC7EF9EA9FEA9FBE8" blockId="12.[144,1105,976,1675]" box="[144,279,1010,1035]" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">Distribution</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB52056FFF8FFCBC7D59949FDB5FB68" blockId="12.[144,1105,976,1675]" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">
|
||
Although based on very few records, this genus exhibits a common empidoid distribution in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31D60C6FFF8FFCBC6449969FE6EFBA8" box="[315,464,1074,1099]" name="South Africa" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
. It is primarily confined to east and south of the Great Escarpment, and to the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CEEEB4FFF8FFCBC6EB9909FE70FB88" box="[404,462,1106,1131]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">Cape</collectingRegion>
|
||
Fold Belt (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13313CD3FFF8FFCBC5349909FD22FB88" box="[587,668,1106,1131]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[143,176,712,732]" captionTargetBox="[154,1086,203,695]" captionTargetId="figure-9@12.[146,1098,163,697]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 11. Known distribution of species of Edenophorus. = E. hiemalis sp. n., = E. irwini sp. n., • = E. knysna Smith, = E. nigricans sp. n., = E. simplex sp. n.,! = E. spinosus sp. n, = E. stuckenbergi sp. n." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7666049" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7666049/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
). Similar patterns are also illustrated in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B5DA7FFF8FFCBC7EF9929FE9AFB68" author="SMITH, K. G. V." box="[144,292,1138,1163]" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" pagination="1 - 342" refId="ref6792" refString="SMITH, K. G. V. 1969. The Empididae of southern Africa (Diptera). Annals of the Natal Museum 19: 1 - 342." type="journal article" year="1969">Smith (1969)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B5DA7FFF8FFCBC6249929FDB8FB68" author="SINCLAIR, B. J." box="[347,518,1138,1163]" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" pagination="215 - 238" refId="ref6697" refString="SINCLAIR, B. J. 1996. Revision of the southern Africa genus Acarterus Loew (Diptera: Empidoidea; Hybotinae), with description of seven new species. Annals of the Natal Mus eum 37: 215 - 238." type="journal article" year="1996">Sinclair (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB52056FFF8FFCBC7D599C9FEBAFAC8" blockId="12.[144,1105,976,1675]" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">
|
||
The genus occurs in two widely separated areas, though this may be a collecting artefact. The two species in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CEEEB4FFF8FFCBC6B899E9FDC9FB28" box="[455,631,1202,1227]" country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">KwaZulu-Natal</collectingRegion>
|
||
were found at the same place, and in midwinter (June/July), when collecting of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A5BD5FFF8FFCBC5459989FD30FB08" box="[570,654,1234,1259]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not normally undertaken. The locality has been visited frequently over many years in spring and summer by numerous
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A5BD5FFF8FFCBC48399A9FBEEFAE8" box="[1020,1104,1266,1291]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
collectors.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB52056FFF8FFCAC7D59869FD2AFEC4" blockId="12.[144,1105,976,1675]" lastBlockId="13.[181,1142,206,719]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="122" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">
|
||
The two known localities for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A5BD5FFF8FFCBC6929869FDE6FAA9" box="[493,600,1330,1354]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Edenophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="knysna">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EFC44FFF8FFCBC6929869FDE6FAA9" box="[493,600,1330,1354]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">E. knysna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are damp sites within indigenous forests. The other species of the SW
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CEEEB4FFF8FFCBC6EA9809FE70FA88" box="[405,462,1362,1387]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">Cape</collectingRegion>
|
||
come from completely different habitats. Both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A5BD5FFF8FFCBC4AC9809FBEEFA89" authorityName="Sinclair" authorityYear="2002" box="[979,1104,1362,1386]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Edenophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EFC44FFF8FFCBC4AC9809FBEEFA89" box="[979,1104,1362,1386]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">E. spinosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A5BD5FFF8FFCBC7BE9829FEF5FA69" authorityName="Sinclair" authorityYear="2002" box="[193,331,1394,1418]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Edenophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigricans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EFC44FFF8FFCBC7BE9829FEF5FA69" box="[193,331,1394,1418]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">E. nigricans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were found in the Pakhuis section of the Cederberg Range, an area with a rich Fynbos montane shrubland flora and no forest.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A5BD5FFF8FFCBC45A98C9FBEEFA49" authorityName="Sinclair" authorityYear="2002" box="[805,1104,1426,1450]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Edenophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stuckenbergi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EFC44FFF8FFCBC45A98C9FBEEFA49" box="[805,1104,1426,1450]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">Edenophorus stuckenbergi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was also from montane sites with Fynbos. The dipteran fauna of Fynbos is rich in endemics, and the influence of the winter-rainfall regime is marked, with most of the insect fauna emerging in early spring when the flora comes into flower (Stuckenberg, pers. comm.). The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B19EF4FFF8FFCBC6239B49FE32F9C8" box="[348,396,1554,1579]" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A5BD5FFF8FFCBC57A9B49FDC9F9C9" authorityName="Sinclair" authorityYear="2002" box="[517,631,1554,1578]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Edenophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EFC44FFF8FFCBC57A9B49FDC9F9C9" box="[517,631,1554,1578]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">E. simplex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in southern Namaqualand is very different. This locality is in a highly distinctive region known as the Knersvlakte. It is an arid terrain of sandy flats and low, rounded hills; rainfall usually is less than
|
||
<quantity id="4CF28DB3FFF8FFCBC4B99B09FB9AF988" box="[966,1060,1618,1643]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" unit="mm" value="150.0">150 mm</quantity>
|
||
per annum, and the flora is low, shrubby, and dominated by succulents with a very high level of endemicity.Although the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B19EF4FFF9FFCAC5549D95FDE5FF04" box="[555,603,206,231]" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality was stated to be at the confluence of two rivers, these in fact are dry sandy watercourses that rarely and then only briefly have water in them (Stuckenberg, pers. comm.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB52056FFF9FFCAC7CA9C6DFE3CFEAC" blockId="13.[181,1142,206,719]" box="[181,386,310,335]" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">Gondwanan taxon</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB52056FFF9FFCAC7AF9C0DFEA5FDCC" blockId="13.[181,1142,206,719]" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">
|
||
The rarity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A5BD5FFF9FFCAC6129C0DFDBCFE8D" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1969" box="[365,514,342,366]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Edenophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EFC44FFF9FFCAC6129C0DFDBCFE8D" box="[365,514,342,366]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">Edenophorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with only
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D0CEBDFFFF9FFCAC5F59C0DFC9BFE8C" box="[650,805,342,367]" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" type="generic">14 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
obtained in over 40 years of intensive collecting of flies in many parts of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31D60C6FFF9FFCAC5F29C2DFCA4FE6C" box="[653,794,374,399]" name="South Africa" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
, suggests small, highly localised populations, with the adult stage limited to brief periods. Nevertheless, the mid-winter presence of adults in the Karkloof suggests a relict status. This scenario is similar to the apparently gondwanan rhagionid genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A5BD5FFF9FFCAC5039C8DFCD6FE0C" authority="White" authorityName="White" box="[636,872,470,495]" class="Insecta" family="Rhagionidae" genus="Atherimorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EFC44FFF9FFCAC5039C8DFCA7FE0D" box="[636,793,470,494]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">Atherimorpha</emphasis>
|
||
White
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which some species have been found only in winter, including one collected by the author together with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A5BD5FFF9FFCAC3229CADFEAAFDCD" authorityName="Sinclair" authorityYear="2002" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Edenophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hiemalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EFC44FFF9FFCAC3229CADFEAAFDCD" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">E. hiemalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB52056FFF9FFCAC7AF9F6DFE51FD2C" blockId="13.[181,1142,206,719]" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">
|
||
On the basis of the above discussion, and given its proposed sister-group relationship with the clade
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A5BD5FFF9FFCAC6239F0DFE41FD8D" box="[348,511,598,622]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Empidadelpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EFC44FFF9FFCAC6239F0DFE41FD8D" box="[348,511,598,622]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">Empidadelpha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A5BD5FFF9FFCAC55F9F0DFD36FD8C" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1804" box="[544,648,598,623]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Empidini">Empidini</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A5BD5FFF9FFCAC5D79F0DFD41FD8C" authorityName="Collin" authorityYear="1961" box="[680,767,598,623]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hilarini">Hilarini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see Phylogenetic relationships),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A5BD5FFF9FFCAC7CA9F2DFEF4FD6D" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1969" box="[181,330,630,654]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Edenophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EFC44FFF9FFCAC7CA9F2DFEF4FD6D" box="[181,330,630,654]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">Edenophorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be classified as a gondwanan element. It is unrelated to any other African or palearctic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A5BD5FFF9FFCAC6E59FCDFDABFD4C" box="[410,533,662,687]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Empidinae">Empidinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A5BD5FFF9FFCAC5349FCDFD52FD4D" box="[587,748,662,686]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Empidadelpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EFC44FFF9FFCAC5349FCDFD52FD4D" box="[587,748,662,686]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">Empidadelpha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is presently known only from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31D60C6FFF9FFCAC34C9FCDFBCCFD4C" box="[1075,1138,662,687]" name="Chile" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">Chile</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31D60C6FFF9FFCAC7CA9FEDFEF5FD2C" box="[181,331,694,719]" name="New Zealand" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31D60C6FFF9FFCAC6FF9FEDFE54FD2C" box="[384,490,694,719]" name="Australia" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |