425 lines
70 KiB
XML
425 lines
70 KiB
XML
<document id="557CD44FE3203CF4F779CF4D0289B49B" ID-CLB-Dataset="32707" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4290.3.10" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c8d3ade9-e103-4cbd-9685-0cc21c87facb" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="829149" ID-ZooBank="BA284A60-BECD-45E2-992A-2DA92EBE04E8" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1500110910760" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Ibarra-Polesel, Mario G., Valle, Nestor G., Neita-Moreno, Jhon C. & Damborsky, Miryam P." docDate="2017" docId="039D87C7FFD3CD707282F9EAA0E753FA" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4290.3.10.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4290 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Phileurus valgus Olivier 1789" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="578" masterDocId="FFA4FFBFFFD2CD777215FFDCA43C5419" masterDocTitle="Description of the pupa and redescription of the third instar of Phileurus valgus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Phileurini)" masterLastPageNumber="580" masterPageNumber="571" pageNumber="572" updateTime="1698465428355" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="0D12BCD802E05734C3F21C89C4E8F36D">Description of the pupa and redescription of the third instar of Phileurus valgus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Phileurini)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="5589775876CCEA7C5C7A122AA4022A42" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="29276D78BB569DD1C144AFD4E3BFA91D">Ibarra-Polesel, Mario G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="30136E6C7EFE16B5A35C50BA4B9E1430">Valle, Nestor G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="176179C50B69B2FDD64FC6EA47EE1E36" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="4E651F323D20253433095D6179C3FD09">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="979DCFBA35381F5AD2CB3470EFFAA04F">Neita-Moreno, Jhon C.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="E3383BAD4272CAABAA31A2204ABB636F" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="2E83666E3239BA3507E9B8C4E24EF604">Damborsky, Miryam P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="113903950A5A5C7C1597501BD74955E6">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="ECA25DE78F860A17AC2F800E70B991BA">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="8703049F341F1E0412DC6C97155C6B5E">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="C42F3622ED7A82834C80CA113DA25FB5">4290</mods:number>
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<treatment id="039D87C7FFD3CD707282F9EAA0E753FA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6031653" ID-GBIF-Taxon="132549427" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6031653" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039D87C7FFD3CD707282F9EAA0E753FA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D87C7FFD3CD707282F9EAA0E753FA" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="578" pageId="1" pageNumber="572">
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<subSubSection id="C32E655AFFD3CD767282F9EAA51C526B" pageId="1" pageNumber="572" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B8B36D1FFD3CD767282F9EAA6205249" blockId="1.[151,540,1590,1650]" box="[151,540,1590,1616]" pageId="1" pageNumber="572">
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<heading id="D0C381BDFFD3CD767282F9EAA6205249" bold="true" box="[151,540,1590,1616]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="572" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C344D52FFD3CD767282F9EAA6205249" authority="Olivier, 1789" authorityName="Olivier" authorityYear="1789" box="[151,540,1590,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Phileurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="572" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="valgus">
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<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD3CD767282F9EAA6205249" bold="true" box="[151,540,1590,1616]" pageId="1" pageNumber="572">
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<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD3CD767282F9EAA55F5249" bold="true" box="[151,355,1590,1616]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="572">Phileurus valgus</emphasis>
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(Olivier, 1789)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8B36D1FFD3CD767282F985A51C526B" blockId="1.[151,540,1590,1650]" box="[151,288,1625,1650]" pageId="1" pageNumber="572">
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(
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<figureCitation id="130F2A54FFD3CD76728AF985A52B526B" box="[159,279,1625,1650]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1 – 7" captionStart-1="FIGURES 8 – 11" captionStart-2="FIGURES 12 – 14" captionStartId-0="3.[151,264,1883,1906]" captionStartId-1="5.[151,264,1378,1401]" captionStartId-2="6.[151,264,1735,1758]" captionTargetBox-0="[206,1369,205,1844]" captionTargetBox-1="[159,1433,199,1349]" captionTargetBox-2="[159,1415,458,1706]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[197,1384,193,1859]" captionTargetId-1="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1357]" captionTargetId-2="figure@6.[151,1436,445,1714]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionText-0="FIGURES 1 – 7. Phileurus valgus, third instar. 1, Cranium, frontal view; 2, epipharynx; 3, left mandible, dorsal view (A), lateral view (B), and ventral view (C); 4, right mandible, ventral view (A), lateral view (B), and dorsal view (C); 5, left maxilla, dorsal view (A), apex of mala showing unci (B), and stridulatory teeth of maxilla (C); 6, dorsal view of labium; 7, terminal segment of antenna in dorsal view, with four (A), three (B), and two (C) sensory spots and ventral view of terminal segment (D)." captionText-1="FIGURES 8 – 11. Phileurus valgus, third instar. 8, Spiracles, prothoracic (A), first abdominal (B), and spiracular holes (C); 9, prothoracic (A), mesothoracic (C), and metathoracic (E) claws in dorsal view, and lateral view of protarsus (B), mesotarsus (D), and metatarsus (F); 10, third instar, entire body in lateral view; 11, terminal abdominal segment, ventral view." captionText-2="FIGURES 12 – 14. Phileurus valgus, pupa. 12, Male pupa in dorsal view (A), ventral view (B), and lateral view (C); 13, male pupa, ventral view of apex with genital ampulla; 14, female pupa, ventral view of apex with genital ampulla." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/829151/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/829153/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/829155/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="572">Figs. 1–14</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32E655AFFD3CD707282F97DA0E753FA" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="578" pageId="1" pageNumber="572" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B8B36D1FFD3CD757282F97DA52C5329" blockId="1.[151,1437,1697,2010]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,151,1985]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="573" pageId="1" pageNumber="572">
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<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD3CD767282F97DA51252A3" bold="true" box="[151,302,1697,1722]" pageId="1" pageNumber="572">Third instar.</emphasis>
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Dorsal body length
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<quantity id="4CCC9B34FFD3CD767005F97EA64952A0" box="[528,629,1698,1722]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.49" pageId="1" pageNumber="572" unit="mm" value="74.9">74.9 mm</quantity>
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, width
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<quantity id="4CCC9B34FFD3CD7670D2F97EA71052A0" box="[711,812,1698,1722]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0699999999999998" pageId="1" pageNumber="572" unit="mm" value="10.7">10.7 mm</quantity>
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, weight
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<quantity id="4CCC9B34FFD3CD76719FF97EA7F852A3" box="[906,964,1698,1722]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.9" pageId="1" pageNumber="572" unit="g" value="2.9">2.9 g</quantity>
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.
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<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD3CD7671DBF97DA00652A3" bold="true" box="[974,1082,1697,1722]" pageId="1" pageNumber="572">Cranium</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="130F2A54FFD3CD76765FF97DA0B752A3" box="[1098,1163,1697,1722]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 7" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1883,1906]" captionTargetBox="[206,1369,205,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[197,1384,193,1859]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 7. Phileurus valgus, third instar. 1, Cranium, frontal view; 2, epipharynx; 3, left mandible, dorsal view (A), lateral view (B), and ventral view (C); 4, right mandible, ventral view (A), lateral view (B), and dorsal view (C); 5, left maxilla, dorsal view (A), apex of mala showing unci (B), and stridulatory teeth of maxilla (C); 6, dorsal view of labium; 7, terminal segment of antenna in dorsal view, with four (A), three (B), and two (C) sensory spots and ventral view of terminal segment (D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829151/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="572">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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): Width of head capsule
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<quantity id="4CCC9B34FFD3CD767282F919A51F52C4" box="[151,291,1733,1758]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.85" metricValueMax="5.1" metricValueMin="4.6" pageId="1" pageNumber="572" unit="mm" value="4.85" valueMax="5.1" valueMin="4.6">4.6–5.1 mm</quantity>
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. Color yellowish brown/orange brown. Surface with wrinkles and a fine chagrin. Frons with small, shallow pits sparsely and irregularly over the anterior third. Epicraneal, frontal, and clypeofrontal suture distinct.
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<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD3CD767282F8D1A4E0533F" bold="true" box="[151,220,1805,1830]" pageId="1" pageNumber="572">Frons</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="130F2A54FFD3CD7672FBF8D1A50E533F" box="[238,306,1805,1830]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 7" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1883,1906]" captionTargetBox="[206,1369,205,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[197,1384,193,1859]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 7. Phileurus valgus, third instar. 1, Cranium, frontal view; 2, epipharynx; 3, left mandible, dorsal view (A), lateral view (B), and ventral view (C); 4, right mandible, ventral view (A), lateral view (B), and dorsal view (C); 5, left maxilla, dorsal view (A), apex of mala showing unci (B), and stridulatory teeth of maxilla (C); 6, dorsal view of labium; 7, terminal segment of antenna in dorsal view, with four (A), three (B), and two (C) sensory spots and ventral view of terminal segment (D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829151/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="572">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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): Surface with 4 anterior frontal setae and 1–2 exterior frontal setae; each anterior angle with 1–2 setae and 4–6 posterior frontal setae. Remaining cranial surface with 4–6 dorsoepicranial setae on each side, 24–30 epicranial setae distributed irregularly or in row, and 3 paraocellar setae on each side. Ocellus absent.
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<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD3CD767729F889A1A05377" bold="true" box="[1340,1436,1877,1902]" pageId="1" pageNumber="572">Clypeus</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="130F2A54FFD3CD76728AF8A5A4DE538B" box="[159,226,1913,1938]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 7" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1883,1906]" captionTargetBox="[206,1369,205,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[197,1384,193,1859]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 7. Phileurus valgus, third instar. 1, Cranium, frontal view; 2, epipharynx; 3, left mandible, dorsal view (A), lateral view (B), and ventral view (C); 4, right mandible, ventral view (A), lateral view (B), and dorsal view (C); 5, left maxilla, dorsal view (A), apex of mala showing unci (B), and stridulatory teeth of maxilla (C); 6, dorsal view of labium; 7, terminal segment of antenna in dorsal view, with four (A), three (B), and two (C) sensory spots and ventral view of terminal segment (D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829151/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="572">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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): Form trapezoidal. Surface of postclypeus yellowish brown, well sclerotized, with punctures smaller than those on frons; with 2 central setae and 2 lateral setae on each side. Surface of preclypeus light brown and without punctures.
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<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD3CD767301F81DA54453C3" bold="true" box="[276,376,1985,2010]" pageId="1" pageNumber="572">Labrum</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="130F2A54FFD3CD76739FF81DA5F253C3" box="[394,462,1985,2010]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 7" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1883,1906]" captionTargetBox="[206,1369,205,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[197,1384,193,1859]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 7. Phileurus valgus, third instar. 1, Cranium, frontal view; 2, epipharynx; 3, left mandible, dorsal view (A), lateral view (B), and ventral view (C); 4, right mandible, ventral view (A), lateral view (B), and dorsal view (C); 5, left maxilla, dorsal view (A), apex of mala showing unci (B), and stridulatory teeth of maxilla (C); 6, dorsal view of labium; 7, terminal segment of antenna in dorsal view, with four (A), three (B), and two (C) sensory spots and ventral view of terminal segment (D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829151/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="572">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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): Slightly asymmetrical, with some discal punctures similar to those of postclypeus, with 12 posterolateral labral setae, 1 lateral seta on each side and 2 central setae.
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<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD0CD75764EFF4BA0D754A9" bold="true" box="[1115,1259,151,176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Epipharynx</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="130F2A54FFD0CD7576E8FF4BA17A54A9" box="[1277,1350,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 7" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1883,1906]" captionTargetBox="[206,1369,205,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[197,1384,193,1859]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 7. Phileurus valgus, third instar. 1, Cranium, frontal view; 2, epipharynx; 3, left mandible, dorsal view (A), lateral view (B), and ventral view (C); 4, right mandible, ventral view (A), lateral view (B), and dorsal view (C); 5, left maxilla, dorsal view (A), apex of mala showing unci (B), and stridulatory teeth of maxilla (C); 6, dorsal view of labium; 7, terminal segment of antenna in dorsal view, with four (A), three (B), and two (C) sensory spots and ventral view of terminal segment (D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829151/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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): Form transversely suboval, asymmetrical, left and right lateral margins angulate. Haptomeral process prominent and entire. Right chaetoparia with 59 setae; left chaetoparia with 51 setae; with some sensillae between the setae. Acroparia with 22 straight, long, thick setae; corypha with 8 slender, long setae; right and left acanthoparia with 6– 9 short, curved, spine-like setae. Pedium longer than wide, without setae. Dexiotorma narrow, elongate; laeotorma slightly shorter than dexiotorma. Epitorma curved on to disc of pedium, pternotorma rounded. Dexiophoba and laeophoba absents; haptolachus with 5–8 small, slender setae. Sclerotized plate of right nesium slender, acute at apex. Sense cone on left nesium represented by longitudinal, well-sclerotized plate and with some lateral sensillae. Crepis poorly defined.
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<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD0CD75738EFE6BA67855C9" bold="true" box="[411,580,439,464]" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Left mandible</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="130F2A54FFD0CD757041FE6BA6AA55C9" box="[596,662,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 7" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1883,1906]" captionTargetBox="[206,1369,205,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[197,1384,193,1859]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 7. Phileurus valgus, third instar. 1, Cranium, frontal view; 2, epipharynx; 3, left mandible, dorsal view (A), lateral view (B), and ventral view (C); 4, right mandible, ventral view (A), lateral view (B), and dorsal view (C); 5, left maxilla, dorsal view (A), apex of mala showing unci (B), and stridulatory teeth of maxilla (C); 6, dorsal view of labium; 7, terminal segment of antenna in dorsal view, with four (A), three (B), and two (C) sensory spots and ventral view of terminal segment (D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829151/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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A–C): Form falcate. Scissorial region with 4 teeth, apical tooth (S1 + S2 fused), separated from S3 by scissorial notch, S4 below notch. Scrobis with 6–9 slender, long setae. Acia welldeveloped, sharp, with 3 basolateral setae. Dorsal surface with 1 stout, long setae at level to S3–S4 notch; dorsomolar area with row of 3–4 stout, slender, moderately long setae. Preartis distinct, concave. Ventral surface with elongate-oval stridulatory area formed by 54 narrowly separated, subparallel ridges. Ventral process well developed, rounded, with many asperites. Brustia with 7–10 stout, long setae. Molar area with 3 lobes, first molar lobe (M1) large. Postartis large, rounded.
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<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD0CD757066FD49A71256B7" bold="true" box="[627,814,661,686]" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Right mandible</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="130F2A54FFD0CD75712AFD49A7BF56B7" box="[831,899,661,686]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 7" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1883,1906]" captionTargetBox="[206,1369,205,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[197,1384,193,1859]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 7. Phileurus valgus, third instar. 1, Cranium, frontal view; 2, epipharynx; 3, left mandible, dorsal view (A), lateral view (B), and ventral view (C); 4, right mandible, ventral view (A), lateral view (B), and dorsal view (C); 5, left maxilla, dorsal view (A), apex of mala showing unci (B), and stridulatory teeth of maxilla (C); 6, dorsal view of labium; 7, terminal segment of antenna in dorsal view, with four (A), three (B), and two (C) sensory spots and ventral view of terminal segment (D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829151/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A–C): Form falcate. Scissorial area with bladelike, apical tooth (S1 + S2 fused), separated from S3 by scissorial notch, S4 below notch. Scrobis with 5–8 slender, long setae. Dorsal surface with 2 stout, long setae at level to S3 and S4; dorsomolar area with row of 3–6 setae. Preartis distinct, concave. Ventral surface with elongate-oval stridulatory area formed by 52 narrowly separated, subparallel ridges. Molar area with a tuft of 8–11 ventral molar setae. Ventral process well developed, broadly rounded, with many asperites. Brustia with 8–12 stout, long setae. Calx large, molar crown with 3 large lobes. Postartis large, rounded.
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD0CD7573BBFCACA6365790" bold="true" box="[430,522,880,905]" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Maxilla</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="130F2A54FFD0CD75700FFCACA6605790" box="[538,604,880,905]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 7" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1883,1906]" captionTargetBox="[206,1369,205,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[197,1384,193,1859]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 7. Phileurus valgus, third instar. 1, Cranium, frontal view; 2, epipharynx; 3, left mandible, dorsal view (A), lateral view (B), and ventral view (C); 4, right mandible, ventral view (A), lateral view (B), and dorsal view (C); 5, left maxilla, dorsal view (A), apex of mala showing unci (B), and stridulatory teeth of maxilla (C); 6, dorsal view of labium; 7, terminal segment of antenna in dorsal view, with four (A), three (B), and two (C) sensory spots and ventral view of terminal segment (D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829151/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
A): Galea and lacinia fused, forming mala. Galea with 6–9 stout setae and 1 well developed uncus at apex, about 0.6 times as long as last segment of maxillary palp. Lacinia with many stout setae and 3 unci fused at their bases (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130F2A54FFD0CD75702BFC64A6BE57C8" box="[574,642,952,977]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 7" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1883,1906]" captionTargetBox="[206,1369,205,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[197,1384,193,1859]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 7. Phileurus valgus, third instar. 1, Cranium, frontal view; 2, epipharynx; 3, left mandible, dorsal view (A), lateral view (B), and ventral view (C); 4, right mandible, ventral view (A), lateral view (B), and dorsal view (C); 5, left maxilla, dorsal view (A), apex of mala showing unci (B), and stridulatory teeth of maxilla (C); 6, dorsal view of labium; 7, terminal segment of antenna in dorsal view, with four (A), three (B), and two (C) sensory spots and ventral view of terminal segment (D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829151/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Maxillary palpus with 4 palpomeres, palpomere 4 twice as long as palpomere 3. Stridulatory area formed by 4–7 blunt, truncate teeth and a wide, truncate anterior process (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130F2A54FFD0CD757723FC00A14557EC" box="[1334,1401,988,1013]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 7" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1883,1906]" captionTargetBox="[206,1369,205,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[197,1384,193,1859]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 7. Phileurus valgus, third instar. 1, Cranium, frontal view; 2, epipharynx; 3, left mandible, dorsal view (A), lateral view (B), and ventral view (C); 4, right mandible, ventral view (A), lateral view (B), and dorsal view (C); 5, left maxilla, dorsal view (A), apex of mala showing unci (B), and stridulatory teeth of maxilla (C); 6, dorsal view of labium; 7, terminal segment of antenna in dorsal view, with four (A), three (B), and two (C) sensory spots and ventral view of terminal segment (D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829151/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
C). Cardo subrectangular.
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD0CD757387FBDCA5CC5000" bold="true" box="[402,496,1024,1049]" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Labium</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="130F2A54FFD0CD757015FBDCA6795000" box="[512,581,1024,1049]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 7" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1883,1906]" captionTargetBox="[206,1369,205,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[197,1384,193,1859]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 7. Phileurus valgus, third instar. 1, Cranium, frontal view; 2, epipharynx; 3, left mandible, dorsal view (A), lateral view (B), and ventral view (C); 4, right mandible, ventral view (A), lateral view (B), and dorsal view (C); 5, left maxilla, dorsal view (A), apex of mala showing unci (B), and stridulatory teeth of maxilla (C); 6, dorsal view of labium; 7, terminal segment of antenna in dorsal view, with four (A), three (B), and two (C) sensory spots and ventral view of terminal segment (D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829151/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
): Hypopharyngeal sclerome asymmetrical, concave medially; right side with well-developed, apical, truncate process; left side with well-developed posterior process. Glossa with 26–30 long and 28–30 short setae. Left lateral lobe with 14–16 slender, moderately long setae; right lateral lobe with 8–12 slender, moderately long setae. Left margin with row of 22–28 stout, moderately long setae directed toward center of sclerome and 8 setae near base of sclerome.
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD0CD7570DAFB4CA77050B0" bold="true" box="[719,844,1168,1193]" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Antennae:</emphasis>
|
||
With 4 antennomeres, antennomeres 1–2 and 3–4 subequal in length, antennomere 3 extended into an obtuse process at distal end; terminal antennomere about 0.85 times as long as antennomere 2. Terminal antennomere on dorsal surface with 2–4 sensory spots (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130F2A54FFD0CD757704FB04A16B50E8" box="[1297,1367,1240,1265]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 7" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1883,1906]" captionTargetBox="[206,1369,205,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[197,1384,193,1859]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 7. Phileurus valgus, third instar. 1, Cranium, frontal view; 2, epipharynx; 3, left mandible, dorsal view (A), lateral view (B), and ventral view (C); 4, right mandible, ventral view (A), lateral view (B), and dorsal view (C); 5, left maxilla, dorsal view (A), apex of mala showing unci (B), and stridulatory teeth of maxilla (C); 6, dorsal view of labium; 7, terminal segment of antenna in dorsal view, with four (A), three (B), and two (C) sensory spots and ventral view of terminal segment (D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829151/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
A–C), ventral surface with 3–5 sensory spots (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130F2A54FFD0CD757044FB20A6A8510C" box="[593,660,1276,1301]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 7" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1883,1906]" captionTargetBox="[206,1369,205,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[197,1384,193,1859]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 7. Phileurus valgus, third instar. 1, Cranium, frontal view; 2, epipharynx; 3, left mandible, dorsal view (A), lateral view (B), and ventral view (C); 4, right mandible, ventral view (A), lateral view (B), and dorsal view (C); 5, left maxilla, dorsal view (A), apex of mala showing unci (B), and stridulatory teeth of maxilla (C); 6, dorsal view of labium; 7, terminal segment of antenna in dorsal view, with four (A), three (B), and two (C) sensory spots and ventral view of terminal segment (D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829151/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
D).
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD0CD7570ABFB20A72B510C" bold="true" box="[702,791,1276,1301]" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
: Pronotum wide, irregularly and weakly sclerotized, with 22 slender, long setae and 9 short, spine-like setae (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6B6036AFFD0CD7570FFFAFCA77C5120" box="[746,832,1312,1337]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,239,152,175]" captionText="TABLE 1. Chaetotaxy on thoracic and abdominal segments of third instar Phileurus valgus." pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). Prothoracic spiracle
|
||
<quantity id="4CCC9B34FFD0CD757650FAFCA0905121" box="[1093,1196,1312,1337]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" unit="mm" value="0.55">0.55 mm</quantity>
|
||
long,
|
||
<quantity id="4CCC9B34FFD0CD7576E2FAFDA1615121" box="[1271,1373,1313,1337]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" unit="mm" value="0.38">0.38 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130F2A54FFD0CD75728AFA98A4DE5144" box="[159,226,1348,1373]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 11" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1378,1401]" captionTargetBox="[159,1433,199,1349]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1357]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 11. Phileurus valgus, third instar. 8, Spiracles, prothoracic (A), first abdominal (B), and spiracular holes (C); 9, prothoracic (A), mesothoracic (C), and metathoracic (E) claws in dorsal view, and lateral view of protarsus (B), mesotarsus (D), and metatarsus (F); 10, third instar, entire body in lateral view; 11, terminal abdominal segment, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829153/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
A), slightly larger than abdominal spiracle I (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130F2A54FFD0CD7570F0FA98A7145144" box="[741,808,1348,1373]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 11" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1378,1401]" captionTargetBox="[159,1433,199,1349]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1357]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 11. Phileurus valgus, third instar. 8, Spiracles, prothoracic (A), first abdominal (B), and spiracular holes (C); 9, prothoracic (A), mesothoracic (C), and metathoracic (E) claws in dorsal view, and lateral view of protarsus (B), mesotarsus (D), and metatarsus (F); 10, third instar, entire body in lateral view; 11, terminal abdominal segment, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829153/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
B); respiratory plate yellowish brown, regularly shaped as a closed “C”, spiracular bulla rounded, slightly prominent; lobes of respiratory plate slightly separated; plate with 30–35 holes across diameter at middle, holes with regular edges (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130F2A54FFD0CD7571ADFA50A7C751BC" box="[952,1019,1420,1445]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 11" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1378,1401]" captionTargetBox="[159,1433,199,1349]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1357]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 11. Phileurus valgus, third instar. 8, Spiracles, prothoracic (A), first abdominal (B), and spiracular holes (C); 9, prothoracic (A), mesothoracic (C), and metathoracic (E) claws in dorsal view, and lateral view of protarsus (B), mesotarsus (D), and metatarsus (F); 10, third instar, entire body in lateral view; 11, terminal abdominal segment, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829153/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Mesonotum and metanotum with variable number of setae (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6B6036AFFD0CD7573D0FA6CA62751D0" box="[453,539,1456,1481]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,239,152,175]" captionText="TABLE 1. Chaetotaxy on thoracic and abdominal segments of third instar Phileurus valgus." pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD0CD757023FA6CA64B51D0" bold="true" box="[566,631,1456,1481]" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Legs:</emphasis>
|
||
Tarsal claws with enlarged apical process, 1 basoexternal seta, and 1 internal, preapical seta (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130F2A54FFD0CD7573BAFA08A5C951F4" box="[431,501,1492,1517]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 11" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1378,1401]" captionTargetBox="[159,1433,199,1349]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1357]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 11. Phileurus valgus, third instar. 8, Spiracles, prothoracic (A), first abdominal (B), and spiracular holes (C); 9, prothoracic (A), mesothoracic (C), and metathoracic (E) claws in dorsal view, and lateral view of protarsus (B), mesotarsus (D), and metatarsus (F); 10, third instar, entire body in lateral view; 11, terminal abdominal segment, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829153/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
A–C). All tarsal claws similar in size (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130F2A54FFD0CD7571ABFA08A03851F4" box="[958,1028,1492,1517]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 11" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1378,1401]" captionTargetBox="[159,1433,199,1349]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1357]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 11. Phileurus valgus, third instar. 8, Spiracles, prothoracic (A), first abdominal (B), and spiracular holes (C); 9, prothoracic (A), mesothoracic (C), and metathoracic (E) claws in dorsal view, and lateral view of protarsus (B), mesotarsus (D), and metatarsus (F); 10, third instar, entire body in lateral view; 11, terminal abdominal segment, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829153/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
D–F). Coxa, trochanter, femur, and tibiotarsus of all legs with many long, stout setae.
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD0CD7570C8FA24A76D5208" bold="true" box="[733,849,1528,1553]" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="130F2A54FFD0CD757176FA24A7855208" box="[867,953,1528,1553]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 11" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1378,1401]" captionTargetBox="[159,1433,199,1349]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1357]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 11. Phileurus valgus, third instar. 8, Spiracles, prothoracic (A), first abdominal (B), and spiracular holes (C); 9, prothoracic (A), mesothoracic (C), and metathoracic (E) claws in dorsal view, and lateral view of protarsus (B), mesotarsus (D), and metatarsus (F); 10, third instar, entire body in lateral view; 11, terminal abdominal segment, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829153/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
): Abdominal spiracle I
|
||
<quantity id="4CCC9B34FFD0CD7576DFFA24A10C5209" box="[1226,1328,1528,1553]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" unit="mm" value="0.54">0.54 mm</quantity>
|
||
long and
|
||
<quantity id="4CCC9B34FFD0CD757282F9C1A4C7522D" box="[151,251,1565,1589]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" unit="mm" value="0.34">0.34 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130F2A54FFD0CD75735CF9C0A5B0522C" box="[329,396,1564,1589]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 11" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1378,1401]" captionTargetBox="[159,1433,199,1349]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1357]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 11. Phileurus valgus, third instar. 8, Spiracles, prothoracic (A), first abdominal (B), and spiracular holes (C); 9, prothoracic (A), mesothoracic (C), and metathoracic (E) claws in dorsal view, and lateral view of protarsus (B), mesotarsus (D), and metatarsus (F); 10, third instar, entire body in lateral view; 11, terminal abdominal segment, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829153/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
B), shorter than spiracles II–VII. Spiracles on segments II and IV subequal in size (
|
||
<quantity id="4CCC9B34FFD0CD757723F9C0A1A1522D" box="[1334,1437,1564,1589]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.8" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" unit="mm" value="0.58">0.58 mm</quantity>
|
||
long and
|
||
<quantity id="4CCC9B34FFD0CD757315F99DA5595241" box="[256,357,1601,1625]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.40 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide), slightly longer and less wide than spiracles on segments V–VII (
|
||
<quantity id="4CCC9B34FFD0CD757681F99CA0C65241" box="[1172,1274,1600,1625]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" unit="mm" value="0.55">0.55 mm</quantity>
|
||
long and
|
||
<quantity id="4CCC9B34FFD0CD75777EF99DA4FF5265" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" unit="mm" value="0.42">0.42 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide). Spiracle VIII shorter than spiracle on segments II–VII (
|
||
<quantity id="4CCC9B34FFD0CD757199F9B8A7CE5265" box="[908,1010,1636,1661]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.1" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" unit="mm" value="0.51">0.51 mm</quantity>
|
||
long and
|
||
<quantity id="4CCC9B34FFD0CD757676F9B9A0F45265" box="[1123,1224,1637,1661]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" unit="mm" value="0.39">0.39 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide). Abdominal segments I–VII each with 7–31 setae on prescutum; 2–5 setae on subscutum; 24–37 setae on scutum; 14–32 setae on scutellum; 4–8 setae on spiracular area, and 8–12 setae on pleural lobe (Table I). Abdominal segments VIII–X with sparse, minute setae.
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD0CD7573D2F90CA62A52F0" bold="true" box="[455,534,1744,1769]" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Raster</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="130F2A54FFD0CD75703DF90CA64652F0" box="[552,634,1744,1769]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 11" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1378,1401]" captionTargetBox="[159,1433,199,1349]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1357]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 11. Phileurus valgus, third instar. 8, Spiracles, prothoracic (A), first abdominal (B), and spiracular holes (C); 9, prothoracic (A), mesothoracic (C), and metathoracic (E) claws in dorsal view, and lateral view of protarsus (B), mesotarsus (D), and metatarsus (F); 10, third instar, entire body in lateral view; 11, terminal abdominal segment, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829153/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
): Surface without palidia; campus with 2–4 slender, long setae; teges with 24–26 short setae that project toward superior anal lobe; barbula with 22 long, slender setae. Anal slit transverse.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8B36D1FFD0CD7572D2F8E0A5B253D9" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1985]" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD0CD7572D2F8E0A54D534C" bold="true" box="[199,369,1852,1877]" pageId="2" pageNumber="573">Second instar.</emphasis>
|
||
Head capsule
|
||
<quantity id="4CCC9B34FFD0CD757008F8E0A695534D" box="[541,681,1852,1877]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="2.9" metricValueMin="2.6" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" unit="mm" value="2.75" valueMax="2.9" valueMin="2.6">2.6–2.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
, chaetotaxy similar as larvae of third instar, anterior frontal setae present. Terminal antennomere with 6–9 sensory spots. Prothoracic spiracles
|
||
<quantity id="4CCC9B34FFD0CD757638F8BCA0AA5361" box="[1069,1174,1888,1913]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" unit="mm" value="0.25">0.25 mm</quantity>
|
||
long,
|
||
<quantity id="4CCC9B34FFD0CD7576FCF8BDA16E5361" box="[1257,1362,1889,1913]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" unit="mm" value="0.14">0.14 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide. Abdominal spiracles progressively more rounded (0.23–
|
||
<quantity id="4CCC9B34FFD0CD757106F859A7455385" box="[787,889,1925,1949]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7999999999999998" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" unit="mm" value="0.18">0.18 mm</quantity>
|
||
long,
|
||
<quantity id="4CCC9B34FFD0CD7571D4F859A05A5385" box="[961,1126,1925,1949]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="1.7999999999999998" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" unit="mm" value="0.16" valueMax="0.18" valueMin="0.14">0.14–0.18 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide). Approximate dorsal body length
|
||
<quantity id="4CCC9B34FFD0CD757336F874A5B653D9" box="[291,394,1960,1985]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6399999999999997" pageId="2" pageNumber="573" unit="mm" value="36.4">36.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF4B6659FFD1CD747282F887A4FD53F5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829151/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="574" targetBox="[206,1369,205,1844]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8B36D1FFD1CD747282F887A4FD53F5" blockId="3.[151,1436,1883,2028]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD1CD747282F887A5015368" bold="true" box="[151,317,1883,1906]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">FIGURES 1–7.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C344D52FFD1CD747352F880A5C9536B" box="[327,501,1884,1906]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Phileurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="574" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="valgus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD1CD747352F880A5C9536B" box="[327,501,1884,1906]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">Phileurus valgus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, third instar.
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD1CD747093F880A6A45368" bold="true" box="[646,664,1884,1905]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">1,</emphasis>
|
||
Cranium, frontal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD1CD74718FF880A7905368" bold="true" box="[922,940,1884,1905]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">2,</emphasis>
|
||
epipharynx;
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD1CD74762FF880A0705368" bold="true" box="[1082,1100,1884,1905]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">3,</emphasis>
|
||
left mandible, dorsal view (A), lateral view (B), and ventral view (C);
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD1CD74700BF8A6A60C5396" bold="true" box="[542,560,1914,1935]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">4,</emphasis>
|
||
right mandible, ventral view (A), lateral view (B), and dorsal view (C);
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD1CD74771CF8A7A1275389" bold="true" box="[1289,1307,1915,1936]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">5,</emphasis>
|
||
left maxilla, dorsal view (A), apex of mala showing unci (B), and stridulatory teeth of maxilla (C);
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD1CD74760AF845A00D53B7" bold="true" box="[1055,1073,1945,1966]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">6,</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal view of labium;
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD1CD747739F845A10353B7" bold="true" box="[1324,1343,1945,1966]" pageId="3" pageNumber="574">7,</emphasis>
|
||
terminal segment of antenna in dorsal view, with four (A), three (B), and two (C) sensory spots and ventral view of terminal segment (D).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF4B6659FFD6CD737282FF44A05354B6" box="[151,1135,151,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="575">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8B36D1FFD6CD737282FF44A05354B6" blockId="4.[151,1341,151,446]" box="[151,1135,151,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="575">
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD6CD737282FF44A53654B6" bold="true" box="[151,266,152,175]" pageId="4" pageNumber="575">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Chaetotaxy on thoracic and abdominal segments of third instar
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C344D52FFD6CD7371A1FF44A05B54B6" box="[948,1127,152,175]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Phileurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="575" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="valgus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD6CD7371A1FF44A05B54B6" box="[948,1127,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="575">Phileurus valgus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8B36D1FFD6CD73728AFF1AA05554E5" blockId="4.[151,1341,151,446]" pageId="4" pageNumber="575">Segment Tergum Long, slender setae Short, spine-like setae Pronotum 22 9</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8B36D1FFD6CD73728AFEDBA0555505" blockId="4.[151,1341,151,446]" box="[159,1129,262,284]" pageId="4" pageNumber="575">Mesonotum Prescutum 3 2</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8B36D1FFD6CD737002FEFAA0555525" blockId="4.[151,1341,151,446]" box="[535,1129,294,316]" pageId="4" pageNumber="575">Scutum 17 6</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8B36D1FFD6CD737002FE9BA0555544" blockId="4.[151,1341,151,446]" box="[535,1129,327,349]" pageId="4" pageNumber="575">Scutellum 0 0</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8B36D1FFD6CD73728AFEB4A0555564" blockId="4.[151,1341,151,446]" box="[159,1129,359,381]" pageId="4" pageNumber="575">Metanotum Prescutum 4 2</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8B36D1FFD6CD737002FE5BA0555584" blockId="4.[151,1341,151,446]" box="[535,1129,391,413]" pageId="4" pageNumber="575">Scutum 18 6</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8B36D1FFD6CD737002FE74A05555A7" blockId="4.[151,1341,151,446]" box="[535,1129,424,446]" pageId="4" pageNumber="575">Scutellum 0 0</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8B36D1FFD6CD72728AFE34A752527E" blockId="4.[159,1142,488,1898]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,1506,2035]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="576" pageId="4" pageNumber="575">
|
||
Abdominal segment I Prescutum 1 6 Scutum 20 4 Subscutum 1 1 Scutellum 0 14 Spiracular area 5 0 Pleural lobe 8 0 Abdominal segment II Prescutum 0 22 Scutum 7 25 Subscutum 1 1 Scutellum 0 24 Spiracular area 5 0 Pleural lobe 11 0 Abdominal segment III Prescutum 0 18 Scutum 6 26 Subscutum 2 2 Scutellum 0 21 Spiracular area 2 4 Pleural lobe 10 2 Abdominal segment IV Prescutum 0 19 Scutum 6 23 Subscutum 1 3 Scutellum 0 24 Spiracular area 1 3 Pleural lobe 0 9 Abdominal segment V Prescutum 0 24 Scutum 6 31 Subscutum 1 4 Scutellum 0 32 Spiracular area 4 2 Pleural lobe 10 0 Abdominal segment VI Prescutum 0 31 Scutum 7 22 Subscutum 2 1 Scutellum 3 16 Spiracular area 6 2 Pleural lobe 10 0 Abdominal segment VII (Two row) 5 30 Spiracular area 7 0 Pleural lobe 8 0 Abdominal segment VIII (Two row) 6 31 Spiracular area 7 0 Pleural lobe 8 0 Abdominal segment
|
||
<date id="FF8A1011FFD6CD737367F8E9A04A5353" box="[370,1142,1844,1866]" pageId="4" pageNumber="575" value="1937-09-22">IX 22 37</date>
|
||
Abdominal segment
|
||
<date id="FF8A1011FFD6CD737367F889A04A5373" box="[370,1142,1876,1898]" pageId="4" pageNumber="575" value="1942-10-13">X 13 42</date>
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD7CD7272D2FA3EA56E51E2" bold="true" box="[199,338,1506,1531]" pageId="5" pageNumber="576">First instar.</emphasis>
|
||
Similar to second and third instars. Head capsule
|
||
<quantity id="4CCC9B34FFD7CD72719DFA3FA7DC51E3" box="[904,992,1507,1531]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="5" pageNumber="576" unit="mm" value="1.8">1.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
, dorsal body length
|
||
<quantity id="4CCC9B34FFD7CD7276D0FA3EA11151E3" box="[1221,1325,1506,1531]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.54" pageId="5" pageNumber="576" unit="mm" value="15.4">15.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Terminal antennomere shorter than antennomeres 1–2, and subequal to antennomere 3. Eclosion spine on each side of metanotum conical, with acute apex, small (
|
||
<quantity id="4CCC9B34FFD7CD727090F9F7A6D3525A" box="[645,751,1579,1603]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="576" unit="mm" value="0.08">0.08 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Thoracic and abdominal spiracles kidney shaped, similar in size: 0.11–0.09 long, 0.08–
|
||
<quantity id="4CCC9B34FFD7CD7273D3F993A616527E" box="[454,554,1615,1639]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="576" unit="mm" value="0.07">0.07 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide, without definite bulla.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF4B6659FFD7CD727282FABEA0D051AF" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829153/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="576" targetBox="[159,1433,199,1349]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8B36D1FFD7CD727282FABEA0D051AF" blockId="5.[151,1435,1378,1462]" pageId="5" pageNumber="576">
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD7CD727282FABEA57A5161" bold="true" box="[151,326,1378,1401]" pageId="5" pageNumber="576">FIGURES 8–11.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C344D52FFD7CD727358FABFA5C55160" box="[333,505,1379,1401]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Phileurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="576" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="valgus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD7CD727358FABFA5C55160" box="[333,505,1379,1401]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="576">Phileurus valgus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, third instar.
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD7CD727096FABFA6AA5161" bold="true" box="[643,662,1379,1400]" pageId="5" pageNumber="576">8,</emphasis>
|
||
Spiracles, prothoracic (A), first abdominal (B), and spiracular holes (C);
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD7CD72779CFABFA1A75161" bold="true" box="[1417,1435,1379,1400]" pageId="5" pageNumber="576">9,</emphasis>
|
||
prothoracic (A), mesothoracic (C), and metathoracic (E) claws in dorsal view, and lateral view of protarsus (B), mesotarsus (D), and metatarsus (F);
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD7CD727374FA7CA5BC51AC" bold="true" box="[353,384,1440,1461]" pageId="5" pageNumber="576">10,</emphasis>
|
||
third instar, entire body in lateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD7CD72710DFA7CA70851AC" bold="true" box="[792,820,1440,1461]" pageId="5" pageNumber="576">11,</emphasis>
|
||
terminal abdominal segment, ventral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8B36D1FFD7CD7172D2F9AEA6FA5591" blockId="5.[151,1437,1506,2035]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,392]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="577" pageId="5" pageNumber="576">
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD7CD7272D2F9AEA5775292" bold="true" box="[199,331,1650,1675]" pageId="5" pageNumber="576">Male pupa</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="130F2A54FFD7CD727348F9AEA5805292" box="[349,444,1650,1675]" captionStart="FIGURES 12 – 14" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1735,1758]" captionTargetBox="[159,1415,458,1706]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,445,1714]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 12 – 14. Phileurus valgus, pupa. 12, Male pupa in dorsal view (A), ventral view (B), and lateral view (C); 13, male pupa, ventral view of apex with genital ampulla; 14, female pupa, ventral view of apex with genital ampulla." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829155/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="576">Figs. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
A–C). Length 23.8–
|
||
<quantity id="4CCC9B34FFD7CD7270B1F9AEA7335293" box="[676,783,1650,1675]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.26" pageId="5" pageNumber="576" unit="mm" value="22.6">22.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
; greatest width 11.2–
|
||
<quantity id="4CCC9B34FFD7CD72761DF9AFA0585293" box="[1032,1124,1651,1675]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.7" pageId="5" pageNumber="576" unit="mm" value="9.7">9.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Adecticous, exarate, body elongate, oval, stout. Color yellowish brown.
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD7CD7270A5F94AA6C552B6" bold="true" box="[688,761,1686,1711]" pageId="5" pageNumber="576">Head:</emphasis>
|
||
Surface glabrous, mouthparts directed ventrally; antenna, labrum, mandibles, maxillae and palps discernible; antennal tecae expanded, stout, with apices rounded. Compound eyes sunken, partially covered by the anterior edges the pronotum, with 2 tubercles between eyes.
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD7CD727282F8DEA4CC5302" bold="true" box="[151,240,1794,1819]" pageId="5" pageNumber="576">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
: Pronotal surface glabrous. Form transverse, with wide, anteromedial, round apex. A narrow, median and longitudinal sulcus extending from apex to base. Mesonotum and Mesonotum well differentiated. Elytral and posterior wing tecae appressed, curved ventrally around body; elytral tecae extending to middle of abdominal segment II–III; posterior wing tecae extending to the end of abdominal segment III–IV.
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD7CD7276B4F8B2A0DE539E" bold="true" box="[1185,1250,1902,1927]" pageId="5" pageNumber="576">Legs:</emphasis>
|
||
Protibia with 3 distinct teeth on external edge and with tubercle-like apical spurs. Mesotibiae and metatibiae with inner and external spines well developed at apices. Mesotibiae and metatibiae each with inner well developed; apex of metatibia with 2 visible teeth. Metafemur and metatibia covered by elytra and wings. Tarsomeres and pretarsus not distinct.
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD4CD7172ECFF4BA54B54A9" bold="true" box="[249,375,151,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="577">Abdomen:</emphasis>
|
||
Segments III–X (ventral view) well defined, sternite III and IV are the widest, intersegment VII–VIII, VIII–IX, and IX–X poorly defined. Segment X with genital ampulla (male). In dorsal view, segments I– IX well defined, dioneiform organs between segments I–II, II–III, III–IV, IV–V, V–VI, and VI–VII, the first strongly sclerotized. Pleural lobes rounded. Spiracle I elongate, with fine peritreme, partially covered by wing tecae; spiracles II–IV ovate, prominent, each with strongly sclerotized peritreme; spiracles V–VIII closed. Abdominal apex rounded, with fine, short setae. Genital ampulla sub-trapezoidal, at basal area a sclerotized structure in “U” shape, with basal notch (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130F2A54FFD4CD717070FEB3A6845591" box="[613,696,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURES 12 – 14" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1735,1758]" captionTargetBox="[159,1415,458,1706]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,445,1714]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 12 – 14. Phileurus valgus, pupa. 12, Male pupa in dorsal view (A), ventral view (B), and lateral view (C); 13, male pupa, ventral view of apex with genital ampulla; 14, female pupa, ventral view of apex with genital ampulla." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829155/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="577">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF4B6659FFD4CD717282F91BA0D852E5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829155/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="577" targetBox="[159,1415,458,1706]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8B36D1FFD4CD717282F91BA0D852E5" blockId="6.[151,1436,1735,1788]" pageId="6" pageNumber="577">
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD4CD717282F91BA56852C5" bold="true" box="[151,340,1735,1758]" pageId="6" pageNumber="577">FIGURES 12–14.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C344D52FFD4CD71734EF91BA63A52C4" box="[347,518,1735,1757]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Phileurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="577" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="valgus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD4CD71734EF91BA63A52C4" box="[347,518,1735,1757]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="577">Phileurus valgus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, pupa.
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD4CD717046F91BA64E52C5" bold="true" box="[595,626,1735,1756]" pageId="6" pageNumber="577">12,</emphasis>
|
||
Male pupa in dorsal view (A), ventral view (B), and lateral view (C);
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD4CD717751F91BA15F52C5" bold="true" box="[1348,1379,1735,1756]" pageId="6" pageNumber="577">13,</emphasis>
|
||
male pupa, ventral view of apex with genital ampulla;
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD4CD71709DF93AA69B52E2" bold="true" box="[648,679,1766,1787]" pageId="6" pageNumber="577">14,</emphasis>
|
||
female pupa, ventral view of apex with genital ampulla.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8B36D1FFD4CD7172D2F8F5A5E753B4" blockId="6.[151,1437,1833,2038]" pageId="6" pageNumber="577">
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD4CD7172D2F8F5A55D535B" bold="true" box="[199,353,1833,1858]" pageId="6" pageNumber="577">Female pupa</emphasis>
|
||
. Length 25.2–
|
||
<quantity id="4CCC9B34FFD4CD717010F8F5A6555358" box="[517,617,1833,1858]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.97" pageId="6" pageNumber="577" unit="mm" value="19.7">19.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
; greatest width 12.1–
|
||
<quantity id="4CCC9B34FFD4CD717142F8F5A7815358" box="[855,957,1833,1857]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.03" pageId="6" pageNumber="577" unit="mm" value="10.3">10.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Same characteristics as in male, but apical area of tergite 9 slightly shorter than in male. Sternite IX anteriorly convex in males, in females with subtrapezoidal shape and 2 small lateral lobes in basal area. Genital pore a “W” shape. Genital ampulla with base slightly sclerotized (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130F2A54FFD4CD71736FF849A5F253B4" box="[378,462,1941,1966]" captionStart="FIGURES 12 – 14" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1735,1758]" captionTargetBox="[159,1415,458,1706]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,445,1714]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 12 – 14. Phileurus valgus, pupa. 12, Male pupa in dorsal view (A), ventral view (B), and lateral view (C); 13, male pupa, ventral view of apex with genital ampulla; 14, female pupa, ventral view of apex with genital ampulla." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829155/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="577">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8B36D1FFD4CD7072D2F865A1545504" blockId="6.[151,1437,1833,2038]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,429]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="578" pageId="6" pageNumber="577">
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD4CD7172D2F865A60F53CB" bold="true" box="[199,563,1977,2002]" pageId="6" pageNumber="577">Life cycle and natural history.</emphasis>
|
||
Our results based on field and laboratory work showed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C344D52FFD4CD7176F2F866A17553C8" box="[1255,1353,1977,2001]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Phileurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="577" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="valgus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD4CD7176F2F866A17553C8" box="[1255,1353,1977,2001]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="577">P. valgus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the Argentina northeast has a bivoltine life cycle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130F2A54FFD4CD7170B9F801A72B53EF" box="[684,791,2013,2038]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1373,1395]" captionTargetBox="[195,1390,489,1349]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[189,1394,478,1360]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 15. A, Phileurus valgus development seasonality of larval stadium (L 1 = first instar, L 2 = second instar and L 3 = third instar), pupal, and adult stages under laboratory conditions and in the natural environment (a Copernicia alba Morong (Arecaceae) palm grove) between September 2014 to August 2015 in Chaco, Argentina. B, Historical data (1968 – 2015) of average temperature and rainfall records of the study area." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829157/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="577">Fig. 15A</figureCitation>
|
||
). That seems to be associated with precipitation and the increase in temperature (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130F2A54FFD5CD7073BBFF4BA63C54A9" box="[430,512,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1373,1395]" captionTargetBox="[195,1390,489,1349]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[189,1394,478,1360]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 15. A, Phileurus valgus development seasonality of larval stadium (L 1 = first instar, L 2 = second instar and L 3 = third instar), pupal, and adult stages under laboratory conditions and in the natural environment (a Copernicia alba Morong (Arecaceae) palm grove) between September 2014 to August 2015 in Chaco, Argentina. B, Historical data (1968 – 2015) of average temperature and rainfall records of the study area." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829157/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="578">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Under laboratory conditions, the duration of third instars was 38–42 days (
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD5CD707763FF45A1B854A9" box="[1398,1412,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="578">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 21), pre-pupa 6–9 days (
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD5CD7073A5FF61A58254CD" box="[432,446,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="578">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 13), pupa 11–13 days (
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD5CD7070F0FF61A6CF54CD" box="[741,755,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="578">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 8), and the adults lived three months (
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD5CD7076DCFF61A0EB54CD" box="[1225,1239,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="578">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 7). Our results were similar to those reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B20FFD5CD70703FFF03A72E54E1" box="[554,786,223,248]" pageId="7" pageNumber="578" refString="Garcia, F. P., Rodrigues, S. R., Constante, C. A. & Silva de Oliveira, D. (2013) Survey of saproxylophagous Melolonthidae (Coleoptera) and some biological aspects in Aquidauana, MS. Biota Neotropica, 13, 38 - 43." type="journal article">
|
||
Garcia
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD5CD707095FF3DA68054E1" box="[640,700,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="578">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from Brazil. In the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C344D52FFD5CD707612FF3CA06254E1" box="[1031,1118,224,248]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Copernicia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="7" pageNumber="578" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alba">
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD5CD707612FF3CA06254E1" box="[1031,1118,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="578">C. alba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
palm grove, however, was observed a faster development of immatures, which could be attributed to higher average temperature in field.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8B36D1FFD5CD7072D2FEF4A0DD55B4" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,429]" pageId="7" pageNumber="578">
|
||
In the laboratory, most larvae began pupation when they reached a weight of approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CCC9B34FFD5CD707700FEF4A17C5559" box="[1301,1344,296,320]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="578" unit="g" value="3.0">3 g</quantity>
|
||
. Before pupation, larva builds a cocoon with sawdust and its own excrement, and remains within it. The larval exuvia is pushed to the rear of the pupal chamber. In the field during March, several pre-pupae and pupae were found dead in their camera, days after intense rainfall, perhaps because of the high humidity in the rotting wood.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF4B6659FFD5CD707282FA81A6D951D6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829157/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="578" targetBox="[195,1390,489,1349]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8B36D1FFD5CD707282FA81A6D951D6" blockId="7.[151,1436,1373,1487]" pageId="7" pageNumber="578">
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD5CD707282FA81A57D516B" bold="true" box="[151,321,1373,1395]" pageId="7" pageNumber="578">FIGURE 15. A,</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C344D52FFD5CD70735FFA81A5CA516A" box="[330,502,1373,1395]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Phileurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="578" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="valgus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD5CD70735FFA81A5CA516A" box="[330,502,1373,1395]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="578">Phileurus valgus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
development seasonality of larval stadium (L1 = first instar, L2 = second instar and L3 = third instar), pupal, and adult stages under laboratory conditions and in the natural environment (a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C344D52FFD5CD70768EFAA1A52D51A8" authority="Morong" authorityName="Morong" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Copernicia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="7" pageNumber="578" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alba">
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD5CD70768EFAA1A17E518B" box="[1179,1346,1404,1426]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="578">Copernicia alba</emphasis>
|
||
Morong (Arecaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
palm grove) between September 2014 to August 2015 in Chaco, Argentina.
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD5CD70762EFA47A06D51A9" bold="true" box="[1083,1105,1435,1456]" pageId="7" pageNumber="578">B,</emphasis>
|
||
Historical data (1968–2015) of average temperature and rainfall records of the study area.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8B36D1FFD5CD7072D2FA2AA4D45312" blockId="7.[151,1437,1526,2019]" pageId="7" pageNumber="578">
|
||
The adults were captured with a light trap in September, January, February, and March; immatures and imagoes were observed together in November and December (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130F2A54FFD5CD707164F9C6A7F5522A" box="[881,969,1562,1587]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1373,1395]" captionTargetBox="[195,1390,489,1349]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[189,1394,478,1360]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 15. A, Phileurus valgus development seasonality of larval stadium (L 1 = first instar, L 2 = second instar and L 3 = third instar), pupal, and adult stages under laboratory conditions and in the natural environment (a Copernicia alba Morong (Arecaceae) palm grove) between September 2014 to August 2015 in Chaco, Argentina. B, Historical data (1968 – 2015) of average temperature and rainfall records of the study area." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829157/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="578">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
). Laboratory specimens that emerged in April lived to July. We believe that in the field, however, the adults could have a longer life span, because a wider range of microhabitats and food resources are available. The adults collected in September showed a great wear on their cuticle, which suggest that these are specimens with a considerable lifespan. Therefore, adults could be present all year long, although their activity is limited to the warmer months. Ratcliffe (2011) mentions that adults have been captured every month of the year, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B20FFD5CD7070D3F912A75052FE" author="Morelli" box="[710,876,1742,1767]" pageId="7" pageNumber="578" refString="Morelli, E. (1990) Descripcion de la larva y la pupa de Phileurus affinis Burmeister, 1847 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae). Algunas observasiones sobre su biologia y clave para la identificacion de las larvas de tres especies de Phileurini del Uruguay. Elytron, 4, 131 - 137." type="journal article" year="1990">Morelli (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
collected adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C344D52FFD5CD70765EF90CA09152FE" box="[1099,1197,1743,1767]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Phileurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="578" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="affinis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD5CD70765EF90CA09152FE" box="[1099,1197,1743,1767]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="578">P. affinis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from October to late March.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8B36D1FFD5CD7072D2F8C4A0E753FA" blockId="7.[151,1437,1526,2019]" pageId="7" pageNumber="578">
|
||
In the laboratory, adults were observed preying on larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C344D52FFD5CD707148F8CBA1305336" authority="Ohaus" authorityName="Ohaus" box="[861,1292,1814,1839]" class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Leucothyreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="578" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="costatus" subSpecies="chaconus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD5CD707148F8CBA0825336" box="[861,1214,1815,1839]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="578">Leucothyreus costatus chaconus</emphasis>
|
||
Ohaus
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C344D52FFD5CD70770FF8CAA1A45336" box="[1306,1432,1814,1839]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="578" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C344D52FFD5CD707282F8E6A510534A" box="[151,300,1850,1875]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="578" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scarabaeidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
: Ruteliane), and adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C344D52FFD5CD707046F8E7A7E9534A" authority="Germar" authorityName="Germar" box="[595,981,1851,1875]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Stenocrates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="578" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="holomelanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD5CD707046F8E7A75B534A" box="[595,871,1851,1875]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="578">Stenocrates holomelanus</emphasis>
|
||
(Germar)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C344D52FFD5CD7071F3F8E6A058534A" box="[998,1124,1850,1875]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="578" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C344D52FFD5CD707665F8E6A139534A" box="[1136,1285,1850,1875]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="578" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scarabaeidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C344D52FFD5CD707704F8E6A1AD534A" box="[1297,1425,1850,1875]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastinae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="578" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Dynastinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). For that reason, we offered balanced dry cat food (protein) to the adults, which they accepted and consumed throughout the adult stage. The predatory habitus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C344D52FFD5CD7070E5F85FA7695382" box="[752,853,1923,1947]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Phileurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="578" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="valgus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD5CD7070E5F85FA7695382" box="[752,853,1923,1947]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="578">P. valgus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were documented by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B20FFD5CD707641F85EA1625382" box="[1108,1374,1922,1947]" pageId="7" pageNumber="578" refString="Velazquez, J., Joly, L. J., Garcia, J. L., Romero, Y., Gonzalez, M. & Medina, M. (2006) Enemigos naturales del " Picudo del Agave " Scyphophorus acupunctatus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) en el Estado Falcon, Venezuela. Entomotropica, 21, 185 - 193." type="journal article">
|
||
Velázquez
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD5CD7076DAF85FA1355382" box="[1231,1289,1923,1947]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="578">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who observed adults consume 1–3
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C344D52FFD5CD7073F7F87BA72A53A6" box="[482,790,1959,1983]" class="Insecta" family="Dryophthoridae" genus="Scyphophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="578" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acupunctatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAC3FFD5CD7073F7F87BA72A53A6" box="[482,790,1959,1983]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="578">Scyphophorus acupunctatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae per day. Other studies also cited predatory behavior in other Phileurini species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B20FFD5CD7073D4F816A6EC53FA" author="Ratcliffe" box="[449,720,1994,2019]" pageId="7" pageNumber="578" refString="Ratcliffe, B. C. & Moron, M. A. (1997) Dynastinae. In: Moron, M. A., Ratcliffe, B. C. & Deloya, C. (Eds.), Atlas de los Escarabajos de Mexico. Coleoptera: Lamellicornia. Folume 1. Familia Melolonthidae. Sociedad Mexicana de Entomologia, Mexico City, pp. 53 - 98." type="journal article" year="1997">Ratcliffe & Morón 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B20FFD5CD7070CEF816A7BC53FA" author="McCleve" box="[731,896,1994,2019]" pageId="7" pageNumber="578" refString="McCleve, S. (2007) Killer Phileurini or how come some diplos are hairy? Scarabs, 20, 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="2007">McCleve 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B20FFD5CD707199F816A0B653FA" author="Neita" box="[908,1162,1994,2019]" pageId="7" pageNumber="578" refString="Neita, J. C. & Ratcliffe, B. C. (2009) Description of the adult female, larva, pupa and distribution of Strategus fascinus (Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Oryctini). The Coleopterists Bulletin, 63, 367 - 379." type="journal article" year="2009">Neita & Ratcliffe 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B20FFD5CD707681F817A0F353FA" author="Ratcliffe" box="[1172,1231,1995,2019]" pageId="7" pageNumber="578" refString="Neita, J. C. & Ratcliffe, B. C. (2010) A new species of Hemiphileurus Kolbe (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Phileurini) from Colombia, with description of its larva and pupa. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 64, 347 - 355. https: // doi. org / 10.1649 / 0010 - 065 X- 64.4.347" type="journal article" year="2010">2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |